BUTT IN

Drones on and
on
flows
Get across
hog
Hunt around
On the same

Entrometerse
Hablado monotamente
fluido
Transmitir, entender, hacerse entender
acaparar
Buscar, buscar en todas partes

En la misma sintona
Decir algo al respecto
http://es.bab.la/diccionario/ingles-espanol/say-something-about-this

on the same
wavelength
something to say

animated
bizarre
grustrating
hilarious (divertido)
in-depth
intense
intimate
lengthy (largo)
meaningful
one-sided (deunsololado)
pointless (insustancial, inutil)
predictable (predecible, previsible,
fiable)
stimulating (estimular)

animado
extrao
grustrating
hilarante (divertido)
profundo
intenso
ntimo
prolongado (largo)
significativo
de un solo lado (deunsololado)
sin sentido (insustancial, inutil)
predecible (predecible, previsible,
fiable)
estimulante (estimular)

1. INTRODUCCIN
En ingls, cuando un sustantivo vaprecedido de varios adjetivos, estos deben ser
colocados en un determinadoorden.
Por ejemplo, solemos decir: She has a lovely green eyes; en lugar de She has a green
lovely eyes Por qu? Cul es el orden correcto para colocar los adjetivos en
ingls?
El orden de los adjetivos en ingls es el siguiente: opinin > tamao > resto de
cualidades >edad > color > nacionalidad > material.

2. ORDEN DE LOS ADJETIVOS EN INGLS

1.

Opinin: lovely, charming, beautiful, etc

2.

Tamao: huge, massive, tiny, etc

3.

Resto de cualidades: warm, soft, bright, etc

4.

Edad: young, old, 200-years-old, etc

5.

Color: blue, orange, red, etc

6.

Nacionalidad: Spanish, Swiss, German, etc

7.

Material: wooden, metallic, plastic, etc

3. EJEMPLOS

I like your spellbinding blue eyes.

She is a beautiful American girl.

I fell in love with that awesome old brown violin.

My dog had a charming little puppy.

He is a nice handsome man.

4. REFERENCIAS

Oxenden, C. & Latham-Koenig, C. (2012). New English File (Intermediate Plus

Students Book). Oxford: Oxford University press, pag 136.

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Captulo 1
EL ORDEN DE LAS
PALABRAS
1.- Situaciones en las que aparece el adjetivo.
El adjetivo calificativo es el modificador por excelencia del nombre. Normalmente
podemos encontrar el adjetivo en dos situaciones:

Atributiva: junto al nombre al que modifica.

grupo nominal

El

coche rpido

The

fast

art.
art.

nombre

car

adj.

noun

adjetivo

Obsrvese que en ingls, y en esta situacin, el adjetivo va delante del

nombre, y no detrs. Es la forma ms usual y debemos tenerla en cuenta
por su diferencia con el espaol.

Predicativa: detrs de un verbo.

gr.nominal

El

coch es

gr. verbal

The car is

fast

rpi
art.

noun

v.

adj.

e
art.

do

nombre

v.

adjetivo

En esta situacin el adjetivo

espaol, detrs del verbo.

ocupa

la

misma

posicin

que

en

Normalmente el adjetivo se usa tras los verbos be (ser,estar) / get (ponerse,

volverse, hacerse) / become (ponerse, volverse, hacerse).

Ejemplos:

Are you tired?

Be careful!.

I'm getting hungry.

Aunque
tambin
se
suelen
colocar
tras
los
sensaciones: feel / smell / taste / sound / seem / look(1).

verbos

que

indican

Ejemplos:

Do you feel tired?

The dinner smells good.

This tea tastes a bit strange.

Your friend seems very nice.

Tom sounded angry when I spoke to

him on the phone.

(1) Mencin especial merece el verbo look (mirar), que cuando va seguido de un
adjetivo toma el mismo significado que seem (parecer). Cuando no va seguido de
adjetivo mantiene su significado original y para modificarlo debe ir seguido de
adverbio.

Ejemplos:

Tom looked sad when I saw him.

Tom looked at me sadly.

Para modificar el resto de los verbos utilizaremos el adverbio mejor que el adjetivo.

Ejemplos:

Drive carefully! (drive careful!)

Susan plays the piano very well. (Susan......very good)

Tom shouted at me angrily. (shouted angry)

2.- Invariabilidad del adjetivo.

Independientemente de la situacin en que aparezca, el adjetivo en ingls es
invariable, es decir, no cambia con el gnero ni con el nmero.

sing.

masc.

plur.

rpido rpidos

sing. plur.

male
fast

fem.

rpida rpidas

fem.

3.- Orden de precedencia entre dos adjetivos.

A veces, dos adjetivos van juntos.

Sam lives in a nice new house.

In the kitchen there is a beautiful large round wooden table.

Los adjetivos como new, large, round, wooden, son adjetivos de "hecho", ya que
expresan una informacin objetiva, algo que es propio del nombre modificado.
Mientras que adjetivos como nice, beautiful, son adjetivos de "opinin", puesto
que nos dicen lo que alguien piensa sobre algo.

Como regla general, los adjetivos de "opinin" van delante de los de

"hecho".

Ejemplos:

opinin

hecho

nice

sunny

day

delicious

hot

soup

an intelligent young
a

beautiful

man

large round wooden table

4.- Precedencia entre varios adjetivos.

Algunas veces aparecen dos, o ms, adjetivos de "hecho". En este caso, se colocan
normalmente, en el siguiente orden:

Ejemplos:

a tall young man (1-2)

a large wooden table (1-5)

big blue eyes (1-3)

an old Russian song (2-4)

small black plastic bag (1-3-5)

an old white cotton shirt (2-3-5)

Los adjetivos de tamao y longitud (big / small / tall / short / long ...), van
normalmente
delante
de
los
de
forma
y
superficie
(round / fat / thin / slim / wide ...).

Ejemplos:

a large round table.

a tall thin girl.

a long narrow street.

Future Perfect Continuous

Future Perfect Continuous has two different forms: "will have been doing " and
"be going to have been doing." UnlikeSimple Future forms, Future Perfect
Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Will"

[will have been + present participle]

Examples:
You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally

arrives.
Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally
arrives?
You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane
finally arrives.
FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have been + present participle]

Examples:
You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane

finally arrives.
Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane
finally arrives?
You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her
plane finally arrives.

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future
Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning.
Complete List of Future Perfect Continuous Forms
USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Future

We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up
until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks,"
and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect
Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and

the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the
duration stops at or before a reference point in the future.
Examples:
They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.
She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it

finally closes.
James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the
time he leaves for Asia.
How long will you have been studying when you graduate?
We are going to have been driving for over three days straight when

we get to Anchorage.
A: When you finish your English course, will you have been living in New
Zealand for over a year?
B: No, I will not have been living here that long.

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are
in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because these future
events are intime clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Cause of Something in the Future

Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a
good way to show cause and effect.
Examples:
Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for

over an hour.
Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is
going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years.
Future Continuous vs. Future Perfect Continuous

If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or
"since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Future Continuous
rather than the Future Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change
the meaning of the sentence. Future Continuous emphasizes interrupted
actions, whereas Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time
before something in the future. Study the examples below to understand the
difference.
Examples:

 He will be tired because he will be exercising so hard.

THIS SENTENCE EMPHASIZES THAT HE WILL BE TIRED BECAUSE HE WILL BE EXERCISING
THAT EXACT MOMENT IN THE FUTURE.
He will be tired because he will have been exercising so hard.
THIS SENTENCE EMPHASIZES THAT HE WILL BE TIRED BECAUSE HE WILL HAVE BEEN
EXERCISING FOR A PERIOD OF TIME. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT HE WILL STILL BE EXERCISING
THAT MOMENT OR THAT HE WILL JUST HAVE FINISHED.

AT

AT

REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect Continuous cannot be used in clauses
beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time,
as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect Continuous, Present
Perfect Continuous is used.
Examples:
You won't get a promotion until you will have been working here as long as

Tim. Not Correct

You won't get a promotion until you have been working here as long as
Tim. Correct
AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any

continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed
Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Perfect
Continuous with these verbs, you must use Future Perfect .
Examples:
Ned will have been having his driver's license for over two years. Not

Correct
Ned will have had his driver's license for over two years. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as:
always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You will only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.
Will you only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?
You are only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane

arrives.
Are you only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane
arrives?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:
The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by
the time it is finished. ACTIVE
The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six
months by the time it is finished. PASSIVE
The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six
months by the time it is finished. ACTIVE
The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over
six months by the time it is finished. PASSIVE

NOTE: Passive forms of the Future Perfect Continuous are not common.
More About Active / Passive Forms
EXERCISES AND RELATED TOPICS

Verb Tense Exercise 25 Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous

Verb Tense Exercise 26 Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous

Verb Tense Exercise 27 Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous

Verb Tense Exercise 28 Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous

Verb Tense Practice Test Cumulative Verb Tense Review

Verb Tense Final Test Cumulative Verb Tense Review

La gramtica tradicional clasifica todas las palabras del ingls dentro de 8 categoras
distintas con el fin de estudiarlas. A esta clasificacin se le conoce como las partes de la
oracin, en ingls, parts of speech.
Cada palabra forma parte de al menos una part of speech. La misma palabra puede
pertenecer a ms de una categora en funcin del lugar que ocupe en la oracin. Por
ejemplo: en he ran fast, fast es un adverbio y en he is a fast runner, fast es un adjetivo.
Las palabras en espaol tambin se dividen en partes de la oracin y sus categoras
coinciden en gran parte con las del ingls.
Las 8 parts of speech tradicionales
- Noun - (nombre)
- Pronoun - (pronombre)
- Verb - (verbo)
- Adjective - (adjetivo)
- Adverb - (adverbio)
- Preposition - (preposicin)
- Conjunction - (conuncin)
- Interjection - (interjeccin)

- NOUN (or sustantive) (sustantivo o nombre)

Definicin: Un nombre o sustantivo es una palabra que se usa para nombrar a una
persona, animal o cosa.
Informacin:
(1) Pueden ir precedidos por un adjetivo: big, cheap, yellow... (grande, barato, amarillo)
o un determinante: the, every, your... (el, todo, tu).
(2) Pueden flexionarse segn su nmero (en espaol se flexionan los nombres en gnero
y nmero).
ejemplos:
- Solos: dog, chair, pencil, map, square, concept... (perro, silla, lpiz, mapa, cuadrado,
concepto).
- Precedidos por un adjetivo o un determinante: the dog, every map, a yellow square,
the main concept.. (el perro, todo mapa, un cuadrado amarillo, el concepto principal).

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- cat (singular), cats (plural). Cat (gato/gata)

- PRONOUN (pronombre)
Definicin: Una palabra que sustituye a un nombre o a un sintagma nominal (noun
phrase).
Informacin:
(1) Funcionan de manera muy similar a los nombres.
(2) No pueden flexionarse.
Tipos de pronombres:
Pronombres Reflexivos (reflexive pronouns)- myself, yourself...
Pronombres Acusativos (Object pronouns)- me, him, her...
Pronombres de sujeto en ingles (subject pronouns)- I, you, he..
Adjetivos Posesivos (Possessive adjectives)- my, your, his...
Pronombres Posesivos (possessive pronouns)- mine, yours, his...
Pronombres Recprocos (reciprocal pronouns)- each other, one another
Pronombres Relativos (relative pronouns)- that, who, whose...
Pronombres Indefinidos (indefinite pronouns)- anyone, someone...
- VERB (verbo)
Definicin: Un verbo es una palabra o grupo de palabras que describen una accin,
experiencia o estado.
Informacin:
(1) Se flexionan para indicar el tiempo verbal. Pueden ser verbos regulares o verbos
irregulares.

(2) La presencia de al menos un verbo es necesaria en toda oracin.

(3) Hay dos tipos de verbos: main verbs (verbos principales), auxiliary verbs (verbos
auxiliares).
- Main verbs: Son el ncleo del sintagma verbal o verb phrase.
Ej: jump, run, believe, love, learn... (saltar, correr, creer, amar, aprender).
Algunos ejemplos acompaados de un verbo auxiliar: can jump, should run, have
believed... (poder saltar, deber correr, haber credo).
- Auxiliary verbs. Acompaan a los main verbs y modifican su significado.
Hay dos clases:
(1) modales o modal verbs (can, may, must, should, will...),
(2) no modales o non modals (be, have, do, use).
- ADJECTIVE (adjetivo)
Definicin: Una palabra que describe a un nombre o a un pronombre.
Informacin:
(1) Se flexionan o usan modificadores para indicar el grado (muy, un poco, bastante...).
(2) Pueden presentarse en tres formas: sin flexionar, comparativo y superlativo.
ejemplos:
- Sin flexionar: big, small, beautiful, special, smart... (grande, chico, bello, especial,
inteligente).
- Comparativo, se aade -er: bigger, smaller... (ms grande que.., ms chico que..).
Por ejemplo: John is smaller than Paul (John es ms pequeo que Paul).
- Superlativo, se aade -est: hottest, smartest (El ms caliente, el ms listo).
Por ejemplo: Mara is the smartest girl in class. (Mara es la nia ms lista de la clase).
- ADVERB (adverbio)
Definicin: Una palabra que modifica el significado de un verbo, un adjetivo, otro
adverbio, o un enunciado entero.

Tipos de adverbios segn las caractersticas de la palabra:

(1) Pueden ser complejos, compuestos o simples.

(2) Muchos de ellos (complejos) se forman al aadir la terminacin -ly a un adjetivo,
que equivale a la terminacin -mente del espaol.
Ej: quickly, strongly, happily (rpidamente, fuertemente, felizmente).
Ejemplos:
- Complejos: Se aade el sufijo -ly.
Ej: Sincerely, heavily, specially... (sinceramente, pesadamente, especialmente).
- Compuestos: Resultan de unir varias palabras. Hay pocos casos.
Ej: Nevertheless, downstairs... (sin embargo, bajando las escaleras).
- Simples: Una sola palabra sin sufijos.
Ej: Already, how, when, soon, since... (ya, cmo, cundo, pronto, desde).

Tipos de adverbios segn su funcin en la oracin:

1. Time Adverbs o Adverbs of time - (Adverbios de tiempo)

2. Place Adverbs o Adverbs of place - (Adverbios de lugar)
3. Manner Adverbs o Adverbs of manner - (Adverbios de modo)
4. Degree Adverbs o Adverbs of Degree - (Adverbios de grado)

5. Focusing Adverbs o Adverbs of Focus - (Adverbios de enfoque)

6. Evaluative Adverbs o Adverbs of Evaluation - (Adverbios evaluativos)
7. Linking Adverbs o Conjunctive Adverbs - (Adverbios conjuntivos)
- CONJUNCTION (conjunciones)
Definicin: Palabras como "and" que sirven para unir dos palabras, grupos, u oraciones
sintcticamente equivalentes.
Informacin:
(1) No se flexionan.
(2)Hay de dos tipos: coordinating conjunctions (conjunciones coordinantes)
y subordinating conjunctions (conjunciones subordinantes) .
- Coordinating conj.: Sirven para unir dos oraciones equivalentes dentro de un
enunciado. Principalmente and, or, but, (y, o, pero).
Ej: "Mary eats and Paul sleeps", (Mary come y Paul duerme).
- Subordinating conj.: Unen dos oraciones, una de las cuales depende de la otra.
Algunas son: after, as, before, since, until... (despus, como, antes, desde, hasta).
Ej: "Tom called after the party had finished" (Tom llam despus de que la fiesta hubo
terminado).
- PREPOSITION (preposiciones)
Definicin: Una palabra que se coloca antes de un nombre, pronombre o gerundio para
indicar lugar, tiempo, direccin, etc.
Informacin:
(1)No se flexionan.
(2) Sirven para unir varias oraciones simples permitiendo la formacin de enunciados
subordinados.
- Simples: Ej: in, by, under, of....
Aqu una lista ms completa
- Complejas: Resultan de unir varias palabras siendo al menos una de ellas una
preposicin.
Ej: because of, in spite of, with reference to... (debido a, a pesar de, con referencia a).
- INTERJECTION (interjeccin)
Definicin: Una palabra o frase que sirve para expresar una emocin de placer, dolor,
sorpresa, etc. Suele ir acompaada de un signo de exclamacin.
Informacin:
(1)No se flexionan.
(2)No necesita formar parte de una oracin.
Ejemplos: Yeah!, woo hoo!, yee-haw!, Whoa!, bam!, Huh?, Boo!

possessive Pronouns (Pronombres

posesivos)
Pronombres posesivos
(en funcin de determinante del
sujeto)

Ejemplo

Traduccin ejemplo

Play
My

mi, mis

Play
This is myhouse.

sta es mi casa.

Play
Your

tu, tus (de ti) / su, sus

(de usted)

Play
This is yourbook.

ste es tu libro. / ste

es su libro.

Play
His

su, sus (de l)

Play
This is hisbicycle.

sta es su bicicleta.

Play
Her

su, sus (de ella)

Play
This is her dress.

ste es su vestido.

Play
Its

su, sus

Play
This is its (the cat's) home.

sta es su casa. (la

casa del gato)

Play
Our

nuestro/a, nuestros/as

Play
These are oursuitcases.

stas son nuestras

maletas.

Play
Your
Play
Their

vuestro/a, vuestros/as, Play

su,
These are yourseats.
sus (de ustedes)

stos son vuestros

asientos. stos son sus
asientos.

Play
These are theirbooks.

stos son sus libros.

Pronombres posesivos
(en funcin de pronombre)

Ejemplo

Traduccin ejemplo

Play
Mine

mo/s, ma/s

Play
This book ismine

Este libro es mo.

Play
Yours

tuyo/s, tuya/s, suyo/s,

suya/s

Play
Is this book
yours?

Este libro es tuyo? /

Este libro es suyo?

Play
His

suyo/s, suya/s
(de el)

Play
This bicycle ishis.

Esta bicicleta es de l.

Play
Hers

suyo/s, suya/s
(de ella)

Play
The dress ishers.

El vestido es de ella.

Play
Its

su, sus

Play
The house is its(the cat's).

La casa es suya (del

gato).

Play
Ours

nuestro/s, nuestra/s

Play
The suitcases are ours.

Las maletas son

nuestras.

Play
Yours

vuestro/a, vuestros/as, Play

suyo/s, suya/s
These seats areyours.

Estos asientos son

vuestros. Estos
asientos son suyos.

Play
Theirs

suyo/a, suyos/as (de

ellos)

Este lpiz es de ellos.

su, sus (de ellos)

Play
This pencil istheirs.

Los posesivos varan segn el que posee y no segn la cantidad poseida:

Ejemplos:
Play
His bike is red. (Su bicicleta es roja.)

Play
The red bike is his. (La bici roja es suya.)

Play
My house is small. (Mi casa es pequea.)

Play
The small house is mine. (La casa pequea es ma.)

Function (Funcin)

1.

Los pronombres posesivos se clasifican en dos tipos segn su funcin en la oracin.

En funcin de artculo determinativo del sujeto
Gramaticalmente funciona como un artculo determinativo del sustantivo al que acompaa,
por lo tanto siempre va antes del objeto.
Ejemplos:

Play
My car is blue. (Mi coche es azul.)

Play
His house is big. (Su casa es grande.)

2.

En funcin de pronombre
Gramaticalmente funciona como un pronombre en funcin de complemento directo.

Ejemplos:

Play
The blue car is mine. (El coche azul es mo.)

Play
The big house is his. (La casa grande es suya.)
Nota: Estos ejemplos responden a la pregunta, "De quin es?.

Possessive Pronouns vs. the Genitive Case (Pronombres posesivos y el genitivo)

El genitivo "-s" no se ha de confundir con los pronombres posesivos. As podemos decir:

Play
Her dress... (Su vestido...[de ella])
O podemos decir:

Play
Andrea's dress... (El vestido de Andrea...)
En ambos casos expresamos un poseedor y un posedo, en este caso el vestido. En la
primera frase, el pronombre posesivo femenino "her" indica que tanto el hablante como el
oyente acaban de hacer referencia a la misma persona. En cambio en el segundo caso, el
hablante quiere dar a conocer el nombre del poseedor.

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

1.

Siempre utilizamos el genitivo para referirnos a personas.

Play
Paul's house... (La casa de Paul...)

Play
Mary's bike... (La bicicleta de Maria...)

2.

Cuando nos referimos a cosas o lugares utilizaremos la preposicin "of".

Play
The wheel of the bike... (La rueda de la bicicleta...)

Play
Washington is the capital of the United States. (Washington es la capital de los Estados Unidos.)

3.

Tambin podemos utilizar el genitivo al final de la oracin que acostumbra a

ser la respuesta a una pregunta anterior. En estos casos no necesitamos el nombre.

Question (pregunta):

Play
Where is your sister? (Dnde est tu hermana?)

Answer (repuesta):

Play
She is at my parent's. (Est en la casa de mis padres.)

Question (pregunta):

o
o

Play
Whose house is this? (De quin es esta casa?)
Answer (repuesta):

o
o

Play
It is Michael's. (Es de Miguel.)
WARNING!
Cuando el nombre de el poseedor termina en una "s", el genitivo se aade al final del
poseedor, pero slo aadiendo el apostrofe "-" y no la "-s" del genitivo.

Play
Luis' house... (La casa de Luis....)

your mom is very beatiful

his pencil is long
her brother is in frist grade
its ball is small
our father work of police
your friends eat meet with rice
their cars is big and is my favorite
my sister is intelligent in the math
his note book is organizate
her skirt is of red with black color
its toy is recistance
your shoes is wet
their grandfather is old
our bus is tidy
my dog is playful

your exam is excellent

his pant is very short