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    FE ElecCircuits Mech

    Uploaded by

    David
    Its very useful for FE exam

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 41
    Review Problems SOLUTION ‘The actuation energy E, can be related to the rate constants ky (at temperature 7;) and kz (at temperature T>) by the Arrhenius equation: Fa (1 1) log—2 = - =-= ee seals i. where R = universal gas constant. (1). You are told a reaction proceeds five times as fast at 60° as it does at 30°C. Therefore, if k = rate constant at 30°C = 303K with T, = 303K, then ky = 5k; at 60°C = 333K with T; = 333K. You are given R. Substitute these values into the Arthenius equation and solve for Es. Re- writing and substituting: aaoR (231.96 : kcal | -2. ky , Eq= To log i a1) logs hi 333 303) = (15.4 keal/mole)(.699) = 10.8 kcal/mole. Note: 1 kcal/1,000 cal is a conversion factor to obtain the correct units. To answer (2) find 2 2 from te Ankeias equation, Rewriting and substituting: (é 1_1)) 2303R(T, %)) 40,000 (1 “| ( = antilo al (2.303)1.987 (2273 1,273) = antilog3.02 = 1.05 x10? sits yy That is, the rate should be about 1,050 times as great at 2,000°C as at 1,000°C. 429 Chemistry PROBLEM 12 Four liters of octane gasoline weigh 3.19 kg. Calculate the volume of air required for its complete combustion at STP. SOLUTION To answer this problem, you need to write the balanced equation for the combustion of octane gasoline. This means knowing the molecular formula of octane gasoline and what is meant by combustion. Octane is a saturated hydrocarbon, i.., it is an alkane. A saturated hydrocarbon means a compound that contains only single bonds between the carbon-to-carbon and carbon-to-hydrogen bonds. Alkanes have the general formula CyHoa +2, where n = number of carbon atoms. Since the prefix “oct” means eight, you know there are 8 carbon atoms, which indicates that 18 hydrogen ‘atoms are present. Thus, gasoline octane has the formula CsHjg. Now, combustion is the reaction of an organic compound with oxygen to pro- duce CO, and H,0. With this in mind, you can write the balanced equa- tion for the reaction: 2CsHig + 2502 > 16CO, + 18,0. To determine the volume of air required for combustion, you need the volume of O, required, since 21 percent of air is oxygen (O2). To find the amount of O> involved, use the fact that at STP (standard temperature and pressure) 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 liters. Thus, if you know how many moles of O, were required, you would know its volume. You can find the number of moles by using stoichiometry. You have 3.19 kg or 3,190 g (1,000 g = 1 kg) of octane gasoline. The molecular weight (M.W.) of octane is 114 grams/mole. Thus, since mote = £228 (Weigh) 6, have 3490. _ 27.08 motes of gasoline. MW. 114 From the equation’s coefficients, you see that for every 2 moles of gasoline, 25 moles of O, are required. Thus, for this number of moles of gasoline, you need (27.98) & = 349.78 moles of O. Recalling that 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 liters at STP, 349.78 moles of Op occupies (349.78)(22.4) = 7,835.08 liters. Oxygen is 21% of the air. Thus, the amount of air required is 7,835.08 liters B 0, = 37,309.9 liters air. -21 liters Op ELECTRIC CIRCUITS UNITS ‘The basic electrical units are coulombs for charge, volts for voltage, amperes for current, and ohms for resistance and impedance. eee pa rer Fy = the force on sarge 2 due to charge 1 Q, = the ith point charge, =the distance between charges 1 and 2, ‘aqz = a unit vector directed from 1 to 2, and & =the permittivity of the medium. where For free space or ar: = 8.85 « 10"? Farads/meter Electrostatic Fields Electric field intensity E (volts/meter) at point2 due toapoint charge Q, at point | is E=S5s,, aren For a line charge of density p, C/m on the =-axis. the radial electric field is gE, - £2 2 2ner For a sheet charge of density p, C/m* in the x-» plane: E, =2£a,,2>0 2e Gauss’ law states thatthe integral of the electric fu density D=cE over a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed or Qanet =§ 3€E-aS The force on a point charge Q in an electric field with intensity E is F= QE. The work done by an extemal agent in moving ¢ charge Q in an electric field from point p, to point ps is W=-OfE-a n The energy stored MW in an electric field Eis We= (12) WyelEl? av Magnetic Fields For a current carrying wire on the z-axis BL Ee tere Hn Hi = the magnetic field strength (amperes/meter), B =the magnetic flux density (tesla), ‘ay =the unit vector in positive § direction in cylindrical coordinates, 7 =the current, and = the permeability of the medium. For air: w= yy = 4x 107 Him. Force on a current carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field is F=/LxB, where L = the length vector of a conductor. The energy stored Hin a magnetic field His Wig= (12) Mew lal? dv Induced Voltage Faraday’s Law; For a coil of N'turns enclosing flux 6 —Ndivadt, where v = the induced voltage and 4 = the flux (webers) enclosed by the N’ conductor tums and @ Voltage ‘The potential difference V between two points isthe work per unit charge required to move the charge between the points. Fortwo parallel plates with potential difference V, separated by distance d, the strength ofthe E field between the plates is poo a directed from the + plate to the — plate. FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING REVIEW ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS PREPARED BY LALT ELECTRIC CIRCUITS Current Electric current) through a surface is defined asthe rate oy charge transport through that surface or (i) = da( vd, which is a function of time 4 since g(t) denotes instantaneous charge. ‘Acconstant 1) is written s and the vector curent density in lamperesim” is defined as J Resistivity For a conductor of length L. electrical resistivity p. and arca Av the resistance is el 4 For metallic conductors the resistivity and resistance vary linearly with changes in temperature according 10 the following relationships: p= poll ra(7—T)}.and R=R[l a (T~T)}, where ‘pois resistivity at To, Ry isthe resistance at T,, and avis the temperature coefficient Ohms Law: VIR V(Q=HOR Resistors in Series and Parallel For series connections. the current in all resistors is the same and the equivalent resistance for resistors in series is Ree Rit Rett Ry For parallel connections of resistors, the voltage drop across ‘each resistor isthe sare andthe resistance form resistors in parallel is, Bre LAUR, + UR +... + UR) For two resistors Ry and Rs in parallel Power in a Resistive Element ve °R P= Kirchhof?'s Laws Kirchhoff voltage law fora closed loop is expressed by Es *E Vinge Kirchhof's current law fora closed surface is Edn = Ela CAPACITORS AND INDUCTORS 10 {0 e T vt ‘ i “0 The charge gc() and volagev¢ (0 relationship fora capacitor Cin fradsis CHacrel — ot gel= Cve( A parallel plate capaciter of area A with plates separated a distance d by an insulator with a permitivty © has a capacitance cat : ad ‘The current-voltage relationships for a capacitor are vell)=c(0)+h fiche and ie) = C (ave) “The energy stored in a capacitor is expressed in joules and sven by Energy = Cue = qc AC= qeveR ‘The inductance L of aceil is L= Nic ‘and using Faraday’ law. the voltage-current relations for an inductor are wlo)= Liaie’dn . =O flee where v= inductor voltage, L = inductance (henrys), and ~ curent (amperes). ‘The energy stored in an inductor is expressed in joules and given by Energy = Lic Capacitors and Inductors in Parallel and Series Capacitors in Parallel Cqt Qt Grt tC, Capacitors in Series C= 8 YG FIC, +. Inductors In Parallel “TEU, +401, Inductors tn Series SOURCE EQUIVALENTS For an arbitrary circuit }—o a ‘SOURCES AND RESISTORS, [0 » ‘The Thévenin equivalent is ‘The open circuit voltage Vee is V. ~ Vs. and the short circuit ‘current is he from a t0 6 ‘The Norton equivatent circuit is where ly and Reg are defined above. ‘A load resistor R, connected across terminals @ and 6 will draw maximum power when Ry = Reg AC CIRCUITS For a sinusoidal voltage or current of frequeney /(H2) and period 7 (seconds), (28), where = the angular frequency in radians’ Average Value For a periodic waveform (ether voltage oF curent) with petod 7, oe UT I MOd The average value of a fallwave rectified sine wave is Kno (Wax VE and half his fora halfrave rectification. where na = the peak amplitude ofthe waveform. Effective or RMS Values Fora periodic waveform with petiod 7. the rms or efective “ [unis omy Forasinusoidal waveform and full-wave rectified sine wave, Nom =X pag /VE For a hatf-wave rectified sine wave, Non * Nol? Phasor Transforms of Sinusolds PU ne 605 (6+ $9) = Fm ZO Y Pls 05 (= 6] * le £ O° F Fora cireit element. the impedance is defined asthe ratio of phasor voltage to phasor current. v For a Resistor. =k For a Capacitor, z= ike jac aoe 2. = jal = jx. where Xe and X, are the capacitive and inductive reactances wail ctlaeles vO pad x, ze Impedances in series combine additively while those ia parallel combine according othe reciprocal rule justasin the case of resistors. ‘Complex Power Real power P (wats) is defined by (P= (4)¥marlmas 208 8 = Females COS 9 ‘where Os the angle measured from to J If leads (lags) ¥, then the power factor (7), pf.=cos® is said to be a leading (lagging) p/- Reactive power Q (vars) is defined by Q = (oa in 8 = Faas $i 8 Complex power $ (voltampercs) is defined by S =¥Ir=P +50, ‘where /*is the complex conjugate ofthe phasor current. For resistors, 6 = 0, so the real power PV gly =V gl =H R “The impedance seem atthe input is dps a'2s EXAMPLE Use KVL and KCL to solve for the currents and voltages. Compute the power absorbed for each clement and show that power is conserved (ie., ihe algebraic sum of the power is zero). ce A =15A B ay "4 Th. ID| vy=10V SOLUTION KCL ~i, =i, =0 y= =A. KCL i,+i,+i,=0 i, =-5(-5)-15=[-10] KVL -»,+vg-v,=0 y,=10-30=[-20 V KVL vy -¥,=0 v,=¥%4 =[10V] P, =-30\8) =[=150 W Py = vyi, = (-20-5)=[ 100 W Po =v" is maximum. Q is always Q {May or may not be maximum at maximum at the neutral surface. However, the neutral surface. Check all possibilities The shear flow or force per unit length of beam acting on the joint between sections making up a built-up cross-section is given by: Shear flow = f Lown or Nim) where the area on either side of the joint is used to calculate Q. Shear flow and discrete fastener strength are related by: Fy = f8, where Fy is the net shearing strength of the joint festeners on a single cross-section of the beam and s is the distance along the beam between cross-sections containing fasteners ¢. Combined Stresses in Beams. In general any cross-section of the v beam will have both shear and bending J acting on it. This results in a general CS = SSE) ot ‘stress element as shown, a hee Tee vO! iy = Mj Where Greading =] 3 ANd Teer = “Te Failure is most likely to occur on a cross-section where V or M are maximum. On the cross-section failure due to pure bending may occur at the top or bottom of the cross-section, and due to pure shear may occur at the neutral axis, Wide- flange or other non-uniform cross-sections may have principal stresses or maximum shearing stresses at the web-flange intersection or other points of change in cross section width that exceed other stresses on the cross-section. 4. Supporting Beam Topics. ‘Maximum shear and bending moment values are found most easily and reliably using the Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams developed in Statics, ‘The centroidal location can be determined by first moments about any axis parallel to the bending moment axis. Ai=SAy, Where Ais the entire area of the cross-section and the A, are the 7 areas of subfigures making up the cross-section. y and the y's are the perpendicular distance from the reference axis to the centroid of the associated area. If the cross-section can be divided into common shaped areas for which the location of the centroid and the area moment of inertia (I,) about the centroid are known then the area moment of inertia (Iya) for the cross-section can be determined from: Y(F, + 4,42) where the I,are the area moments of inertia of the i individual areas about their own centrodial axis and d is the perpendicular distance between the area centrodial axis and the neutral axis of the cross-section Ing e. Beam Deflections Two Integration Method The deflection of straight beams is determined from the equation: Ely'(x)=M() Here y(x) is the lateral displacement of the beam from its original position as a function of position along the beam, the primes denote derivatives with respect to x, and M(x) is the bending moment as a function of position along the beam. Integration of this equation once yields the equation of the slope as a function of position along the beam: Ely'(x)=[M(x)ee+C, A second integration yields the deflection or elastic curve equation: Eb(x)= flfteelac +Gr4+Cy ‘The two integration constants C; and C2 are evaluated using the boundary conditions imposed on the slope and deflection by the supports. ‘The majority of beam loading requires that the bending moment be defined using more than one analytic function. Each function is valid over its own, portion of the beam length and results in its own set of slope and deflection ‘equations that are valid in that portion of the beam. Each set of equations has its own pair of integration constants. The additional boundary conditions ‘come from requiring that the slope and deflection given by the equations on both sides of a boundary between changes in bending moment functions give the same value when evaluated at the boundary. y; (at boundary) = y}(at boundary) y,(at boundary) = y, (at boundary) ‘Superposition Method “The solutions for these equations for many different types of supports and loads are given in many of the common engineering handbooks. The principal of superposition allows the solutions of different loads to be added together to give the solution for the combined loads. The limitations of this method depend on how extensive the available beam tables are. It must be kept in mind that the table entry must be able to exactly match the portion of the load being represented using only a scaling factor and/or mirror imaging, Loads in the tables may have either positive or negative values Section 5: Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels Thin-walled pressure vessels are defined as having the ratio Vr <0.1, where tis the wall thickness and ris the internal radius of either the sphere or cylinder. The pressure, p, is the gage pressure and the analysis is only safe for positive internal pressures. The analysis assumes that the in-plane stresses are uniform across the thickness of the wall. The radial stress is zero on the exterior surface and equal to ~p on the interior surface. a. Sphere = 5; (at any point and in any direction) F onan Bt On the inside surface On the outside surface For any x-y coordinate system in the plane of the beta) Tee s, Cylinder a= axial; h = hoop directions o1=o= For any x-y coordinate system in the plane of the surface, usually the axial and hoop directions. Section 6: Column Buckling Columns are long slender members under compressive axial loading. Column buckling is a stability problem, which means failure can occur without the material reaching the yield or ultimate stress. Columns are divided into three classes; slender, intermediate, and short based on both material and slendemness ratio (L'/). ‘The critical buckling load or stress for EL slender columns (Lr > 100 for steel)are “cy given by Euler's Buckling Equation: Lis the effective length of the column and depends on the type of supports at the ends. The four common support combinations are: is the actual length of the column and is the radius of gyration forthe cross section r= (/A)" ‘The critical load for intermediate columns canbe pinned ~ pinned L'= L found in various code handbooks. These also give the range of slenderness ratios for which they are fixed — fixed valid ‘fixed ~ free La Short columns are treated using the ordinary axial fixed - pinned —L' = 0.7L loading theory. Section 7: Plane Transformations a. Stresses ‘Transformation Equations It is assumed that all the stresses in one direction are zero. The coordinate axes are orientated to place the z-axis in that direction. This situation is ‘common in engineering applications. A free surface is the classic example. The stresses representing the state of stress at a point are different when ‘measured with respect to two different coordinate systems that are rotated with respect to each other. If tae first system is labeled xy then the x’y' is rotated counter-clockwise by an angle 6. ‘The primed stresses may be determined from the unprimed by the equations: G,+0, %,-9, + -Cos(20)+ r.,Sin(20) o.(0) Ty(0)= a ‘Sin(20)+ 1,,Cos(20) oy = o¢(0 + 90°) 10 Principal Stress and Maximum Shearing Stress There will always be a maxircum and minimum stress value, referred to as the principal stresses, occurring at some orientation, There will also be a ‘maximum shearing stress that occurs on two different planes. ‘The values of the principal stresses are given by: O,+0, o,-0,) tee (5%) 46, ‘The plus sign is used for the lrger o) and the minus sign for the smaller 02. a The value of the maximum shearing stress is given by: 6p is the counter-clockwise angle from the o, plane to the 0 plane. ‘The two principal planes at perpendicular to each other and the two ‘maximum shearing stress planes are at 45° to either of the principal planes. Mohr's Circle for Plane Stress itt Molu’s Circle is a mapping ofthe normal and shear stress acting on a plane at 2 point in real space to the coordinates of a point in the o-t plane. All the points associated with the stresses on planes at a single point lie on a circle centered at Gam = 5% and ~0, The radius ofthe circle is equal to the ‘maximum in-plane shearing stress ea ‘Mohr's Circle can best be used as a road map relating various planes and their stresses at the point. Rotation in real space from one plane to another results ina corresponding movement around the circle in the same direction, but twice as far. The coordinates of the new point represent the stresses acting on the new plane, The two points at which the circle crosses the horizontal axis represent the two principal stress planes and the points at the top and bottom of the circle the two maximum in-plane shearing stress planes. The principal stress are then given by o,2= Gaug# R, where R=, R=t Sign convention for the normal stress is the usual positive to the right and negative to the left. Shear stresses are best treated by considering which way the shear stress on a given plane is trying to twist the element, clockwise ‘twist is plotted in the upper half of the o-t plane and counter-clockwise in the lower half of the ¢-9 plane. The sign information works both ways since there is a unique one-to-one mapping. b. Strains Transformation Equations ‘The analysis is based on a plane strain state in which all strains in the 2- direction are zero. The analysis can also be used for a plane stress state with ‘one minor modification. A material can not have both plane stress and plane strain states at the same time. The relationship between the strains at a point measured relative to a set of axes x-y and a set x'-y' which have the same origin but are rotated counter- clockwise from the original axes by an angle @ are given by 2 Cos(00) + "2. sin(20 ) for the normal strains and by for the shearing strain, Note the similarity of form between these equations and the stress transformation ecuations 12 Principal Strains and Maximum Shearing Strain ‘As with the stresses there are maximum and minimum (principal) values of the normal strains for particular orientations at the point and maximum shearing strains. The principal strains are given by C5) and the maximum shearing strain is given by 1 : Try oss = 4 [tz pos) Ee] ‘The orientation of the larger principal strain to the positive x-direction is given by ‘The direction of the smaller principal strain is perpendicular to the first. The directions involved with the maximum shearing strain are the two directions at 45° to both of the principal directions. Mobr’s Circle for Strain ‘A Mohr’s Circle mapping between the strains acting with respect to a set of X-Y axes at a point and a point in the strain plane can be made. The same rules apply as forthe stress cirele with ¢ replacing cand 5 replacing +. This makes the radius of the circle equal to half the in-plane maximum shearing strain, 1B Sign convention for the shear strain is based on which way that axis has to twist to have the right angle close for a positive shear strain and open for a negative shear strain. : ‘The circle is centered at Gog =""5 and = 0, with a radius R = 25 ‘As with the stresses, the principal strains are located where the circle erosses the horizontal axis. Maximum shearing strains are located at the top and bottom ofthe citce. Strain Rosettes Determination of the strain state on a surface which is assumed to be in a state of plane stress involves \ measuring three independent strain ‘gages and solving the set of three equations for the unknowns: e4, &, and ta, ,Cos"®, +8,Sin’O, + Y,,Cos0,Sind, =£,Cos"0, +6,Sin°, +7,,Cos®,Sin®, 1,Cos", + &,Sin’®, + ¥yCose, Sin, 14 Two common rosette configurations simplify the equation set considerably. y y 4 - ot gs Ne eu enn hogy ae et Section 8: Material Properties a. Poisson's Ratio ‘When a material is stretched in one direction it contracts in the lateral directions. ‘The resulting longitudinal and lateral strains occur in a fixed ratio known as Poisson's ratio. The value of Poisson's ratio for a given material may be determined from a simple tension test as v =~ oS ‘The minus sign ogi recognizes that the two strains always have opposite signs. This simple definition can be used to calculate the value of Poisson’s ratio only for a uniaxial stress state with the material sill ir the linear region where ¢ = Es. In multidimensional stress states both strains are effected by stress induced strains in the other direction. b. Generalized Hooke's Law Three dimensional stress state. phere, +e) ogi aaltnk. +

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