MC LC

Module 1: KIN THC C BN V MNG, MNG LAN,

GIAO THC TCP/IP V A CH IP
I. Gii thiu chung v mng:................................................................................2
1. S hnh thnh ca mng my tnh.........................................................................2
2. Mng my tnh l g? ............................................................................................2
3. Cc mc tiu ca vic to nn mng my tnh......................................................3
4. Phn loi mng my tnh.......................................................................................3
4.1 Phn loi mng theo khong cch a l :.......................................................3
4.2 Phn loi theo k thut chuyn mch: .............................................................4
4.3 Phn loi theo kin trc mng s dng............................................................5
4.4 Phn loi theo h iu hng mng...................................................................5
5. Cc mng my tnh thng dng nht ....................................................................6
5.1 Mng cc b LAN (Local Network Area).........................................................6
5.2 Mng din rng WAN (Wide Area Network) vi kt ni LAN to LAN.............6
5.3 Lin mng INTERNET......................................................................................6
5.4 Mng INTRANET .............................................................................................6

II. Mng cc b - LAN (Local Area Network): ..............................................8

1. Khi nim ..............................................................................................................8
2. Cc c tnh k thut ca LAN.............................................................................8
3. Cc topo mng ......................................................................................................9
3.1. nh ngha Topo mng....................................................................................9
3.2. Mng hnh sao ...............................................................................................10
3.3. Mng trc tuyn tnh (Bus): ..........................................................................11
3.4. Mng vng .....................................................................................................11
3.5. Kt ni hn hp .............................................................................................12
4. Cc loi cp truyn v hng dn cch bm cp mng cc loi.........................12
4.1. Cc loi cp truyn .......................................................................................12
4.2. Cc thit b kt ni.........................................................................................16
4.3. Nhng iu cn bit v qu trnh thit lp mng LAN: ................................21

III. Cu hnh TCP/IP trn my tnh:.............................................................28

1. Cu hnh TCP/IP ng: .......................................................................................28
2. Cu hnh tnh:......................................................................................................30
3. Kim tra kt ni: .................................................................................................33

IV. X l li trong mng LAN........................................................................34

1. Kim tra li cp v thit b..................................................................................34
2. X l cc li ca TCP/IP trong LAN..................................................................35
2.1 M ca s du nhc dng lnh .....................................................................35

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

2.2. Kim tra cu hnh TCP/IP: ...........................................................................36

I. Gii thiu chung v mng:

Trong lch s pht trin ca loi ngi, th k XX c nh du bi cuc cch
mng v cng ngh thng tin, bao gm cc vn : thu thp, x l v phn phi thng
tin. iu c bit l khi kh nng thu thp, x l v phn phi thng tin ca con ngi
tng ln, th nhu cu ca chnh con ngi v vic x l thng tin mt cch tinh vi,
phc tp li tng nhanh hn na.
Ngy nay my tnh in t c s dng ph bin, vic kt ni my tnh
trong cc mng l xu hng tt yu, khng ch trong lnh vc nghin cu thun tu m
c trong hu ht mi lnh vc hot ng ca con ngi.
1. S hnh thnh ca mng my tnh
Giai on u (khong 1960) h thng my tnh c tp trung ho cao ,
thng th cc my tnh c tp trung trong mt hoc mt vi vn phng. Ch c cc
c quan, cng ty c kh nng ti chnh kh ln mi c th trang b mt vi my tnh
in t.
Trong h thng my tnh tp trung ny thng ch s dng mt my tnh ln
(Mainframe) v nhiu trm u cui (Terminal) ni vi n. Trong h thng ny, my
Mainframe phi x l tt c mi cng vic, cc trm lm vic ch n thun l cc mn
hnh v bn phm n khng c b nh, khng c cc a, khng c kh nng tnh
ton v x l d liu. N ch c chc nng gi i cc yu cu v nhn v cc kt qu
t my tnh trung tm ri hin th n trn mn hnh, do ta gi cc trm lm vic ny
l trm cm (Dumb Terminal).
Nhc im ca h thng tp trung ny l: Cc my trm phi ph thuc hon
ton vo my tnh trung tm do h thng ny khng c coi l mng my tnh
2. Mng my tnh l g?
Mng my tnh l h thng cc my tnh c lp c kt ni vi nhau thng
qua cc ng truyn vt l v tun theo cc quy c truyn thng no .
Khi nim my tnh c lp y c ngha l cc my tnh khng c my no
c kh nng khi ng hoc nh ch mt my khc.
Cc ng truyn vt l c hiu l cc mi trng truyn tn hiu vt l (c
th l hu tuyn hoc v tuyn nh dy dn, tia Laser, sng ngn, v tinh nhn to...).
2

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Cc quy c truyn thng chnh l c s cc my tnh c th "ni chuyn"

c vi nhau v l mt yu t quan trng hng u khi ni v cng ngh mng my
tnh.
3. Cc mc tiu ca vic to nn mng my tnh

S dng chung ti nguyn: chng trnh, d liu, thit b....

Tng tin cy ca h thng thng tin: Nu mt my tnh hay mt n v

d liu no trong mng b hng th lun c th s dng mt my tnh khc hay mt
bn sao ca n v d liu.

Tit kim chi ph.

Qun l tp trung

To ra mi trng truyn thng mnh gia nhiu ngi s dng trn phm
vi a l rng. Mc tiu ny ngy cng tr nn quan trng.
4. Phn loi mng my tnh
C nhiu cch phn loi mng khc nhau tu thuc vo yu t chnh c chn
dng lm ch tiu phn loi, thng thng ngi ta phn loi mng theo cc tiu ch
nh sau :
Khong cch a l ca mng
K thut chuyn mch m mng p dng
Kin trc mng
H iu hnh mng s dng ...
4.1 Phn loi mng theo khong cch a l :
Nu ly khong cch a l lm yu t phn loi mng th ta c mng cc b,
mng th, mng din rng, mng ton cu.
Mng cc b ( LAN - Local Area Network ) : l mng c ci t trong phm
vi tng i nh hp nh trong mt to nh, mt x nghip...vi khong cch ln nht
gia cc my tnh trn mng trong vng vi km tr li.
Mng th ( MAN - Metropolitan Area Network ) : l mng c ci t trong
phm vi mt th, mt trung tm vn ho x hi, c bn knh ti a khong 100 km
tr li.
Mng din rng ( WAN - Wide Area Network ) : l mng c din tch bao ph
rng ln, phm vi ca mng c th vt bin gii quc gia thm ch c lc a.

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Mng ton cu ( GAN - Global Area Network ) : l mng c phm vi tri rng
ton cu.
4.2 Phn loi theo k thut chuyn mch:
Nu ly k thut chuyn mch lm yu t chnh phn loi s c: mng chuyn
mch knh, mng chuyn mch thng bo v mng chuyn mch gi.
Mch chuyn mch knh (circuit switched network) : Khi c hai thc th cn
truyn thng vi nhau th gia chng s thit lp mt knh c nh v duy tr kt ni
cho ti khi hai bn ngt lin lc. Cc d liu ch truyn i theo con ng c nh
. Nhc im ca chuyn mch knh l tiu tn thi gian thit lp knh truyn
c nh v hiu sut s dng mng khng cao.
Mng chuyn mch thng bo (message switched network) : Thng bo l mt
n v d liu ca ngi s dng c khun dng c quy nh trc. Mi thng bo
c cha cc thng tin iu khin trong ch r ch cn truyn ti ca thng bo. Cn
c vo thng tin iu khin ny m mi nt trung gian c th chuyn thng bo ti nt
k tip trn con ng dn ti ch ca thng bo. Nh vy mi nt cn phi lu gi
tm thi c thng tin iu khin trn thng bo, nu thy thng bo khng gi cho
mnh th tip tc chuyn tip thng bo i. Tu vo iu kin ca mng m thng bo
c th c chuyn i theo nhiu con ng khc nhau.
u im ca phng php ny l :

Hiu sut s dng ng truyn cao v khng b chim dng c quyn m

c phn chia gia nhiu thc th truyn thng.

Mi nt mng c th lu tr thng tin tm thi sau mi chuyn thng

bo i, do c th iu chnh lm gim tnh trng tc nghn trn mng.

C th iu khin vic truyn tin bng cch sp xp u tin cho cc

thng bo.

C th tng hiu sut x dng gii thng ca mng bng cch gn a ch

qung b (broadcast addressing) gi thng bo ng thi ti nhiu ch.

Nhc im ca phng php ny l:

Khng hn ch c kch thc ca thng bo dn n ph tn lu gi tm

thi cao v nh hng n thi gian tr li yu cu ca cc trm .

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Mng chuyn mch gi (packet switched network): y mi thng bo c

chia ra thnh nhiu gi nh hn c gi l cc gi tin (packet) c khun dng qui
nh trc. Mi gi tin cng cha cc thng tin iu khin, trong c a ch ngun
(ngi gi) v a ch ch (ngi nhn) ca gi tin. Cc gi tin ca cng mt thng
bo c th c gi i qua mng ti ch theo nhiu con ng khc nhau.
Phng php chuyn mch thng bo v chuyn mch gi l gn ging nhau.
im khc bit l cc gi tin c gii hn kch thc ti a sao cho cc nt mng
(cc nt chuyn mch) c th x l ton b gi tin trong b nh m khng phi lu gi
tm thi trn a. Bi vy nn mng chuyn mch gi truyn d liu hiu qu hn so
vi mng chuyn mch thng bo.
Tch hp hai k thut chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi vo trong mt
mng thng nht c mng tch hp s (ISDN Integated Services Digital Network).
4.3 Phn loi theo kin trc mng s dng
Kin trc ca mng bao gm hai vn : hnh trng mng (Network topology) v
giao thc mng (Network protocol)
Hnh trng mng: Cch kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau v mt hnh hc m ta gi
l t p ca mng
Giao thc mng: Tp hp cc quy c truyn thng gia cc thc th truyn
thng m ta gi l giao thc (hay nghi thc) ca mng
Khi phn loi theo topo mng ngi ta thng c phn loi thnh: mng hnh
sao, trn, tuyn tnh
Phn loi theo giao thc m mng s dng ngi ta phn loi thnh mng :
TCPIP, mng NETBIOS . ..
Tuy nhin cch phn loi trn khng ph bin v ch p dng cho cc mng
cc b
4.4 Phn loi theo h iu hng mng
Nu phn loi theo h iu hnh mng ngi ta chia ra theo m hnh mng ngang
hng, mng khch/ch hoc phn loi theo tn h iu hnh m mng s dng:
Windows NT, Unix, Novell . . .
Tuy nhin trong thc t ngui ta thng ch phn loi theo hai tiu ch u tin.

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

5. Cc mng my tnh thng dng nht

5.1 Mng cc b LAN (Local Network Area)
Mt mng cc b l s kt ni mt nhm my tnh v cc thit b kt ni mng
c lp t trn mt phm v a l gii hn, thng trong mt to nh hoc mt khu
cng s no . Mng c tc cao, c xu hng s dng rng ri nht. Cc thng tin
v mng LAN c gii thiu chi tit ti mc II.
5.2 Mng din rng WAN (Wide Area Network) vi kt ni LAN to LAN
Mng din rng l s kt ni ca cc mng LAN, mng din rng c th tri trn
phm vi mt vng, quc gia hoc c mt lc a thm ch trn phm vi ton cu. Mng
c tc truyn d liu khng cao, phm vi a l khng gii hn

Hnh 1.1:

M hnh kt ni mng WAN

5.3 Lin mng INTERNET

Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh l s ra i ca lin mng
INTERNET. Mng Internet l s hu ca nhn loi, l s kt hp ca rt nhiu mng
d liu khc chy trn nn tng giao thc TCP/IP.
5.4 Mng INTRANET

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Thc s l mt mng INTERNET thu nh vo trong mt c quan/cng ty/t

chc hay mt b/ngnh, gii hn phm vi ngi s dng, c s dng cc cng ngh
kim sot truy cp v bo mt thng tin .
c pht trin t cc mng LAN, WAN dng cng ngh INTERNET

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

II. Mng cc b - LAN (Local Area Network):

1. Khi nim
Mng cc b LAN (Local Area Network) l h thng truyn thng tc cao
c thit k kt ni cc my tnh v cc thit b x l d liu khc cng hot ng
vi nhau trong mt khu vc a l nh nh mt tng ca ta nh, hoc mt ta
nh Tn gi mng cc b c xem xt t quy m ca mng. Tuy nhin,
khng phi l c tnh duy nht ca mng cc b nhng trn thc t, quy m ca mng
quyt nh nhiu c tnh v cng ngh ca mng. Sau y l mt s c im ca
mng cc b:
c im ca mng cc b:
- Mng cc b c quy m nh, thng l bn knh di vi km. c im ny
cho php khng cn dng cc thit b dn ng vi cc mi lin h phc tp
- Mng cc b thng l s hu ca mt t chc. iu ny dng nh c v t
quan trng nhng trn thc t l iu kh quan trng vic qun l mng c hiu
qu.
Mng cc b c tc cao v t li. Trn mng rng tc ni chung ch t
vi Kbit/s. Cn tc thng thng trn mng cc b l 10, 100 Mb/s v ti nay vi
Gigabit Ethernet, tc trn mng cc b c th t 1Gb/s. Xc xut li rt thp.
2. Cc c tnh k thut ca LAN
- ng truyn: L thnh phn quan trng ca mt mng my tnh, l phng
tin dng truyn cc tn hiu in t gia cc my tnh. Cc tn hiu in t
chnh l cc thng tin, d liu c biu th di dng cc xung nh phn (ON_OFF),
mi tn hiu truyn gia cc my tnh vi nhau u thuc sng in t, tu theo tn s
m ta c th dng cc ng truyn vt l khc nhau. Cc my tnh c kt ni vi
nhau bi cc loi cp truyn: cp ng trc, cp xon i...
- Chuyn mch: L c trng k thut chuyn tn hiu gia cc nt trong
mng, cc nt mng c chc nng hng thng tin ti ch no trong mng. Trong
mng ni b, phn chuyn mch c thc hin thng qua cc thit b chuyn mch
nh HUB, Switch...
- Kin trc mng: Kin trc mng my tnh (network architecture) th hin
cch ni cc my tnh vi nhau v tp hp cc quy tc, quy c m tt c cc thc th
tham gia truyn thng trn mng phi tun theo m bo cho mng hot ng tt.
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Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Khi ni n kin trc ca mng ngi ta mun ni ti hai vn l topo mng

(Network topology) v giao thc mng (Network protocol).
+ Network Topology: Cch kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau v mt hnh hc m
ta gi l Topo ca mng.
Cc hnh trng mng c bn l: hnh sao, hnh bus, hnh vng.
+ Network Protocol: Tp hp cc quy c truyn thng gia cc thc th
truyn thng m ta gi l giao thc (hay nghi thc) ca mng
Cc giao thc thng gp nht l: TCP/IP, NETBIOS, IPX/SPX,...
- H iu hnh mng: H iu hnh mng l mt phn mm h thng c cc
chc nng sau:
+ Qun l ti nguyn ca h thng, cc ti nguyn ny gm:
Ti nguyn thng tin (v phng din lu tr) hay ni mt cch n gin l
qun l tp. Cc cng vic v lu tr tp, tm kim, xa, copy, nhm, t cc thuc
tnh u thuc nhm cng vic ny.
Ti nguyn thit b: iu phi vic s dng CPU, cc thit b ngoi vi... ti
u ha vic s dng.
+ Qun l ngi dng v cc cng vic trn h thng.
H iu hnh m bo giao tip gia ngi s dng, chng trnh ng dng vi
thit b ca h thng.
+ Cung cp cc tin ch cho vic khai thc h thng thun li (v d Format
a, sao chp tp v th mc, in n chung ...)
Cc h iu hnh mng thng dng nht hin nay l: WindowsNT,
Windows9X, Windows 2000, Unix, Novell.
3. Cc topo mng
3.1. nh ngha Topo mng
Cch kt ni cc my tnh vi nhau v mt hnh hc m ta gi l topo ca
mng. C hai kiu ni mng ch yu l:

Ni kiu im - im (point - to - point).

Ni kiu im - nhiu im (point - to - multipoint hay broadcast).

Theo kiu im - im, cc ng truyn ni tng cp nt vi nhau v mi nt

u c trch nhim lu gi tm thi sau chuyn tip d liu i cho ti ch. Do
cch lm vic nh vy nn mng kiu ny cn c gi l mng "lu v chuyn tip"
(store and forward).
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Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Theo kiu im - nhiu im, tt c cc nt phn chia nhau mt ng truyn

vt l chung. D liu gi i t mt nt no s c tip nhn bi tt c cc nt cn
li trn mng, bi vy cn ch ra a ch ch ca d liu cn c vo cc nt kim
tra xem d liu c phi gi cho mnh khng.
Phn bit kiu topo ca mng cc b v kiu topo ca mng din rng.
Topo ca mng din rng thng thng l ni n s lin kt gia cc mng
cc b thng qua cc b dn ng (router). i vi mng din rng topo ca mng l
hnh trng hnh hc ca cc b dn ng v cc knh vin thng cn khi ni ti topo
ca mng cc b ngi ta ni n s lin kt ca chnh cc my tnh.
3.2. Mng hnh sao

Hub

Hnh 1.2:

Kt ni hnh sao

Mng hnh sao c tt c cc trm c kt ni vi mt thit b trung tm c

nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc trm v chuyn n trm ch. Tu theo yu cu truyn
thng trn mng m thit b trung tm c th l b chuyn mch (switch), b chn
ng (router) hoc l b phn knh (hub). Vai tr ca thit b trung tm ny l thc
hin vic thit lp cc lin kt im-im (point-to-point) gia cc trm.
u im ca topo mng hnh sao:
Thit lp mng n gin, d dng cu hnh li mng (v d thm, bt cc trm),
d dng kim sot v khc phc s c, tn dng c ti a tc truyn ca ng
truyn vt l.
Nhc im ca topo mng hnh sao:
di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch (trong vng
100m, vi cng ngh hin nay).

10

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

3.3. Mng trc tuyn tnh (Bus):

Hnh 1.3:

Kt ni kiu bus

Trong mng trc tt c cc trm phn chia mt ng truyn chung (bus).

ng truyn chnh c gii hn hai u bng hai u ni c bit gi l terminator.
Mi trm c ni vi trc chnh qua mt u ni ch T (T-connector) hoc mt thit
b thu pht (transceiver).
Khi mt trm truyn d liu tn hiu c qung b trn c hai chiu ca bus,
tc l mi trm cn li u c th thu c tn hiu trc tip. i vi cc bus mt
chiu th tn hiu ch i v mt pha, lc cc terminator phi c thit k sao cho
cc tn hiu phi c di li trn bus cho cc trm trn mng u c th thu
nhn c tn hiu . Nh vy vi topo mng trc d liu c truyn theo cc lin
kt im-a im (point-to-multipoint) hay qung b (broadcast).
u im : D thit k, chi ph thp
Nhc im: Tnh n nh km, ch mt nt mng hng l ton b mng b
ngng hot ng.
3.4. Mng vng

Hnh 1.4:

Kt ni kiu vng

Trn mng hnh vng tn hiu c truyn i trn vng theo mt chiu duy
nht. Mi trm ca mng c ni vi vng qua mt b chuyn tip (repeater) c

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Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

nhim v nhn tn hiu ri chuyn tip n trm k tip trn vng. Nh vy tn hiu
c lu chuyn trn vng theo mt chui lin tip cc lin kt im-im gia cc
repeater do cn c giao thc iu khin vic cp pht quyn c truyn d liu
trn vng mng cho trm c nhu cu.
tng tin cy ca mng ta c th lp t thm cc vng d phng, nu
vng chnh c s c th vng ph s c s dng.
Mng hnh vng c u nhc im tng t mng hnh sao, tuy nhin mng
hnh vng i hi giao thc truy nhp mng phc tp hn mng hnh sao.
3.5. Kt ni hn hp
L s phi hp cc kiu kt ni khc nhau v d hnh cy l cu trc phn tng
ca kiu hnh sao hay cc HUB c th c ni vi nhau theo kiu bus cn t cc
HUB ni vi cc my theo hnh sao.
HUB
Hub

Hub

B chuyn
i cp

Hnh 1.5:

Mt kt ni hn hp

4. Cc loi cp truyn v hng dn cch bm cp mng cc loi

4.1. Cc loi cp truyn
Hin ti phn ln cc khch hng dng cp i dy xon kt ni cc thit b
trong mng LAN ca h. Cp i dy xon l cp gm hai dy ng xon trnh gy
nhiu cho cc i dy khc, c th ko di ti vi km m khng cn khuych i. Gii
tn trn cp dy xon t khong 3004000Hz, tc truyn t vi Kbps n vi
Mbps. Cp xon c hai loi:

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Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Loi c bc kim loi tng cng chng nhiu gi l cp STP ( Shield

Twisted Pair). Loi ny trong v bc kim c th c nhiu i dy. V l
thuyt th tc truyn c th t 500 Mb/s nhng thc t thp hn rt
nhiu (ch t 155 Mb/s vi cp di 100 m)
Loi khng bc kim gi l UTP (UnShield Twisted Pair), cht lng km
hn STP nhng gi thnh rt r. Cp UTP c chia lm 5 hng tu theo tc
truyn. Cp loi 3 dng cho in thoi. Cp loi 5 c th truyn vi tc
100Mb/s rt hay dng trong cc mng cc b v va r va tin s dng.
Cp ny c 4 i dy xon nm trong cng mt v bc

Hnh 1.6:

Cp UTP 5

Hnh trn l cp xon i CAT 5, loi cp ph bin nht dng trong mng LAN
u khch hng hin nay. Mi si cp c 8 li v c chia ra lm 4 cp. Mi cp gm
mt dy mu v mt dy khoang mu c xon li vi nhau. m bo cp hot
ng tin cy, khng nn tho xon chng nhiu hn mc cn thit (6mm).
Ch 2 trong 4 cp dy c s dng truyn dn tn hiu trong mng LAN l
cp mu da cam v cp mu xanh lc. Hai cp cn li mu nu v xanh lam khng
c s dng. S chn c s dng bm trong u RJ45.

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Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Hnh 1.7:

Hai chun bm cp T-568B V T-568A

C 2 chun bm dy cho loi cp ny l chun T-568A v chun T-568B. Vi

mi loi c mt cch sp xp cp vo u RJ45 khc nhau. Vi chun T-568B, cp
cam v lc c a vo chn 1,2 v 3,6 mt cch tng ng trn u RJ45. Chun T568A o cp cam va cp lc cho cp lc a vo chn 1,2 cn cp cam a vo
chn 3,6. iu ny lm cho cp lam v cp cam nm trn 4 chn gia, ph hp vi
chun kt ni ca cng ty in thoi. Do chun T-568A c coi nh chun chnh
v hay c s dng cn chun T-568B ch l chun thay th.
S chn ca chun T-568B:
Pin

Color

Pair Description

1 White/Orange

TxData +

TxData -

3 White/Green

RcData +

Blue

Unused

White/Blue

Unused

Green

RcData -

7 White/Brown

Unused

Unused

Orange

Brown

S chn ca chun T-568A:

Pin

Color

Pair Description
14

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

1 White/Green

RcData +

RcData -

3 White/Orange

TxData +

Blue

Unused

White/Blue

Unused

Orange

TxData -

7 White/Brown

Unused

Unused

Green

Brown

Cp thng v cp cho:
Ni chung trong hu ht trng hp u s dng cp thng. Cp thng l cp c
cc chn ca u ny c kt ni n chn u kia mt cch tng ng. V d:
Chn 1 ca u ny ni vi chn 1 ca u kiaTa ch s dng cp cho khi kt ni 2
thit b trc tip vi nhau m khng qua Hub hay switch. Cp cho s u cho chn
1,2 v chn 3,6 2 u RJ 45 vi nhau 2 giao din ging nhau c th giao tip c
vi nhau.
Crossover Cable

Straight Through Cable

RJ-45 PIN RJ-45 PIN

RJ-45 PIN RJ-45 PIN

1 Rx+

3 Tx+

1 Tx+

1 Rc+

2 Rc-

6 Tx-

2 Tx-

2 Rc-

3 Tx+

1 Rc+

3 Rc+

3 Tx+

6 Tx-

2 Rc-

6 Rc-

6 Tx-

Nh ni trn, cp cho thng c s dng kt ni 2 thit b c giao

din ging nhau nh: Hub vi Hub, Tranceiver vi Tranceiver, DNI vi DNI card hay
Tranceiver vi DNI card.

15

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Kt ni Hub vi Hub:

Kt ni Hub vi Tranceiver hay DNI card:

Kt ni Tranceiver vi DNI card:

4.2. Cc thit b kt ni
h thng mng lm vic trn tru, hiu qu v kh nng kt ni ti nhng h
thng mng khc i hi phi s dng nhng thit b mng chuyn dng. Nhng thit
b mng ny rt a dng v phong ph v chng loi nhng u da trn nhng thit b
c bn l Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router v Gateway.

16

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Repeater

Hnh 1.8:

Thit b Repeater

Trong mt mng LAN, gii hn ca cp mng l 100m (cho loi cp mng

CAT 5 UTP l cp c dng ph bin nht), bi tn hiu b suy hao trn ng
truyn nn khng th i xa hn. V vy, c th kt ni cc thit b xa hn, mng
cn cc thit b khuch i v nh thi li tn hiu, gip tn hiu c th truyn dn
i xa hn gii hn ny.
Repeater l mt thit b lp 1 (Physical Layer) trong m hnh OSI. Repeater
c vai tr khuch i tn hiu vt l u vo v cung cp nng lng cho tn hiu
u ra c th n c nhng chng ng tip theo trong mng. in tn, in
thoi, truyn thng tin qua si quang v cc nhu cu truyn tn hiu i xa u cn s
dng Repeater.
Hub

Hnh 1.9:

Thit b Hub

Hub c coi l mt Repeater c nhiu cng. Mt Hub c t 4 n 24 cng v

c th cn nhiu hn. Trong phn ln cc trng hp, Hub c s dng trong cc
mng 10BASE-T hay 100BASE-T. Khi cu hnh mng l hnh sao (Star topology),
Hub ng vai tr l trung tm ca mng. Vi mt Hub, khi thng tin vo t mt cng
v s c a n tt c cc cng khc.
17

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Hub c 2 loi l Active Hub v Smart Hub. Active Hub l loi Hub c dng
ph bin, cn c cp ngun khi hot ng, c s dng khuch i tn hiu n
v cho tn hiu ra nhng cng cn li, m bo mc tn hiu cn thit. Smart Hub
(Intelligent Hub) c chc nng tng t nh Active Hub, nhng c tch hp thm chip
c kh nng t ng d li - rt hu ch trong trng hp d tm v pht hin li trong
mng.
Bridge

Hnh 1.10:

Thit b Bridge

Bridge l thit b mng thuc lp 2 ca m hnh OSI (Data Link Layer). Bridge
c s dng ghp ni 2 mng to thnh mt mng ln duy nht. Bridge c
s dng ph bin lm cu ni gia hai mng Ethernet. Bridge quan st cc gi tin
(packet) trn mi mng. Khi thy mt gi tin t mt my tnh thuc mng ny chuyn
ti mt my tnh trn mng khc, Bridge s sao chp v gi gi tin ny ti mng ch.
u im ca Bridge l hot ng trong sut, cc my tnh thuc cc mng khc
nhau vn c th gi cc thng tin vi nhau n gin m khng cn bit c s "can
thip" ca Bridge. Mt Bridge c th x l c nhiu lu thng trn mng nh
Novell, Banyan... cng nh l a ch IP cng mt lc.
Nhc im ca Bridge l ch kt ni nhng mng cng loi v s dng Bridge
cho nhng mng hot ng nhanh s kh khn nu chng khng nm gn nhau v mt
vt l.

18

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Switch

Hnh 1.11:

Thit b Switch

Switch i khi c m t nh l mt Bridge c nhiu cng. Trong khi mt

Bridge ch c 2 cng lin kt c 2 segment mng vi nhau, th Switch li c kh
nng kt ni c nhiu segment li vi nhau tu thuc vo s cng (port) trn Switch.
Cng ging nh Bridge, Switch cng "hc" thng tin ca mng thng qua cc gi tin
(packet) m n nhn c t cc my trong mng. Switch s dng cc thng tin ny
xy dng ln bng Switch, bng ny cung cp thng tin gip cc gi thng tin n
ng a ch.
Ngy nay, trong cc giao tip d liu, Switch thng c 2 chc nng chnh l
chuyn cc khung d liu t ngun n ch, v xy dng cc bng Switch. Switch
hot ng tc cao hn nhiu so vi Repeater v c th cung cp nhiu chc nng
hn nh kh nng to mng LAN o (VLAN).
Router

Hnh 1.12:

Thit b Router

Router l thit b mng lp 3 ca m hnh OSI (Network Layer). Router kt ni

hai hay nhiu mng IP vi nhau. Cc my tnh trn mng phi "nhn thc" c s
tham gia ca mt router, nhng i vi cc mng IP th mt trong nhng quy tc ca
IP l mi my tnh kt ni mng u c th giao tip c vi router.

19

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

u im ca Router: V mt vt l, Router c th kt ni vi cc loi mng

khc li vi nhau, t nhng Ethernet cc b tc cao cho n ng dy in thoi
ng di c tc chm.
Nhc im ca Router: Router chm hn Bridge v chng i hi nhiu tnh
ton hn tm ra cch dn ng cho cc gi tin, c bit khi cc mng kt ni vi
nhau khng cng tc . Mt mng hot ng nhanh c th pht cc gi tin nhanh hn
nhiu so vi mt mng chm v c th gy ra s nghn mng. Do , Router c th
yu cu my tnh gi cc gi tin n chm hn. Mt vn khc l cc Router c c
im chuyn bit theo giao thc - tc l, cch mt my tnh kt ni mng giao tip vi
mt router IP th s khc bit vi cch n giao tip vi mt router Novell hay DECnet.
Hin nay vn ny c gii quyt bi mt mng bit ng dn ca mi loi mng
c bit n. Tt c cc router thng mi u c th x l nhiu loi giao thc,
thng vi chi ph ph thm cho mi giao thc.
Gateway

Hnh 1.13:

Thit b Gateway

Gateway cho php ni ghp hai loi giao thc vi nhau. V d: mng ca bn
s dng giao thc IP v mng ca ai s dng giao thc IPX, Novell, DECnet,
SNA... hoc mt giao thc no th Gateway s chuyn i t loi giao thc ny
sang loi khc.
Qua Gateway, cc my tnh trong cc mng s dng cc giao thc khc nhau c
th d dng "ni chuyn" c vi nhau. Gateway khng ch phn bit cc giao thc
m cn cn c th phn bit ng dng nh cch bn chuyn th in t t mng ny
sang mng khc, chuyn i mt phin lm vic t xa...

20

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

4.3. Nhng iu cn bit v qu trnh thit lp mng LAN:

Cc mng LAN tr nn thng dng v n cho php cc ngi dng (users)
dng chung cc ti nguyn quan trng nh my in, a CD-ROM, cc phn mm ng
dng v nhng thng tin cn thit khc. Trc khi pht trin cng ngh LAN cc my
tnh l c lp vi nhau, b hn ch bi s lng cc chng trnh tin ch. Sau khi kt
ni mng r rng hiu qu ca chng tng ln gp bi.
Cc thnh phn thng thng trn mt mng cc b gm c:
- Cc my ch cung cp dch v (server)
- Cc my trm cho ngi lm vic (workstation)
- ng truyn (cp ni)
- Card giao tip gia my tnh v ng truyn (network interface card)
- Cc thit b ni (connection device)
Nh vy vic thit k mt mng my tnh cc b chnh l vic la chn v lp
t cc cu hnh thch hp cho mi thnh phn ca mng. Tu thuc vo mc ch,
tnh cht v phm vi s dng m ngi thit k xy dng ln cu hnh mng LAN
thch hp.

Hnh 1.14:

Cu hnh mng LAN

Nhn chung, yu t quyt nh s dng loi cp no l ph thuc vo yu cu

tc truyn tin, khong cch t cc thit b, yu cu an ton thng tin v cu hnh
ca mng,....V d mng Ethernet 10 Base-T l mng dng knh truyn bng tn c

21

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

bn vi thng lng 10 Mbit/s theo tiu chun quc t ISO/IEC 8802.3 ni bng i
dy cp xon khng bc kim (UTP) trong Topo hnh sao.
Vic kt ni cc my tnh vi mt dy cp c dng nh mt phng tin
truyn tin chung cho tt c cc my tnh. Cng vic kt ni vt l vo mng c thc
hin bng cch cm mt card giao tip mng NIC (Network Interface Card) vo trong
my tnh v ni n vi cp mng. Sau khi kt ni vt l hon tt, qun l vic
truyn tin gia cc trm trn mng tu thuc vo phn mm mng.
u ni ca NIC vi dy cp c nhiu loi (ph thuc vo cp mng), hin nay
c mt s NIC c hai hoc ba loi u ni.
Chun dng cho NIC l NE2000 do hng Novell v Eagle dng ch to cc
loi NIC ca mnh. Nu mt NIC tng thch vi chun NE2000 th ta c th dng n
cho nhiu loi mng. NIC cng c cc loi khc nhau m bo s tng thch vi
my tnh 8-bit v 16-bit.
Mng LAN thng bao gm mt hoc mt s my ch (file server, host), cn
gi l my phc v v mt s my tnh khc gi l trm lm vic (Workstations) hoc
cn gi l nt mng (Network node) - mt hoc mt s my tnh cng ni vo mt
thit b nt.
My ch thng l my c b x l (CPU) tc cao, b nh (RAM) v
cng (HDD) ln.
Trong mt trm m cc phng tin c dng chung, th khi mt trm
mun gi thng ip cho trm khc, n dng mt phn mm trong trm lm vic t
thng ip vo "phong b", phong b ny gi l gi (packet), bao gm d liu thng
ip c bao bc gia tn hiu u v tn hiu cui ( l nhng thng tin c bit) v
s dng phn mm mng chuyn gi n trm ch.
NIC s chuyn gi tn hiu vo mng LAN, gi tn hiu c truyn i nh mt
dng cc bit d liu th hin bng cc bin thin tn hiu in. Khi n chy trong cp
dng chung, mi trm gn vi cp u nhn c tn hiu ny, NIC mi trm s
kim tra a ch ch trong tn hiu u ca gi xc nh ng a ch n, khi gi
tn hiu i ti trm c a ch cn n, ch trm s sao gi tn hiu ri ly d liu
ra khi phong b v a vo my tnh.

22

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

III. Giao thc TCP/IP v a ch IP

Ngi ta thng dng t TCP/IP ch mt s cc khi nim v tng khc
nhau. Thng dng nht l n m t hai giao thc lin lc dng truyn d liu. TCP
tc l Transmission Control Protocol (Giao thc iu khin truyn dn) v IP c ngha
l Internet Protocol (Giao thc Intermet). Khi nim TCP/IP khng ch b gii hn
hai giao thc ny. Thng th TCP/IP c dng ch mt nhm cc giao thc c
lin quan n TCP v IP nh UDP (User Datagram Protocol Giao thc gi d liu
ngi s dng), FTP (File Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn tp), TELNET
(Terminal Emulation Protocol Giao thc m phng u cui), v.v... Cc mng dng
TCP/IP gi l cc TCP/IP Internet.
V ngun gc, TCP/IP c thit k trong ht nhn ca h iu hnh BSD
UNIX 4.2. y l mt phin bn mnh ca UNIX, v cng l mt l do cho s ph
bin rng ri ca TCP/IP. Hu ht cc trng i hc v nhiu t chc nghin cu
dng BSD UNIX. Ngy nay, a s cc my tnh trn Internet chy cc phin bn l
con chu trc tip ca BSD UNIX. Thm na, nhiu bn thng mi ca UNIX nh
SunOS ca SUN hay Ultrix ca Digital u pht sinh t bn BSD UNIX 4.2. S thit
lp TCP/IP trong UNIX System V cng b nh hng rt ln ca BSD UNIX, cng
nh th i vi TCP/IP ca Novell trn DOS (cc sn phm LANWorkplace) v
NetWare 3.x/4.x.

23

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

1. Cc tng giao thc TCP/IP

Application

Application
layer

Presentation

Program

Program

TCP

UDP

Session

Transport

Transport
layer

Network

Network
layer

DataLink

Link
layer

ICMP

IP

IGMP

ARP

Hardware
Interface

RARP

Physical

Hnh 1.15:

Cc tng ca TCP/IP so vi 7 tng tng ng ca OSI

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol (Giao thc iu khin truyn dn) - Th

tc lin lc tng giao vn ca TCP/IP. TCP c nhim v m bo lin lc thng sut
v tnh ng n ca d liu gia hai u ca kt ni, da trn cc gi tin IP.
UDP: User Datagram Protocol (Giao thc gi d liu ngi dng) - Th tc
lin kt tng giao vn ca TCP/IP. Khc vi TCP, UDP khng m bo kh nng
thng sut ca d liu, cng khng c ch sa li. B li, UDP cho tc truyn
d liu cao hn TCP.
IP: Internet Protocol (Giao thc Internet) - L giao thc tng th 3 ca
TCP/IP, n c trch nhim vn chuyn cc datagram qua mng Internet.
ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol (Giao thc bn tin iu khin
Internet) - Th tc truyn cc thng tin iu khin trn mng TCP/IP.
IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol (Giao thc qun l nhm
Internet) - L mt giao thc dng iu khin cc thng tin ca nhm.

24

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

ARP: Address Resolution Protocol (Giao thc phn gii a ch) - L giao thc
tng lin kt d liu. Chc nng ca n l tm a ch vt l ng vi mt a ch IP
no . Mun vy n thc hin broadcasting trn mng, v my trm no c a ch IP
trng vi a ch IP ang c hi s tr li thng tin v a ch vt l ca n.
RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (Giao thc phn gii a ch
ngc) - L mt giao thc cho php mt my tnh tm ra a ch IP ca n bng cch
broadcasting li yu cu trn ton mng.
2. Phng php nh a ch trong TCP/IP
c th thc hin truyn tin gia cc my trn mng, mi my tnh trn mng
TCP/IP cn phi c mt a ch xc nh gi l a ch IP. Hin ti chng ta ang s
dng a ch IPv4 (IP Address Version 4). a ch th h mi ca Internet - IPv6 (IP
Address Version 6) c Nhm c trch K thut IETF (Internet Engineering Task
Force) ca Hip hi Internet xut thc hin k tha trn cu trc v t chc ca
IPv4.
a ch IPv4 c to bi mt s 32 bit.
Cc a ch IP c chia ra lm hai phn, mt phn nhn dng mng (NET
ID) v mt phn xc nh host (HOST ID). Cc lp mng (Network class) xc nh
s bit c dnh cho mi phn mng v phn host. C nm lp mng l A, B, C, D, E,
trong ba lp u l c dng cho mc ch thng thng, cn hai lp D v E c
dnh cho nhng mc ch c bit v tng lai. Hnh v sau cho thy cu trc ca mt
a ch IPv4:
Cu trc a ch IP
Network ID

Host ID

Bng phn lp a ch IP:

Lp mng

S mng

S Host trong mng

126

16.777.214

16.382

65.534

2.097.150

254

Khng phn

Khng phn

25

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Khng phi tt c cc s hiu mng (NETWORK ID) u c th dng c.

Mt s a ch c dnh cho nhng mc ch c bit. V d nh mng 127.0.0.0
dng cho a ch loopback (quay vng)

Lp A c bit 31 lun bng 0 cn bit t 24-30 nh a ch mng, bit t 0

23 nh a ch host. Theo cu trc ny lp A cho php nh danh ti 126
mng (s dng byte u tin), vi ti a 16 triu host (3 byte cn li, 24 bits)
cho mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln. Ti sao
li c 126 mng trong khi dng 8 bits? L do u tin, 127.x (01111111) dng
cho a ch loopback, th 2 l bit u tin ca byte u tin bao gi cng l 0,
1111111(127). Dng a ch lp A (network number. host.host.host). Nu
dng k php thp phn cho php 1 n 126 cho vng u, 1 n 255 cho cc
vng cn li.

Lp B c bit 31 lun bng 1 v bit 30 lun bng 0, bit t 16-29 dng nh

a ch mng cn bit t 0-15 dng nh a ch host. Nh vy, lp B cho
php nh danh ti 16384 mng (10111111.11111111.host.host), vi ti a
65535 host trn mi mng. Dng ca lp B (network number. Network
number.host.host). Nu dng k php thp phn cho php 128 n 191 cho
vng u, 1 n 255 cho cc vng cn lic s mng v s host va phi.

Lp C c bit 31 lun bng 1, bit 30 lun bng 1 cn bit 29 lun bng 0. Bit t
8-28 dng nh a ch mng cn t 0-7 dng nh a ch host. Nh
vy, lp C cho php nh danh ti 2.097.150 mng v ti a 254 host cho mi
mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c t trm. Lp C s dng 3 bytes
u nh danh a ch mng (110xxxxx). Dng ca lp C (network number.

26

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Network number.Network number.host). Nu dng dng k php thp phn

cho php 129 n 233 cho vng u v t 1 n 255 cho cc vng cn li.

Lp D dng gi IP datagram ti mt nhm cc host trn mt mng. Tt c

cc s ln hn 233 trong trng u l thuc lp D

Lp E d phng dng trong tng lai

Nh vy a ch mng cho lp: A: t 1 n 126 cho vng u tin, 127 dng

cho a ch loopback, B t 128.1.0.0 n 191.255.0.0, C t 192.1.0.0 n
233.255.255.0
cho bn c d hiu, ngi ta thng biu din a ch IP di dng s
nguyn chm thp phn. Mt a ch IP khi s c biu din bi 4 s thp phn c
gi tr t 0 n 255 v c phn cch nhau bi du chm (.). Mi gi tr thp phn
biu din 8 bit trong a ch IP.
V d mt a ch IP ca my ch Web ti VDC l 203.162.0.11;
Trn mng Internet, vic qun l v phn phi a ch IP l do Trung tm Thng
tin mng (NIC - Network Information Center) m nhim.
Vi s bng n ca s my tnh kt ni vo mng Internet, a ch IP tr
thnh mt ti nguyn cn kit, ngi ta phi xy dng nhiu cng ngh khc
phc tnh hnh ny. V d nh cng ngh cp pht a ch IP ng nh BOOTP hay
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Giao thc cu hnh a ch ng). Khi
s dng cng ngh ny th khng nht thit mi my trn mng u phi c mt a
ch IP nh trc m n s c my ch cp cho mt a ch IP khi thc hin kt ni.

27

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

III. Cu hnh TCP/IP trn my tnh:

1. Cu hnh TCP/IP ng:

Bc 1: Kch chut tri vo Start/ Setting/ Network Connection/ Local Area

Connection

Hnh 1.16:

M Local Area Connection

Bc 2: Kch vo Properties

28

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Hnh 1.17:

Chn Properties

Bc 3: Kch p vo Internet Protcol (TCP/IP)

Hnh 1.18:

V tr ca Internet Protocol

Bc 4: nh du (Tch) vo
-

Obtain an IP address automatically

Obtain DNS server address automatically

29

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Hnh 1.19:

t a ch IP v DNS ng

Bc 5: Trong du nhc dng lnh nh: ipconfig v kim tra li a ch IP

nhn c trn my tnh.

Hnh 1.20:

Kim tra a ch IP bng lnh Ping

2. Cu hnh tnh:

Bc 1: Kch chut tri vo Start/ Setting/ Network Connection/ Local Area

Connection

30

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Hnh 1.21:

Bc 2: Kch vo Properties

Hnh 1.22:

M LocalArea Connection

Chn Properties ca Local Area Connection

Bc 3: Kch p vo Internet Protcol (TCP/IP)

31

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Hnh 1.23:

V tr ca Internet Protocol

Bc 4: Tch vo

- Use the following IP address

- Use the following DNS Server addresses
nh vo a ch IP, subnet mask, default gateway, v DNS server vo nhng
tng ng.

Hnh 1.24:

t cc thng s v IP v DNS

32

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Bc 5: Trong du nhc dng lnh nh: ipconfig v kim tra li a ch IP

nhn c trn my tnh.

Hnh 1.25:

Kim tra IP ca my

3. Kim tra kt ni:

S dng lnh ping kim tra kt ni t my tnh n mt my tnh no .
Mu cu lnh nh hnh di

Hnh 1.26:

Kt qu lnh Ping n mt s a ch my tnh khc

33

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

IV. X l li trong mng LAN

1. Kim tra li cp v thit b

Buc 1: Kim tra n tn hiu trn cc mng (NIC v hub/switch)

Hnh 1.27:

Kim tra n tn hiu

Bc 2: Nu n sng trn card mng v Switch: kt ni tt, xem li Driver

card mng v cc giao thc (protocols)

34

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Hnh 1.28:

Kim tra Driver card mng v cc giao thc

Bc 3 : Nu n tn hiu trn card mng v Switch khng sng, thc hin cc

bc sau:
+ Cm u mng (u cm vo Switch) sang cng khc
+ Di chuyn card mng sang khe cm m rng khc
+ Thay th card mng
+ Thay Switch khc
+ Cm u dy mng sang my tnh khc
+ Thay th dy mng

Bc 4 : Kim tra li kt ni
2. X l cc li ca TCP/IP trong LAN
2.1 M ca s du nhc dng lnh

x l li lin quan n TCP/IP s c rt nhiu ln chng ta cn dng n dng

lnh. Dng lnh c vit trong ca s du nhc dng lnh. m ca s du nhc
dng lnh ta nhp chut tri vo Start | Run, nh cmd trong hin ra v nhp OK.

35

Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

m ca s dng lnh trong Windows 95,98 hay Me, nhp vo Start | Run,
nh command vo hp thoi v nhp vo OK. nh mi lnh mt dng v n Enter
thc thi dng lnh . ng ca s ny ra nh lnh exit.
2.2. Kim tra cu hnh TCP/IP:

Hnh 1.29:

Kim tra cu hnh TCP/IP

kim tra cu hnh TCP/IP ca mi my tnh trn mng LAN ta m th mc

Network Connection, nhp chut phi vo LAN connection v nhp vo Status |
Support | Details.

Hnh 1.30:

Th IP Configuration

Trong Windows 95, 98 hay Me, nhp vo Start | Run, nh winipcf vo hp

thoi v nhp OK. Chn Lan adapter t menu v nh More Info.
Ta cng c th xem cu hnh TCP/IP t du nhc dng lnh. Cch ny c bit
thun tin nu my tnh c nhiu card mng. S dng ln ipconfig /all, lnh ny cng
c th s dng c trong Windows 95. Thng tin hin ra t lnh ny c th kh di
nn tt hn nn vit n vo 1 tp d kim tra hn. Cu lnh nh sau:
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Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

ipconfig /all >ipconfig.txt

y l thng tin cu hnh TCP/IP t mt my tnh Windows sau khi nh lnh
trn:
C:\Documents and Settings\Trinh Minh Tri>ipconfig /all
Windows IP Configuration
Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : tritm
Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . :
Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Unknown
IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : netscreen-208
Ethernet adapter INT:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : netscreen-208
Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Realtek RTL8139 Family PCI Fast Ethe
rnet NIC
Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-13-D3-62-2C-97
Dhcp Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes
Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.92.78
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.92.1
DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.92.1
DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 203.162.0.11
203.162.4.1
Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Friday, May 16, 2008 2:08:11 PM
Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Friday, May 16, 2008 10:08:11 PM
M t cu hnh TCP/IP:
IP Address: a ch IP duy nht c a vo card mng. Nu my tnh c
nhiu card mng s c cu hnh mt a ch IP cho mi ci. V mi a ch IP phi
c mt n mng con khc nhau.

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Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Subnet mask: S dng theo cp vi a ch IP xc nh mng con cha a

ch IP ca card mng ny. ngha ca mt n mng con mc n gin nht l: Giao
tip ch c th thc hin c gia 2 card mng nu n thuc cng mng con
Default gateway: y l a ch IP ca 1 my tnh hay router trong mt mng
LAN gip cho my tnh bit cch giao tip vi cc mng khng xut hin trong my
tnh.
DHCP Server: Nu card mng c cu hnh nhn a ch IP ng, y l
a ch ca server m cung cp a ch IP ny. y c th l ISP hay ICS hay router
cng.
DNS Server: a ch IP ca mt hay nhiu my tnh phc v phn gii tn
min. My ch tn min bin dch tn trn Internet (like
www.practicallynetworked.com) thnh a ch IP tng ng (like 63.146.109.227).
a ch 169.254.x.x:
Nu mt my tnh nhn c a ch 169.254.x.x, iu ny ch ra rng:
- My tnh ny c cu hnh nhn a ch IP ng
- N khng tm thy my ch DHCP trn mng nhn a ch IP
- Windows t ng cp cho n mt a ch IP trong di a ch Ip ring.
PING:

Hnh 1.31:

Kim tra kt ni bng lnh Ping

Lnh ping l cng c c bn kim tra kt ni TCP/IP. N gi mt gi tin c

bit (ICMP Echo) n mt a ch IP c th v ch tr li. Nu mi th lm vic tt
p, s c reply quay tr li. Nu khng, s xut hin dng thng bo li. Di y l
nhng thng bo li ta thng gp:
Request timed out: a ch IP hp l nhng khng c tr li t my ch. Nu
a ch IP nm trong cng mng LAN, nguyn nhn ch yu l do Firewall chn lnh
ping.
Unknown host <name> hay Ping request could not find host. Tn my tnh
khng tn ti trn mng LAN. Kim tra li chc chn rng NetBios over TCP/IP
c enable.
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Ti liu tp hun K thut MegaVNN

Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

Destination host unreachable: a ch IP khng nm trn mng LAN v

khng tm c a ch default gateway. C th do khng c default gateway trn
mng hoc a ch ny sai hay n khng hot ng.
Ping mng LAN:
Di y l cc lnh ping c s dng x l nhng li thng hay xy ra
trong mng LAN. x l li kt ni trong mng LAN, ta hay s dng cc lnh ping
ny. Cc lnh ny c sp xp thc hin mt cch tun t t u n cui.
Khng nn thc hin lnh sau khi lnh trc y cha c thc hin thnh cng. V
d:
- My tnh c kim tra c tn l WinXP v a ch IP: 192.168.1.101
- C mt my tnh khc trn mng c t tn l Win98 vi a ch IP
192.168.1.123
Lnh

a ch my ch

ngha nu ping li

ping 127.0.0.1

Loopback address

Ci t TCP/IP li

ping localhost

Loopback name

Ci t TCP/IP li

ping 192.168.1.101

a ch IP ca chnh n

Ci t TCP/IP li

ping winxp

Tn ca chnh n

Ci t TCP/IP li

ping 192.168.1.123

a ch IP ca my tnh khc Trnh iu khin card mng

(driver) li. Cng c th do
card mng li

ping win98

Tn ca my tnh khc

Phn gii tn NetBios li

Ping Internet:
Ta c th dng lnh ping kim tra vn i vi truy nhp mng Internet.
nh nhng lnh ny theo th t nh ch ra di v ng i n lnh sau khi m
lnh trc y cha cho kt qu tt. S dng Default gateway v DNS Server c c
t lnh ipconfig /all.

Command

Target

What Ping Failure Indicates

ping w.x.y.z

Default Gateway

Default Gateway down

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Module 1: Gii thiu chung v mng, mng LAN, TCP/IP

ping w.x.y.z

DNS Server

DNS Server down

ping w.x.y.z

Web site IP address

Internet service provider or web

site down

ping www.something.com Web site name

DNS Server down or web site

down

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