1

.
, ,

. ,
, .
, ,
.
.

.
.
,
.
,
(, ).

(, , ) ( ,
, ).
,
.
: , , , .
.
(Polymer Matrix Composites PMCs),
(Metal Matrix Composites MMCs)
(Ceramic Matrix Composites CMCs). ,
.
/,
, .
, ()
.
(, , ), (.. Nylon, Cevlar, Aramid),
.

1-1


(Continuous Fiber Ceramic Composites CFCCs)
.

, -
. ,
(, , )
. ,

25 ,
.

. ,
, ,
(Si 2O3, SiC),
(Al2O3), (ZrO2) .
.

( ), , , ,
, ,
.
.
,
.

, . , ,
()
(, )
.

, .


.
.

.

,
( ).

1-2

 .
-, ,
.
(
) .


.

,
.

.

,
.
(Chemical Vapor Infiltration CVI)
CVI (Chemical Vapor Deposition
CVD) .
CVI
, (
- ) CVI.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
- .
.
- .
.
.
.

1-3


.

.

.

.
.
.

.

.
,
.
SiC CVI.

PC
CVI

SiC
CVI

SiC

()

1.1: CVI

C
C, Al2O3, SiC
C
C
C
Al2O3
C

CH4 C + 2H2
CH3SiCl + H2 SiC + 3HCl
TiCl4 + CH4 + H2 TiC + 4HCl
4BCl3 + CH4 + H2 B4C + 12HCl
ZrCl4 + CH4 + H2 ZrC + 4HCl
CrClx + CH4 + H2 Cr3C2 + HCl
TaCl5 + CH4 + H2 TaC + HCl

C, Al2O3, SiC
BN, C, Al2O3, SiC

3SiCl4 + 4NH3 + H2 Si3N4 + 12HCl

BX3 + NH3 + H2 BN + 3HX , (X=Cl, F)

C
SiC
TiC
B4C
ZrC (HfC)
Cr3C2
TaC

Si3N4
BN

1-4

Al2O3

C, Al2O3

2AlCl4 + 3CO2 + 3H2 2AlCl4 + 3H2O + 3CO

Al2O3 + 3CO + 6HCl

rO2

C, Al2O3, mullite

ZrCl4 + 2CO2 + 2H2 ZrCl4 + 2H2O + 2CO

ZrO2 + 2CO + 4HCl

C, Al2O3, SiC

TiCl4 + 2BCl3 + H2 TiB2 + 10HCl

TiB2

1.1: - CVI
.

-. 1.1
CVI,
.

(
) .
.
CVI (
, ), , , , ,
, (, ), .
K O M (Directed Metal Oxidation DIMOX)
H K O M
.


.
.

.
DIMOX
( ) ,
, ( , injection molding ).

. 900-1200 C

.
( )

.
.

1-5

 .
DIMOX 1-3 .

.. 5 30 %.
660C ( ) .

.
.

, , .


.

(polymer ceramic precursor).
, (vacuum bagging) , , RTM
., (green state)
. ,
.
( ) 700 C,
900-1200C.

( SiN).
(1-2 )

(2, CO) .
, 20-30%.
, .
, 3-10 -
.
/ (Carbon/Carbon composites)
,
,
.
(>2200C) ,
.
, C/C
CVI.
( ) ,
.
.
,
1-6

 2000-3000 oC .
C/C
. 266 Pa , 70 GPa ,
(6 - >100 W/mK) 1.1 %/m/
.
C/C .
500C .
1600 C ( ),
( SiC)

.


C/C .

( , ).
(Melt Infiltration)

.

- .
.

. , (Resin
infiltration, pyrolysis and reaction) (Slurry casting).
, .
( )

.
.
.

.
MI (SiC)
.

.
.
Sol-Gel

1-7

 sol-gel solution-gelation (-)

.
(sol) (gel),
.
,
- ,
.
, ,

.

,
.
.

( ).
sol-gel
1000C
. ,
300C

.


.
,
.
-- .
vacuum bagging (autoclave)
.
sol-gel , .

( ).
(
),
,
.
.

sol-gel
.

1-8




.
DIMOX .
,
.

. (Reaction Sintering)
(Combustion synthesis).


.
/ .

.
,
.
o .

. .. 80-95%
( Si3N4, SiC, ZrB2, HfB2, HfC, ZrO2, Al2O3),
( Ni, Ni-Cr, Nb)
( ).
.
.
.
.
.

. ,

.

1.
2.

Composite Materials Handbook MIL HDBK-17, Volume 5, June 2002

Chawla, K.K., Ceramic Matrix Composites, Chapman & Hall, London, 1993

1-9