Chng II

Cm bin quang
2.1. Tnh cht v n v o nh sng
2.1.1. Tnh cht ca nh sng
Nh chng ta bit, nh sng va c tnh cht sng va c tnh cht ht.
nh sng l mt dng ca sng in t, vng nh sng nhn thy c bc sng
t 0,4 - 0,75 m. Trn hnh 2.1 biu din ph nh sng v s phn chia thnh cc di

tm lam

lc

0,750

0,650

0,575
0,590

0,490

vng

cc tm

0,455

0,395

mu ca ph.

da cam

hng ngoi

(m)
0,4 0,75 1,2

cc tm

h.n.ngn

0,1

trng thy

0,01

10

30

hng ngoi

100

h. ngoi xa

Hnh 2.1 Ph nh sng

Vn tc truyn nh sng trong chn khng c = 299.792 km/s, trong mi trng

vt cht vn tc truyn sng gim, c xc nh theo cng thc:
v=

c
n

n - chit sut ca mi trng.

Mi quan h gia tn s v bc sng ca nh sng xc nh bi biu thc:

- Khi mi trng l chn khng :

- Khi mi trng l vt cht : =

v
.

Trong l tn s nh sng.
Tnh cht ht ca nh sng th hin qua s tng tc ca nh sng vi vt cht.
nh sng gm cc ht nh gi l photon, mi ht mang mt nng lng nht nh,

nng lng ny ch ph thuc tn s ca nh sng:

- 24 -

W = h

(2.1)

Trong h l hng s Planck (h = 6,6256.10-34J.s).

Bc sng ca bc x nh sng cng di th tnh cht sng th hin cng r,
ngc li khi bc sng cng ngn th tnh cht ht th hin cng r.
2.1.2. Cc n v o quang
a) n v o nng lng

- Nng lng bc x (Q): l nng lng lan truyn hoc hp th di dng bc x o

bng Jun (J).
- Thng lng nh sng (): l cng sut pht x, lan truyn hoc hp th o bng
oat (W):
=

dQ
dt

(2.2)

- Cng nh sng (I): l lung nng lng pht ra theo mt hng cho trc ng
vi mt n v gc khi, tnh bng oat/steriadian.
I=

d
d

(2.3)

- chi nng lng (L): l t s gia cng nh sng pht ra bi mt phn t b

mt c din tch dA theo mt hng xc nh v din tch hnh chiu dAn ca phn
t ny trn mt phng P vung gc vi hng .
L=

dI
dA n

(2.4)

Trong dAn = dA.cos, vi l gc gia P v mt phng cha dA.

chi nng lng o bng oat/Steriadian.m2.
-

ri nng lng (E): l t s gia lung nng lng thu c bi mt phn t

b mt v din tch ca phn t .

E=

d
dA

(2.5)

ri nng lng o bng oat/m2.

b) n v o th gic

nhy ca mt ngi i vi nh sng c bc sng khc nhau l khc nhau.

Hnh 2.2 biu din nhy tng i ca mt V() vo bc sng. Cc i lng
th gic nhn c t i lng nng lng tng ng thng qua h s t l K.V().
- 25 -

V()
1

0,5

(m)

0
0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

max

Hnh 2.2 ng cong nhy tng i ca mt

Theo quy c, mt lung nh snh c nng lng 1W ng vi bc sng max

tng ng vi lung nh sng bng 680 lumen, do K=680.
Do vy lung nh sng n sc tnh theo n v o th gic:
V ( ) = 680V( ) ( )

lumen

i vi nh sng ph lin tc:

2

V = 680 V( )
1

d ( )
d lumen
d

Tng t nh vy ta c th chuyn i tng ng cc n v o nng lng

v n v o th gic.
Bng 2.1 lit k cc n v o quang c bn.
Bng 2.1
i lng o

n v th gic

n v nng lng

Lung (thng lng)

lumen(lm)

oat(W)

Cng

cadela(cd)

oat/sr(W/sr)

chi

cadela/m2 (cd/m2)

oat/sr.m2 (W/sr.m2)

ri

lumen/m2 hay lux (lx)

oat/m2 (W/m2)

Nng lng

lumen.s (lm.s)

jun (j)

2.2. Cm bin quang dn

2.2.1. Hiu ng quang dn

Hiu ng quang dn (hay cn gi l hiu ng quang in ni) l hin tng

gii phng nhng ht ti in (ht dn) trong vt liu di tc dng ca nh sng
lm tng dn in ca vt liu.
- 26 -

Trong cht bn dn, cc in t lin kt vi ht nhn, gii phng in t

khi nguyn t cn cung cp cho n mt nng lng ti thiu bng nng lng lin
kt Wlk. Khi in t c gii phng khi nguyn t, s to thnh ht dn mi trong
vt liu.
- in t

- in t
h

+ l trng

+ l trng

Hnh 2.3. nh hng ca bn cht vt liu n ht dn c gii phng

Ht dn c gii phng do chiu sng ph thuc vo bn cht ca vt liu b

chiu sng. i vi cc cht bn dn tinh khit cc ht dn l cp in t - l trng.
i vi trng hp bn dn pha tp, ht dn c gii phng l in t nu l pha
tp dono hoc l l trng nu l pha tp acxepto.
Gi s c mt tm bn dn phng th tch V pha tp loi N c nng cc
donor Nd, c mc nng lng nm di vng dn mt khong bng Wd ln
nhit phng v khi trong ti nng n0 ca cc donor b ion ho do nhit l
nh.

chiu sng
V

A
L

Vng dn
Wd

Vng ho tr

Hnh 2.4. T bo quang dn v s chuyn mc nng lng ca in t

Khi trong ti, nng in t c gii phng trong mt n v thi gian t

l vi nng cc tp cht cha b ion ho v bng a(Nd -no), vi h s a xc nh
theo cng thc:

- 27 -

 qWd
a = exp

kT

(2.6)

Trong q l tr tuyt i ca in tch in t, T l nhit tuyt i ca

khi vt liu, k l hng s.
S in t ti hp vi cc nguyn t b ion ho trong mt n v thi gian t
l vi cc nguyn t b ion ho n0 v nng in t cng chnh bng n0 v bng
r. n 02 , trong r l h s ti hp.
Phng trnh ng hc biu din s thay i nng in t t do trong khi
vt liu c dng:
dn 0
= a (N d n 0 ) r.n 02
dt

trng thi cn bng ta c :

dn 0
=0
dt

a a 2 a.N d
n0 =
+
+
2.r 4 r 2
r

Suy ra:

1/ 2

(2.7)

dn trong ti c biu din bi h thc:

0 = qn 0

(2.8)

Trong l linh ng ca in t.
Khi nhit tng, linh ng ca in t gim, nhng s tng mt in t
t do do s kch thch nhit ln hn nhiu nn nh hng ca n l nhn t quyt
nh i vi dn.
Khi chiu sng, cc photon s ion ho cc nguyn t donor, gii phng ra cc
in t. Tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc photon p ti b mt vt liu u gii
phng in t, mt s b phn x ngay b mt, mt s b hp th v chuyn nng
lng cho in t di dng nhit nng, ch phn cn li mi tham gia vo gii
phng in t. Do vy, s in t (g) c gii phng do b chiu sng trong mt
giy ng vi mt n v th tch vt liu, xc nh bi cng thc:
g=

G
1 (1 R )
=
.

V A.L
h

(2.9)

Trong :
G - s in t c gii phng trong th tch V trong thi gian mt giy.
V=A.L, vi A, L l din tch mt cnh v chiu rng tm bn dn (hnh 2.4).

- 28 -

 - hiu sut lng t (s in t hoc l trng trung bnh c gii phng khi
mt photon b hp th).
R - l h s phn x ca b mt vt liu.
- bc sng nh sng.
- thng lng nh sng.
h - hng s Planck.
Phng trnh ng hc ca ti hp trong trng hp ny c dng:
dn
= a (N d n ) + g r.n 2
dt
Thng thng bc x chiu ti ln s in t c gii phng ln hn
rt nhiu so vi in t c gii phng do nhit:
g >> a (N d n ) v n>>n0

Trong iu kin trn, rt ra phng trnh ng hc cho mt in t iu kin

cn bng di tc dng chiu sng:
g
n=
r

1/ 2

(2.10)

dn tng ng vi nng in t iu kin cn bng:

= qn .

(2.11)

T cng thc (2.9), (2.10) v (2.11) ta nhn thy dn l hm khng tuyn

tnh ca thng lng nh sng, n t l vi 1/2. Thc nghim cho thy s m ca
hm nm trong khong 0,5 - 1.

2.2.2. T bo quang dn
a) Vt liu ch to
T bo quang dn c ch to cc bn dn a tinh th ng nht hoc n tinh
th, bn dn ring hoc bn dn pha tp.
- a tinh th:

CdS, CdSe, CdTe.

PbS, PbSe, PbTe.

- n tinh th:

Ge, Si tinh khit hoc pha tp Au, Cu, Sb, In.

SbIn, AsIn, PIn, cdHgTe.

Vng ph lm vic ca cc vt liu ny biu din trn hnh 2.5

- 29 -

CdS
CdSe
CdTe
PbS
PbSe
PbTe
Ge
Si
GeCu
SnIn
AsIn
CdHg

0,6

0,2

4 5

10

20

30

, m

Hnh 2.5. Vng ph lm vic ca mt s vt liu quang dn

b) Cc c trng
- in tr : Gi tr in tr ti RC0 ca cc quang in tr ph thuc rt ln vo hnh
dng hnh hc, kch thc, nhit v bn cht ho l ca vt liu ch to. Cc cht
PbS, CdS, CdSe c in tr ti rt ln ( t 104 - 109 25oC), trong khi SbIn,
SbAs, CdHgTe c in tr ti tng i nh ( t 10 - 103 25oC). in tr Rc
ca cm bin gim rt nhanh khi ri tng ln. Trn hnh 2.6 l mt v d v s
thay i ca in tr cm bin theo ri sng.
in tr ()
106

106

104

102

0,1

10

100

1000

ri sng (lx)

Hnh 2.6. S ph thuc ca in tr vo ri sng

T bo quang dn c th coi nh mt mch tng ng gm hai in tr Rc0

v Rcp mc song song:

- 30 -

Rc =

R co R cp

(2.12)

R co + R cp

Trong :
Rco - in tr trong ti.
Rcp - in tr khi chiu sng: R cp = a .
a - h s ph thuc vo bn cht vt liu, nhit , ph bc x.
- h s c gi tr t 0,5 - 1.
Thng thng Rcp <<Rc0, nn c th coi Rc=Rcp. Cng thc (2.12) cho thy s
ph thuc ca in tr ca t bo quang dn vo thng lng nh sng l khng
tuyn tnh, tuy nhin c th tuyn tnh ha bng cch s dng mt in tr mc song
song vi t bo quang dn. Mt khc, nhy nhit ca t bo quang dn ph thuc
vo nhit , khi ri cng ln nhy nhit cng nh.

- nhy: Theo s tng ng ca t bo quang dn, dn in ca t bo

quang dn l tng dn trong ti v dn khi chiu sng:

G c = G co + G cp

(2.1)

Trong :
- Gco l dn trong ti:

Gco = 1/Rco.

- Gcp l in tr khi chiu sng: Gco = 1/Rcp = /a.

Khi t in p V vo t bo quang dn, dng in qua mch:

I = VG co + VG cp = I 0 + I P
Trong iu kin s dng thng thng I0<<IP, do dng quang in ca t bo
quang dn xc nh bi biu thc:
IP =

(2.15)

i vi lung bc x c ph xc nh, t l chuyn i tnh:

I V 1
=
a

(2.16)

I
V
= 1

(2.17)

V nhy:

T hai biu thc (2.16) v (2.17) c th thy:

- 31 -

- T bo quang dn l mt cm bin khng tuyn tnh, nhy gim khi bc

x tng (tr khi =1).
- Khi in p t vo nh, nhy t l thun vi in p t vo t bo
quang dn. Khi in p t vo ln, hiu ng Joule lm tng nhit , dn n
nhy gim (hnh 2.7).
Trng hp bc x nh sng l n sc, Ip ph thuc vo , nhy ph ca t
bo quang dn xc nh nh ng cong biu din s ph thuc ca hi p vo
bc sng (hnh 2.8a)
nhy tng i

10
5

0,5

0,1

-150

-100

-50

0
50
Nhit (oC)

nhy tng i (%)

Hnh 2.7 nh hng ca nhit n

nhy ca t bo quang dn

nhy tng i

100
50
30

10

10
5
1

10-1

5
10-2

1
1

10-3

300

Bc sng (m)

a)

400
500
Nhit vt en tuyt i (K)

b)

Hnh 2.8 nhy ca t bo quang dn

a) ng cong ph hi p b) S thay i ca nhy theo nhit

S ( ) =

I
( )

(2.28)

- 32 -

 nhy ph ca t bo quang dn l hm ph thuc nhit ngun sng,

khi nhit tng nhy ph tng.
Khi bc x khng phi l n sc, dng Ip v do nhy ton phn ph
thuc ph bc x (hnh 2.8b).
c) c im v ng dng

c in chung ca cc t bo quang dn:

- T l chuyn i tnh cao.
- nhy cao.
- Hi p ph thuc khng tuyn tnh vo thng lng.
- Thi gian hi p ln.
- Cc c trng khng n nh do gi ho.
- nhy ph thuc nhit .
- Mt s loi i hi lm ngui.
Trong thc t, t bo quang dn c dng trong hai trng hp:
-

iu khin r le: khi c bc x nh sng chiu ln t bo quang dn, in tr

ca n gim ng k, cho dng in chy qua ln, c s dng trc tip hoc
qua khuch i ng m rle (hnh 2.9).
-

Thu tn hiu quang: dng t bo quang dn thu v bin tn hiu quang

thnh xung in. Cc xung nh sng ngt qung c th hin qua xung in, trn
c s c th lp cc mch m vt hoc o tc quay ca a.
+

Hnh 2.9 Dng t bo quang dn iu khin rle

a) iu khin trc tip b) iu khin thng qua tranzito khuch i

2.2.3. Photoiot
a) Cu to v nguyn l hot ng

Xt hai tm bn dn, mt thuc loi N v mt thuc loi P, ghp tip xc nhau.

Ti mt tip xc hnh thnh mt vng ngho ht dn v ti vng ny tn ti mt in
trng v hnh thnh hng ro th Vb.
- 33 -

Khi khng c in th ngoi t ln chuyn tip (V=0), dmg in chy qua

chuyn tip i = 0, thc t dng I chnh l dng tng cng ca hai dng in bng
nhau v ngc chiu:
- Dng khuch tn cc ht c bn sinh ra khi ion ho cc tp cht (l trong
trong bn dn loi P, in t trong bn dn loi N) do nng lng nhit ca cc ht
dn c bn ln vt qua hng ro th.
- Dng ht dn khng c bn sinh ra do kch thch nhit (in t trong bn dn
P, l trng trong bn dn N) chuyn ng di tc dng ca in trng E trong
vng ngho.
Vng ngho
Vng chuyn tip

Ir

Vng ngho

+
N

Vb
Hnh 2.10 S chuyn tip P - N v hiu ng quang in trong vng ngho

Khi c in p t ln it, hng ro th thay i ko theo s thay i dng ht

c bn v b rng vng ngho. Dng in qua chuyn tip:
qV
I = I 0 exp d I 0
kT

Khi in p ngc ln (Vd<< -

kT
= 26 mV 300K), chiu cao hng ro th
q

ln n mc dng khuch tn ca cc ht c bn tr nn rt nh v c th b qua

v ch cn li dng ngc ca it, khi i = I0.
Khi chiu sng it bng bc x c bc sng nh hn bc sng ngng, s
xut hin thm cc cp in t - l trng. cc ht dn ny tham gia dn in cn
phi ngn cn s ti hp ca chng, tc l nhanh chng tch ri cp in t - l
trng. S tch cp in t - l trng ch xy ra trong vng ngho nh tc dng ca
in trng.
- 34 -

S ht dn c gii phng ph thuc vo thng lng nh sng t ti vng

ngho v kh nng hp th ca vng ny. Thng lng nh sng chiu ti vng
ngho ph thuc ng k vo chiu dy lp vt liu m n i qua:
= 0 e x
Trong h s 105 cm-1. tng thng lng nh sng n vng ngho
ngi ta ch to it vi phin bn dn chiu dy rt b.
Kh nng hp th bc x ph thuc rt ln vo b rng vng ngho. tng kh
nng m rng vng ngho ngi ta dng it PIN, lp bn dn ring I kp gia hai
lp bn dn P v N, vi loi it ny ch cn in p ngc vi vn c th m rng
vng ngho ra ton b lp bn dn I.

+
N

Hnh 2.11 Cu to it loi PIN

b) Ch hot ng
- Ch quang dn:

S nguyn l (hnh 2.12a) gm mt ngun Es phn cc ngc it v mt

in tr Rm o tn hiu.
Ir

-40
Thng lng

Vd
+

ES

Rm

VR

-30

-20
ES

-10

0
20

50W
100W

40

150W

60

200W

a)

b)

Ir

Hnh 2.12 S nguyn l v ch lm vic

Dng ngc qua it:

qV
I r = I 0 exp d + I 0 + I p
kT

- 35 -

(2.40)

Trong Ip l dng quang in:

Ip =

q(1 R )
0 exp( X )
hc

(2.41)

qV
Khi in p ngc Vd ln, thnh phn exp d 0, ta c:
kT

IR = I0 + IP

Thng thng I0 <<IP do IR IP.

Phng trnh mch in:

E = VR VD
Trong VR = R m I r cho php v ng thng ti (hnh 2.11b).
Dng in chy trong mch:
Ir =

E
V
+
Rm Rm

im lm vic ca it l im giao nhau gia ng thng ti v ng c

tuyn i-V vi thng lng tng ng. Ch lm vic ny l tuyn tnh, VR t l vi
thng lng.
- Ch quang th:

Trong ch ny khng c in p ngoi t vo it. it lm vic nh mt

b chuyn i nng lng tng ng vi mt my pht v ngi ta o th h
mch V0C hoc o dng ngn mch ISC.
o th h mch: Khi chiu sng, dng IP tng lm cho hng ro th gim mt
lng Vb. S gim chiu cao hng ro th lm cho dng ht dn c bn tng ln,
khi t cn bng Ir = 0.
Ta c:

qV
I 0 exp d + I 0 + I p = 0
kT

Rt ra:

Vb =

I
kT
log 1 + P
q
I0

gim chiu cao Vb ca hng ro th c th xc nh c thng qua o in

p gia hai u it khi h mch.
VOC =

I
kT
log 1 + P
q
I0
- 36 -

Khi chiu sng yu IP <<I0:

VOC =

kT I P
.
q I0

Trong trng hp ny VOC (kT/q=26mV 300K) nh nhng ph thuc tuyn tnh

vo thng lng.
Khi chiu sng mnh, IP >>I0 v ta c:
VOC =

I
kT
log P
q
I0

Trong trng hp ny VOC c gi tr tng i ln (c 0,1 - 0,6 V) nhng ph thuc

vo thng lng theo hm logarit.
VOC, V

0,4

0,2

0
0,1

10

100
Thng lung, mW

Hnh 2.13 S ph thuc ca th h mch vo thng lng

o dng ngn mch: Khi ni ngn mch hai u it bng mt in tr nh hn

rd no , dng on mch ISC chnh bng IP v t l vi thng lng (hnh 2.14):
I SC = I P
ISC,V

20

10

0,1

0,2
Thng lng, mW

Hnh 2.14 S ph thuc ca dng ngn

mch vo thng lng nh sng

- 37 -

c im quan trng ca ch ny l khng c dng ti, nh vy c th

gim nhiu v cho php o c thng lng nh.
c) nhy

i vi bc x c ph xc nh, dng quang in IP t l tuyn tnh vi thng

lng trong mt khong tng i rng, c 5 - 6 decad. nhy ph xc nh theo
cng thc:
S ( ) =

I P q(1 R )exp( X )
=

hc

Vi s.
nhy ph ph thuc vo , hiu sut lng t , h s phn x R v h s
hp th .
S() 1,0
S(P)
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,1

0,04

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

(m)

Hnh 2.15 Ph nhy ca photodiot

Ngi s dng cn phi bit nhy ph da trn ng cong ph hi p

S()/S(P) v gi tr ca bc sng P ng vi nhy cc i. Thng thng S(P)
nm trong khong 0,1 - 1,0 A/W.
S (A/W)

0,4
T2

0,3

T1

0,2
0,1
T2>T1
0
0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0
(m)

Hnh 2.16 S ph thuc ca nhy vo nhit

- 38 -

Khi nhit tng, cc i P ca ng cong ph dch chuyn v pha bc

sng di. H s nhit ca dng quang dn

1 dI P
.
I P dT

c gi tr khong0,1%/oC.

d) S ng dng photodiot

- S lm vic ch quang dn:

c trng ca ch quang dn:
+ tuyn tnh cao.
+ Thi gian hi p ngn.
+ Di thng ln.
Hnh 2.16 trnh by s o dng ngc trong ch quang dn.
S c s (hnh 2.17a):
R
V0 = R m 1 + 2 I r
R1

ES

CP1

R2
R1

Rm
Ir

V0
R1

Rm
ES

R2

R1+R2

C2

V0

b)
a)
Hnh 2.17 S mch o dng ngc trong ch quang dn

Khi tng in tr Rm s lm gim nhiu. Tng tr vo ca mch khuch i

phi ln trnh lm gim in tr ti hiu dng ca it.
S tc ng nhanh (hnh 2.17b):
V0 = (R 1 + R 2 )I r

in tr ca iot nh v bng

R1 + R 2
K

trong K l h s khuch i tn s lm

vic. T C2 c tc dng b tr nh hng ca t k sinh Cpl vi iu kin

R 1C pl = R 2 C 2 .

B khuch i y phi c dng vo rt nh v s suy gim do nhit

cng phi khng ng k.

- S lm vic ch quang th:
c trng ca ch quang th:
+ C th lm vic ch tuyn tnh hoc logarit tu thuc vo ti.
- 39 -

+ t nhiu.
+ Thi gian hi p ln.
+ Di thng nh.
+ Nhy cm vi nhit ch logarit.
S tuyn tnh (hnh 2.18a): o dng ngn mch Isc.

Trong ch ny:
V0 = R m .I sc

S logarit (hnh 2.18b): o in p h mch Voc.

R
V0 = 1 + 2 Voc
R1

R2

Rm
_

IOC

+
_

Vco
R1

V0

V0

R1=Rm

b)

a)

Hnh 2.18 S mch o ch quang p

2.2.4. Phototranzito
a) Cu to v nguyn l hot ng

Phototranzito l cc tranzito m vng baz c th c chiu sng, khng c

in p t ln baz, ch c in p trn C, ng thi chuyn tip B-C phn cc
ngc.
in th

|
+

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 2.19 Phototranzito

a) S mch in b) S tng ng
c) Tch cp in t l trng khi chiu sng baz

- 40 -

C
B
E

in p t vo tp trung hu nh ton b trn chuyn tip B-C (phn cc

ngc) trong khi chnh lch in p gia E v B thay i khng ng k (VBE
0,6-0,7 V). Khi chuyn tip B-C c chiu sng, n hot ng ging nh photoiot
ch quang th vi dng ngc:
I r = I0 + I P

Trong I0 l dng ngc trong ti, IP l dng quang in di tc dng ca thng

lng 0 chiu qua b dy X ca baz (bc sng < S):
IP =

q(1 R )exp(X )
0
hc

Dng Ir ng vai tr dng baz, n gy nn dng colect Ic:

I c = ( + 1)I r = ( + 1)I 0 + ( + 1)I p
- h s khuch i dng ca tranzito khi u chung emit.
C th coi phototranzito nh t hp ca mt photodiot v mt tranzito (hnh 2.19b).
Phodiot cung cp dng quang in ti baz, cn tranzito cho hiu ng khch i .
Cc in t v l trng pht sinh trong vng baz (di tc dng ca nh sng) s b
phn chia di tc dng ca in trng trn chuyn tip B - C.
Trong trng hp tranzito NPN, cc in t b ko v pha colect trong khi l
trng b gi li trong vng baz (hnh 2.19c) to thnh dng in t t E qua B n
C. Hin tng xy ra tng t nh vy nu nh l trng phun vo baz t mt ngun
bn ngoi: in th baz tng ln lm gim hng ro th gia E v B, iu ny gy
nn dng in t IE chy t E n B v khuch tn tip t B v pha C.
b) nhy

Khi nhn c thng lng 0, iot baz-colect sinh ra dng quang in Ip,
dng ny gy nn trong phototranzito mt dng I cp = ( + 1)I p , trong gi tr ca
Icp c rt ra t cng thc ca Ip:
I cp =

( + 1)q(1 R )exp( X )
hc

i vi mt thng lng 0 cho trc, ng cong ph hi p xc nh bi

bn cht ca iot B-C: vt liu ch to (thng l Si) v loi pha tp (hnh 2.20). i
vi mt bc sng cho trc, dng colect Ic khng phi l hm tuyn tnh ca

- 41 -

thng lng hoc chiu sng bi v h s khuch i ph thuc vo dng Ic (tc

l cng ph thuc thng lng), ngha l

I c
ph thuc vo 0.
0

S() 100
S(p)
(%) 80
60
40
20
0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

(m)

Hnh 2.20 ng cong ph hi p ca photodiot

nhy ph S(p) bc sng tng ng vi im cc i c gi tr nm

trong khong 1 - 100A/W.
c) S dng phototranzito

Phototranzito c th dng lm b chuyn mch, hoc lm phn t tuyn tnh.

ch chuyn mch n c u im so vi photodiot l cho php s dng mt cch
trc tip dng chy qua tng i ln. Ngc li, ch tuyn tnh, mc d cho
khuch i nhng ngi ta thch dng photoiot v n c tuyn tnh tt hn.
- Phototranzito chuyn mch:
Trong trng hp ny s dng thng tin dng nh phn: c hay khng c bc
x, hoc nh sng nh hn hay ln hn ngng. Tranzito chn hoc bo ho cho
php iu khin trc tip (hoc sau khi khuch i) nh mt rle, iu khin mt
cng logic hoc mt thyristo (hnh 2.21).
+

Hnh 2.21 Photodiotzito trong ch chuyn mch

a) Rle b) Rle sau khch i c) Cng logic d) Thyristo

- 42 -

- Phototranzito trong ch tuyn tnh:

C hai cch s dng trong ch tuyn tnh.
- Trng hp th nht: o nh sng khng i (ging nh mt luxmet).
- Trng hp th hai: thu nhn tn hiu thay i dng:
(t ) = 0 + 1 (t )

Trong 1(t) l thnh phn

thay i vi bin nh sao cho
khng dn ti phototranzito b chn
hoc bo ho v c th coi hhy
khng i. Trong iu kin , dng
colect c dng:

Hnh 2.22 S nguyn l luxmet

I c (t ) = I c 0 + S.1 (t )
2.2.5. Phototranzito hiu ng trng

Phototranzito hiu ng trng (photoFET) c s tng ng nh hnh

2.23.
+
G
D

a)

b)

Hnh 2.23 Phototranzito hiu ng trng

a) S cu to b) S mch

Trong phototranzito hiu ng trng, nh sng c s dng lm thay i

in tr knh. Vic iu khin dng mng ID c thc hin thng qua s thay i
in p VGS gia cng v ngun. Trong ch phn cc ngc chuyn tip P-N gia
cng v knh, in p ny s xc nh rng ca knh v do dng mng c
dng:
V
I D = I DSS 1 + GS
VP

Vi IDS - dng mng khi VGS = 0.

- 43 -

VP - in p tht knh.
Khi b chiu sng, chuyn tip P-N hot ng nh mt photodiot cho dng ngc:
I r = I0 + I P

IP = Sg - dng quang in.

I0 - dng in trong ti.
Sg - nhy ca iot cng - knh.
- thng lng nh sng.
Dng Ir chy qua in tr Rg ca mch cng xc nh in th VGS v v dng mng:
VGS = R g (I 0 + I P ) E g

Eg - th phn cc ca cng.
Phototranzito hiu ng trng c ng dng nhiu trong vic iu khin in
p bng nh sng.
2.3. Cm bin quang in pht x
2.3.1. Hiu ng quang in pht x

Hiu ng quang in pht x hay cn c gi l hiu ng quang in ngoi l

hin tng cc in t c gii phng khi b mt vt liu to thnh dng khi chiu
vo chng mt bc x nh sng c bc sng nh hn mt ngng nht nh v c
th thu li nh tc dng ca in trng.
C ch pht x in t khi chiu sng vt liu xy ra theo ba giai on:
- Hp th photon v gii phng in t bn trong vt liu.
- in t va c gii phng di chuyn n b mt.
- in t thot khi b mt vt liu.
Khi mt in t hp th photon v c gii phng, di chuyn ca n trong
khi vt liu mang tnh ngu nhin theo mi hng, do ch mt lng rt nh
hng ti b mt. Mt khc, trong qu trnh di chuyn, cc in t ny c th va
chm vi cc in t khc v mt i mt phn nng lng do ch mt lng nh
in t c gii phng ti c b mt. Mt khc, s pht x ca cc in t sau
khi n c b mt ch c th xy ra khi ng nng ca n thng c hng
ro th phn cch vt liu vi mi trng.
Vi tt c nhng iu kin trn, s in t pht x trung bnh khi mt photon b
hp th (hiu sut lng t ) thng nh hn 10% v t khi vt qu 30%.

- 44 -

Vt liu ch to: Ph thuc vo bc sng nh sng, vt liu ch to photocatot

c th chn trong cc loi sau:
- AgOCs nhy vng hng ngoi.
- Cs3Sb, (Cs)Na2KSb v K2CsSb: nhy vi nh sng nhn thy v vng t ngoi.
- Cs2Te, Rb2Te v CsTe ch nhy trong vng t ngoi.
Hiu sut lng t ca cc vt liu trn ~ 1 - 30%.
Ngoi ra cn dng cc hp cht ca cc cht thuc nhm III - V, l cc hp cht
GaAsxSb1-x , Ga1-xInxAs, InAsxP1-x, ngng nhy sng ca chng nm vng hng
ngoi ( ~1m), hiu sut lng t t ti 30%.
2.3.2. T bo quang in chn khng

T bo quang in chn khng gm mt ng hnh tr c mt ca s trong sut,

c ht chn khng (p sut ~ 10-6 - 10-8 mmHg). Trong ng t mt catot c kh
nng pht x khi c chiu sng v mt anot.

K
A

A
K

Hnh 2.24 S cu to t bo quang in chn khng

S tng ng v s thay i ca dng anot Ia ph thuc vo in th anot catot Vak biu din trn hnh 2.25.
Ia (A)
A

Ia

4,75 mW
4
E

3
2,37 mW
2

0,95 mW
Rm

1
0

a)

20

40

b)

60

80

100

120

Vak (V)

Hnh 2.25 S tng ng v c trng I - v ca t bo quang in chn khng

- 45 -

c trng I - V c hai vng r rt:

+ Vng in tch khng gian c trng bi s tng mnh ca dng khi in p
tng.
+ Vng bo ho c trng bi s ph thuc khng ng k ca dng vo in
p.
T bo quang in c s dng ch yu trong vng bo ho, khi n ging
nh mt ngun dng, gi tr ca dng ch ph thuc vo thng lng nh sng m
n nhn c. in tr trong ca t bo quang in rt ln v c th xc nh t
dc ca c tuyn vng bo ho:
1 dI a

=
dVak

nhy ph ca t bo quang in c biu din thng qua gi tr ca dng anot

trong vng bo ho, thng vo c 10 - 100 mA/W.
2.3.3. T bo quang in dng kh

T bo quang in dng kh c cu to tng t t bo quang in chn khng,

ch khc ch th tch bn trong ca n c in y bng kh, thng l kh
acgon, di p sut c 10-1 - 10-2 mmHg.

2.10-2 lm

1,5.10-2 lm
10-2 lm

0,5.10-2 lm

20

40

60

80

100

nhy tng i

Ia (A)
8
6
4
2
0

120

20

40

60

Vak (V)

80

Vak (V)

Hnh 2.26 c trng v nhy ca t bo quang in dng kh

Khi in p thp hn 20V, c tuyn I - V c dng ging nh t bo quang

in chn khng. Khi in p cao, in t chuyn ng vi tc ln lm ion ho
cc nguyn t kh, kt qu l dng anot tng ln t 5 - 10 ln.
2.3.4. Thit b nhn quang

Khi b mt vt rn b bn ph bi cc in t c nng lng cao, n c th pht

x cc in t (gi l pht x th cp). Nu s in t pht x th cp ln hn s
- 46 -

in t ti th c kh nng khuch i tn hiu. S khuch i c thc hin bng

cc thit b nhn quang (hnh 2.27).
Cc in t ti (in t s cp) c pht x t mt photocatot t trong chn
khng v b chiu sng. Sau chng c tiu t trn c cc th nht ca dy
cc in cc (dynode) ni tip. B mt cc in cc ni tip ph bng vt liu c
kh nng pht x in t th cp. Theo chiu i t in cc th nht n cc in
cc tip theo, in th ca cc in cc tng dn sao cho cc in t sinh ra t in
cc th k s b ht bi in cc th (k+1). Kt qu in cc sau s in t ln hn
in cc trc .

1
2

Hnh 2.27 Thit b nhn quang

1)b Photocatot 2) Dynode (in cc th cp)

H s khuch i ca thit b nhn quang xc nh theo cng thc:

M = c ( t )

c - h s thu nhn in t hu hiu ca cc cc.

t- h s chuyn ti hu hiu t in cc ny sang in cc khc.
- h s pht x th cp (s in t th cp pht ra khi c mt in t p vo in
cc).
Vi s in cc n = 5 - 15, h s pht x th cp = 5 - 10 v t > 90%, th M
~106 - 108.

- 47 -

- 48 -