Chuong 1 - Co So Ve Bien Dang Deo

Chng 1
Nhng kin thc c s v bin dng do
B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni
Chng 1. Nhng kin thc c s v bin dng do
1.1 c s vt l ca qu trnh bin dng (C s kim loi hc)

1.1.1 Khi qut v qu trnh bin dng
S dch chuyn tng i gia cc cht im, cc phn t ca vt th rn
di tc dng ca ngoi lc, nhit hoc ca mt nguyn nhn no dn
n s thay i v hnh dng, kch thc vt th, lin kt vt liu c bo
ton, c gi l bin dng do.
9 Tt
c
mi phng php GCAL u
da trn mt tin

chung l thc
hin mt qu trnh bin dng do.
9 Vt liu di tc dng ca ngoi lc s thay i hnh dng v kch thc
m khng mt i s lin kt bn cht ca n.
9 Kh nng bin dng do c coi l mt c tnh quan trng ca kim loi.
Bin dng mu khi th ko

lm sng t qu trnh bin dng theo di th nghim ko gin n. Di tc
dng ca lc ko, mu ko lin tc b ko di cho n khi b ko t. Trong th
nghim ko vi cc thit b ph hp ta c th o c lc ko v dn di
tng ng, t xc nh ng sut v bin dng theo cc mi quan h sau:
- Vng bin dng n hi

- Vng bin dng n hi do
(trong bin dng n hi rt
nh so vi bin dng do
- Vng ph hu
Cho SV xem Video th ko mu.
ng cong ng sut - bin dng
Bin dng n hi v bin dng do trong tinh th

Bin dng ca vt th l tng hp ca cc qu trnh bin dng trong tng ht
tinh th v trn bin gii ht mun tm hiu c ch ca qu trnh bin
dng trong a tinh th trc ht hy nghin cu s bin dng trong n tinh
th l tng (khng c khuyt tt).
Bin dng n hi
Bin dng do trong tinh th

Bin dng trong n tinh th c hai c ch ch yu: trt v i tinh.
Trt
Khi mu n tinh th b ko xut hin cc bc trn b mt ca mu. iu
chng t c s trt ln nhau gia cc phn ca tinh th. S trt xy ra ch yu
trn nhng mt nht nh v dc theo nhng phng nht nh gi l mt trt v
phng trt. Mc trt thng l bng mt s nguyn ln khong cch gia
cc nguyn t trn phng trt.
Mt trt v phng trt l nhng mt v phng c mt nguyn t ln

nht. iu ny cng d hiu bi l lc lin kt gia cc nguyn t trn mt v
phng l ln nht so vi nhng mt v phng khc.
S lng h trt cng ln th kh nng xy ra trt cng nhiu c ngha l cng
d bin dng do. Bi vy kh nng bin dng do ca kim loi c th c
nh gi thng qua s lng h trt.
c im ca trt:
-Trt
Trt ch xy ra di tc dng ca ng sut tip.
- Phng mng khng thay i trc v sau khi trt.
- Mc trt bng mt s nguyn ln khong cch gia cc nguyn t
- ng sut tip cn thit gy ra trt khng ln.
Song tinh (i tinh)

Khi ng sut tip t ti mt gi tr ti hn no th mt phn ca mng tinh th
s x dch n mt v tr mi i xng vi phn cn li qua mt mt phng gi l mt
song tinh. Song tinh cng ch xy ra trn cc mt v cc phng xc nh.
Mt song tinh
Song tinh c nhng c im sau:

- Ging nh trt s to thnh song tinh ch xy ra di tc dng ca ng sut tip
- Khc vi trt l song tinh km theo s thay i phng mng ca phn tinh th b x dch.
- Khong x dch ca cc nguyn t t l thun vi khong cch gia chng ti mt song
tinh v c tr s nh hn so vi khong cch nguyn t.
- ng sut cn thit to thnh i tinh c hc thng ln hn ng sut cn thit gy ra
trt. Bi vy ni chung trt s xy ra trc v ch khi cc qu trnh trt gp kh khn th
song tinh mi to thnh.
Song tinh (i tinh)

V x dch ca cc nguyn t khi to thnh song tinh nh nn song tinh
khng dn n mt mc bin dng do ng k trong tinh th (ch
vi %).
Nu cng vi song tinh cn xy ra trt th trt s ng vai tr chnh
trong qu trnh bin dng do.
Trong cc tinh th lin kt ng ho tr nh Bi , Sb ... ton b bin dng
do cho n lc ph hy ch yu do song tinh to nn, v th mc
bin dng do trong cc tinh th rt nh, chng c coi l nhng
vt liu rn.
rn
i vi nhng kim loi mng lc phng xp cht nh Zn , Mg , Cd do
s lng h trt t nn thng to thnh song tinh, song ngha ca
song tinh i vi bin dng do khng ln m quan trng hn l do
song tinh lm thay i phng mng nn c th lm xut hin mt vi
nh hng mi c li cho trt. Trong trng hp ny bin dng do
xy ra thng tng ln so vi trng hp ch c trt n thun. Tuy
nhin s thay i ny khng ln nn cc kim loi mng lc phng xp
cht vn l nhng vt liu c tnh do km.
Khuyt tt trong mng tinh th

Cc dng khuyt tt mng
Cu trc tinh th ca vt liu kim loi b ri lon do s xut hin ca cc khuyt tt mng.
Cn c vo kch thc ca cc khuyt tt c th chia chng thnh ba dng:
- Khuyt tt im: cc nt trng, cc nguyn t xen k
- Khuyt tt ng: v d cc loi lch
- Khuyt tt mt: bin gii ht, bin gii pha, khuyt tt xp
Cc khuyt tt im
1- Nt trng
2- Nguyn t xen k
3- Nguyn t thay th
4- Nguyn t ngoi lai
xen k
Khuyt tt ng (lch)
Lch bin
Lch xon
10
Khuyt tt mt
Bin gii ht
Khuyt tt xp
Bin gii pha
11
1.1.2 Ho bn bin dng

Hin tng ng sut chy tng ln theo mc bin dng trong qu trnh bin dng.
Mt hin tng rt quan trng xy ra trong qu trnh bin dng.
nh hng nh n tnh cht ca sn phm.
Xy ra khi bin dng nhit cn tng i thp.
Ho bn bin dng lm tng ti trng i vi dng c bin dng, i hi tiu hao v lc v
cng bin dng ngy cng tng. V vy, c th t c mt mc bin dng mong
mun no trong nhiu trng hp phi tin hnh cc bc nhit luyn trung gian nhm
gim bt ng sut chy v khi phc tnh do.
trnh hin tng ho bn bin dng --> thc hin bin dng nhit cao, song
chnh xc v cht lng b mt ca sn phm li km hn nhiu so vi bin dng ngui.
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ha bn:
Lch khng ngng c sinh ra,
Khi chuyn ng, lch hoc gp phi chng
ngi vt hoc ct nhau --> dn li --> rng lch
Mun tip tc chuyn ng --> phi tng ng
sut.
tt c nhng nhn t no gy cn tr cho s sn
sinh v chuyn ng ca lch u l nguyn nhn
dn n ho bn bin dng.
12
1.1.3 Cc qu trnh kch hot nhit

Khi tng nhit :
--> Tinh cht kim loi thay i, tr nn mm v do hn.
--> Lc v cng bin dng nh, mc bin dng ln.
Tuy nhin:
--> D b xy ho b mt dn n cht lng b mt km
--> chnh xc ca sn phm khng cao
(1) hi phc
(2) kt tinh li
(3) ln ln ca ht
(1)
(2)
(3)
13
Hi phc
a din ho trong tinh th b un

(a) sp xp ca lch trong tinh th b un
(b) sp xp ca lch sau khi a din ho
14
Kt tinh li
T chc ca thp Cc bon thp sau khi bin dng ngui v sau khi mt gi
nhng nhit khc nhau
(a) cha
(c) 5500C
(b) 5250C
(d) 6500C
15
Nhit bin dng
Bin dng
ngui
Thng thc hin

nhit phng
Nhit bin dng
nh hn nhit kt
tinh li
L bi
Lc
bin d
dng l
ln,
vt liu b ha bn,
kh nng bin dng
do thp
V d vi Thp C:
Bin dng Nhit
phng l bin dng
ngui
Bin dng na
nng
Nung nng khi bin dng

Nhit bin dng
khong xung quanh nhit
kt tinh li
Gim lc bin dng,
nng
cao kh nng
bin
bi
dng do, ng sut chy
gim do c s phc hi,
mt phn kt tinh li
V d vi Thp C: Bin
dng na nng nhit
t 650-800oC
Bin dng
nng
Nung nng khi bin

dng
Nhit bin dng
cao hn nhit
kt tinh li
Gim ng k
lc
bin dng, tnh do
ca vt liu cao,
ng sut chy gim
nhiu do kt tinh li
V d vi Thp C:
Bin dng nng
nhit t 11501250oC
16
V d nhit kt tinh li ca mt s loi vt liu
Vt liu
Nhit kt
tinh li
Vt liu
Nhit kt
tinh li
C-Thp
550-730oC
Sn
0-40oC
Al (99,9%)
290-300oC
Zn
50-100oC
Al hp kim 360-400oC
Mo
870oC
Cu
200oC
900-1000oC
Pb
-50-50oC
Ni
400-600oC
17
1.1.4 ng sut chy v ng cong chy

ng sut chy
ng sut cn thit (xc nh trong trng thi ng sut n) lm cho vt liu
t c trng thi do hoc duy tr trng thi do gi l ng sut chy (cn
gi l bn bin dng- k hu l kf hoc f). ng sut chy l mt thng s
c bn ca vt liu, n ph thuc trc ht vo bn thn vt liu (thnh phn,
t chc, cu trc, ... ) v cc iu kin bin dng (nhit , mc bin dng,
tc bin dng, trng thi ng sut).
kf = f(vt liu, nhit , mc bin dng, tc bin dng, trng thi ng sut)
Thp C15
ng cong sut chy
ng cong biu din s ph
thuc ca ng sut chy vo mc
bin dng (hoc tc bin
dng) gi l ng cong chy
hoc ng cong ho bn.
18
ng cong chy
Bin dng ngui
Bin dng nng
19
ng chy ngui ca
cc vt liu khc nhau
ng chy nng thp

C25 ph thuc vo tc
bin dng
20
S ph thuc ca ng sut chy vo nhit ,

tc bin dng ca thp C15
21
Cc phng php xc nh ng chy bng thc nghim

Th nghim ko
Th nghim nn
Th nghim xon
22
M hnh ton hc ca ng cong chy
f = C n
Extrapolated
C: h s ph thuc vo tng vt liu

n: s m ha bn ph thuc vo vt
liu
Rupture
Uniform maxim
mum
strain
Ture Stress
NG CHY NGUI
Uniform Straining
f = C ( + 0 ) n
f = A + B
Necking
f = A0 + A1 + A2 2 + K
True Strain
23
Bng thng s NG CHY NGUI
Vt liu
f0 (MPa)
f0 (MPa)
C(MPa)
420
1100
0.149
16MnCr5*
810
0.090
0.150
20MnCr5*
950
0.150
800
0.240
100Cr6*
1160
0.180
110
0.240
Vt liu
C (MPa)
St38*
730
0.100
42CrMo4
St42*
850
0.230
St60*
890
C10*
Ck10*,**
260
730
0.216
Al99.5*
Ck15**
280
760
0.165
Al99.5**
60
150
0.222
Ck22**
320
760
0.157
Al99.8**
60
150
0.222
960
0.150
AlMgSi1**
130
260
0.197
390
0.190
Ck35*
Ck35**
340
950
0.178
AlMg3*
Ck45**
390
1000
0.167
CuZn10**
250
600
0.331
Cf53**
430
1140
0.170
CuZn30**
250
880
0.433
850
0.090
CuZn37**
280
880
0.433
970
0.118
CuZn40*
800
0.330
15Cr3*
34Cr4**
410
24
M hnh ton hc ca ng cong chy

NG CHY nng
ng chy na nng:
m
&
f = K
n
n: s m ha bn
m: s m tc ha bn
ng chy nng:
m
&
f = K
25
Bng thng s NG CHY Nng

m
K (MPa)
T(oC)
K (MPa)
T(oC)
C15**
0.154
99/84
1100/1200
CuAl5**
0.163
102
800
C35**
0.144
89/72
1100/1200
Al99.5**
0.159
24
450
C45**
0.163
90/70
1100/1200
AlMn**
0.135
36
480
C60**
0.167
85/68
1100/1200
AlCuMg1**
0.122
72
450
X10Cr13**
0.091
105/88
1100/1250
AlCuMg2**
0.131
77
450
X5CrNi189**
0.094
137/116
1100/1250
AlMgSi1**
0.108
48
450
X5CrNiTi189*
*
0.176
100/74
1100/1250
AlMgMn**
0.194
70
480
E-Cu**
0.127
56
800
AlMg3**
0.091
80
450
CuZn28**
0.212
51
800
AlMg5**
0.110
102
450
CuZn37**
0.201
44
750
AlZnMgCu1,5
**
0.134
81
450
CuZn40Pb2**
0.218
35
650
CuZn20Al**
0.180
70
800
CuZn28Sn**
0.162
68
800
Vt liu
Vt liu
26
Chng 1. Nhng kin thc c s v bin dng do

1.2 C hc qu trnh bin dng
P1
Pn
1.2.1 ng sut
P2
nh ngha ng sut ti mt im
P5
P4
ng sut ti php v tip
P3
Ni lc v ng sut trong vt th
ng sut theo cc phng
Trn mt mt phng
c 3 thnh phn:
mt ng sut php v
hai ng sut tip.
27
1.2.1 ng sut
ng sut k thut v ng sut thc
A0
F
A
F
l0
ng sut k thut
F
0 =
A0
dl
sut
ng
t th
thc
F
=
A
Ch : trong bin
dng do ta s
dng ng sut thc!
28
1.2.1 ng sut
xy
y
xz
yz
H to cc
Khi kho st bi ton

bin dng do ta
thng s dng h
ta chnh.
H to chnh
1 0 0
ij = 0 2 0
0 0
3
29
1.2.1 ng sut
Chuyn t h ta cc sang h ta chnh da vo cc bt bin
ca ten x ng sut
Ten x ng sut c 3 bt bin:
- Bt bin I1 l bt bin bc nht
I 1 = x + y + z = const
- Bt bin I2 l bt bin bc hai
I 2 = x y + y z + z x + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx = const

- Bt bin I3 la bt bin bc ba
I 3 = x y z + 2 xy yz zx x 2yz y 2zx z 2xy = const

1 ; 2 ; 3 l nghim ca phng trnh:
3 I 1 2 I 2 I 3 = 0
30
1.2.2 bin dng
Mt im c to
ban u l x, y, z,
sau khi bin dng nh
c to l x, y, z.
Chuyn v ca im
tng ng theo
phng x, y, z:
x - x = ux
y - y = uy
z - z = uz
Bin dng di v bin dng gc trn mt phng z
31
1.2.2 bin dng

Bin dng di v bin dng gc :
u x
x =
x
u y
y =
y
u z
z =
z
u x u y
xy =
+
y x
u y u z
yz =
+
z y
u z u x
zx =
+
x z
Ten x bin dng:
xx
ij = yx
zx
xy
yy
zy
Ten x tc bin dng:
xz
yz
zz
& xx
& ij = & yx
&
zx
& xy
& yy
& zy
& xz
& yz
& zz
32
1.2.2 bin dng

Bin dng k thut v bin dng thc
Trng thi
Ban u
Trng
g thi
ang bin
dng
Trng thi sau

bin dng
l0
F
l
dl
33
1.2.2 bin dng

Bin dng k thut (bin dng dn di):
l1 l0
=
l0
Bin dng thc (bin dng logarit):
dl
l1
d = = ln
l
l
l0
Ta c:
= ln(1 + )
Ch : Bin dng do trong CN

GCAL l bin dng ln nn ta s
dng bin dng thc
34
1.2.3 Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng

Trong bin dng n hi, quan h gia ng sut v bin dng tun theo
inh lut Hooke :
E x = x y + z
E y = y ( z + x )
E z = z x + y
2G xy = xy
2G yz = yz
2G zx = zx
E - m un n hi dc
- h s Poisson
G - m un n hi trt
E = 2G(1 + )
35
1.2.3 Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng

Trong bin dng do, ta c
quan h gia ng sut v bin
dng nh sau:
1 1
1 = 1 (2 +3 )
D 2
1
1
2 = 2 (3 +1)
D
2
1
1
3 = 3 (1 +2 )
D
2
S khc nhau c bn gia cc m un E v G trong bin dng n hi vi m

un D trong bin dng do l ch E v G l hng s i vi mt vt liu nht
nh cn D th thay i trong sut qu trnh bin dng.
Trong bin dng n hi E = tg = const, cn trong bin dng do D = tg m
th lun lun thay i trong qu trnh bin dng.
36
1.2.4 iu kin do
L iu kin kim loi qu t trng thi n hi sang trng thi do.
Xt trng hp ko mt thanh trn theo hng trc. Thanh s b bin dng do
nu no ng sut ko trn tit din ca n t ti gii hn chy.
Trng hp tng qut: khi vt th chi tc dng ca tI trng bn ngoi, bn
trong vt th xut hin ng sut tng ng t ti ng sut chy ca vt liu
th vt th ny b bin dng do.
iu kin do Tresca-Saint Venant:
max min = k f = 2k
Ten x ng sut trong vt th:

1 0 0
ij = 0 2 0
0 0
3
iu kin do Huber-Mises:
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 = 2 k 2f = 6k 2
Trong cc biu thc trn k gi l ng sut tip chy, c xc nh trong trng
hp ct thun tu. Theo iu kin do ca Tresca th max = k = kf/2,
theo iu kin do ca Mises th:
1
k=
k f 0,575k f
37
1.2.4 iu kin do
Nhng biu thc ring ca iu kin do

- Trng thi ng sut phng:
2x + 2z x z + 3 2xz = k f2
y = xy = yz = 0
12 + 23 1 3 = k 2f
- Trng thi bin dng phng:
( x z )
x + z
y =
2
2
+ 4 2xz = k *2
=
4
k
f
2
1 3 =
k f = k*f = 2k
3
xy = yz = 0
1
1
k f = k *f = k
2
3
13 =
- Trng thi ng sut i xng trc:
= z = 0
) + (
2
z ) + z
2
+ 6 2z = 2 k 2f
38
1.2.5 Nhng nguyn tc, nh lut trong bin dng do

Quan h gia ng sut chy v bin dng thc xc nh theo ng cong chy
ca vt liu
Vt th bin dng tun theo nh lut do, nh lut th tch khng i, nguyn
tc tr lc bin dng nh nht.
Th tch vt th khng thay i
nh lut th tch khng i
trc v sau khi bin dng. Tng
cc thnh phn bin dng trn
ng cho chnh bng khng
V = X0.Y0.Z0 = Xn.Yn.Zn
39
Nguyn tc tr lc bin dng nh nht
Nu cc cht im trong vt th bin dng

s dch chuyn trn phng no c tr lc
nh nht.
S chy hng knh ca

kim loi khi chn
Ly v d chn c st v khng ma st; dp khi trn khun h c vnh bin.

40

Chuong 1 - Co So Ve Bien Dang Deo

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chuong 1 - Co So Ve Bien Dang Deo

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chng 1

Nhng kin thc c s v bin dng do

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Chng 1. Nhng kin thc c s v bin dng do

1.1 c s vt l ca qu trnh bin dng (C s kim loi hc)

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Bin dng mu khi th ko

- Vng bin dng n hi

Cho SV xem Video th ko mu.

ng cong ng sut - bin dng

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Bin dng n hi v bin dng do trong tinh th

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Bin dng do trong tinh th

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Mt trt v phng trt l nhng mt v phng c mt nguyn t ln

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Song tinh (i tinh)

Song tinh c nhng c im sau:

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Song tinh (i tinh)

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Khuyt tt trong mng tinh th

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Bin gii pha

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

1.1.2 Ho bn bin dng

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

1.1.3 Cc qu trnh kch hot nhit

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

a din ho trong tinh th b un

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Nhit bin dng

Thng thc hin

Nung nng khi bin dng

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Nung nng khi bin

V d nhit kt tinh li ca mt s loi vt liu

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

1.1.4 ng sut chy v ng cong chy

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Bin dng ngui

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Bin dng nng

ng chy nng thp

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

S ph thuc ca ng sut chy vo nhit ,

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Cc phng php xc nh ng chy bng thc nghim

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

M hnh ton hc ca ng cong chy

C: h s ph thuc vo tng vt liu

Bng thng s NG CHY NGUI

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

M hnh ton hc ca ng cong chy

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Bng thng s NG CHY Nng

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

Chng 1. Nhng kin thc c s v bin dng do

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni

B mn Gia cng p lc VIN C Kh - HBK H ni