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    55 views8 pages

    Referensi Drying

    Uploaded by

    Novia Viea
    dryng

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 8
    CHAPTER 24 DRYING OF SOLIDS In general, drying a solid means the removal of relatively small amounts of water ‘or other liquid from the solid material to reduce the content of residual liquid to an acceptably low valuc. Drying is usually the final step in a scries of operations, and the product from a deyer is often ready for final packaging Water or other liquids may be removed from solids mechanically by presses ‘or centrifuges or thermally by vaporization, This chapter is restricted to drying ‘by thermal vaporization, It is generally cheaper to remove liquid mechanically than thermally, and thus it is advisable to reduce the liquid content as much as practicable before feeding the material to a heated dryer. The liquid content of @ dried substance varies from product to product, ‘ccasionally the product contains no liquid and is called bome-dry. More com- monly, the product does contain some liquid. Dried table salt, for example, contains about 0.5 percent water, dried coal about 4 percent, and dried casein about 8 percent. Drying is a relative term and means merely that there is a reduction in Tiquid content feom an initial valve to some acceptable final value. The solids to be dried may be in many different forms—fiakes, granules, crystals, powders, slabs, or continuous shects—and may have widely differing properties. The liquid to be vaporized may be on the susface of the solid, as in drying salt crystals; it may be entirely inside the solid, as in solvent removal from a sheet of polymer; or it may be partly outside and partly inside, The feed to some 167 TB weage aRANarER AND HTS ABPLICATIONE dryers is.a liquid in which the solid is suspended as particles or is in solution. The dried product may be able ta stand rough handling and 2 very hot environment orit may require gentle treatment at low or moderate temperatures. Consequently 4 multitude of types of dryers are on the market for commercial drying. They differ chiefly in the way the solids are moved through the drying 2oae and in the way heal is transferred, CLASSIFICATION OF DRYERS. There is no simple way of classifying drying equipment. Some-dryers are continuous, and some operate butchwise; some agitate the solids, and some are essentially unagitated. Operation under vacuum may be used to reduce the drying temperature. Some dryers can handle almost any kind cof material, while others are scvercly limited in the type of foed they can accent ‘A major division may bemade between (1) dryers in which the solid is directly exposed to n hot ga (usually aif) and (2) dryers in which heat is transferred to the solid from an external medium such as condensing steam, usually through metal suzface with which the solid is in contact.® Dryers that expose the solids to- aa hot gas are called adiabatic ot direct dryers; those in which heat is transferred. from an external medium are known as nonadiebatie or indirect dryers. Dryers heated by dielectric, radiant, or microwave energy are also nonadiabatic. Some ‘units combine adiabaticand nonadiabatie drying: they are known as direct-indirect dryers. SOLIDS HANDLING IN DRYERS, Most industrial dryers handle particulate solids during partor all of the drying cycle, although some, of course, dry large individual pices such as ceramic ware or sheets of polymer. The properties of particulate solids are discussed in Chap. 28. Here it is important only to describe the differeat patterns of motion of solid particles through dsyers as a basis for understanding the principles of drying discussed in the next section, Inadiabatic dryers the solids are exposed to the gasin the following ways: 1. Gas is blown aeross the surface of a bed or slab of solids or across one or both faces of a continuous sheet or film. This process is called crasseircwlation drying (Fig. 24.1, 2. Gas is blown through a bed of cozsse granular solids that are supported on a screen, This is known as through-clreulation drying. As in cross-sisculation drying the gas velocity is kept low to avoid any entrainment of solid particles (Fig. 24.16). 43. Solidsare showered dowaward through a slowly moving gas stream, often with some undesired entrainment of fine particles in the gas (Fig. 24.te) 4, Gas passes through the solids at a velocity sufficient to fluidize the bed, as discussed in Chap. 7. Inevitably there is some entrainment of finer particles (Fig. 24.te. 5. Thesolids are all entrained in a high-velocity gas stream and are pacumatically conveyed from a mixing device to a mechanical separator (Fig. 24.1e) MODUL LABORATORIUM PENGERINGAN Dr.-Ing Anton lrawan, ST.,MT Jurusan Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa 2011 2.2 Prinp Dasar Feageringaa yang tpi sacar bersamaun (simu), Prose: papa pass yang tara ais denen cara Konlsi sama pasado pamas sear Yonduhst dan ris eap tepid la jana yang rebtive Kec. Pariama-tama pans bares dizanfer dari medium pemanas ke Bahan Selanumya steah tered penzapan a. wap air yang terbeark iaras dpinatan mel sand balan ke medium sabdamya, Prost ini alan mexyanghut alan fide dengan cna ‘ora daraneer mals crubur baban sola proces pangermgan berlngrong. Pons: barat divednkan werk mengupkan af dana hws ment mela bugs! macam tease aga ape pas i baban dan brbemok up ir yng bea. Lama proses pegerngn ergs pada bahan yang dikeringkan dan cara pemamasan yang digumakan, sedangkan waktu proses pesgenmganays atewpkan dalam dw periods Gn) din Foam 1289, yan: 1 Perisdepengeringan dongs Ijntetsp (Constant Rate Peri) ‘Pada pecde ini bulagcaan yang dikernghan meni lecpaan pengengaa yang ‘oosian,Paosespnguapan pada pide in rej pada a ak that, dima subs pan ‘tan sms ongan su bos Basak udu pengering. Prndepengeringan denen ls ‘tetap dapat diangzap sebagai kendaan steady. 2, Reviode pengeringan denen laju menarun (Falling Rat Peiods) ‘Peniode ie dua proses pengeringam yang tefjadi adalah rurunnya laya pengeringan barubara ‘(R=0), Pada periode im terjadi peristiwa penguapan kandungan yang ada di dalam bantar (ates meters) (Gambar. 21 Graf eristava Perpindahan Broses Pengeringsn 12.3 Faktorefakior yang berpengaruh dalam kecepatan pengeringan Prose: pengeringan suara material padatan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa factor antara ‘nin: bias permmikaan koctak antara padaran dengan fxida panas, pebedaan temperature antaa padatan eogan fuida panas, Kecepatan aliran fda panas sert tekanan udara, Berikut ini djelackan tentang facor-faktor trsebur. a Less Permokasn ‘Air menguap maha perundan fohan, sedmghan ar yang ada di bagi tengh akon rmeremes be bagina permkoan in kerndian mengup Unni menpercepat pengecngaa suum bebsn yang akon diferinghon diporongcpoong atu Aahstan elsbihdatu Hal ii seeder: 1. Pemotongan atau penghalusan tersebut akan memperkuns peromkaan bahan dan ‘permukaan yang huas dapat berrubungan dengan medium pemanasan sehimeza air mudah — 2. Panibelparel Kec stm lapsan yong tis cangurangi jak diana panas haras bergen samgaf he pusat shan Potoogae kei jag alan mapgurogi jak mela sass az dari psa baan yang lamas Hels be permnkan balan dan heaminn ear diartohan terse bs. Perbedaan Subu dan Udara Sekitarnya ‘Senuikin besar perbedaan suba antara medium pemanas dengan babaa, mulkin cepat pemindahan poms ie dalam baban dan makin cepat pula panghilangan air dari baban. Air yang Kehr dari bahan yang diteringhan akan menjenubhon udara sehingea kenampunnnya untuk menyingkitlan air beskurang. Jadi dengan semabin tingsi subu pengeringan maka proses engeringan akan semakin cepat, Akan feapi bila tidak sesuai dengan baban yang dikerinekan akjbatnya akan teradi suntu peristiva yang disebut "Case Hardening", yaitu suata keadaan dazana tozian ina bahan sadah kering sedangkan bagian dalameya mash basa. Recepatam Aliran Udara ‘Uda yang berger don mempunyai perba yang ings sein dapat mega wap ar (Age shan manghlmgken wap sz terebot Gin pamulaan lan pongin sabages sins vmencegah tenadiya aimostr jem yang alan menperambo: penlaagan ag. pail alia core distr tenpot pengeringan berlan dengan tik, ross pengringsa alan semabin cept ya semakin muda dn emmbin cept wap ar terbama dan eran. 4 Teanan Uda ‘Somskar Hes ean ular das samsin basa Kemanpuss srs wank angsogiot ‘air selama pengeringan. karena dengan semakin keciinya tekanan berarti kerapatan udara makin berkurog sehinggs wap sir dips Mb banyak tetmpang da dioghiien dan talon. ‘Sebutiya, ka tkaman ua seuabin tsar maka wlan dish pengernga akan lem, sehingea Kemampumn mesanpung up air tertaas dam menghanbat proses amu bia pages Densins tanibam pat berarasi yang memnjuikan fbungas amar mak dan Xopingan larten. Banubua dengan Kaniungan larben 85% binarya menjikkan suana erat cri bropobik yang bik Year dari batara dengan atk paling endah Bagamasapan, Yas temuan tartar pada prditt sift hiropobik bana monginikaskan babwa oreinst Miunkvesstk lanungan air 1ebih buik dari pada Kandumgan Javton dan besingun rio sniungin ator lebih tei dards raso soni oksgenarton Bepinpen tenapat sua bubungan aaa sf hidropobik tartar dan kann ai. ‘(Cabuschagme. 1385). Vaara mercpsion madi yang sangat peng dalam proses pengeingan, unt vmenglannr pags: Rapada balan yang Banda llanaghan. arena wi cancaunya median yang ‘angst mah ciperobe dan ak memerikan tayo operasioal Oleh Ravens anu smensiam baguinam prose poguragaa eyed mala park danjae seuss 24 kinetka Pengeringan Setlap material yang akan dlkeringkan memilk| Karaktestk knetiha pengeringan yang Demesa-peda nergantung temadap stuttur intemal dant materal yang akan olkerngkan. kingbea pengerngan memgerinattan perubanan kandungan alt yang terdapat dalam ‘mater! untuk setap waktu saat dlakukan proses pengemngan. Dar knetxa pengenngan ‘sopat ametahul aman air dan mater yang tah aluapkon, waktu pengemngan, keneums! ‘energy. Parametet-parameter daiam proses pengeringan untek mendapatkan data kinetka Pengenngan aaaian 1. Motsture Content (x) menunjakan Kangungan ai yang terdapat dalam material untuk top

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