Integration of Metabolism

Metabolic Regulation in the Fed State

Insulin regulation

Glucagon regulation

Insulin stimulation: Glucose, amino acids

(arg), and GI hormones (secretin)
Insulin repression: Epinephrine (stress,
i.e., fever or infection)

Biological Effects of Insulin and Glucagon

INSULIN

GLUCAGON

Glucose uptake

Glucose uptake

Glycogen synthesis

Glycogen synthesis

Protein synthesis

Protein synthesis

Fat synthesis

Fat synthesis

Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis

Glycogen mobilization

Glycogen mobilization

Lipid mobilization

Ketogenesis

Protein degradation

Protein degradation

Altered gene expression

Uptake of amino acids

Effect of Insulin on Glucose Transport

GLUT4 (insulin-responsive glucose transporter)

upregulation at the plasma membrane

Energy Reserves During Fasting

Only ca. 30% of body protein is

available for energy production

Ketone Bodies are an Alternate Energy

Source During Fasting

Favored during fatty acid catabolism

due to high NADH/NAD+ ratio

Short-term fast: Fatty acids are source of ketone bodies

Long-term fast: Amino acids are source of ketone bodies
slow