K

BULLETIN OF THE SERBIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY

2004.
LXXXIV - . 2
YEAR 2004
TOME LXXXIV - N 2

UDC 911.2:551.32 (497.16)

: .
a . ,

. .
.
e .
: , , ,
Abstract: The paper presents the glacial relief on Mt.Komovi in Montenegro. The most common are the macroglacial forms, which are the best preserved cirques and morraines. By the analysis of topographic maps and
survey in the field, the situation, orientation and morphometric data on these forms are given. The analysis of
impact of exposures on the cirque bottom elevation is given. Furthermore, the level of preservation of glacial relief
forms, depending on geological settings, is analysed. Finally, there is the reconstruction of Pleistocene snow line
elevation and spread of glaciation.
Key words: glaciation, cirque, morraine, Mt.Komovi

, .
(5 km) .

, .
, (1573 m),
.
.

. (.
, 1913), .
.
,
. ,
(, . , 1899)
, (. , 1981).
,
.

M , ,

46
:
-
,
- ,
- ,
. (2487 m).
(10,4 km2 ).
:
- , , ,
, .
(61% ), ,
.
,
- .
,
. (2252 m) ,
, 6 km
4,15 km2.
, . 2 km.
,
- .
2170 m, (2487 m)
(2252 m) . .
2 km, 1000 m,
, ,
2,55 km2.
200 - 250 m,
( ).

1900 m ,
( ).
1700 - 1900 m
. ,
.
() ( ).
.
.
, .
, ,
, 450 m .
1700 - 1800 m.
, .
, ,
. , .
, 1800 m ,
, .
, , (,

47
), ,
.
.
,
, .
, ,
() .
,
. , ,
, . ,
2000 mm .
,
.
.
, ,

.


. 1897. ,
, (. , 1899).
.
.
( , (. , 1913).
,
.
, ,
.
.
. . (1937).


,
, , .
, .
,
(. , 1913). ,
. 1900 m,
.
( 1 km)
.
, , 2 km
600 m .
.

48

, .
250 m .
, , 1920 m,
.
4 m. 1.

. 1.1)

.
1 km,
. ,
50 m .
, ,
. ,
1)

1 2, 3 4, .

49
, (1950 m).
, .
( ), ,
, .
,
.
400 m 200 m.
( 1830 m) ,
. 1820 m
,
. ,
.
( - ), 1800 - 1900 m,
.
, ,
( ) , (. ,
1913).
, .
, ,
, , . 800
m, 300 m.
.
1920 m. , .
50 m, , -
(. , 2003), .
250 m, 100 - 150 m.

,
. 6 km , ,
. ,
.
, .
1,4 km
. (35),
. ,
.
.
, 1760 m.
1850 m,
1760 m.

, .

, -
. 250 m,
1820 - 1860 m.
, .

50
.
150 m. 5 - 7 m.
.
.
,
.
.
10 m.
200 m, 1865 m ( ).
, 200 m,
, .

,
. .
. ,
. 1700 m.
. 4 - 5 m, 35 m.
,
210 m. ,
0,5 - 3 m.
4 - 6 m . ,
, . 1735 m,
30 m, 3 m.
.
,
.
.

1700 m.
600 - 700 m, .

.
1200 m 800 m
. (60)
. ,
,
. .
1760 m. 650 m,
300 m 200 m.
( ).
.
.
2360 m. 50 - 80 m,
. 400 m,
, 600 m.
250 m 200 m . 26.07.1998.
.

51

. 2.

600 m .
200 m (2150 m), .
, .

.
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.

52

.
. 500 m
15 m. 60 - 70 m.
. , (
2150 m)
.
,
. 1750 m. 5 - 7 m,
200 m. .
,
, .
800 m, 1560 m
. .
1700 m.

.
( 2).
,
, ,
. ,
, .
. 3 - 5 m ,
20 m.

,
,
.

,
, ( 3).
. ,
.
, .
, .
,
. (
2100 m). 100 m,
.

0,5 5 m, . ,
.
.
.
.

2000 - 2100 m. ,
, .

53
,
.

.
550 m, 450 m .
2000 m . (1913).

. ,
(1980 m) ,
, . , ,

.

. 3. () ()

- .
, 100 - 200 m
. ,
, ,
.

54
.
( 5 m),
, .
10 m.

. ,
( 3). 2100 m.
, .
, ,
. 800 m .
,
, . .
, , .
1998. . .
, , 1 km.
,
2200 m.
200 m, .
.
.
,
(2487 m). . ,
, .
,
.
.
, .
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
(2200 m).
. 450 - 500 m,
2000 m. ,
- , . 1 - 2 m
,
, ,
. .


.
, , ( 4).
2170 m,
. ,
35 250 - 300 m ( , ).
2 km, 700 - 800 m.
2000 m, 1820 m, 2100 m.

55

. 5.

1,5 km2, ,
, ,
170 m. 2120 m,
300 m.
, .
,
, 100 m .
,
. 2 km.
1 km
.
,
. , ,
.
. ,
.

, .
1800 m ,

56
, .
,
( ),
,
. ,
.
, (. , 2003).
,
(1800 m) 300 m ,
.
,
.
,
. , .
1800 m, 2 km
, .
,
.
1900 m .
15 m 300 m. 1 - 5 m.
,
, 250 m, (. 1).
, 250 m, .
,
( 35).
,
,
.
. 2000 m
, 2100 m . ,
, .
5 - 15 m,
.
, .
2100 m 600 m
0,5 - 3,5 m. ,
,
- .

.
, .
, 300 m .
, .

1950 m. ,
.

, . ,
, 1860 m.
,

57
. ,
.
.

,
, .

.

. 1.

,
, .
1850 m, 250 m 200 m
. , ,
2000 m.
.
,
.
.
, .
, .
,
, .
,
,
.

58
,
, - .

, ,
. ,
. ,
, , ,
.
,
. .
.
.
, 300 m .
,
.
, ,
25 10
, .
1600 m , ,
, ,
,
.

. 1700 m, , ,
200 m (1900 m).
, .
,
1800- , 17,1 km2.
, ,
,
.
, ,
, .
1 km .
20 - 25 m 300 - 350 m.
1780 m. ,
250 m , .

2 km,
.
,
, .
, 100 m .
, ,
.
, .

59
,
.

,
.
, , ,
, ,
.

., (1903): .
, 65, .
., (1899): , .
, 57, .
., (1913): .
, 91, .
., (1985): . .
, . 6, .
., (2003): .
, .
.., (1937): K.
., (1983): . ( , 8),
.
., (1980): . , .
, (1994): . .

60

MILOVAN MILIVOJEVI
Summary
GLACIAL MORPHOLOGY OF KOMOVI
At the end of the Pleistocene, more than fifteen cirques were present on Mt.Komovi. The ice was
moving in all directions from the cirques. Judging by presently preserved morraines, all points to the conclusion
that those were the glaciers of cirque type. However, due to the geological composition of the area, the cirques
were preserved only in limestones, while on schists all traces of former morphology are washed away by strong
denudation. The material was further transported by fluvial erosion. All present remains of cirques are in
limestones, while only the glacier from the cirque below the peak Suvovrh had eroded the limestones to the
shistose base. The same happened at the bottom of the Ljuban cirque. These are the only two cirques that have
small lakes at the bottoms.
Morraine material on schists is preserved only below two cirques. That is the cirque on the location
Boiki strug, whose front morraine exceeds for 300 m the contact line between limestones and schists. The
second case is the destroyed front morraine next to Varde, which is also deposited over schists. Both morraines are
preserved thanks to tree roots of the overgrowing wood. Furthermore, inclinations of the slopes on both locations
rapidly decrease from 25 in the upper part to 10 in the lower part, so the intensity of the erosion is decreased as
well.
Since these morraines have covered the schists to the elevation of 1600 m, and lower, we can conclude
by comparation that a great valley glacier had originated from the great cirques Meukomlje, Carine and Rogam.
Its front and lateral morraines have been washed away by water in the post-glacial period.
Snow line during the Wurm glacial was deduced from the lowest point of the cirque bottoms. In the
northern part of the mountain, it is at 1700 m a.s.l, while on the southern part, the elevation of snow line was 100
m higher (1900 m a.s.l, Carine cirque). On Mt.Komovi, it is difficult to check whether the snow line was lower,
because in the lower area there are no traces which could point to that. With this snow line, the surface covered
with permanent snow was all above the contour of 1800 m elevation, which means 17,1 square kilometer.
Such quantity of snow, which was filling the cirques in avalanches, should have been enough for
formation of powerful glaciers, which had reached much longer distances than it is possible to conclude today,
judging by the remaining glacial material.
On the whole area of Mt.Komovi, there is one morraine situated on the top of a narrow ridge stretching
northwards, which is at first glance impossible to explain. The ridge is parallel to Ljuban ridge, and situated 1 km
to the west. The elevation in the highest part of the morraine is 1780 m. On the western side of the morraine, the
Crnja river have cut a valley 250 m deep, that starts immediately below the Rogam cirque. Right side of the
Rogam cirque is an escarpment with big screes, and it extends northwards on the length of 2 km. On its end there
is a ridge with the mentioned big lateral morraine.
This means that, during the Pleistocene, Crnja river still had not incised a deep valley. In that time, it
was a course of the glacier that was coming out of the Rogam cirque. The glacier was quite powerful, minimally
100 m thick. It deposited this right lateral morraine on the ridge, while other material was eroded, as well as
elsewhere on Mt.Komovi. This morraine belongs to the most intensive period of the last glacial. Based on this, we
can conclude that the same process took place in the cirques Carine and Meukomlje. By the dimensions and
morphology, the latter had the biggest glacier on Mt.Komovi.
General estimation is that on Mt.Komovi the glaciation was much stronger than it is possible to
reconstruct on the basis of accumulative glacial forms, which are easily washed away by strong erosion. Such
glaciation can be correlated with the glaciation of Planinica, Mojan, and especially irokar and Kotica. These
were studied by Cviji, and are situated further to the south from Mt.Komovi, on Mt.Prokletije, at the border
between Montenegro and Albania.