CHNG V

LINH KIN QUANG IN T

KHI NIM
Linh kin quang in t l nhng linh kin cm bin c c tnh i dng nng
lng nh sng thnh dng in hay ngc li i dng in thnh nh sng .
Nhng linh kin c c tnh i t nh sng thnh dng in nh: quang tr, quang
diode, quang transistor, t bo quang in, quang SCR, quang triac,..; nh ng linh ki n
c c tnh i dng in thnh nh sng l diode pht quang ( Led ), Led hng ngoi.

BI 17: MT CH TH V IN TR QUANG
I. Mt ch

1.Mt ch th LED by an:

LED by on c loi ant chung va catt chung. Hin nay LED by o n
c dng nhiu trong cc thit b ch thi s .
Hnh 17-1 l k hiu ca LED by on c an t chung, hnh 17-2 l k hi u
ca LED by on c catt chung.
+Vcc

+Vcc

Hnh 17-2: LED ba

y oan cato
t chung

Hnh17-1: LED ba
y oan ano
t chung

b
g

Hnh 17-3

LED byd on l tp hp bi by LED c ch to dng thanh di sp xp nh

hnh 17-3 v c k hiu bng by ch ci l a, b, c, d, e, f v g. Ph n ph c a n l
mt chm sng (P) ch du phy thp phn. Khi cho cc thanh sng vi cc s l ng
v v tr thch hp ta c nhng ch s t 0 n 9 v nhng ch ci t A n F nh hnh
17-3.
LED by on c iu khin bng cc loi IC gii m nh IC 7447, 7448
h logic hay 4511, 4513 h CMOS.
2.Mt ch th tinh th lng LCD:
a.Cu to:
LCD l ch vit tt bi Liquid Crytal Display. Tinh th lng dng trong LCD
l nhng hp cht hu c c c tnh Nematic ( cc phn t tinh th lng nm song song
TMC

- 143-

vi nhau ); nhit thp th LCD trng thi rn , khi nhit nng chy th LED
chuyn sang trng thi lng.
b. c trng k thut:
- Khong nhit s dng :-100C n +600C
- in p : 3V n 6V ( chun l 4,5V)
- Tn s : 30Hz n 200Hz
- Thi gian ng :40ms
- Thi gian ngt :80ms
Hnh 17-4: Mo
t dang LCD
- Dng in tiu hao 0,2 A
Mt mn LCD by on tiu hao cng sut khong 10 W .
LCD c cch sp xp nh LED by on c tui th t 10.000 gi n
100.000 gi v hin nay ang c s dng thay th dn cc loi LED by on.
Hnh 17-4 l mt loi LCD tiu biu.
II. in tr quang (photoresistor)
1. Cu to- k hiu- hnh dng:
Quang tr cn c gi l in tr ty thuc nh sng LDR (vit tt b i
Light Dependen Resiztor ) c tr s thay i theo sng chiu vo quang
tr . Khi b che ti th quang tr c in tr rt ln , khi c chiu sng
th in tr gim nh .
Quang tr thng ch to t cht sunfua cadminan nn ly k hiu cds,
Selenid Cadmium (CdSe) sunfit ch (Pbs)trong lo i quang tr Cds c
nhy ph gn nh mt ngi nn thng dng nht . Cht
siliciumnhy nht i vi tia hng ngoi , cht germanium nhy nht i
vi nh sng thy c v tia t ngoi.
Quang tr c ch to bng mt mn bn dn trn nn cch in n i ra
hai u kim loi ri t trn mt v nha, mt trn c lp thy tinh trong
sut nhn nh sng bn ngi tc ng vo .

CdS

CdS
Hoac

Kyhieu quantg tr

Hnh dang quantg tr

2. Hnh
c tnh:
17-5: Kyhie
u vahnh dang cu
a quang tr
Quang tr tr c tr s in tr thay i
khng tuyn tnh theo sng chiu
vo n. chiu sng cng mnh th
in tr c tr s cng nh v ngc
li.
in tr khi b che ti khong vi trm
K n vi M. in tr khi b chiu
sng khong vi trm n vi K.
Quang tr c hai loi: loi s dng nh
sng thng v loi s dng nh sng
hng ngoi .
TMC

- 144-

LUX
Hnh 17-6: a
c tnh cu
a quang tr

3. ng dng:
Quang tr c s dng nhiu trong
cc mch in t, mch t ng iu
khin bng nh sng, ng m, n
m, b cnh bo la. . . .
Hnh 14 3: Mch t ng sng khi tri

RB

V CC

ti.
Khi tri sng th cds c tr s in tr nh nn
transistor khng dn n led tt. Tri ti th cds
c tr s in tr ln nn transistor dn th n
led sng.
ti.

RC

CdS

Hnh 17-7: Mch t ng sng khi tri

Hnh 17-8: Mch iu khin dng in qua

ti dng triac, Diac kt hp vi quang tr tc
ng theo nh sng. Khi cds b che ti s c tr s
in tr ln lm in p trn t C tng cao n
mc ( khong 32V ) Diac dn in v Triac
c kch dn in cho dng in qua ti. Ti
y c th l cc loi n chiu sng li i hay
chiu sng bo v, khi tri ti n t ng sng.
Khi tri sng cds c tr s nh lm in p trn t
nh khng dn diac.

Ta
i
R
220V
C
CdS

Hnh 17-8

BI 18: DIODE QUANG LED HNG NGOI

I. DIODE QUANG( PHOTO DIODE )

1. Cu to k hiu hnh dng :
C cu to gm hai lp bn dn PN nh diode thng, nhng cht bn
dn y dng loi c hiu ng quang in cao. Tip gip PN c t trong v
cch in c mt mt l nha hay thu tinh trong sut nhn nh sng chi u vo,
c loi dng thu knh hi t tp trung nh sng.

TMC

- 145-

Kyhieu diode quang

Lonhan a
nh sa
ng

Hnh dang diode quang

Hnh 18 - 1: Kyhieu vahnh dang diode quang

2. Nguyn l lm vic - c tnh ca diode quang:

- i vi diode thng khi phn cc thun th dng in thun qua diode
ln . Khi phn cc ngc th dng in ngc rt nh qua diode .
- i vi diode quang :
+ Khi phn cc thun th hai trng hp diode c chiu sng
hay che ti dng in thun qua diode hu nh khng thay i.
+ Khi phn cc ngc nu diode c chiu sng th dng i n
ngc tng ln hn nhiu ln khi b che ti. Dng in qua diode b phn
cc ngc s bin i mt cch tuyn tnh vi c ng sng ( lux)
chiu vo diode
- Tr s in tr ca diode quang trong trng hp c chiu sng v b
che ti.
+ Khi b che ti: Rngc = , Rthun = rt ln
+ Khi chiu sng Rngc = 10 K 100 K, Rthun = vi trm .
ID

ID
+
-

R
VDC

LUX

Hnh 18 - 2: ac tnh cu
a diode quang

Cc thng s k thut ca diode quang:

a. in p ngc cc i VRmax = 30V.
b. Dng in ngc khi ti; IR = 2 A ( 0 lux )
c. Dng in ngc khi c nh sng IR = 7 A (100 lux )
d. Tn s lm vic cc i f = 1 MHz
e. Cng sut tiu tn cc i Pmax = 50 mw
3. ng dng:
Diode quang c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng t ng i u khi n theo
nh sng, bo ng chy, iu khin t xa (Remote control )
TMC

- 146-

+ VCC
470

D1
T
33

OP-AMP

D2

100
2,2

Hnh 18 - 3
Hnh 18 - 3: Khi diode quang b che ti, transistor khng c phn c c nn ngng
dn, OP- AMP c in p V-i > V+i nn Vra = 0V Led khng sng. Khi diode quang
c chiu sng th transistor c phn cc thun nn dn i n, OP-AMP ci n
p Vi+ > V-i nn Vra = VCC n Led sng.

II. LED HNG NGOI

1.

Cu to-Hnh dng K hiu:

Led hng ngoi c vit tt bi IR Led (Infra Red Led ), hay cn gi l ngun

pht ra tia hng ngoi (Infra Red Emitters) . Led hng ngoi c ch to bng cht
Asenic Galium (GaAs). nh sng quang hc cng c nhng c tnh nh nh sng nhn
thy c nh si hi t qua thu knh , tiu c.
Led hng ngoi c i sng hkong 100.000 gi ( khong 11 n m ), vi cc c
trng k thut nh :

- in p thun : Vf = 1,1V 5V
- Dng in thun If = vi chc mA n v i trm mA
-

Cng sut cc i :Pmax = vi trm mW.

Hnh 18-4: K hiu v hnh dng ca Led hng ngoi

Di y l hai loi Led hng ngoi tiu biu vi cc gi tr thng s k thut:

TMC

- 147-

M hiu
MEH 520
MEH 740

Pmax
200 mW
75 mW

VFmax
2,6V
1.6V

IFmax
100mA
20mA

Rise/Fall Time
800nS
800nS

ng dng:

2.

Ngi ta c th dng quang in tr, photo transistor, photo diode thu sng
hng ngoi.
Led hng ngoi c th dng rong mch thu pht m thanh, truyn tin, i u khin t
xa.

@Mch pht v mch thu dng led hng ngoi:

a. S mch pht :

Trong

C1= 100F t lc ngun; C2 = 2,2nF

R1= 10k ; Q1: 2SC1815; D1 :led
R2= 56
Mch pht ra tia hng ngoi c tn s khong 10kHz, xung ra dng vung, c dng
trung bnh khong 50mA.

5
4
6
8
12
3
R 1
10k

C 2
2 .2 n

1
2
9

IC 1
AST
AST
-T
+T
R ET

Q
Q
O SC

10

SW 1

Q 1
2N 1069

11

O N /O F F

13

R C C
R 2
56

C X
R X
R ST

BT1
9V

D 0
LED

4047

Hnh 18-5a
S mch pht

VC C 9V

b.

S mch thu :
C1
100u

R1

R6
220

R3
4 .7 k

12k

100n

C3

4 .7 n
C2
D 1 10 n

Q2
2SA 1015

R5
1 .5 M

R2

R7
4 .7 K

1 .2 M

K1
C5

C4
10n

TMC

C6

R8
1 .5 M

D2
2SC 1015

- 148-

Q?
2N 1069

D1

4 .7 U
Q3

Q1
2SC 1015

R9
4 .7 K

C7
1U

R LY 1

Hnh 18-5b: S mch thu

Trong :
R1 : 12K
;R2 : 1,2M ;R3: 4,7K ;R4 : 1K ;R5 : 1,5M
R6 : 220
;R7 : 4,7K ;R8 : 1,5M ;R9 : 4,7K ;C1 : 100 F
C2 : 10 F ;C3 : 4,7 F ;C4 : 14 F ;C5 : 100 F ;C6 : 4,7 F ;C7 : 1 F
Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4 : 2SC1015
c.
Nguyn l hat ng:
Sau khi nhn nt ON/OFF th mch pht hat ng. Led hng ngo i pht ra tia
hng ngoi. mch thu, led thu tip nhn ri t gi i i u ch ly tn hi u xung
10kHz a n Q1, Q2, Q3 lm cho Q1 khng hat ng c, Q4 ho t ng lm cho
role Y1 ht. Ngc li khng nhn nt ON/OFF th rle Y1 khng ht. T r le Y1 ta c
th a n iu khin mt thit b in no .
Mch pht dng khc: (Hnh 18-5c)
6 . .9 V

R 2
10K

R 1
1 0 KC 1

R 3
10K

100n

R 4
10 K

C 2

R 5
47K

Hnh 18-5c

100n

Q 1

Q 2
N PN

N PN

Q 3
N PN

LED

Nguyn l hat ng:

S nguyn l my pht tia hng ngoi trn c bc sng khong 850mm. LD1
l LED pht hng ngoi. B a hi Q1, Q2 pht xung vung c tn s kho ng 10kHz
kch Q3 hat ng iu ch sng hng ngoi.
Mch thu dng khc: (Hnh 18-5d)
Tng t nh my thu hnh 14-9a, ta ch thay i li cch m c phn Q4 nh
sau:
9V

R 5
47K
SC R

D 2

C 1

Q 3
N PN
C 3
220

100n
D 1

C 2
470n

Khi c tn hiu hng ngoi Q4 dn bo ha v SCR tt.

d.
ng dng ca mch:
Bo ng khi c k gian.

TMC

- 149-

Hnh 18-5d