) Pharmacology (A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen: Autonomic Nervous System

A.N.S. Dr.
Mohsen
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autonomic nervous system

28 2013
4 22
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A 1

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Chloramphenicol

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Chloramphenicol spelling ,,

Chloramphenicol 250

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:
for how long

duration treatment

duration

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pharmacology ,, ,,

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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
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indications
indications
essentially

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: external
Internal
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,, experimental pharmacology
How to apply our knowledge experimental model
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
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clinical pharmacology
How to apply our knowledge

heart failure

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Maximum

,, No excuse
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
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Maximum MCQ
MCQ
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: gush !!!

: !!!
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:
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,, bronchi bronchi
: ,, ,, bronchi
....
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,, autonomic nervous system

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text
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
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Review
anatomy ,, anatomy
:

38
,, 52

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Autonomic Nervous System

88

autonomic nervous system system regulate involuntary functions
structures
Involuntary structures
,, .C.V.S cardio vascular system Involuntary
,, Involuntary
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

.S.M.F
.S.M.F Smooth Muscle Fibers
exocrine gland
autonomic nervous system regulate ,, .C.V.S .S.M.F

smooth muscle fibers
,,
,, smooth muscle fibers
:
Eye
Bronchi
.G.I.T
Urinary system
Sex organs
eye bronchi .G.I.T Urinary

sex organs
regulate exocrine gland
review of anatomy
anatomy
Review of anatomy
anatomy
Origin
Nerve
supply
autonomic nervous system :

S & PS
sympathetic Para sympathetic
,,
.C.N.S
autonomic nervous system sympathetic Para
sympathetic
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

sympathetic thoraco lumbar
All thoracic & upper 3 lumbar vertebrae

sympathetic
Para sympathetic
cranio sacral
Cranial
sacral
cranial 10 & 3,7,9
sacral 4 & 2,3
,, Origin
sympathetic thoracolumbar
para sympathetic cranio sacral
,,

Nerve
autonomic nerve : division 2
Pre ganglionic fibers
Post ganglionic fibers
ganglion ) (

sympathetic
pre ganglionic fibers ) ( short
Post ganglionic fibers ) ( long
ganglia lies near the spinal cord
para sympathetic
preganglionic fibers ) long (
Post ganglionic fibers ) short (
ganglia Near the organ even
embedded organ

,,
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

origin sympathetic thoraco lumbar
Origin para sympathetic cranio sacral
,, nerve
Pre ganglionic
sympathetic short
para ganglionic Long
Post ganglionic
sympathetic long
para sympathetic short
ganglion
sympathetic Near the spinal cord
para sympathetic near the organ embedded in it
,,
Intestine ,,
Involuntary structure ,, S.M.F. << smooth muscle fibers
.G.I.T
supplied by sympathetic para sympathetic

sympathetic ganglion organ Near
the spinal cord

para sympathetic embedded Organ
Isolated organs
isolated organs
sympathetic ganglia
Only Para sympathetic ganglion

isolated organ
Never sympathetic ganglia

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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
Para sympathetic ganglia
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sympathetic supply para sympathetic

,,
supply cardio vascular .S.M.F
supply
,,

involuntary organs
) sympathetic para sympathetic
double innervation
(
Dual innervation
cardiovascular smooth muscle fibers glands

sympathetic para sympathetic
With the exception
sympathetic
Para sympathetic
,,
sympathetic
sweat glands sympathetic
sweat gland
,,
Only sympathetic Para sympathetic innervation
sweat gland

blood vessel
blood vessel sympathetic
,, Para
,,
Especially cutaneous blood vessel
) ,, (
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
: sweat gland
para blood vessels sex
organs Male erection
skeletal muscles para sympathetic
,,,
blood vessels para sympathetic
innervation
,,

: ventricle
vagal escape phenomenon
ventricle para sympathetic innervation
sympathetic

: ) Dilator pupillae muscle ( DPM
sympathetic
Dilator Pupillae muscle
sympathetic

: erection of hair
!!!
) Erectoepillae muscle ( pilomotor muscle
supra renal medulla
6 ,, sympathetic
,,
sweat gland
pilomotor muscle
cutaneous blood vessels blood vessels
:
Dilator Pupillae sympathetic
Ventricle sympathetic
Supra renal medulla sympathetic
,,
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
sympathetic

,, Involuntary organs double innervation
With the exception of
Sweat gland
Erectoepillae muscle
Cutaneous blood vessels
Dilator Pupillae muscle
Ventricle
Supra renal medulla
,,
,,
,,
) autonomic nervous system is under control of CC ( cerebral cortex
Under control of limbic system
Under control of hypothalamus
full stop

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) ,,
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,, (
system regulate Involuntary functions
involuntary functions
.C.V.S
.S.M.F
Eye
Bronchi
.G.I.T
Urinary
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( Pharmacology ) || ||
A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

Sex organs
Exocrine gland

: anatomy review
Origin
Sympathetic
Para sympathetic
upper 3 lumbar thoracic ) thoraco lumbar sympathetic

( vertebrae
10 & 3,7,9 cranio ) cranio sacral para sympathetic
( 4 & 2,3 sacral
,, Nerve
post ganglionic short Pre ganaglionic ,, sympathetic
near the spinal cord ganglia Long
para sympathetic
Organ embedded ganglion
Isolated organ
Innervation
double innervation involuntary structures
With the exception of
sympathetic
Sweat gland
cutaneous Blood vessels
Erectopillae muscle
Dilator Pupillae Muscle
Ventricle
Supra renal medulla
,,
Para sympathetic :
constrictor pupillae muscle
sympathetic ,, :
,,
Review of physiology
pharmacology
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
review of physiology
:
Function
function sympathetic
sympathetic
function para
:
:
.S.M.F
.S.M.F ,,
glands

.C.V.S
effect of sympathetic stimulation .C.V.S

Heart blood vessels blood pressure
function of sympathetic heart
effect of sympathetic stimulation heart

Increase of all cardiac properties
cardiac properties
,,
Rhythmicity of the heart heart rate
rhythmicity

Contractility of the heart
contractility

conductivity of the heart to propagate nerve impulse
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

Excitability of the heart
power of the heart to respond to external stimuli

automaticity
,, automaticity
power of the heart to respond Normal peace maker
,,
.S.A.N .A.V.N A.V. bundle bundle branch
Purkinje fibers
fibers
.S.A.N .A.V.N
automaticity
automaticity

,, rhythmicity ,, conductivity ,, excitability ,,, contractility
automaticity

blood vessels
,,
skin ) .M.M MM ( Mucous membrane
,,
coronary constriction
vaso dilatation coronary and skeletal
sympathetic fight fright
,,
blood supply
heart
blood pressure ,,
,, :
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
diastolic systolic
Pulse pressure

systolic ,, diastolic ,, mean blood pressure pulse
pressure
,,
,,
:
: Hypertensive effect

: vaso presser response
,, vaso presser
Hypertensive effect
,, sympathetic
,,
action similar sympathetic stimulation

Sympathomimetics
3 4 sympathomimetics

,,
sympathomimetics
: ,,
,, sympathomimetics

sympathomimetics
amphtamine
,, sympathomimetics

Dopamine
sympathomimetics
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
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sympathomimetics
,,
sympathomimetics
,,
.S.M.F :
Eye
Bronchi
.G.I.T
Urinary
Sex organs
eye
,, bronchi
,, sympathetic stimulation bronchial dilatation
,, bronchial relaxation :
,, Dilatation bronchi
,, ,, air
broncho dilator effect
.G.I.T
Under sympathetic stimulation
Inhibition tone and motility
: tone and motility
:
sympathetic stimulation inhibition tone and motility
contraction sphincter
,, defectation
urinary
sympathetic stimulation urinary relaxation wall
contraction Trigone
delay evacuation urinary bladder
>> urine retention
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
Sex organs Under sympathetic stimulation

Sex organs
relax full term pregnant uterus
) uterus (
,,
relax full term pregnant uterus
,, pregnant full term

,, sympathetic relaxation of uterus
,,
relaxation of uterus labor
Sex organs Males
sympathetic process of ejaculation
Purely sympathetic

under sympathetic stimulation
ejaculation
,,
,,
ejaculation
Purely sympathetic
,, sympathomimetics
endocrine
ejaculation << sympathetic
eye
Eye
eye ,, eye

,,
eye ) iris ( ,,

iris
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
,, special senses pupil

pupil constrictor pupillae muscle
para sympathetic
Dilator pupillae muscle
sympathetic
para sympathetic eye
constrictor pupillae muscle
ciliary muscle
sympathetic Dilator pupillae muscle

Dilator pupillae muscle
contraction
) ( Pupil
mydriasis
Mydriasis
,, ,, energy consuming
active mydriasis
,,

field
,,
active mydriasis
sympathomimetics
active mydriasis
contract
Mydriasis active
,,
passive mydriasis
,,
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salivary gland viscid secretion
solid content water content
,,

viscid secretion
clinical application
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sympathomimetics
,,
,,
sympathomimetics heart
: ( (
,, Intra cardiac

,,
) (
emergency bag

Intra cardiac
intensive care

MCQ
cardiac resuscitation
resuscitation

Heart failure
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
dopamine

Heart failure
When digitalis fail
digitalis dopamine heart failure
sympathomimetics
heart failure
,,

brady cardia

sympathomimetics

blood vessels
,, : ,,

,, epistaxis
epistaxis

,, ,,

,,

,, vaso constriction Mucous membrane
blood vessels

,,
Hemostatic
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

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,, ,, 180/120

cerebral hemorrhage

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,, Hypertensive

blood pressure
vaso dilatation ,, coronary

,,
:

myocardial infarction
,,
,, angina coronary
sympathomimetics
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

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pharmacological action

scope
sympathomimetics vaso dilatation coronary

Increase all cardiac properties
!!!!

,, Bronchi
,,
,,

expiratory wheeze
Wheeze rhonchi

,,
sympathomimetics

bronchi

,, sympathomimetics

.G.I.T
,,
,, can you use : sympathomimetics
diarrhea
) diarrhea (
,,
,,
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
sympathomimetics diarrhea

sympathomimetics relaxation wall contraction
sphincter
,,
,,
,, ) ,, Motility
(
!! sympathomimetics !!!
tachycardia arrhythmia
symptomatic
,,
,,

,,
,,
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Nocturnal enuresis ,,

Nocturnal
Enuresis
Nocturnal enuresis

,,
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

sympathomimetics
sympathomimetics
relaxation wall
sex organs
Male female
,, ,, ) uterus (

contraction ring
) ,, (
Contraction ring
,, ring
sympathomimetics
sympathomimetics
,,

relaxation Uterus
,,
tachycardia

sympathomimetics selective
selective

,,
selectivity Uterus

selectivity One organ
little effect No effect Other organs

Male
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: Male sympathomimetics ejaculation
sympathomimetics
ejaculation

,,
,, Eye
eye sympathomimetics Mydriasis

,,
,,
,,
fundus examination

,,
sympathomimetics

,,, ,,
,,, ,,
expose eye Light constrictor pupillae
Light effect
Pupillary constriction of one eye
And other eye
direct Indirect
pupillary constriction direct effect
pupillary constriction
Indirect effect
,, ,,
,, constrictor pupillae muscle

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eye
gland

para sympathetic
,,
,,
effect of para sympathetic
para sympathomimetics
acetyl choline
acetyl choline
:
acetyl choline Para sympathomimetics

>> Para sympathomimetics
Nicotine sypmathomimetics and para
sympthomimetics
A 1

3 09
29 2013

B 1

4 48
29 2013
acetyl choline Para sympathomimetics

>> Para sympathomimetics
Nicotine sypmathomimetics and para
sympthomimetics
Because it is ganglion effect
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nicotine is ganglion stimulant

,,,

acetyl choline
Inderal
Inderal ,, Propranolol
blocker
beta

,, muscrine Muscrine
) parathione ( ,, anti
cholinesterase
,,
,,
neostigmine para sympathomimetics

physostigmine
,,
,, para sympathomimetics
Heart
para sympathomimetics heart

,,
para sympathetic ventricle
decrease of all cardiac properties

except ,,
atrial conduction
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

para sympathomimetics Heart
,, heart rate contraction ,, atrium
,, ventricle
,, atrial conduction ) ( A.V. conduction
,,
:
:
,,
Inhibit ,, atrial conduction

blood vessels
blood vessels para sympathetic receptors ,,
Muscarinic receptors
blood vessels Para sympathetic
innervation
,,
blood vessels para sympathetic innervation
receptors
Modified areas Muscarinic receptors
,,
,, stimulation para sympathetic
division
blood vessels

,,
effect of para sympathetic stimulation blood
vessels
No effect :
: effect of para sympathomimetics blood
vessels
,, para sympathomimetics :
Muscarinic receptors
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
vaso dilatation
,,
Physiologically << No effect
No effect
>> Pharmacologically specialized area receptors
vaso dilatation
no innervation of blood vessels
No effect

,,
,, para sympathetic
vaso dilatation
,, ,,

blood pressure
,, para sympathetic heart
bradycardia
bradycardia cardiac output

,,
,, bradycardia ,, Heart rate cardiac output

,,
sympathetic Increase of all cardiac properties
para sympathetic decrease all cardiac properties atrial
conduction
sympathetic blood vessels vaso constriction of

.skin and m.m dilatation coronary skeletal
sympathetic Bronchi bronchi dilatation
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
broncho spasm bronchi para sympathetic

broncho constriction para sympathetic


,,
:
para sympathomimetics are indicated in bronchial asthma
Indicated
bronchial asthma
wrong right
Wrong
,,
right para sympathomimetics are contra indicated in bronchial asthma
wrong
Right
Para sympathomimetics are contraindicated in bronchial asthma

correct
.G.I.T
wall stimulation Para sympathomimetics
sphincter relaxation
evacuation
Urinary
stimulate the wall ,,
And relax the trigonal sphincter
sex organs
erection << Para sympathetic ,, Male
para sympathetic supplied blood vessels
male
Para sympathetic
Higher control
failure of erection
Para sympathomimetics
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

females

para sympathetic innervation uterus
,,
Eye
,, Para sympathetic
supply constrictor pupillae
para sympathetic stimulation physiologically
pupillary constriction
Miosis

criteria coma

,,

,,
Para sympathetic stimulation

Miosis
eye
,, ) sclera (
cornea iris Pupil

,,

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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
,,
ciliary muscle
two attachement
:
,, angle canal of Schlemm
,, suspensory ligament
) ( Lens
,, Iris Pupil
,,
,, Ciliary muscle
para sympathetic
para sympathetic
constrictor pupillae
ciliary muscle
,,
ciliary muscle contraction
under para sympathetic stimulation
,,
,, canal of Schlemm
,,
) (

glaucoma
contraction
canal of Schlemm
intra occular pressure
,,
muscle contraction
,, ,,
convexity of anterior surface of the lens

accomodation to near object

para sympathetic ,, eye :
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
Miosis of the eye contraction of constrictor pupillae muscle

ciliary muscle :
Intra occular pressure
accomodation to near object
,, glands
,, Under para sympathetic stimulation ) profuse ( watery
secretion
,, sympathomimetics
sympathomimetics
sympathomimetics
,, cardiac arrest
heart failure
bradycardia
epistaxis

,, ,,
bronchial asthma

contraction ring of uterus

Nocturnal enuresis ,,
,,

,, heart
tachycardia
tachycardia
paroxysmal tachycardia
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
,, ,, reassurance

,,
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
,, ,, ,, vagal stimulation
Heart rate
,,
Para sympathomimetics
,, blood vessels
no innervation
,, para sympathomimetics vaso

dilatation

,,
bronchi
broncho constriction!!!!

para sympathomimetics bronchial asthma

.G.I.T
,,

,,, renal colic
: ,, ) (
!!!!
,, ,,
) ( Intestine

excessive handling tissues

paralytic ileus

paralytic ileus
,,,
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
excessive handling tissues

:
paralytic ileus
parayltic

ileus )
,, terminal ileum ileus
colic (
Line
Line
para sympathomimetics neostigmine
) Prostigmine in resistant cases
controversial
,,
(
,, Urinary
,,
,,
) : (
,,
% 50 ,, senile
) enlargement of prostate
bengin prostatic hyperplasia senile enlargment of prostate
senile
,,
,,

(
,, bengin

,,
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
,, )
(
relaxation
supra pubic region

,,

24
: ) (
Injury Urethera
,, Urine
injury
,,
) ( neostigmine
Prostigmine
:
,, ,,

neostigmine prostigmine
:
:
,,
,,
,, ,, ,,
,,
atropine

,,
,, ,,

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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
,, Vial
Vial multiple doses
cc ,, 1 1 mg 1 ,,
,,

,,
,,
,,
,, vial vial
,,
ventilator

secretion ,,

,,
) .N.B
(
eye
,, Glaucoma ,,
cataract
: glaucoma

glaucoma aqous
Diamox
,,
at the same time
,, canal
38
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
glaucoma

: Dry mouth
:

,, para sympathomimetics drug
profuse secretion
saliva
:
clinical application of para sympathomimectis
,,
tachycardia
paroxysmal tachycardia
paralytic ileus

Urine retention
glaucoma
dry mouth
,,
antagonism
antagonstic to each others
sympathetic << Increase all cardiac properties
para sympathomimetics << decrease all cardiac properties
atrial conduction
atrial conduction

atrial condction

: atrial conduction antagnostics
synergistic

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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
+ =
+ = !!!!
,,
,, atrial conduction

para sympathetic sympathetic
bronchi para sympathetic
sympathetic
,,
gland anatgnostics
solid content water content
* ,,
sympathetic and para sympathetic are antagonstic to each others

: except two situtations
atrial conduction
glandular tissue

,, source

,, ,,
,, autonomic nervous systme system
regulate involuntary structures
,, ,, .C.V.S smooth muscle fibers

eye, bronchi, G.I.T., urinary and sex organs
autonomic nervous system ,, regulate gland

.C.V.S .S.M.F gland
anatomy

autonomic nervous system sympathetic para sympathetic
review of anatomy
40
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

,, sympathetic Pre ganglionic short
Post ganglionic Long
sympathetic ganglia near thte spinal cord

Organ sympathetic ganglia
isolation Organ
,, sympathetic ganglia

sympathetic ganglia
,,
sympathetic ganglia Near the spinal cord
pre ganglionic short Post ganglionic Long
organ ,, animal
sympathetic ganglia
,,
,, para sympathetic ganglia Isolated
organ

para sympathetic Pre ganglionic Long
Post ganglionic short
,, isolated organ Heart Organ
para sympathetic ganglia
,,
review of anatomy
,, involuntary structures ,, .C.V.S .S.M.F smooth muscle
,, fibers exocrine gland salivary gland double innervation
sympathetic Para sympathetic
involuntary double innervation
sympathetic and para sympathetic
sympathetic para sympathetic
with the exception of
sympathetic
sympathetic
blood vessels cutaneous sympathetic
41
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
,,

sweat gland <<< sympathetic

ventricle sympathetic

supra renal medulla sympathetic
) Erectoepillae muscle ( pilomotor muscle sympathetic
eye dilator pupillae muscle sympathetic
,, sympathetic

sympathetic

,, ,,
sweat gland .M.C.Q sympathetic
,, sweat gland

) Erectoepillae muscle ( pilomotor muscle sympathetic
blood vessels cutaneous sympathetic
dilator pupillae muscle sympathetic
ventricle
supra renal medulla
item reveiw of physiology
sympathetic Para sympathetic function
physiology function
an idea about
pharmacology
similar to sympathetic stimulation
sympathomimetics
action similar to para sympathetic stimulation
clinical applications
sympathetic heart
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
,, ,,
sympathomimetics heart
,, Imagination
heart
,, bradycardia

,, heart failure dopamine ,,
Heart
sympathomimetics
sympathetic

heart attack
heart attack
,,
cardiac arrest :
,, ,,
Intensive care
,,

Intra cardiac

,, cardiac resuscitation

blood vessels
,, epistaxis
,, Locally sympathomimetics vaso constriction
sympathomimetics ,, bronchi
bronchi
bronchial asthma
,, urinary
sympathomimetics relaxation wall contraction
sphincter
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
,, Incontence of urine

,, sympathomimetics relax wall
Uterus ,,
uterus contraction ring of
uterus
sympathetic sympathomimetics relaxation

full term pregnant uterus
sympathomimetics
para sympathomimetics clinical application
physiology function of para sympathetic
heart inhibition atrial
conduction
:
,, ,,
,, : atrial conduction
cardiovascular
clinical application
clinial application
stress
tachycardia
tachycardia

carotid vagal stimulation
heart rate
,,
heart rate
,,, ,, ,,

Physiological measure
reassurance ,,
44
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
,,
,,

blood vessels

para sympathetic stimulation blood vessels
no effect para sympathetic innervation blood vessels
,,
,, erection male para
sympathetic
blood vessels para sympathetic
skeletal muscle blood vessels

: blood vessels para sympathetic innervation
physiology para sympathetic stimulation
blood vessels ,, No effect
,, blood vessels cholinergic receptor
para sympathetic receptors
pharmacology ,,
receptors
Para sympathommimetics cholinergic receptors
vaso dilation
,, Physiology
para sympathetic stimulation blood vessels
No effect
Physiologically Para sympathetic blood vessels
,,
) ( Pharmacology
,, para sympathetic drug vaso dilatation
para sympathetic heart
Inhibit cardiac properties atrial conduction
45
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
,, blood vessels No effect physiologically pharmacologically

effect
,, bronchi brnocho spasm
,,

,, ,, bronchi
.G.I.T
,, general surgery
paralytic ileus
,,
,, ,,

,,

,, excessive handling tissues
tone
paralytic ileus
,, para sympathomimetics Motility
) controvesial (
,, Motility

,, Urinary
,, ,,


para sympathomimetics stimulation wall
relaxation sphincter
,,
,, Urine
retention
be sure obstruction below
) ( impacted
Urine retention Obstruction
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

contraction Urinary bladder
inter vesical pressure
rupture of urinary bladder
,,,

in obstructive urine retention the best drug to best drug to be given is
,,
,, neostigmine

Non of them
Non of them ,,
Neostigmine Urine retention Obstructive
,,
none of the above
Non of them
None of them
.M.C.Q

5 35 1 2013

47
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A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen
www.facebook.com/dr.tafreegh

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) Pharmacology (A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen: Autonomic Nervous System

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A.N.S. Dr.

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

Autonomic Nervous System

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

autonomic nervous system

autonomic nervous system regulate ,, .C.V.S .S.M.F

eye bronchi .G.I.T Urinary

autonomic nervous system :

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

All thoracic & upper 3 lumbar vertebrae

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

the spinal cord

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

Para sympathetic ganglia

cardiovascular smooth muscle fibers glands

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

autonomic nervous system

upper 3 lumbar thoracic ) thoraco lumbar sympathetic

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

Sex organs Under sympathetic stimulation

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

,, special senses pupil

Under sympathetic stimulation

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

para sympathomimetics heart

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

Physiologically << No effect

sympathetic blood vessels vaso constriction of

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

broncho spasm bronchi para sympathetic

Para sympathomimetics are contraindicated in bronchial asthma

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

Para sympathetic stimulation

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

Miosis of the eye contraction of constrictor pupillae muscle

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

,, para sympathomimetics vaso

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

excessive handling tissues

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

A.N.S. Dr. Mohsen

clinical application of para sympathomimectis