ng dng o hm chng minh bt ng thc trong thi i Hc

Trn Hong Anh, ngy 19-02-2014

Nick trn din n VMF : Toc Ngan

Bi vit tham d Cuc thi Vit bi k nim 10 nm Din n ton hc

(2004-2014)
Li m u xin gi li cho, li chc n cc thnh vin trong BQT din n, cc
Mod, cc thnh vin mnh khe, thnh cng trong cuc sng v mong din n ta s
cng ngy cng ln mnh, mnh vit bi ny cng ch c tinh thn giao lu, ng gp
cho phng tro ca din n. Mt phn mnh cng ang trong qu trnh n thi H,
thi gian gp rt v kh nng bn thn cng c hn nn trong bi vit c iu g hn
ch hay sai st mong mi ngi gp cho. Nh mc ch ni trn, bi vit ny
chia s 1 s kinh nghim ca mnh khi lm cu 6 trong thi H, tuy cha tht y
nhng cng khi qut phn no tng ra v cch gii. Trong bi vit mnh s
dng phn ln cc v d c trn din n v thi th ca cc trng chuyn trang
web http://nguoithay.vn v 1 s v d trn www.moon.vn m mnh thy ph hp vi
tiu ch bi vit
Bi vit c chia l cc phn nh sau :

Phn 1: Khi qut 3 cu bt ng thc trong thi nm 2013

Phn 2: Cc bi ton 2 bit i xng v khng i xng
Phn 3: Cc bi ton 3 bin i xng 2 bin, 3 bin dn v 1 bin ri s dng o
hm cc bi ton tng hp, UCT
By gi mnh xin bt u vi mt s v d sau :
VD1: Cho a, b, c 1,3 , a 2 b2 c2 14 .

Tm GTLN ca

b
c
P (1 )(2 )
a
a

VD2: Cho a, b 0 v a 18b2 a2 16b3

Tm GTNN ca P a b

6
ab

VD3: Cho a, b, c 0 v a4 b4 c4 3

Chng minh rng : (ab)5 (bc)5 (ca)5 3

VD4: Cho a, b, c 0 v a2 b2 c2 1
Tm GTLN ca P

1
1
1

1 ab 1 bc 1 ac

Hai v d u tin c ly t thi th ca trang web www.onluyentoan.vn v hai

bi sau l nhng bt ng thc ht sc quen thuc. Chng ta hy thi bn v kh
ca tng bi m cc cn quan tm l hng th ca mi ngi khi bt tay vo gii
quyt chng. V phn ln ngi ta s thy hng th hn khi lm VD3 v VD4 hn l
hai bi u, n gin l nhng bi ton c pht biu n gin, cc bin i
xng nhau, cn VD2 thm ch ta cn khng tm c ngay ng thc xy ra khi
no ???

Phn I : Chng ta hy im li 3 cu trong thi 2013, trc ht l khi A

VD5: Cho a, b, c 0, v (a c)(b c) 4c
Tm GTNN ca P

32a3
32b3
a 2 b2

c
(b 3c)3 (a 3c)3

Bi lm :
Nhn qua biu thc v gi thit thy y l biu thc i xng gia a, b nn c 2
hng i, s dn v theo c hoc s dng bt ng thc c in, d on lun ng
thc khi a b c
Thy biu thc v gi thit ng bc nn nu ta chia c t v mu cho c , t
a
b
x, y ta s c biu thc 2 bin i xng , khi bi ton c v n gin i
c
c

kh nhiu. Ta bt tay vo lm
a
c

b
c

T gi thit ( 1)( 1) 4 x y xy 3
V P

32 x3
32 y 3

x2 y 2
3
3
( y 3)
( x 3)

p dng u 3 v3

(u v)3
x
y 3
P 8(

) x2 y 2
4
y3 x3
S x y
th
Q xy

Nhn thy x, y nn khi ta t

S Q 3

3
2

P ( S 1) S 2S 6

By gi ta ch cn i tm min gi tr ca S ri kho st hm s cho

T gi thit, p dng AM-GM ta c 3 x y xy x y

( x y)2
S x y 2
4

Kho st f (S ) trn 2, ) ta c c f (S ) f (2) 1 2 P 1 2

ng thc xy ra khi a b c 0
Cng tng trn ta c th c nhiu bi ton tng t trn nh sau :
VD6: Ngi a : Trauvang97
Cho a, b, c 0 v a2 b2 6c2 4c(a b)
Tm GTNN ca P

a3
b3
a 2 b2

c
b(a c)2 a(b c)3

Bi lm:
1
2

tng khng c g khc, Pmin a b c 0

VD7: www.moon.vn
Cho a, b, c 1, 2 .
( a b) 2
Tm GTNN ca P 2
c 4(ab bc ca)

Bi lm
c2
do a, b i xng v mu s c i lng c ,
a b 1

1
6

Trc ht ta d on Pmin

khi nu chia c t v mu cho c , t

P

a
b
x, y
c
c

( x y)2
1
, x, y , 2
1 4( x y xy )
2

Do ta ch cn chng minh 6( x y)2 1 4( xy x y)

V ng thc xy ra khi x y

1
nn ta c th nhm d dng nh sau
2

2( x y)2 2 4( x y) 2( x y)2 3 4( x y) 1

Do ch cn chng minh 6( x y)2 8xy 2( x y)2 3 , lun ng do x, y

1
2

VD8: B-2013
Cho a, b, c 0 . Tm GTLN ca P

4
a 2 b2 c 2 4

Bi lm : S dng AM-GM ta c c P

n y kho st f (t ), t

9
(a b) (a 2c)(b 2c)

4
(a b c)
4
3
2

9
2(a b c) 2
3

(a b c) 2
ta c pcm
3

Nhng bi ton kiu th ta s xt phn sau

VD9: D-2013
Cho x, y 0 tha mn xy y 1
Tm GTLN ca P

x y
x xy 3 y
2

x 2y
6( x y )

Bi lm
Nhn thy P l biu thc ng bc v khi nhn P ta cng kh c th dung bt ng
thc g nh gi c, cng kh d on lun ng thc xy ra
Chia c t v mu cho y , t t

x
t 1
t 2
P

y
t 2 t 3 6(t 1)

By gi s dng gi thit tm min gi tr ca t ri kho st hm s

p dng AM-GM ta c xy y 1

x 1 1 1
1
2 t (0,
y y y
4
4

ng thc xy ra khi y 2
n y bi ton dn c gii quyt, cng vic ch l kho st hm s f (t ) trn
1
(0,
4

Mt s v d tng t sau :
VD10: Cho x, y 0 v 2 y 2 (11x2 1) 8x4 6 y 4 1

Tm GTNN ca P

x2 y
( x 2 y 2 )( 4 x 2 y 2 y )

Bi lm
tng ng bc, s dng gi thit tm min gi tr ca t
T gi thit ta c 2 y 2 (11x 2 1) 8x 4 6 y 4 1 8t 4 22t 2 6

x
y

2
1
1
5
4 1 t2
2
4
2
y
y

1 5
a ,

4 2
t

t2 a
Xt P f (t ) 2
,
t
a
(t 1)( 4t 2 1 1)
f (t ) f (a)

(a 1)( 4a 2 1 1)
2

Kho st ta c c f (t ) f (a)

2 1
5

x
ng thc xy ra khi 2
y 1

VD11: Ngun : http://nguoithay.vn

Cho a, b 0 v a2 3b2 1 b(3a 2)
a 2b

Tm GTNN ca P

a 2 3b2

2a 2 ab 8b 2
2ab b2

VD12: Ngun VMF

Cho a, b 0 v a ab 1
Tm GTLN ca P

3ab
a b2
2

Nh thy c 3 bi thi H nm va ri u c th x l theo 1 phng php chung,

nh gi a v 1 bin, tm min gi tr ri kho st hm s tm cc tr, v y cng
l xu hng ra thi th ca cc trng, cng nh thi tht hng nm, ngoi vic
dung cc bt ng thc AM-GM, Cauchy-Schwarzt nh gi cc bin, chng ta
cng cn s dng 1 cng c rt hu hiu trong chng trnh THPT, chnh l o
hm, v y cng l con ng chnh trong li gii cc v d trong bi vit.

Phn II : Cc bi ton 2 bin i xng v khng i xng

cc bi ton 2 bin i xng, ta c phng php dng nhiu l a v dng
S x y
, do tnh i xng nn ta lun lun a biu thc v dng biu din nh th

P xy

n ngay vi khi D-2012

VD12: Cho x, y 0 v ( x 4)2 ( y 4)2 2 xy 32
Tm GTNN ca A x3 y3 3( xy 1)( x y 1)
Bi lm
T gi thit ( x y)2 8( x y) 0 x y 8
Nhn thy A khng th t GTNN ti tm x y 4 , ta vit li nh sau
A ( x y)3 3( x y) 3xy 3

p dng AM-GM ta c 3xy

3( x y)2
3( x y)2
A ( x y)3 3( x y)
3
4
4

n y mi chuyn r, t t x y t (0,8 A f (t ) t 3 3t

3t 2
3
4

ng thc xy ra khi x y ...

VD13: Chuyn L Qu n ln 2-2013
Cho x, y 0 tha mn 3xy x y 1.
Tm GTLN ca A

3x
3y
1
1

2 2
y ( x 1) x( y 1) x
y

Bi lm
Ta d on ng thc xy ra khi x y 1
Khi gp nhng bi ton ny, khi c xong gi thit ta suy ra lun iu kin ca S , P
Ta c 3xy x y 1 2 xy 1 xy 1, hin nhin x y 2
By gi ta s a biu thc v dng hm s cha bin P ( hoc S ), s dng gi thit,
quy ng ta c A

5P 1
f ( P)
4P2

T ta c c A f ( P) 1
ng thc xy ra khi x y 1
VD14: Cho x, y 0 tha mn
Tm GTNN ca A

6
x4 y 4 4
xy

1
1
3 2 xy

1 2 x 1 2 y 5 x2 y 2

Bi lm
i xng 2 bin, t gi thit ta c

6
x 4 y 4 4 2 x 2 y 2 4 xy P 1
xy

D on lun Pmin 1 x y 1
n y ta c th quy ng , a v dng tng tch, t gi thit ta c
x4 y 4 4

6
6
( x y )4 6 x 2 y 2 4 xy ( x2 y 2 ) 4
xy
xy

a c dng tng tch nhng nu th S theo P hay ngc li ta s c 1 biu

thc rt cng knh, v th ta phi s dng cc bt ng thc ph lm n gin
biu thc cho. Ta c bt ng thc quen thuc sau
1
1
2
vi UV 1

2
2
1 UV
1U
1V

Hoc

1
1
2
vi UV 1

2
2
1 UV
1U
1V

Khi ta c 2 trng hp sau :

TH1: P xy ,1 , khi 2 x.2 y 1
1
4

p dng bt ng thc trn

1
1
2
2

1 2 x 1 2 y 1 2 xy 3

2 1
3 2 xy
1
( x y)2 4(1 xy) 0 P 1
2
2
3 3
3
5 x y

1
4

TH2: P xy (0, )

1
1

1 P 1
1 2x 1 2 y

Kt hp li ta c Pmin 1 x y 1
Tr li vi bt ng thc ph trn, l pht biu kh n gin nhng rt hay v
quan trng trong nhng bi i xng 2 bin, thm ch 3 bin c dng phn thc nh
trn. Ta c 1 s v d p dng sau :
VD15: Cho a, b, c 1,9 , a b, a c
Tm GTNN ca P

a
b
c

a 2b b c c a

VD16: H Vinh ln 2-2013

Cho x, y 0 tha mn 3xy 3 x 4 y 4
Tm GTLN ca P x 2 y 2

16
x y2 2
2

VD17: Cho x, y 0 tha mn x 4 y 4

Tm GTNN ca P

2
xy

1
xy 2
xy

2
2
3

2
2
1 x 1 y 1 2 xy

Xt n dng ton khc sau :

VD18: Ngi ng: Ispectorgadet
Cho x, y v x y 2 x 2 y 1 1
x
2

y
2

Tm GTNN v GTLN ca P ( x y) ( y x)

2(1 xy xy )
x y

Bi lm
Vit P

( x y)
2

2
x y
2

By gi ch cn tm min gi tr ca t x y ri kho st f (t )

t2
2

2
t

S dng Cauchy-Schwarzt ta c
x y 1 2 x 2 y 1 (22 12 )( x 2 y 1) 1 t x y 6

Pmin 2 ( x, y ) (2, 1)
Kho st hm s ta c
Pmax 18 2 ( x, y ) (6, 0)

6
VD19: Cho a, b v a b 1 2a 4 b 1

Tm GTLN v GTNN ca P (a b)2 9 a b

1
ab

Bi lm
Ta cn tm min gi tr ca t a b
p dng Cauchy-Schwarzt ta c
a b 1 2a 4 b 1 2 a 2 b 1 3(a b 1) 1 t a b 4

Kho st hm s ................
VD20: Onluyentoan ln 1-2012
Cho x, y 0, x2 y 2 2
Chng minh rng P

x3
9 y2

4
y2 x 2 y

Bi lm
Cch 1: Theo minhtuyb
p dng Cauchy-Schwarzt ta c P x ( x 2 y) (

x2
3 y)2
y

x2
2 y2
1
3y
3 y 2( y ) 4
y
y
y

Li c

x ( x 2 y) 2( x y) 2 2( x 2 y 2 ) 4

Vy ta c pcm, ng thc xy ra khi x y 1

Cch 2: Bt ng thc tng ng x3 ( x 2 y) 9 y 4 4 y 2 ( x 2 y)
Ta s to ra bt ng thc di dng ng bc, hay vit li thnh
x3 ( x 2 y) 9 y 4 2 y 2 ( x 2 y) 2( x 2 y 2 )

t t

x
(t 1)2 (t 6 6t 5 14t 4 12t 3 43t 2 66t 49)
y

Vy ta cng c pcm
R rng cch s 2 khng hay v t nhin bng cch s 1
Ta c 1 s v d p dng sau:
VD21:H Vinh ln 4-2013
Cho a, b 0, a2 2b 12 .
Tm GTNN ca P

4
4
5
4
4
a
b
8(a b)4

VD22: Cho a, b 0, a 2b ab
a2
b2
Tm GTNN ca P

8b 4 a 1

VD23: Ngi ng quanghao98

Cho x, y , 2 x y 4 x 1 2 2 y 8
Tm GTLN v GTNN ca P 2 x y 16
Kt thc phn 2, ta n vi phn 3, phn quan trng nht, trc ht xt 1 s v d sau
VD24: Cho a, b, c 0, a 2 b2 c2 1
Tm GTLN ca P (1 2a)(1 bc)
VD25: Cho a, b, c 1, 4 , a b 2c 8
Tm GTLN ca P a3 b3 5c3
Bi lm: Nhn 2 v d trn, ta rt ngay c nhn xt: c 2 bin c vai tr nh nhau (
v d on cc tr t c khi 2 bin bng nhau ) trong gi thit v biu thc,
ng nh tiu ch ca phng php o hm, ta s tm cch a biu thc v dng
hm s ca bin cn li ri tin hnh kho st
Vi v d 24, ch cn p dng AM-GM ta c
b2 c 2
1 a2
P (1 2a)(1 bc) (1 2a)(1
) (1 2 a)(1
) f ( a)
4
4

Kho st vi a (0,1) ta c f '(a)

6a 2 2a 6
37 1
0a
2
6

Lp bng bin thin ta c P f (a) f (

37 1
) ...
6

37 1
a
6

bc
ng thc xy ra khi
a 2 b 2 c 2 1

v d 25, d on Pmax 137 (a, b, c) (1,1,3) , v ta s a v dng P f (c)

X l i lng a3 b3 nh sau P (a b)3 3ab(a b) 2c3 (8 2c) 3ab(8 2c) 5c3

(a b)2 (8 2c)2
n y ta khng th nh gi ab
v khi

4
4
P (8 2c)3

3(8 2c)2
(8 2c) 5c3 , khng th tm c GTLN
4

(a 1)(b 1) 0 ab a b 1 3ab 3(a b 1)

P (8 2c)3 3(7 2c)(8 2c) 5c3 f (c)

T gi thit ta c c 1,3 , kho st ta c f (c) f (3) 137 P 137

ng thc xy ra khi a b 1, c 3
VD26: Ngi ng phanquockhanh
Cho a, b, c 0 v abc 1 .
Tm GTNN ca P

1
1
2

2a 1 2b 1 (2c 1) 6c 3

Bi lm
Theo daicahuyvn
Nhn P i xng a, b nn ta s vit di dng P f (c)
Thy i lng quen thuc
ab

1
1
nn nu

2
1U
1V 2

1
1
1
2
2 c
c
2a.2b 1

4
2a 1 2b 1 2 ab 1 2 c 2c 1

Khi P

c
2
8

, P (c 1)2 (6c 33) 0 , lun ng

2c 1 (2c 1) 6c 3
9

By gi ta cn xt nt trng hp ab
Khi d thy
8
9

1
1
8

1
2a 1 2b 1
9

Vy Pmin a b c 1

1
4

Trong nhng bi ton 3 bin c 2 bin bng nhau, cng vic l dn v bin cn li, v
khi vic s dng cc bt ng thc ph nh gi l 1 vic rt quan trng, gip
ta dn bin nhanh hn v hiu qu hn. Chng ta n vi v d tip sau
VD27: Ngi ng : Trannhuphuc
Cho x, y, z 0, 1 x2 1 2 y 1 2 z 5
Tm GTLN ca P 2 x3 y3 z 3
Bi lm
Ta s dung bt ng thc ph sau 1 a 1 b 1 1 a b
ng thc xy ra khi ab 0
Khi 1 2 y 1 2 z 1 1 2 y 2 z , ng thc xy ra khi yz 0
5 1 x2 1 2 y 1 2 z 1 1 2 y 2 z 1 x2 2 1 x2 2 y 2 z

x2 2( y z ) 8

trn ta s dng iu kin yz 0 nn khi y3 z 3 ( y z)3

Xt P 2 x3 y3 z 3 2 x3 ( y z )3 2 x3 (

8 x2 3
) f ( x)
2

Kho st hm s vi x 0, 2 2 f ( x) f (0) 64 P 64
ng thc xy ra khi ( x, y, z) (0, 4,0) (0,0, 4)
R rng v d 27 kh hn 2 v d u v phi s dng bt ng thc ph kh hay v
d on lun c ng thc xy ra khi no ?
VD28: Chuyn Vnh Phc ln 1-2013
Cho x, y, z , x2 y 2 z 2 3
Tm GTLN ca P 3x2 7 y 5 y 5z 3x2 7 z
Bi lm
Cch 1: Trc ht ta vn s tm cch a v dng P f ( x)

p dng AM-GM ta c ngay

P3

6 x 2 12 2( y 2 z 2 )
6 x 2 12( y z )
6 x 2 12 6 2 x 2
3
3
3 10
3
3
3

Cch 2: Vit P f (t ) vi t y z
p dng AM-GM ta c
6 x 2 7( y z )
5( y z ) 14( y z ) 2 18 6( y 2 z 2 )
2

P 5( y z ) 2

Li c y 2 z 2

( y z )2
nn vit theo t ta c
2

P f (t ) 5t 6t 2 14t 36,0 t y z 2( y 2 z 2 ) 2( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 6

f '(t )

5
2 t

7 6t
6t 2 14t 36

0t 2

Lp bng bin thin f (t ) f (2) 3 10 P 3 10

ng thc xy ra khi ( x, y, z) (1,1,1) (1,1,1)
VD29: Ngun VMF
Cho a, b, c 0, a3 b3 c(c 1)
a 2 b2 c2
Tm GTNN v GTLN ca P
(a b c) 2

Mt s bi ton i xng 3 bin s dng o hm

VD30: Ton hc tui tr
Cho a, b, c ,3
3
1

Tm GTNN v GTLN ca P

a
b
c

ab bc ca

Bi lm
7
5

1
3

Trc ht d on Pmin (a, b, c) ( ,1,3) v hon v

Vit P

1
b
1
a

Th

b
a

c
1
b

a
1
c

c
b

c
a

, c i lng

1
1

a
c

1
1
b c
nn nu . 1 c a

2
2
a b
1U
1V

c
a

, khi P f (t ), t

c
a

Ta bt u lm, do vai tr ca a, b, c nh nhau nn ta c th gi s c max

P

1 t

1
1

1
t2

2
t2
2
,t
1 t t 1

Kho st ta c P f (t ) f (3)

c
1,3
a

7
5

1
a, b, c 3 ,3

c
1
3 (a, b, c) ( ,1,3) v hon v
ng thc xy ra khi t
a
3

b c

a b

Cng vic tm GTLN hon ton tng t khi gi s c min

1
1

b
a

1
1

c
b

c
a

b c
a b

, do .

c
1
a

VD31: Cho a, b, c 0 v a b c 1
Chng minh rng a(b c)4 b(c a)4 c(a b)4

1
12

Bi lm
Nhng bi ton kiu ny thng c ng thc khi 1 bin bng 0
Ta lm nh sau: Do vai tr ca a, b, c nh nhau nn ta c th gi s a b c 0
P a(b c)4 ba 4 ca 4 a(b c)4 a 4 (b c)

t t b c a t 1 v P at 4 a4t at (a3 b3 ) at (1 3at )

t x at

(a t )2
1
x 0, , P f ( x ) x (1 3x )
4
4
1
6

Ta c lun P f ( x) f ( )

1
12

ng thc xy ra khi (a, b, c) (

3 3 3 3
,
, 0)
6
6

VD32: Chuyn Vnh Phc ln 5

Cho a, b, c 0, a b c 3
Tm GTLN ca P (a2 ab b2 )(b2 bc c2 )(c2 ca a2 )
Bi lm
Do iu kin bi ton nn ta d on Pmax 12 (a, b, c) (2,1,0)
Gi s a b c 0 , suy ra
P (a 2 ab b2 )a 2 b2 (a b)2 3ab a 2 b2 (a b c)2 3ab (ab)2 (9 3ab)(ab)2

t t ab

( a b) 2 ( a b c ) 2 9
9

t 0,
4
4
4
4

Kho st hm s f (t ) f (2) 12 P 12
Vy ta c pcm
VD33: Ton hc tui tr
Cho a, b, c 0, a 2 b2 c2 3
Tm GTNN ca P

16
a b b c c a 1
2 2

2 2

ab bc ca 1
abc

Gi : Chng minh a b c a2b2 b2 c2 c2 a2

Mt s bi tp khc
VD34: Cho a, b, c 2, 4

Tm GTLN ca P

a 2 b2 b2 c 2 c 2 a 2 1
abc(a b c)

VD35: Ton hc tui tr

Cho a, b, c , a b c 1
Chng minh rng

3
3
(a b)(b c)(c a)
18
18

Mt s bi tp tng hp
VD36: Ton hc tui tr + Chuyn H Vinh
Cho x, y, z 0, x2 y 2 z 2 3 y
Tm GTNN ca P

1
4
8

2
2
(1 x)
( y 2)
( z 3)2

Bi lm
Cch 1: p dng bt ng thc ph sau
Khi

1
1
8
2
2
a
b
( a b) 2

1
4
1
1
8

2
2
2
y
y
(1 x)
( y 2)
(1 x)
( 1) ( x 2) 2
2
2

8
8
64

2
y
y
( z 3)
( x 2)2
( x z 5) 2
2
2

1 x 2 1

x z 1
y
y

By gi ta cn tm x z A m vn m bo x 2 z 3
2
y2
2 22
2
x y z 3y

Xt 2 A 2 x y 2 z x2 1 y z 2 1 y y 2 2 y ( y 2)2 6 6
P

x z 1
64
1 , ng thc xy ra khi
2
(3 5)
y2

Ta cng tham kho cch dn v bin y rt hay sau

Cch 2: Theo WhjteShadow
p dng AM-GM v Cacuchy-Schwarzt ta c

1
8
27

2
2
(1 x)
( z 3)
( x z 4) 2

( x z )2
T gi thit 3 y x y z y
2
2

3y 4 y2

( x z )2
( x z 4)2
4 y2
2
6

1
8
9
4
9

P f ( y)

2
2
2
2
(1 x)
( z 3)
2(3 y 4 y )
( y 2)
2(3 y 4 y 2 )

Xt f '( y)

( y 2)(2 y 3 181y 2 400 y 236)

2 ( y 4)( y 1)( y 2)

P f ( y) f (2) 1

Cch 3: Theo nguyenthehoan

S dng Cauchy-Schwarzt ta c (1 x)2 2(1 x2 ),( z 3)2 4( z 2 3)

1
8
1
2
1
1
1
9

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
(1 x)
( z 3)
2 x 2 z 3 2 x 2 z 3 z 3 2( x z 2 ) 8

4
9

2
( y 2)
2(3 y y 2 ) 8

Ta c P 1 ( y 2)2 (2 y 2 10 y 9) 0
Vy c 3 cch lm u cho ta p s ng !!!
VD37: http://nguoithay.vn
Cho a, b, c 0
Tm GTNN ca P

1
a 6 ab 4 bc

1
abc

Bi lm

Nhn biu thc ta d on ngay P (t ), t a b c

Do ta phi vit c a 6 ab 4 bc x(a b c) , do cc hng t ng bc
p dng AM-GM ta c 6 ab 2 3a.3b 3a 3b
4 bc 2 b.4c b 4c

Cng 2 bt ng thc trn li ta c pcm

P

1
1
1

(
1)2 1 1
4(a b c)
abc
2 abc

3a 3b

1 1 1
ng thc xy ra khi
b 4c
(a, b, c) ( , , )
9 9 36

1
t a b c

VD38: http://nguoithay.vn
Cho x, y, z 0, x y 1 z
x3
y3
z3
14

Tm GTNN ca P
x yz y xz z xy ( z 1) ( x 1)( y 1)

Bi lm
D thy vai tr x, y l nh nhau nn ta s vit P ( z )
( x y 2)2 ( z 1)2
T gi thit, x y 1 z ( x 1)( y 1) z xy

4
4

x3
y3
z3
14

2
z 1
x yz y zx ( z 1)
( z 1).
2
4

x3
y3
4z3
28

2
x yz y zx ( z 1)
( z 1)2

By gi cn nh gi

x3
y3

theo z
x yz y zx

p dng Cauchy-Schwarzt ta c
x3
y3
x4
y4
( x 2 y 2 )2
x2 y 2

2
2
2

x yz y zx x xyz y xzy x y 2 2 xyz

1 z

x 2 y 2 ( x y )2 ( z 1) 2
( z 1)2
4z3
28
9 z 3 z 2 z 57

nn P

f ( z)
2(1 z ) ( z 1)2 ( z 1) 2
1 z
2(1 z ) 2(1 z )
2( z 1) 2

51z 2
(3z 5)(3z
37 z 23)
3
t g ( z ) 2 f ( z ) g '( z )
( z 1)4
3

5
53
53
f ( z) f ( )
P
3
8
8
1 1 5
3 3 3

ng thc xy ra khi ( x, y, z ) ( , , )
VD39: Chuyn L Hng Phong
Cho x, y, z 0, x2 y 2 z 2 2( x y z ) 2xy
Tm GTNN ca P x 2 y 2 2 z

40
y z 1

40
z3

Bi lm: Ta hi vng y z 1 x 3 y z x 2 v y z 1, x 3 u l s chnh

phng P nhn gi tr hu t
S dng
40
y z 1

1 1
4
ab

, a b2
ta c
a b ab
2

40
x3

160
y z 1 x 3

160

y z 1 x 3
2

80 2
x yz4

n y ta c tng a v bin t x y z
Ch gi thit 2( x y z ) ( x y)2 z 2

( x y z )2
x yz 4
2

x 2 y z
x 1

x y z 4
y z 3

Khi d on du bng

Gii quyt x2 y 2 2 z nh sau x2 y 2 2 z x2 1 y 2 1 2 z 2 2( x y z) 2

P 2( x y z ) 2

80 2
x yz4

2( x y z 4) 10

80 2
x yz4

t t x y z 4 t (2, 2 2
Kho st hm s f (t ) f (2 2) 46
ng thc xy ra khi x y 1, z 2
VD40: Ton hc tui tr
Cho x, y, z , x2 y 2 z 2 1
Tm GTNN ca P ( xy yz 2 xz )2

8
( x y z ) xy yz 2
2

Bi lm
Vit li P ( xy yz 2 xz )2

8
3 xy yz 2 xz

t xy yz 2 xz t P f (t) t 2

8
t 3

Ta cn tm min gi tr ca t
Do ( x y z)2 ( x z)2 y 2 0 2( x2 y 2 z 2 ) 2( xy yz 2xz) 0 t 1
V (2 3) x 2

(2 3) z 2

y2
2 3
2 xy.
2
2

y2
2 3
2 yz.
2
2

( 3 1) x2 ( 3 1) z 2 2 xz.( 3 1)

Cng cc bt ng thc trn li ta c t

1
42 3

Kho st hm s ta c P f (t ) f (1) 3

x y z y x z 0
1
1
( x, y, z ) (
, 0,
)
2
2
2
x y z 1
2
2

ng thc xy ra khi

Nhn xt: Vic tm max ca t trn l khng cn thit, nhng cho y v chc
chn ta nn tm c chn trn v chn di ca bin
VD41: www.moon.vn
Cho a, b, c 0, a b c 1
Tm GTNN ca P

1
1
1

2
3 9b 6 36c
2(2a 1)

Bi lm
tng a v bin a theo bt ng thc sau
1
1
4
1
(2 1) 2
1

3 9b 6 36c 12 36b 6 36c 12 36b 6 36c 6 4a

ng thc xy ra khi
Khi P

2
1

b 2c
12 36b 6 36c

1
1

f (a )
2
6 4a
2(2a 1)
1
2

1
2

3
8

Xt f '(a) 0 a f (a) f ( ) P

3
8

1 1 1
2 3 6

ng thc xy ra khi (a, b, c) ( , , )

VD42: chuyn Lo Cai
Cho x, y, z 0 tha mn x y 1 z
x3 y 3
Tm GTLN ca P
( x yz )( y xz )( z xy )2

Bi lm
Bt ng thc i xng x, y nn Pmax ( x yz)( y xz)( z xy)2 kx3 y3

S dng gi thit ta c P

x3 y 3
( x y )2 ( x 1)3 ( y 1)3

x3 y 3
x2 y 2
S dng AM-GM ta c P

4 xy.( x 1)3 ( y 1)3 4( x 1)3 ( y 1)3

x
2

x
2

Ta c x 1 1 3 3

x2
27 x 2
( x 1)3
4
4

Tng t ta c c ( y 1)3
Pmin

27 y 2
4

4
( x, y, z ) (2, 2,5)
729

VD43: http://nguoithay.vn
Cho x, y, z 0, x y 2 z
x3 y 3
Tm GTLN ca P
(2 x yz )(2 y xz )(2 z xy) 2

VD44: http://nguoithay.vn
Cho a, b, c 0 tha mn 3b2 c2 a2 2(a bc)
Tm GTNN ca P

2a 2 2a 5
4
4

2
bc
( a b)
(a c) 2

Bi lm
Ta s vit P f (a)
T gi thit ta c a2 2a 2bc 3b2 c2 1 bc 1
By gi s l i lng
Nu b c

1
1
theo bc, a

2
( a b)
( a c) 2

1
1
1
1
1
2

, ta hi vng
2
2
2
2
2
( a b)
(a c)
( a b)
(a c)
(a bc )
(a bc )2

bt ng thc ng, nhng rt tic li l 1 bt ng thc sai

Vit

1
1
2.
2
( a b)
a

1
1
1
1
2.
v
2
b
c
(a c)
a
(1 )2
(1 ) 2
a
a

1
1
1 1
1

b 2
c 2
( a b) 2 ( a c ) 2 a 2
(1 )
(1 )
a
a

S dng bt ng thc ph

1
1
1

, x, y 0
2
2
1 xy
(1 x)
(1 y)

1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1

2
2.
2
2
b
c
bc a bc
( a b)
(a c)
a
a
(1 ) 2 (1 ) 2
1 2
a
a
a

Vy P

2a 2 2 a 5
4
4
, do bc 1
2
2a 2 2a 5 2
bc
a bc
a 1

n y ta c th kho st hm s hoc lm nh sau : vit c nh trn ta gin

tip s dng iu kin a bc 1 , nn nu cch lm ng th f (a) f (1) 7
4
(a 1)2 (a 2 a 1)
Ta s chng minh 2a 2a 5 2 7
0
a 1
a2 1
2

Vy ta c pcm
ng thc xy ra khi a b c 1

VD45: http://nguoithay.vn
Cho a, b, c 0 tha mn a2 b2 (a c)2 (b c)2 8
Tm GTLN ca P

a(b c)2 b(a c)2 1

ac
bc
c

Bi lm: tng dn v kho st P f (c)

p dng bt ng thc sau

( x y)2 x 2 y 2

uv
u
v

(b c)2 b2
a(b c)2

c
b2 ac
ac
a
ac

Tng t ta c

a(b c)2
b2 ac
ac

P a 2 b 2 c (a b)

1
1
4 c 2 f (c) , do gi thit
c
c

n y c th kho st hoc p dng lun AM-GM ta c

c2

1
1
1
1
3
c2

33 P 4 3
c
2c 2c
4
4

ng thc xy ra khi
VD46: Cho a, b, c 0, a b c 1
Tm GTNN ca P

1
1

(c 1)(a b 3)
(a b)(b c) (c a)(a b)

Bi lm
Bi ny kh n gin nh sau:
S dng AM-GM ta c

1
1
1
1
4
4
(

) (c 1)(a b 3)
.
(c 1)(4 c)
c 2 3c 4 f (c)
2
( a b) a c b c
1 c a c b c
1 c

Kho st ta c f (c) f (0) 8 P 8

1 1
2 2

ng thc xy ra khi (a, b, c) ( , , 0)

a b c 10
VD47: Cho a, b, c 0 tha mn 1 1 1
1

a b c

Tm GTNN v GTLN ca P a2 b2 c2
Bi lm
P a2 b2 c2 (a b c)2 2(ab bc ac) 100 2abc

Do ta ch cn tm GTNN v GTLN ca Q abc

bc
1
10 a a 1
a 2 (10 a)
Ta c
1

Q abc
f (a)
bc
a
bc
a
a 1

Lp bng bin thin ca hm s ta khng tm c cc tr, do hm s gin on ti

a 1, a 8

Vy P khng c GTNN, GTLN

Bi tp trn ging B-2010
Cho x, y, z

x yz 0
2
2
2
x y z 1

Tm GTLN ca P a5 b5 c5
VD48: Cho a, b, c

abc 0
2
2
2
a b c 1

Tm GTLN ca P (abc)2
Bi lm:
Vi nhng bi ton i xng nh th, ta lun vit c di dng hm s no
Ta c a b c 0 a 2 (b c)2 bc

a 2 (b2 c 2 )
1
a2
2
2

n y ta cn xt 2 trng hp
1
2

1
2

TH1: bc 0 a 2 P a 2 (a 2 )2
1
1
t t a 2 t 0, , P t (t )2
2

1
6

Kho st hm s ta c P f (t ) f ( )
1

2
ta 6

bc
ng thc xy ra khi
abc 0
2
2
2
a b c 1

1
54

2
3

TH2: Tng t ta cng c P f (t ) ( )

1
54

Kt thc bi vit s l phng php UCT ( thng bit n di dng phng trnh
tip tuyn ), dung cho nhng bi m cc bin c lp vi nhau, c vit di dng
hm s P f (a) f (b) f (c)
Ti liu v vn ny c rt nhiu trn din n, c th tham kho ti liu sau:
Phng php h s bt nh
http://diendantoanhoc.net/forum/index.php?/topic/90839-ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ngph%C3%A1p-h%E1%BB%87-s%E1%BB%91-b%E1%BA%A5t%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh-uct/
Phng php UCT V Quc B Cn, Nguyn Thc V Hong
http://diendantoanhoc.net/forum/index.php?/topic/76805-ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ngphap-utc-vo-qu%E1%BB%91c-ba-c%E1%BA%A9n-nguy%E1%BB%85n-thuc-vuhoang/
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