Sng to BT

August 1, 2015

Cu 1: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn 4 ac 3b a b c . Tm gi tr nh nht ca

2

3 a c
b3
P

8(a c) b 2a 2c a b c 2
Hng i: Thot nhn biu thc ca P tht phc tp, nhng hy nhn k, cc biu thc s phn ra 2 phn, 1
phn i xng gm (a,c). V 1 phn khng i xng gm b. Nn cc bn ng qu lo lng. Ct li bi ton
s nm nhng th . V ta d on a c .
2

Gii: a b c b 2 2b ( a c ) a c 4 ac 3b a c 3b b 2( a c ) 3 ( ta s quy cc
biu thc v ac hoc a c hoc a 2 c 2 . V bn ng ngi, c th ht 3 ci , th no cng c ci gn
nht)
V 1 t ta s cn th ny 2( a b c ) 3 b
2

n biu thc P: P

t t

3a c
b3
abc ac

2
8(a c) b 2a 2c a b c
4a c a b c

ac
(ci ny kh m tm iu kin cht ca t, nhng ta ch cn iu kin t>0 l )
abc

P f (t ) t 2

f '(t ) 2t

1
4t

1
1
0t
2
4t
2

Bng bin thin:

Theo bng bin thin,

3
MinP . Du bng xy ra khi
4
1
1
t b 1, a c
2
2
Cu 2: Cho cc s thc x; y; z 0;1 v tha mn x y 1 z . Tim gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

xy 1
x2
y2

2
x y z 3 xy z 9 1 z 2
1

Creation

August 1, 2015

Sng to BT

Hng i: Nhn vo biu thc P ta thy rt chong vng v kh c th suy ngh ra c iu g. Nhng
rt may bi li cho x; y; z 0;1 v x y 1 z nn ta d on x y z 1 (D on trn ch da
vo cm gic m khi cc bn tip xc vi BT thng xuyn)
V cng da vo gi thit, ta s tm cc mi lin h vi P.
i vi dng c iu kin x; y; z 0;1 ta thng c BT sau: 1 x 1 y 0 hoc

1 x 1 y 1 z 0 . Nhng bi ton ny khng c xut hin biu thc lin quan xyz, xy yz zx
hoc x y z nn ta dng nh khng th s dng 1 x 1 y 1 z 0
Nn ta th xoay quanh 1 x 1 y 0 . V ngu nhin t ta c BT xy 1 x y
V c bit ta s cn s dng 1 kt qu m t ai ch , l z 2 z (v z z 1 0 z 0;1 )
Gii: 1 x 1 y 0 xy 1 x y v z 2 z
V ta c x 2 x y z;

y 2 x y z (v x; y; z 0;1 )

Ta tip tc c 1 z 1 z x y 1 xy
T , P

t t

xy 1
x y z x y z
xy 1
4 x yz

.
x y z 3 xy 1 9 xy 1 x y z 9 xy 1

xy 1
4
4 3
, t 0 P t 2 t.
x y z
9t
9t 4

Vy MinP

4
2
xy 1
2
khi t
x y z 1
3
3
x y z 3

Cu 3: Cho a, b, c 0; 2 v a b c 3 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

P 9 a 2 b2 c 2

a 3 b3 c3 a 2 b2 c 2 5
ab bc ca 5

Ta d on du bng khi 1 s bng 0, 1 s bng 1 v s cn li bng 2.

Gii:
Cch 1: Bi ton c tnh hon v gia cc bin nn gii quyt bi ton ny ta phi gi s

a max a; b; c a 1; 2 . Nn ta c BT a 1 a 2 0

Creation

Sng to BT

August 1, 2015

Mt khc a 3 b3 c3 a 3 b c 3bc b c a 3 b c a 3 3 a 9 a 2 3a 3

n y ta c th kho st hm s tm max ca 9 a 2 3a 3 . Tuy nhin, nu v du bng th ta s

bin i 9 a 2 3a 3 9 a 1 a 2 9 9

a 3 b3 c3 9
Tng t
2

a 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 b c 2bc a 2 b c a 2 3 a 2a 2 6 a 9 2 a 1 a 2 5 5
V cui cng l n ab bc ca

Vy P 9 5

a b c

a2 b2 c2
2

9 a 2 b2 c2
2

9 5 5 19
.
25
7

bc 0

Du bng khi a 1 a 2 0 a; b; c 1;0; 2 cng cc hon v.

a b c 3

Nhng trc quan hn ta c th bin i v 1 bin kho st hm s nh sau:

Cch 2: P 2 ab bc ca

13 2 ab bc ca
ab bc ca 5

t t ab bc ca, t 2;3 P 2t

f ' t 2

23

t 5

P f 2

2t 13
f t
t 5

0 f t ng bin trn 2;3

19
7

Cu 4: Cho cc s thc khng m tha x y 1 z . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:

4z
5
2 z xy z
2
1 x 1 y

Hng i: Nhn vo bi ton ta d on x y z 1 2 x

Creation

Sng to BT

August 1, 2015

2 2 x 1
x 1

f ' x

2 x 1

2 2 x 1
5
1
3x f x
2 x 1
2
2
x 1

2x 3
3 . Thy x 0 l nghim ca f ' x 0
x 1 x 1

Vy ta d on x y 0; z 1
Gii: V d on x y 0 v biu thc P c cha 1 x 1 y nn rt nhiu kh nng ta s s dng
BT ph 1 x 1 y 1 1 x y (BT ny c s dng nhiu trong cc k thi HSG)
Mnh s chng minh bng cch tng ng:

1 x 1 y 1 1 x y 2 x y 2 1 x 1 y 2 x y 2 1 x y

x 1 y 1

1 x y xy 0 (lun ng)

Suy ra 1 x 1 y 1 1 x y 1 z

Mt khc z x y 1 z xy x y 1 xy x 1 y 1

x y 2

z 1

4z
5
4z
3
z 1 z
z 1 f z
2
1 z
1 z 2

f ' z

2 z 4

1 z

1 z 3 z 5
3 4 z 8 3 z 2 z 1

0
2
2
2
2 1 z
2 1 z

z 1
V bng bin thin, ta c MaxP f 1

3
khi x y 0; z 1
2

kh v hay hn mnh xin a ra 1 cu vi t duy tng t:

Cu 5: Cho cc s thc khng m tha x y 1 z . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:

2z 2
2 z xy 2 z
1 x 2 y

Creation

Sng to BT

August 1, 2015

Gii: 1 x 2 y 1 2 x y 1 z 1

z x y 1 z xy x y 1 xy x 1 y 1

x y 2

2 2 z 1 1
2z 2
z 1 2 z
z 1 2 2
1 z 1
1 z 1

z 1 2

z 1

z 1 1 z 1 2

42 2 42 2

Vy MaxP 4 2 2 khi x y 0; z 1
Cu 6: Cho cc s dng a; b; c . Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:

P
3

2 a b c 1
3

2
a 1 b 1 c 1

Hng i: Nhn vo biu thc ca P ta thy a, b, c c vai tr nh nhau nn ta d on a b c 1

Khi P

2 3a3 1

f ' a

a 1

3a 2

3a

1 2 3a 1
3

f a

a 1

0 . n y ta dng my tnh SOLVE th thy a 1 l nghim

ca phng trnh trn.

V vy ta d on a b c 1
Gii: Trc tin ta cn chng minh
3

a b

a b

a3 b3 ab a b a3 a 2b b3 b 2 a 0 a b a 2 b 2 0

a b a b 0 lun ng.

Tng t ta chng minh: c

a 3 b3 c3 1

Creation

c 1
1
4

(v ta d on c 1 )

1
1
3
3
3
a b c 1 a b c 1

16
4

August 1, 2015

Sng to BT

V ta dng AM-GM cho ba s: a 1 b 1 c 1

Do P

27

2
54

a b c 1 a b c 3 3

t t a b c 3, t 3 P

f ' t

a b c 3

t 2

2
54
3 f t
t2 t

162
2
0 t 4 81 t 2
4
t

t 3

0 t 2 9t 18 t 2 9t 18 0 t 6

t 9 3 17

M t 3 t 6
V bng bin thin th ta thy P f 6

1
khi a b c 1
4

Cu 7: Cho a, b, c 0 tha c 1 v a b c 3 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

a 2 b2
3 1
c
a 1 b 1 c 1 8 8

Nhn vo BT ta c th d on a b v chc chn bi ton s a v dn bin c.

Gii:

2 a b

2 3 c
3 1
3 1
c
c f c
Cch 1: P
2
2
a b 2 c 1 8 8 5 c c 1 8 8
2 c 3 c 5 2 c 1 c 3 2 2 c 5 c 1 c 5 2
1

f '(c ) 0 2
4
2
8 0 (khc ny o
c

5
c

hm hi thm)
Nn f c nghch bin.

P f 1 0 khi a b c 1

Creation

Sng to BT

August 1, 2015

Nhng cch ny chng ta s mt thi gian cho cng vic o hm v tm nghim o hm. Chnh v vy
mnh s a thm 1 cch na cc bn c th so snh vi cch 1.
Cch 2: ta thy c 1 v d on a b nn ta th ngm a b c 1 v ta c cch no sau
2

27 a b
3 c 3 1 c
a 2 b2
3 1
3 1
P
c
c
3
16
8 8
a 1 b 1 c 1 8 8 2 a b c 3 8 8

c 2 4c 3 1 c 3 c

0
16
16
Vy MinP 0 khi a b c 1
C hai cch u c nhng u im v khuyt im, nhng quan trng vn l ng dng ca chng ta vo
chng, hy th sng to theo hng ca chnh mnh ri cc bn s hiu ti sao li c kt qu nh th.
Cu 8: Cho 3 s thc dng x; y; z tha iu kin xy z 2 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

z2
z2
x2 y 2

x2 z 2 y 2 z 2
z2

y l dng bt ng thc rt quen thuc v ta d dng d on x y khi y ta li c thm x 2 z 2 . Nh

vy, rt nhiu kh nng bi ton s a y ta v x y z
Gii: t a

x
1
z

x
y
; b ab 1 a 2 b2 2ab 2
z
z

1
1
4
x y

a2 b2
a2 b2
2
2
2
2
2
z
z
1

a
1

b
2

b
y

t t a 2 b 2 2, t 4 P

4
t 2
t

n y ta c th kho st hm s hoc dng Cauchy (AM-GM) nh sau:

4
3
4 t 3
t 2 t 2 2 .4 2 3 t 4
t
4
t 4 4

Vy MinP 3 khi x y z
Cu 9: Cho cc s thc dng x; y tha mn x y xy . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

Creation

August 1, 2015

Sng to BT

x2 y 2 x2 y 2
xy 3
x3 y

x2 1
y2 1 x2 2 y y2 2 x

R rng BT ny s a ta n x y 2 . T ta s i g ri t t.
Gii: 0 x y xy 2 xy xy xy 4 xy 1

y2
1
1
x2
P x2 y 2 2
2 xy. 2
2

x 1 y 1
x 2y y 2y
n y ta thy xy 1 nn dng BT

1
1
2
2

x 1 y 1 1 xy
2

x y
2
V vy P x y .
xy. 2
1 xy
x y2 2 x y
2

xy x y
4 xy
4 xy

xy
2
1 xy x y 2 xy 1 xy
t t xy, t 4 P

f '(t )

1 t

4t
t
1 t

1 0 f (t ) ng bin trn 4;

Vy P f (4)

36
khi x y 2
5

Cu 10: Cho cc s dng x; y tha x 2 y 2

3
x y 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
2

8x
x4 2 x2 y 2 8 y y 4 4 x2 y

y x y
x x y
x y

Gii:
Ta s thm cho P mt cht th ny: P

8x
x4 2 x2 y2 8 y y 4
4x2 y2

y x y
x x y
y x y

V bi ton ny nu k th ta s thy bc ca biu thc trn t ca P chia thnh 2 loi l bc 1 v bc 4. T

ta c cch nhm sau
8

Creation

August 1, 2015

Sng to BT

x4 2x2 y 2 y 4

4 x2 y 2
x
y
P

x x y
y x y y x y x x y

x 2 y 2 2

4 x2 y 2
x
y

x x y y x y y x y x x y

x2 y 2

x
y
4x2 y2

P c chia thnh hai loi l i xng

v bt i xng

y x y x x y
x x y y x y
V vi bt c hc sinh no th n con ng ny ta s liu c cho x y (ta da v gi thit bi
2

x2 y 2
x y

3
4x2 y2
2
2
2
1 x y 2 v biu thc
p dng BT

x y 1 x y
x x y y x y
2
2
2

Scharwz.)

y 2 2 xy

x y 16
8 x y x y
16
P

2
x x y y x y x y y x x y
x y
4
x y
t t x y , t 1; 2 P t 2

16
f (t )
t

n y ta c th kho st hm s hoc s dng Cauchy (AM-GM) nh sau:

8 8
8 8
P t 2 3. 3 t 2 . . 12
t t
t t
Vy MinP 12 khi x y 1

Cu 11: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

49
1
1
4
.

50 4a 3c 4 bc 2c 3a 4b 2 8 2 5a 6b 2 32c 2

Gii: Nhn vo biu thc P ta ngh ngay n vic thot cn ca 4 bc v

49
1
1
4
.

50 4a 4b 4c 2c 3a 4b 2 8 5a 6b 4c

Creation

2 5a 6b 32c 2 . Tht vy:

August 1, 2015

Sng to BT

72
72
20 2
4

400 a b c 400 a b c 400 2c 3a 4b 2 8 5a 6b 4c

342
4

400 5a 6b 4c 2 8 5a 6b 4c

t t 5a 6b 4c 2, t 0

342
4

f t
400t t 6

f 't

6t 204 74t 204 0 t 34

2
400t 2 t 6

5a 6b 4c
a 2
3

b 1
V bng bin thin ta suy ra MinP f 34
khi c 4b
200
5a 6b 4c 2 34 c 4

Cu 12: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha ab 2c . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

a 1 5
10c 2
3
a
b

Ta s d on a b 1 v c

1
2

Gii:
Cch 1: Nhn vo biu thc P ta thy c xut hin
GM sao cho

5
1
1
v 2 3 lm ta lin tng n vic bin i AMb
a
a

1
1
5
3 v dng . V th ta lm nh sau:
2
a
a
a

a 1 5
5 5
1 1
5
10c 2 2 3 1 1 1 10c 2 3 10c 2 3
3
a
b
a b
a a
b

10
5 2
10c 2 3
10c 2 3
ab
c

10

Creation

August 1, 2015

Sng to BT

c
5
c 2t 2 P 40t 4 3 f t
2
t

t t

f ' t 160t 3

5
1
0t
2
t
2

1 19
2 2

V bng bin thin v ta thy MinP f

Vy MinP

19
1
khi a b 1; c
2
2

Nhng vi cch gii trn ta s thy tht g b v khng t nhin nn mnh xin dn cch 2 nh sau:
Cch 2: P

a 1 5
1 1 5a
10c 2 2 3
10c 2
3
a
b
a
a 2c

Bi ton tr thnh hai bin v vic cn li ta s s dng AM-GM loi b ht h s a v c . Ch

1
1
a
1
3
2c 2
2
2a
2a
4c
2

1
1
1
1
a
1
P 2 2 3 3 10. 5.2c 2 1919 2
2 a 2 a 2a 2 a
4c
2a
Vy MinP

1
. 3
2a

19
1
khi a b 1; c
2
2

Cu 13: Cho a, b, c 2 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

a 2 2ab 2 2 b 2 2bc 2 2 c 2 2ca 2 2

P

abc 8 a b c
b
c
a
Gii: P

a 2 2ab 2 2 b 2 2bc 2 2 c 2 2ca 2 2

abc 8 a b c
b
c
a

a 2 b2 c 2
1 1 1
2 ab bc ca 2 abc 8 a b c
b
c a
a b c

Ta c:

a2
b 2a
b

11

Creation

b2
c 2b
c

c2
a 2c
a

10

5
19
a
. . 2c 2
2
4c

August 1, 2015

Cng v theo v ta c

Sng to BT

a2 b2 c2
abc
b
c a

a, b, c 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 0 abc 2 ab bc ca 4 a b c 8 0

abc 2 ab bc ca 4 a b c 8

18
1 1 1
8 5a b c
8
abc
a b c

T 1 v 2 P 5 a b c 2

t t a b c, t 6 P 5t

f 't

18
8 f t
t

5t 2 18 5.62 18

0 f t ng bin trn 6; P f 6 41
t2
t2

Vy MinP 41 khi a b c 2
Cu 14: Cho x, y, z 1 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
2

P x y z xy yz xz xyz

1
1

x 2 y x 2z

Gii: Theo gi thit x, y, z 1 x 1 y 1 z 1 0 xyz xy yz zx x y z 1 0

xyz xy yz zx 1 x y z
V

1
1
4
2

x 2 y x 2z x 2 y x 2z x y z
2

P x y z x y z

2
1
x y z

t t x y z , t 3 P t 2 t

f ' t 2t 1

Vy MinP

12

2
1 f t
t

3
2
2 2t 3 t 2 2 t 2 t t 1
23

0 t 3 P f 3
2
2
t
t
3

23
khi x y z 1
3

Creation