: IV

IV
1.
, ,
. , .
, ,

. , x y ,
z = xy.
1.1.
.
. ,
S = {(1,2), (1,3), (2,4), (3,4), (5,6)}
S : 12, 13, 24, 34 56.
A = { 1, 2, 3, 5},

B = {2, 3, 4, 5}.

, S. .
(f) (D) (K),
x D y K.
f : x y,

y = f(x).

(D) , ,
(K) , , .
, .
1.1.1. f : x y, x = y2,
, . , 9 3 ,
9, , 3, .
1.1.2. f : x y, x2 = y,
, . , 3 9 ,
.
f-1, ,
f, .

1.
1

 : IV
, A B,
B ,
, . ,
A B, 1-1 ,
.
B ()
, .
. , ,
, . .
()
y = x2 2x 3
.
f : x y
.

.
( x = 2)
( y = -3)
. ,

.
.

x = 0, y = -3. ,
. ,
x = 1,
- ()
( x > 1), .
, .
,
. ,
. :
(xD) f(-x) = f(x) ,
(xD) f(-x) = -f(x) .
, , y = x4 5x2 ,
y = x3 5x . . ()
, () .
( - ),
( ).

1.
2

 : IV
,
( ).

-, ,
. , , -.
, -, ,
.
f (a,b) D, x1, x2 (a,b)
x1 x2 f(x1) f(x2).
(<), .
f (a,b) D, x1, x2 (a,b)
x1 x2 f(x1) f(x2).
(<), (>),
.
, , . ()
x 1.58, (

-1.58, x = 0, x =

x < ) . () x -

-1.29, x (-

), x

1.29.

1.
3

 : IV
- () .
() , .
() ()
().
f m M (xD) m f(x) M. ,
(m)(xD) m f(x), f(x) M.
1.1.3.
1.

) .

1 0 1 2

f
3 2 3 1

) ?
) , ?
2. y = f(x)
f(2x 3) = 3x + 2,

2 x 1 3x 2
,
f

x 2 2x 3

1
2 f ( x) 3 f 2 x 3 .
x

, ?
3.
y = |x| - 1,
4.

y = |x 2| + 1,

y = |x + 1| - 2.

f(x) = x2 4x 5,
f(x) = x3 3x,
, ?

f(x) = x4 2x2.

5. ()

f ( x)

2x 1
,
3x 2

f ( x)

2 x 2x
,
2

f ( x) sin x cos x .

6.
y = sin x + cos x,

2 | x | 1
,
| x | 1

3x 2 12 x 10
.
x 2 4x 3

1.
4

 : IV
1.2.
.
. ,
: , , ,
,
1. (),
2. ,
3. .
, .
, .
, f(x) = 5 , .
- .

f(x) = anxn + an-1x n-1 + + a1x + a0,
an, an-1, , a1, a0 . ,
f(x) = x2 4x + 3,
. x = 1 x = 3.
, , (1 < x
< 3) . (2,-1),
. ,
.

f(x) = x3 3x2 x + 3.
x1 = -1, x2 = 1, x3 = 3,
( ) .
, = 0,
f(0) = 3,
, f .

,
()

3 2 3 0,15

3
2,15
( ) -
(),
(), +.
,
. ,

1.
5

 : IV
. , n n - 1
- n , . n .
, r(x) =

, g f

() . f g .
x = x0 , f(x0) = 0,
r(x). , , g(a) = 0, x = a
r(x). , x = a ,
, . , x = a
f(x) f(x) x .
1.2.1.

, :
1.

r1 ( x)

x2
x = -2 x = 1,
x 1

x2 4
2 x = 1,
x 1
x2
3. r3 ( x) 2
-2 x = 1.
x 1
2.

r2 ( x)

, , (-,0) ,
(0,+) .
() f = -2, x = 0.

1.
6

 : IV
, .
x0 r(x) =

, .
r(x) = f(x)/g(x) , f(x) g(x) .
1.2.2.

( x 1)( x 2)
x 1

.
x2
( x 2)( x 2)

, ,
, . x + 2 0. (x = 2)
, -1/2.
. ,
y(x) = x2 4x + 3 2. fm(x) gn(x) m n,
fm(x)/gn(x) m n.

. , .

.
1.2.3.

r ( x)

x 6 3x 4 x 3 5 x 2 4 x 7
.
x 4 5x 2 4

r ( x) x 2 2

x 3 x 2 4x 1
.
x 4 5x 2 4

1.
7

 : IV

Ax B
A
x 2
,
n
( x px q) n
( x x0 )

n = 1, 2, 3, , A, B, x0, p, q
p2 4q < 0, , .
, . g(x) = (x x1)(x x2)(x xn), r(x)

r ( x)

f m ( x)
An
A1
A2

...
g n ( x) x x1 x x2
x xn

A1, A2, , An . , .

g n ( x) ( x x1 ) j1 ( x x2 ) j2 ...( x xk ) jk , , j1 j2 ... j k n ,
r(x)

r ( x)

A1 j1
A11
A12

...

x x1 ( x x1 ) 2
( x x1 ) j1

A2 j2
A21
A22

...

2
x x2 ( x x2 )
( x x2 ) j2
...

Akj2
Ak1
Ak 2

...

.
x xk ( x xk ) 2
( x x k ) jk

k,
r(x)

r ( x)

Ak x Bk
A1 x B1
A2 x B2

...
.
2
2
2
ax bx c (ax bx c)
(ax 2 bx c) k

.
f ( x) 5x 3 x , f ( x)

2x 1
, ... .
3x 2 2

1.2.4.
1. -2, 1, 3, 1.
2. 2 4, 4 ,
4.

1.
8

 : IV
3.

5
,
x4

2 x
,
3 x

x 2 2x
,
2 x

x2
.
x2 1

4. (2x4 + x3 - 3x2 + x 1) : (x2 2x).

[ 2x2 + 5x + 7, 15x 1, :

}
5. :

2 x 3 x 2 3x 1
,
f ( x)
x2 1

x3 x2 x
,
f ( x)
x2 x

x 4 x 3 2x 2 x
.
f ( x)
x2 x

6. :

4 x 13
2x 3
x2 4
,
,
y
(
x
)

y
(
x
)

,
x2 x 6
x2 x
3x 3 4 x 2 4 x
x 3 10 x 2 3x 36
x 2 29 x 5
x 4 5 x 3 6 x 2 18
y
y ( x)
(
x
)

,
,
y
(
x
)

.
( x 4) 2 ( x 2 3)
( x 1)( x 2 4) 2
x 3 3x 2
2
1
2x 1
5
x2
x
2 6
2
[,
,
, x2 2
.]
2

2
2
2
x x
x3
x 4 ( x 4)
x 3 x 1 x 4 ( x 4)
y ( x)

7*. a, b, p, q
x3 + 15x2 + 3x+ 5 = p(x a)3 + q(x b)3,

x3 + 15x2 + 3x + 5 = 0.
[x

2 3 3

2 3 3

8*. a, b, c
1.
9

 : IV

x 3 ax 2 bx c x 3 bx 2 cx a x 3 cx 2 ax b

x 1
x2
x3
.
[a = 4.2, b = -0.9, c = -4.3]
1.3
. :
1.
2.
3.
4.

,
,
,
.

1.3.1.
b > 0 , b 1. f : R R+
(xR) f(x) = bx
b.
,
(R)
. (R+)
.
, b > 1, f ,
b < 1, f .
, ()
e = 2,71828 ,

-1 0,36788.

.
, ,
.

1.3.2.
b
f(x) = logb x.

1.
10

 : IV
(R+) , .
, f(f-1(x)) = x f-1(f(x)) = x,
(x R+) b logb x x , (x R) log b b x x .
log b b 1 log b 1 0 . , (x1,x2 > 0):

log b ( x1 x2 ) log b x1 log b x2 , log b

x1
log b x1 log b x2 ,
x2

b x1 b x2 b x1 x2 b x1 : b x2 b x1 x2 ,
(x R) (a > 0) log b a x x log b a .
y
x

, log b a y , a b , . a b ,
x

y
log b a ,
x

. y x log b a . , ,
. , c > 0, 1

log b x

log c x
.
log c b

(log b x) (log c b) log c b logb x log c x .

log b c

1
.
log c b

, ,
,

I III (y = x).
:
e = 2,71828 -1 0,36788.
10,
,
(log naturalis), ,
:
log10 x = log x, ln x = loge x.

1.
11

 : IV
1.3.3.
, sin : R [-1,+1], 2.
, . ().
, cos : R [-1,+1], , 2.
, ,

- . , .
, tg : R R, . ,
. x =

, k Z.

, ctg : R R, .
, x = k, k Z.

-, .

y = sin x -

y = cos x -

y = tg x

y = ctg x

(xR):

1.
12

 : IV

sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 , sin x cos x , tg x ctg x .

2

sin( x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y , cos( x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y ,

tg( x y )

ctg x ctg y 1
tg x tg y
, ctg( x y )
.
1 tg x tg y
ctg y ctg x

sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x , cos 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x , tg 2 x

2 tg x
.
1 tg 2 x

sin x sin y 2 sin

cos x cos y 2 cos

x y
x y
x y
x y
, sin x sin y 2 cos
,
cos
sin
2
2
2
2
x y
x y
x y
x y
, cos x cos y 2 sin
.
cos
sin
2
2
2
2

1
sin x sin y [cos( x y) cos( x y)] ,
2
1
cos x cos y [sin( x y) sin( x y)] ,
2
1
sin x cos y [sin( x y) sin( x y)] .
2
1.3.4.
.

1.
13

 : IV

,
,
2 2

. arc sin = sin-1 : [-1,+1]

sin(arc sin x) = x (|x| < 1), arc sin(sin x) = x (x [-/2, +/2].).

, [0,].
, arc cos = cos-1 : [-1, 1] [0, ].

, .
2 2

, arc tg = tg-1 : R

, arc ctg = ctg-1 : R (0, ).

,
/2 - .
1.3.5.
, , :

sh x

e x ex
e x ex
sh x
ch x
, ch x
, th x
, cth x
.
2
2
ch x
sh x

.
1.3.6.
1. -

3 x 3 x
,
2
tg x
,
f ( x)
x

f ( x)

3 x 3 x
,
2
cos x
,
f ( x)
x

f ( x)

f ( x) x 3 3x sin x ,
f ( x) 2 sin x 5 ctg x .

2. -

y ( x) log

3x 4
,
2x 3

y( x) log 2 (3x 2 5x 2) ,

y( x) 2 ln 2 x 7 ln x 4 .

3.

z ( x) 4 x 6 2 x 8 ,

z ( x) log

x 1
,
x 1

z ( x) [ln( x 3)]1 .

4.
1.
14

 : IV

y sin

2x
,
3

y tg x ctg 2 x ,

y sin

x
3x
cos .
2
5

5. f ( x) a sin x b cos x ,

3 sin x 4 cos x ,

(3 tg x 4 ctg x) sin 2 x .

2 cos x 5 sin x ,

6.

cos 1 x cos 1 ( x) ,

cos 1 x sin 1 x

tg 1 x ctg 1 x

1.4
y g, . y = y(g), g x, . g = g(x), y
x.
y = y[g(x)], y = f(x).
, f(x) = log2(x2 + 3x + 5) (g = x2 + 3x + 5)
(y = log2 g).
(. explicare , )

y f (x) .
, , .
. , ,
, , :

y 2x 3 , y x 2 2x 3 , y 9 x 2 .
(. Implicare , )

F ( x, y) 0 .
, .
,

x2 y2

1 0 .
25 16
,
. ,
, . , ,
-

xy cos y 0 .

1.
15

 : IV
, a y = f(x)
, . f

f ( f 1 ( x)) x , f 1 ( f ( x)) x ,
(f o f-1)(x) = (f-1 o f)(x) = x.
, (P) (a),
, , .

P a2 , a P .
y = x, I III
.
() y x 2 , 0 (), y

(), I III ( ). ()
y e x y ln x , = 2,71828... .

1.4.1.
1.

2 5 x 3 ,

5 tg x 3 ,

cos(5x 3) sin(5x 3) .

2.

xy 2 0 ,

b 2 x 2 a 2 y 2 a 2b 2 ,

2 x 2 3xy y 2 2 x 3 y 4 0 .

1.
16

 : IV
3.

m0

v
1
c

4. .
5.

y x,

x2 y2 r 2 ,

1
.
x

.
6.

x 2 3x 2 ,

x3 9 ,

x x.

x 2x 0 ,

sin x log 2 x .

7.

x 2 ( x 2) 2 8 ,

1.
17

 : IV

IV .......................................................................................................... 1
1. .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. .................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 ............................................................................................................ 10
1.4 ........................................................................................................................ 15

1.
18