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Introduction to WCDMA
Outline
WCDMA handovers.
Soft handover.
Softer handover.
Frequency Hopping: The signal is spread by changing the frequency over the
transmitted time of the signal:
Fast frequency hopping.
Slow frequency hopping.
Time Hopping: The data is divided into frames, that itself are divided into time
intervals. The data is burst is hopped over the frames by utilising code sequences.
Background of SS
f2
f1
f3
f1
f3
f2
f1
f1
f3
f2
f1
f1
f3
f2
f1
f3
f2
f2
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
z
kH
f1
00
50
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
Frequency
PN
generator
Mod-2
adder
modulator
I
PN
generator
Local
oscillator
Q
PN
generator
Mod-2
adder
modulator
Adder
Symbol
Spreading
Data
Chip
Spreading
Code
Data x Code
Spreading
Code
Data
Despreading
Own Spreading
Code
-1
+1
Own Data x Code
Despreading
Spreading
Code
-1
+1
-1
+1
Data after
multiplication
-1
+4
Data after
integration
-4
Other Spreading
Code
-1
+1
Other Data x Code
Despreading
Own Spreading
Code
Data after
multiplication
Data after
integration
-1
+1
-1
+1
-1
+4
-4
Codes (1)
Channelisation codes used for channel separation from the same source.
Scrambling codes.
Long Codes:
Good correlation properties.
Uplink: different users.
Downlink: different BS.
C41=(1,1,1,1)
C21=(1,1)
C42=(1,1,-1,-1)
C11=(1)
C43=(1,-1,1,-1)
C22=(1,-1)
C44=(1,-1,-1,1)
SF1
SF2
SF3
LSB
clong,2,n
DL scrambling sequences:
1+X7+X18
1+X5+X7+ X10+X18
clong,1,n
xn ( t )
yn ( t )
rn (t )
radio
channel
cn (t )
PSK
demodulator
correlator
znn (t )
x (t )
decision
circuit
n(t )
xn ( t )
cn (t )
sn (t )
symbol duration.
Channel Repeating
M 1
A multipath channel: h( , t ) = h e ( )
Received signal is convolution of the received signal and the channel.
y (t ) = h e s ( t )
k =0
L 1
l =0
j2
j2
kt
kt
amplitude
amplitude
amplitude
amplitude
chips
10
second tap
0
-1
0
1
chips
10
third tap
0
-1
0
1
chips
10
received signal
0
-1
0
6
chips
10
Modified
Combined
with channel
symbol
estiamate
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #3
Channel can rotate the signal to any phase and to any amplitude.
QPSK symbols carry information in phase.
Energy splitted to many finger -> combining.
Maximal ratio combining corrects channel phase rotation and weights
components with channel amplitude estimate.
Same method used also for antennae combining (BTS, MS), and softer
handover (BTS), and soft/softer handover (MS)
Correlator
Code
Generators
Delay
Equalizer
Channel
Estimator
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #3
Timing (Finger Allocation)
Matched
filter
Combiner
Own Spreading
Code
-1
+1
-1
+1
Despreading
Spreading
Code
Data after
multiplication
path 1
Data after
multiplication
path 2
Data after
integration
Path 1
Data after
integration
path 2
-1
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1
-1
+4
-4
+4
-4
1
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.4
0
0.3
0.2
-0.2
0.1
-0.4
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
Matched filter
Predefined Parallel data
tap 127
tap 126
...
tap 0
Register 1
X
Incoming
Serial data
X
tap 127
tap 126
...
tap 1
Register 2
j l
Pk ,l e mk ,1 sk ( t uk ,l ) sk ( t ) dt
T
zk (t ) = 1T
0
L
+
Pk ,l e jl mk ,0 sk ( t uk ,l ) sk (t )dt
n
l
,
Pk ,l e jl mk sk ( t l ) + n ( t )
j k ,l
j k ,l
z ( t ) = Pk ,l e
mk ,1 sk ( t uk ,l ) sk ( t ) dt + Pk ,l e
mk ,0 sk ( t uk ,l ) sk (t )dt
L
un ,l
T1
un ,l
+
N L T1
n k
Pn ,l e
j n ,l
mn , 1 sn ( t un ,l ) sk ( t ) dt +
T0
un ,l
Pn ,l e
j n ,l
mn ,0 sn ( t un ,l )
sk (t )dt
+ n ( t ) sk ( t ) dt
T
n.
mn is the transmitted symbol to user n.
demodulator.
un ,l Delay of the user n path compared to the
user k path.
Example.
Assume:
Single symbol transmission with single symbol transmission.
Only one multipath component for each user ( L=1 ) and a real channel.
Single cell network.
2
MAI
= E Pn mi Rn ,k ( ui )
nNk
n2 = E n0 (t ) sk (t )
T
= E {n0 (t )n0 (u )}sk (t ) sk (u )dtdu
N N
= E PP
i j mi m j Rik ( ui ) R jk ( u j )
ii =0k jj =0k
T T
=
T T
2
= PP
i j E {mi m j } Rik ( ui ) R jk ( u j ) = PR
i ik ( ui )
N
i = 0 j =0
i k j k
i =0
i k
N0
(t u )sk (t ) sk (u )dtdu
2
N0 2
N
sk (t )dt = 0 Rkk (0)
2 T
2
P
R
(0)
E
k
kk
Pbe = Q
= Q
N0
2
Pn Rnk (un ) + 2 Rkk (0)
I +
N
n
k
In the asynchronous case when the delay u is uniformly distributed over the
symbol interval, the expected value of the correlation function ratio is about:
Rnk2 (un )
1
E 2
R
(0)
kk
3Gc
where Gc = N =
Rc
chip rate
=
= processing gain
Rs symbol rate
E
=
I +
Pk
Rnk2 (un )
+
Pn 2
(0)
R
N
kk
N0
2
Rkk (0)
nk
Pk
Rs
+
P
n
3W
N
Assume: Pk = Pn
N0
2
Rs
nk
If the target SIR ratio given we can estimate the average capacity in the cell.
Assumptions made:
Powers have the same level:
Near far effect.
power control suitable for uplink.
No intracell interference:
can be considered by the intracell interference factor.
Other cells change the transmission power in the same way than the users cell.
Orthogonality:
In downlink all the codes from one BS synchronous - codes orthogonal - no
interference.
Multipath channel ruins orthogonality.
Can be considered in downlink as orthogonality factor.
E
I +
I
Total interference
= the noise density in demodulator =
W
entire spread bandwidth
Pn
received signal power
= received energy per bit =
Rn
data rate
I = ( N 1) Pn
SIR =
W
W
CIR =
R
R
Pk
(1 ) Pn +
N
n k
P0,0
K0 1
P
k =1
k ,0
N K j 1
+ Pk , j +
j =1 k =1
P0 ,0
CIR
+ P1,0 + ... + PK 0 ,0 +
P0 ,0
P1 ,0
CIR
+ ... + PK 0 ,0 +
K j 1
Pk , j + = 0
j =1 k =1
K j 1
j =1 k =1
Pk , j + = 0
M
P0 ,0 + P1,0 + ...
PK 0 ,0
CIR
K j 1
j =1 k =1
Pk , j + = 0
where
Pk ,i
M
S
2
M
S
3
Received power at BS
Received power at BS
Radio tower
M
S
1
M
S
1
M
S
2
M
S
3
Downlink: Beacause of the nature of attenuation at the cell border the users
experience higher interference that near to the BS. They have high level of
interfering signals from own BS and from other BS.
Amplitude
Uplink
Power control in uplink must make signal powers from different users nearly
equal in order to maximise the total capacity in the cell.
Downlink
In downlink the power control must keep the signal at minimal required level in
order to decrease the interference to users in other cells.
Time
Channel
Encoder
Source
Encoder
Modulation
Multiple access
interference
Channel
C/I target
Noise
Receiver
Source
Decoder
Power
control
Channel
decoder
FER
Demodulation
BER
C/I
Open Loop PC
What is initial transmission power?
BCCH
RACH/CPCH
- MS sets the initial transmission power Ptr
in RACH/CPCH and waits for ack.
- if no ack during TCPCH
Ptr(i+1) = Ptr(i) + P
Uses channel in other direction for transmitting the order for power change.
coder
decoder
m odulator
channel
dem odulator
dem odulator
channel
m odulator
coder
decoder
Control range
uplink
80 dB
downlink 30 dB
Fast PC
Uplink:
Behaviour precisely standardised.
Downlink:
Precise algorithm not standardised
Outer loop PC
Downlink
located in UE, the initial control parameters are set by UTRAN
receives inputs of the quality estimates of the transport channel
Effectiveness of PC (1)
The figure of fading from the file.
Uplink:
In uplink an effective power control follows fading as good as possible.
In the own BS received powers are equal. In other BS high variations.
Downlink:
The power control attempts to estimate the overall interference level in the
cell (system).
The PC attempts to provide good CIR to the as many users as possible.
Intra-system handovers:
Intra-frequency handovers.
MS handover within one cell between different sectors: softer
MS handover between different BS:
Soft.
Hard.
Inter-frequency handovers.
Hard
Inter-system handovers:
Handover between WCDMA <--> GSM900/1800: Hard
Handower between WCDMA/FDD <--> TDD: Hard
WCDMA handovers
Softer handover
Radio tower
Soft handover
User has at the same time connection to more than one BS.
Except PC bits exactly the same information is sent via air interface.
Soft handover probability 20-40 %.
UL/DL processing different.
MS: At Rake Maximal Ratio Combining of signals from different BS.
BS: Frame selection. Extra transmission across Iub.
me
Fra
CN
RNC
info
y
t
i
l
abi
reli
Fra
me
reli
a
bili
ty
Radio tower
info
Radio tower
P
[d b ]
Transmitted power in UL
P
[d b ]
in c re a s e o f
tra n sm itte d p o w e r
Transmitted power in DL
P
[d b ]
C e ll s ite 1
C e ll
b o u n d a ry
C e ll s ite 2
Handover procedure
Signal Strength
Handover margin
Summed Signal
Signal B
Signal A
Time
Cell B
Cell A
Radio tower
Radio tower
Upper threshold: the level at which the signal strength of the connection is at
the maximum acceptable level in respect with the requested QoS.
Lower threshold: is the level at which the signal strength of the connection is
at the minimum acceptable level to satisfied the required QoS. Thus the signal
strength of the connection should not fall below it.
Handover margin: is a predefined parameter, which is set at the point where
the signal strength of the neighbouring cell (B) has started to exceed the signal
strength of current cell (A) by a certain amount and/or for a certain time.
Active Set: is a set of signal branches (Cells) through which the MS has
simultaneously connection to the UTRAN.
Candidate Set: is a list of cells that are not presently used in the soft handover
connection, but whose pilot E/I are strong enough to be added to the active set.
Candidate set is not used in WCDMA handover algorithm.
Neighbour Set: The neighbour set or monitored set is the list of cells that the
mobile station continuously measures, but whose pilot E/I are not stron enough
to be added to the active set.