Chng 10:

TIN CY CUNG CP IN
I. KHI NIM V TIN CY
1. Khi nim
H thng in khi lm vic th s xut
hin s c, tn sut xut hin s c ph
thuc vo cht lng ca cc thit b,
phng thc vn hnh ca h thng, cc
yu t khch quan, nh gi c
mc an ton trong vn hnh ca cc
h thng, ngi ta a ra khi nim v
tin cy.

Hnh 10.1 S c trn h thng

nh ngha tin cy nh sau: tin

cy l xc sut lm vic tt ca mt
thit b trong mt chu k di cc iu
kin vn hnh c th nghim.

tin cy ca h thng in phn loi thnh hai hng c bn

p ng h thng

An ninh h thng

p ng h thng
Lin quan n kh nng lm vic ca my pht, li truyn ti, li phn phi
trong vic cung cp in ti khch hng.
S p ng s lin quan n cc iu kin tnh ca h thng.
An ninh h thng
An ninh h thng ni ln kh nng p ng vi cc nhiu lon xy ra trong chnh
h thng , do vy lin quan vi h thng trng thi ng. Ch rng hu ht
tt c cc k thut hin c dng vo vic tnh ton tin cy ca h thng in
nm trong phm vi nh gi p ng tnh.
Xt mt h thng t khu pht in ( my pht) n khu phn phi, cc phn
khc nhau ca h thng in c nh gi ring bit vi nhau theo khu vc
chc nng tnh ton.

MAY PHAT

TRUYEN TAI

PHAN PHOI
Hnh 10.2 M hnh h thng

Khi s c 3 mc nh gi tin cy h thng

MC I

MAY PHAT

MC II

TRUYEN TAI

MC III

PHAN PHOI

Hnh 10.3 Cc mc nh gi tin cy h thng

Mc th nht :
Nghin cu v kh nng ca h my pht cp in cho ti. H thng truyn ti
khng c xt n mc ny. Ch s tin cy ca mc th nht l Ch S D
Bo Mt Ti (LOLE) v Ch S D Bo Thiu Nng lng Cung Cp (LOEE).
Mc th hai :
Nghin cu v h thng pht v h thng truyn ti cung cp nng lng ti cc
nt ti. Cc nghin cu ny l nh gi hn hp ca h thng. Ch s ca mc II
mang tnh ton cc hay ti mt thanh ci cung cp in gm c tn sut, thi
gian, ph ti v nng lng.
Mc th ba :
Lin quan ti c pht in, truyn ti, phn phi xc nh s tng xng ca
ton h thng cung cp n khch hng.
2

Ch s ca mc th ba ny l ti im tiu th v cc ch s h thng gm c tn
sut, thi gian, ti v nng lng.
Trong gio trnh ny, chng ta ch xt mc th 3.
2. Cc ch s c bn
Cng hng hc ca phn t :
Cng hng hc (t) l xc sut c iu kin mt thit b lm vic trc
thi gian t v pht trin thnh s c trong n v thi gian t thi im t.
Hm cng hng hc ca thit b cng sut. Dng hnh lng mngv c
chia thnh 3 giai on : thi k u, thi k vn hnh, thi k thoi ha.

Giai on
mi xut
xng

Giai on
n nh

Giai on
lo ho
Thi gian

Hnh 10. 4 Hm hng hc

Trong khong thi gian vn hnh, cng hng hc l hng s. Cng

hng hc s gim dn khi thit b mi xut xng, y l thi gian kim tra, vn
hnh th nghim. V cng hng hc s tng dn ti giai on lo ha.
C th nh ngha cng hng hc mt cch n gin hn: Cng hng
hc l s s c trn n v thi gian. Cng hng hc thng c biu din
bng s s c xy ra trn mi km chiu di trong mt nm.
Cng sa cha ( )
Cc thit b in lc nh my pht,my bin p,ng dy u c th sa cha
lm vic li.Trong thi gian phc v chng c cc trng thi nh:vn hnh,s
c, sa cha, quy hoch, bo tr,
nh ngha cng sa cha: Xc sut c iu kin mt thit b c sa
cha trc thi gian t v c a vo vn hnh trong n v thi gian t
Thi gian trung bnh gia hng hc ( m )
Thi gian trung bnh gia hng hc hay thi gian trung bnh vn hnh an ton
(MTBF- Mean time between failure).
m = 1/

(10.1)

Thi gian sa cha trung bnh ( r )

Thi gian sa cha trung bnh (MTTR Mean time to repair )
r = 1/

(10.2)

Xt trong mt chu k s c T
3

T=m+r

UP (in)

1
r

(10.3)

1
m

Down
(out)

Down
m1

r1

m2

T1

T2

r2

m3
T3

Hnh 10. 4 Chu trnh lm vic TB

Xt mt thit b ang trng thi UP trng thi vn hnh, thit b ny s c

thi gian vn hnh m, v xc xut thit b ny b s c l . Sau thi gian m,
thit b chuyn sang trng thi Down trng thi sa cha. Sau thi gian sa
cha r, thit b li chuyn sang trng thi UP, vi xc xut l
Kh nng sn sng lm vic ca thit b
H s sn sng:
A=

(10.4)

H s khng sn sng (FOR):

A = U = FOR =

(10.5)

V d :
Cng ty phn phi c 7500 my bin p phn phi ang vn hnh trong chu k
10 nm, 140 my bin p b hng v nhiu l do khc nhau. Mt s lng nh
ca chng c th c sa cha, nhng hu ht cc s cn li u phi thay
bng my mi. Thi gian thay th hoc sa cha s c ghi li. Cng tt c
cc thi gian sa cha ca 140 my s cho thi gian tng cng l 7500 gi.
T cc s liu ny, sinh vin hy xc nh cc ch s tin cy ca h thng,
gii thch ngha thc t ca cc h s.
II. CC CH TIU C BN TIN CY
1. SAIFI - Tn sut ngng cung cp in trung bnh h thng
System Average Interruption Frequency Index
SAIFI cho bit thng tin v tn sut trung bnh cc ln mt in duy tr trn mi
khch hng ca mt vng cho trc.
4

Tong so khach hang b mat ien

Tong so khach hang co ien

N
N

N
N
i

i cng s c ti nt i
Ni s lng khch hng ti nt th i
2. SAIDI - Thi gian ngng cung cp in trung bnh ca h thng
System Average Interruption Duration Index
Cho bit thi gian trung bnh ca mt in duy tr.
Thi gian khach hang b mat ien

Tong so khach hang co ien

N .d u N
N
N
C

ui thi gian ct in hng nm ti nt i

Ni s lng khch hng ti nt th i
3. CAIFI -Tn sut mt in trung bnh ca khch hng
Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index
Cho bit tn sut trung bnh ca cc ln mt in duy tr xy ra i vi khch
hng. Trong php tnh ny ta ch quan tm ti s lng khch hng v l i s
ln mt in.
Tong so khach hang b mat ien

Tong so khach hang b anh hng mat ien

N
N'

N
N'
i

4. CAIDI - Thi gian mt in trung bnh ca khch hng

Customer Average Interruption Duration Index
Th hin thi gian phc hi ca mt in duy tr
Tong thi gian khach hang b mat ien
Tong so khach hang b mat ien

N
N

C
a

u N
N
i

i vi khch hng thc s tri qua mt in duy tr, ch s ny ni ln tng thi

gian trung bnh khng c cp in. y l thng s hn hp ca CAIDI v
c chp nhn tnh bng s khch hng nhn vi s ln mt in c m ch
mt ln.
5. ASAI - Kh nng sn sng vn hnh
Average Service Availability Index
Ch tiu ny c biu din di dng phn s ca thi gian (thng l phn
trm), ni ln thi gian c in ca khch hng trong nm hay trong thi gian
c nh trc.
So gi khach hang yeu cau cap ien co the c

So gi khach hang yeu cau cap ien

C th chng minh v s dng cng thc sau:

5

N .8760 u .N
N .8760
i

ASAI

8760 SADI
8760

V d :
Cho s liu ca mt h thng
Tng s khch hng : 28365
S khch hng mt in mt nm : 43603
Tng thi gian mt in : 3246153 (min)
Tnh cc ch s tin cy
6. ASIFI - Tn s mt in h thng trung bnh
Average System Interruption frequency index
Ch s ny ch yu tnh ton tin cy da trn cng sut thay v da trn s
lng khch hng. Ch s ny quan trng i vi phn ln cc khch hng cng
nghip hay thng mi. N cn c dng cho cc mng cng cng th
loi khch hng khng a dng lm. Tng t nh SAIFI, n cho bit thng tin
v tn sut trung bnh mt in duy tr.
So kVA ket noi vao he thong b mat

ASIFI Tong so kVA noi vao he thong c cap ien

7. ASIDI Thi gian mt in h thng trung bnh
Average System Interruption Duration index
Ch s ny c xy dng c cng tng vi ASIFI, nhng n thng tin v
thi gian trung bnh mt in duy tr ca h thng.
So phut mat ien

ASIDI Tong so kVA noi vao he thong c cap ien

8. ENS - Tng in nng khng c cung cp bi h thng
Energy Not Supplied
ENS = La(i).ui
La(i) Cng sut ti trung bnh ti nt th i
ui thi gian ct in hng nm.
9. AENS - in nng trung bnh khng c cung cp
Average Energy Not Supplied
Tong ien nang khong c cung cap

Tong so khach hang c cap ien

L u
N
a(i)i
i

10. MAIFI - tn sut trung bnh ca mt in thong qua.

Momentary Average Interruption Frequency index
Ch s ny tng t nh SAIFI, nhng n l tn sut trung bnh ca mt in
thong qua.

MAIFI

So khach hang b mat ien thoang qua

Tong so khach hang c cap ien

V d :
Cho s liu ca mt h thng
Nt ti

S lng khch CS ti trung bnh Pi

hng Ni
(kW)

1000

5000

800

3600

600

2800

800

3400

500

2400

300

1800

Tng
cng
Bng 10.1 S liu h thng

S liu s c ton h thng

Trng hp Nt ti b nh Thi gian mt in
mt in
hng
d (hours)
2

1,5

1,5

4
Tng cng

Bng 10.2 S liu s c h thng

Tnh tt c cc ch s h thng
III. NNG CAO TIN CY CUNG CP IN
1. Tm v sa cha nhanh chng s c:
S dng cc thit b ch th s c : n bo, dng ngn mch,
Cc thit b d tm s c cp ngm
Cc i x l s c chuyn nghip
7

2. S dng thi cng hot line:

S dng hotline sa cha, bo tr trn cc ng dy cao th, trung th,
h th
My ra s nng sch s cch in mt cch hiu qu vi nc p sut
cao
My lc du nng: c kh nng ci thin cht lng du my bin th
truyn ti m khng cn ct in.
3. Ch mt in trong trng hp hp s c lu di.

Mt phn ln cc s c l s c thong qua, c th t phc hi, v d :

cy qut; do chim chc, chut, rn; vng quang;

Cc thit b cho php t ng li l : recloser v cc my ct c trang b

rle 79.

Recloser
Recloser l loi my ct trung th c chc nng t
ng li. Khi ng dy b s c ( s c ln 1),
recloser s tc ng ct ln 1 m cc tip im. Sau
mt khong thi gian do ngi vn hnh ci t,
recloser s t ng li ( ng li ln 1). Nu s c
l s c thong qua, v s c t bn thn n gii
tr ( v d con rn b ln ng dy, khi b phng
in to s c, con rn ri xung t nn s c t
gii tr), khi , h thng vn hnh bnh thng.
Nu s c l vnh cu ( v d do b t dy),
Hnh 10. 5 Recloser trn li

recloser s tc ng ct ln 2, S ln t ng li
ca recloser do ngi vn hnh ci t.
Mt s c tnh ca recloser hng
Cooper:
Thao tc ng ct bng tay v
t ng.
Bo v s c ngn mch
Cho php t ng li sau s c.
Ghi nhn thng s vn hnh :
dng in, in p, cng sut,
s kin .
Kt ni vi my vi tnh, c th
iu khin t xa

Hnh 10. 5 Recloser Cooper

Mt tnh nng cn lu ca recloser l phi hp bo v gia recloser v cc cu

ch trung th FCO, iu ny c bit cn ch khi lp t recloser, ci t cc
thng s ca recloser v chn dy chy cho FCO.

Hnh 10.5 Phi hp gia recloser v cu ch

4. Hn ch mc thp nht s khch hng b mt in

S dng cc thit b c chc nng phn on, c lp s c nh : FCO,
DS, LBS, recloser,
Kt hp vi phng thc vn hnh chuyn ngun .
V d :
Cho m hnh mt ng dy gm cc on trc chnh 1, 2, 3 cc nhnh r a, b,
c v cc im nt ti A, B, C

Thng s ng dy v nhnh r
ng dy

(f/yr)

r (gi)

0,2

0,1

0,3

on

Nhnh r
a

0,2

0,6

0,4

Thng s ti
Stt

Ni

Pi (kW)

1000

5000

800

4000

700

3000

Tnh cc ch s tin cy
a. S dng cu ch bo v cho cc nhnh r
S dng cu ch - FCO s cho php c lp im s c, nng cao tin cy cung
cp in.
V d:
Xt h thng c lp t cc FCO bo v cho cc nhnh r.

Tnh cc ch s tin cy, so snh cc ch s ny vi cc ch s trc khi lp FCO.

b. S dng dao cch ly phn on
Dao cch ly Disconnect Switch, hay cn gi l DS l thit b phn on c
s dng tng i ph bin. Mt im cn ch ca DCL l ch cho php ng
ct khng ti.
Khi mt phn ca h thng b s c, my ct u ngun s tc ng. Nhn vin
vn hnh s c nhim v kim tra, tm im s c. Nu s c l vnh cu, DS
phn on c m ra, c lp im s c trong thi gian sa cha. Sau khi s c
10

c khc phc xong, qu trnh ti lp c thc hin bng cch m MC u

ngun, ng DS phn on v sau ng ng MC u ngun.
V d:
Cho rng thi gian thao tc DCL l 0.5h. Tnh cc ch s tin cy cho h
thng sau khi c lp t 2 DCL phn on trn trc chnh. Ch : khng
tnh cc qu trnh ng, ct MC u ngun thao tc DCL.

c. Chuyn ngun :
R rng nu h thng c kt ni mch vng kn, vn hnh h th tin cy s
c tng ln rt nhiu. N bo m rng khi mt pha ca ngun b s c ( s
c u ngun, s c ng dy, ) th cc ph ti vn c cung cp in t
mt hng ngun khc.
V d:
Cho rng thi gian thao tc DCL l 0.5h. Tnh cc ch s ca h thng khi c
kt ni thm vi mt ngun d phng. Ch : khng tnh cc qu trnh ng, ct
MC u ngun thao tc DCL.

Ngun
chnh

b
B

c
C

Ngun
DP

5. Kim tra, bo tr

Kim tra thng xuyn, nh k cc thit b trn li in : dy dn, mi

ni, CB, LA,

C k hoch sa cha, duy tu theo k hoch

11

 Thay th cc thit vn hnh theo mt khong thi gian nht nh.

Kim tra ng dy 500Kv

Ngun : Cng ty truyn ti in 4

12