Chng 10

VT DN-NNG LNG IN TRNG

10.1 iu kin cn bng tnh in-tnh cht ca vt dn mang in
Trong chng ny ta ch xt vt dn l kim loi. in tch t do trong kim loi l
cc lectrn v ta ch gii hn nghin cu cc hin tng tnh in, ngha l nhng
hin tng trong cc in tch nm cn bng.
10.1.1 iu kin cn bng tnh in
G

- Vc t E ti mi im bn trong vt dn phi bng 0

G
E tr = 0

(10-1)
G

- Thnh phn tip tuyn Et ca vc t E ti mi im trn mt vt dn phi bng 0

G G
Et = 0 E = En

(10-2)

10.1.2 Nhng tnh cht ca vt dn mang in

a. Vt dn l mt vt ng th, mt vt dn l mt mt ng th.
b. i vi vt dn rng trng thi cn bng, in trng phn rng v trong
thnh ca vt dn rng cng lun bng khng.
c. Hin tng in mi nhn:
Khi vt dn trng thi cn bng, thc nghim chng t in tch phn b
mt lp rt mng st b mt vt dn v khng ng u, n tp trung nhng gc
nhn, nhng ni lm hay bng th in tch phn b tha tht. mi nhn cng
in trng rt mnh: n ht cc in tch tri du v y cc in tch cng du: mi
nhn s mt dn in tch v gy ra lun gi in.
ng dng: mn chn in.
10.2 in dung ca mt vt dn c lp-h vt dn tch in cn bng-t in
10.2.1 in dung ca mt vt dn c lp
in tch Q ca mt vt dn t l vi in th ca n:
Q = CV
(10-3)
C l h s t l gi l in dung ca mt vt dn, n ph thuc vo hnh dng kch
thc v mi trng cch in xung quanh vt dn. Nu V =1 n v in th th
Q = C.
Vy: in dung ca mt vt dn c lp l i lng v tr s bng in tch m vt dn
tch c khi in th ca n bng 1 n v in th.
ngha: in dung ca mt vt dn l i lng c trng cho kh nng tch in ca
vt dn.

113

Trong h SI n v ca in dung l Fara (F).

10.2.2 H vt dn tch in cn bng-t in
a. in dung v h s in hng
Gi s c 3 vt dn trng thi cn bng, gi tr q v V ca chng ln lt
l: q1, q2, q3 v V1, V2, V3 lin h vi nhau theo h thc:
q1 = C11V1 + C12V2 + C13V3
q2 = C21V1 + C22V2 + C23V3
q3 = C31V1 + C32V2 + C33V3

(10-4)

C11, C22, C33 gi l in dung ca cc vt dn, C12, C13.gi l h s in hng.

Ngi ta chng minh c:
Cii > 0 v Cij = Cji
H thc (10-4) cng c m rng cho trng hp h gm n vt dn.
b. T in
nh ngha: T in l mt h gm 2 vt dn A v B sao cho gia chng xy ra hin
tng in hng ton phn (hnh 10-1).

q1

q2

q' 2

Hnh10- 1

q1 + q2 = 0
= C11V1 + C12V2
q1
q2 + q2' = C21V1 + C22V2
- Nu ni B vi t th q2' s xung t v V2 = in th t (chn V = 0) ta c:
q1 = C11V1
q2 = C21V1
Suy ra
C11 + C12 = 0
Tng qut: 2 bn ca t in thng c ni vi ngun hoc vi vt dn khc, c
ngha l q2' khng cn:
Tnh cht 1
Tnh cht 2

114

q1 = C11V1 + C12V2
q2 = C21V1 + C22V2
C12 + C22 = 0

Suy ra:

kt hp vi tnh cht i xng ca h s in hng ta c:

C11 = C22 = -C12 = -C21
t
C11 = C22 = C >0
C12 = C21 = -C<0
Suy ra:
q1 = C(V1 - V2)
q2 = -C(V1 - V2)
C l in dung ca t in.
Tnh cht 3:
V1 > V2
q = q1 = - q2 gi l in tch ca t in.
(10-5)
q = CU
U = V1 - V2 = U12 = UAB gi l hiu in th gia hai bn ca t in.
10.2.3 Tnh in dung ca t in
a. T in phng (hnh 10-2):
V2

V1
+

+
+
+
+

Hnh 10-2

Ta c : V1 V 2 =

d
dQ
=
0
0 S

trong Q l in tch ca t in, S l din tch ca mt bn t, =

in mt. Suy ra:
C =

S
Q
= 0
V1 V 2
d

b. T in cu (hnh 10-3):
Ta c : V1 V 2 =
Hay

V1 V 2 =

Q
4

(
0

1
1

)
R1
R2

Q(R 2 R 1 )
4 0 R 2 .R 1

115

(10-6)

Q
l mt
S

Do in dung ca t in bng:
C=

4 0 R 1R 2
Q
=
V1 V2
(R 2 -R 1 )

(10-7)

R1

R2
+
+

Hnh 10-3

d. T in tr (hnh10-4):
V1
R1
l

V2

R2

Hnh 10- 4

Ta c:

V1 V 2 =

Q
2 0 l

ln

R2
R1

Do in dung ca t in bng:
C =

2 0l
Q
=
R
V1 V 2
ln 2
R1

(10-8)

10.3 Nng lng ca in trng

10.3.1 Nng lng tng tc ca mt h in tch im
Ta c:

W12 = W21 =

q 1q 2
4 0 r12
1

l th nng tng tc gia q1 v q2. Ta c th vit:

W12 = W21 =

1 1 q 2 1 1 q1
+ q2

q1
2 4 0 r12 2 4 0 r12

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q2

4 0 r
q1
4 0 r

= V1 l in th do q2 gy ra ti im t q1.
= V2 l in th do q1 gy ra ti im t q2.
W12 = W21 =

Vy:

1
(q1V1 + q2V2)
2

(10-9)

Trng hp h gm n in tch im th:

W =

1
2

q
i =1

Vi

(10-10)

10.3.2 Nng lng ca mt vt dn c lp tch in

Ta c th xem vt dn nh mt h in tch im, khi :
W =

1
1
1 q2
2
Vdq
=
CU
=
2
2
2 C

(10-11)

10.3.3 Nng lng ca t in

T in c hai bn, ta c:
W = 1 (q1V1 + q2V2)
2

v q1 = -q2 = q suy ra:

1
W = 1 q(V1 - V2) = qU
2

hay:

W=

1 q2
1
= CU 2
2 C
2

(10-12)

10.3.4 Nng lng in trng

i vi t in phng:
suy ra:

C=
W =

0 S
d
1 0 S 2
U
2 d

1
( 0 E 2 )(E.d)
2
S.d = V l th tch vng khng gian gia hai bn t.

V U = E.d nn W =

nng lng in trng tn ti trong vng khng gian gia hai bn t. Mt nng
lng in trng:

we =

W
1
= 0 E 2
V 2

Kt lun:

117

(10-13)

1. in trng mang nng lng: nng lng ny nh x trong khng gian in

trng.
2. Mt nng lng in trng ti mt im l:
we =

1
1 D2 1
0E2 =
= ED
2
2 0 2

(10-14)

nng lng in trng trong th tch hu hn l:

W = w e dV

(10-15)

V d1: Mt qu cu kim loi t trong chn khng c bn knh bng 50cm mang mt
in tch q = 5.10-5C. Xc nh cng in trng v in th ti mt im:
a. Nm cch mt qu cu 100cm.
b. Nm st mt qu cu.
c. tm qu cu.
Gii

Hnh 1
a. Cng in trng v in th do mt qu cu kim loi mang in gy ra ti mt
im nm ngoi qu cu bng cng in trng v in th gy bi mt in tch
im c in tch bng in tch ca qu cu t ti tm ca qu cu.
Gi r l khong cch t tm O ca qu cu n im M m ta xt, ta c:
EM =

q
5.105
9
=
= 2.105 (V / m)
9.10
4 0 r 2
(50 + 100) 2 .104

VM =

q
5.105
= 9.109
= 3.105 (V )
2
4 0 r
(50 + 100).10

b. Cng in trng ngay st mt qu cu th khng xc nh c nhng ti im

nm st mt qu cu vn c tnh gn ng theo cng thc trn:
q
5.105
9
= 9.10
=1,8.106 (V / m)
EN =
2
2
4
4 0 r
(50) .10

V in th ti im N:
VN =

q
5.105
= 9.109
= 9.105 (V )
2
4 0 r
50.10

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c. Cng in trng ti tm qu cu bng 0 v qu cu kim loi cn bng in:

EO = 0
in th ti tm qu cu bng in th ti mt im nm trn mt qu cu v qu cu
kim loi l mt vt ng th:
V= VN =

q
5.105
= 9.109
= 9.105 (V )
2
4 0 r
50.10

V d 2: Mt t in cu bn knh hai bn ln lt bng r = 1cm v R = 4cm. Hiu in

th gia hai bn l 3000V. Tnh cng in trng ti mt im cch tm t
in 3cm.
Gii
Ta c:
q
E=
4 0 x 2

trong x l khong cch t tm t in n im ta xt, q l in tch trn mt bn t,

c tnh nh sau:
p dng cng thc:
4 0 Rr q
C=
=
(R-r)
U

q=
Vy:

E=

4 0 Rr.U
(R-r)

R.r.U
= 44,5(kV / m)
(R-r).x 2

BI TP
10.1 Hai bn ca mt t in phng c din tch S, t cch nhau mt khong l d. T
in c np mt in lng l Q. Tnh:
a. Cng cn thc hin tch hai bn ra xa nhau thm mt on d.
b. Lc ht gia hai bn.
1 Q2
p s: a/ A =
d
2 0 S

b/ F =

Q2
2 0 S

10.2 Mt qu cu kim loi bn knh R = 1m mang in tch q =10-6C. Tnh:

a. in dung ca qu cu.
b. in th ca qu cu.
c. Nng lng trng tnh in ca qu cu.
p s: a/ C=0,11.10-9F

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b/ V=9000V
c/ W= 4,5.10-3J

10.3 Mt qu cu kim loi bn knh R = 6,85cm mang in tch q =1,25-9C. Tnh:

a. Nng lng ca qu cu.
b. Mt nng lng trn mt ca qu cu.
p s: a/ W= 1,03.10-7J
b/ w= 25,4.10-6J/m3
10.4 Hai qu cu kim loi A v B ng tm, bn knh ln lt l R1v R2 (trong R1<
R2). Qu cu A c tch in n in th V.
a. Ni hai qu cu bng mt dy dn th in th ca qu cu A thay i th no?
b. Ni qu cu B vi t bng mt dy dn th in th ca qu cu A bng bao nhiu?
c. Tnh in dung ca hai qu cu.
R

p s: a/ V = V 1 1
R2

b/ V ' = V V
c/ C =

R1
R2

4 0 R1 R2
R2 R1

10.5 Mt t in hnh tr hai bn knh ln lt bng r = 1,5cm v R = 3,5cm. Hiu

in th gia hai bn l U0 = 2300V. Tnh vn tc ca mt lectrn chuyn ng
theo ng sc in trng t khong cch 2,5cm n 3cm, cho bit vn tc ban
u ca lectrn bng khng.
p s: v = 1,46.107m/s
10.6 Hai qu cu kim loi A v B, bn knh ln lt l R1=2,5cm v R2=7,5cm, cha in
tch q1=3.10-8C v q2=10-8C t cch xa nhau. Dng mt dy dn ni hai qu cu.
a. Hi lectrn s dch chuyn t qu cu no sang qu cu no?
b. Tnh in tch ca mi qu cu v s lectrn dch chuyn qua dy ni.
p s:
a/ lectrn dch chuyn t qu cu B sang qu cu A
b/ q1 = 10-8 C; q2= 3.10-8 C; N = 1,25.1011 lectrn

120