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Quc Trinh
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHNG 4

H THNG GSM
4.1 Gii thiu chung

Nm 1982, c quan qun l chnh v vin thng ca chu u (CEPT)

thnh lp nhm c trch di ng (Groupe Special Mobile - GSM) vi nhim v
tm ra h thng v tuyn t bo ton chu u hot ng trong di 900 MHz. H
thng ny c hnh thnh khc phc nhng hn ch thy r v dung lng
ca cc h thng tng t trin khai ti mt s nc chu u (v d NMT
cc nc Bc u). Tiu chuNn t bo ton chu u phi h tr lu ng
(roaming) quc t v to pht trin cho ngnh cng nghip vin thng chu
u. Sau nhng tho lun ban u, ba nhm lm vic (WP) c thnh lp s
l cc cng vic c th ca vic xc nh h thng, sau nhm th 4 c thnh
lp tip. Nm 1986 b phn thng trc c lp ti Pari phi hp hot ng
ca cc nhm lm vic v qun l vic to cc khuyn ngh h thng. Cc WP
c yu cu xc nh cc giao din h thng sao cho my di ng, d dng
cm tay hay lp trn xe, u c th lu ng qua cc nc c trin khai h thng
mi v u c th truy cp tt c cc dch v. So vi h thng tng t hin c,
h thng mi phi c dung lng cao hn, chi ph vn hnh bng hoc thp hn
v cht lng ting ni phi bng hoc tt hn. Di tn chung ton chu u cho
h thng mi l 890-915 MHz v 935-960 MHz.
Cc nghin cu trong cc nc chu u khc nhau kt lun rng h
thng s l ph hp hn h thng tng t, song vic la chn phng php a
truy nhp vn cha c quyt nh. V th, ngi ta quyt nh th nghim mt
s d n h thng khc nhau trn thc a (ti Paris, cui nm 1986). C 8 d n
vi mt s c im c bn nh Bng 4.1.
Trong nm 1987 cc kt qu th nghim c nh gi tho lun v cui
cng t c tha thun v cc c trng ch yu ca h thng mi. n
thng 6/1987 quyt nh chn TDMA di hp, vi 8 knh trn sng mang (c
th m rng n 16 knh/sng mang). M ha ting ni c chn l loi RPELPC (d on tuyn tnh kch thch xung u) vi tc bt l 13 kb/s. M knh
c chn l m xon, kiu iu ch c chn l GMSK nh hiu qu ph cao
ca n.
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Cc c t h thng GSM xut hin vo gia nm 1988. Tuy nhin, do

khng th xc nh mi c im ca h thng cho kp khai trng vo nm
1991 nn c t c chia thnh 2 pha. Cc c t ca Pha 1 (cc dch v chung
nht) hon thnh vo nm 1990. Pha 2 s xc nh cc dch v cn li (fax v.v..)
ng thi sa li v ci thin cht lng ca h thng Pha 1. Theo yu cu ca
Anh, mt phin bn ca GSM hot ng trong di 1800 MHz cng c a vo
trong qu trnh xy dng c t. Phin bn ny c gi l h thng t bo s ti
1800 MHz (DCS1800). Pha 2 hon thnh nm 1993 v tip sau l Pha 2+, gm 1
s c im mi nh m ha ting ni bn tc, tng tc di chuyn ca my di
ng (vn m bo lin lc tin cy).Ton b c t GSM dy hn 5000 trang.
Trong chng ny ta tp trung ch yu vo giao din v tuyn ca GSM,
v n c nh hng trc tip n dung lng h thng t bo.
Bng 4.1. Mt s c im chnh ca cc h thng GSM mu
Gin cch Kiu iu
S knh
Kiu a truy
Tc bt
sng mang
ch
trn sng
nhp
truyn
mang
(kb/s)
(kHz)
CD-900
CDMA/TDMA
7980
4500
4-PSK
63
MATS-D CDMA/TDMA
2496
1250
QAM
32
FDMA
19.5
25
GTFM
1
ELAB
TDMA
512
600
ADPCM
12
DMS900
TDMA
340
300
GMSK
10
MOBIRA
TDMA
252
250
GMSK
9
SFH-900
TDMA
200
150
GMSK
3
S900-D
TDMA
128
250
4-FSK
10
MAX II
TDMA
104.7
50
8-PSK
4

4.2 Cu trc tng qut ca mng GSM

Phn ny xt vn tt cc thnh phn khc nhau to thnh mng GSM.
Nhiu phn l chung vi cc mng t bo khc, song mt vi phn l ring ca
GSM. S khi n gin ca mng GSM mt t cng cng (PLMN) nh hnh
4.1.
4.2.1 Trm di ng (MS)
Thu bao s s dng MS gi v nhn cuc gi qua mng GSM. MS
gm 2 phn c chc nng khc nhau l modul nhn dng thu bao (SIM) v thit
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b di ng (ME). SIM l th thng minh tho lp c, cha cc thng tin lin

quan n thu bao c th, cn ME chnh l bn thn in thoi di ng (khng c
SIM).
ME c th chia thnh 3 khi chc nng. Th nht l thit b u cui
(TE), thc hin chc nng ring cho dch v c th v d my fax. TE khng s l
mt chc nng no lin quan n h thng GSM. Khi chc nng th 2 l u
cui di ng (MT), thc hin mi nhim v lin quan n truyn thng tin trn
giao din v tuyn GSM. Cui cng khi chc nng th 3 l b phi hp u
cui (TA) dng bo m s tng thch gia MT v TA. V d cn TA to
giao din gia MT tng thch - ISDN v TA c giao din modem.

Hnh 4.1 Cu trc mng GSM

SIM: l th thng minh c kch thc th tn dng hoc nh hn, c thu bao
s dng c nhn ha ME. Lu rng trong GSM, MS lun l t hp ca
SIM v ME. SIM c vng b nh c nh nh thng tin lin quan n thu
bao (gm c IMSI). S ny dng nhn dng tng thu bao trong mng GSM
v di khng qu 15 ch s thp phn. Ba ch s u tin l m nc di ng
(NMC), dng nhn dng nc m thu bao ng k. Hai ch s tip theo l m
mng di ng (MNC) dng nhn dng mng PLMN thng tr ca thu bao
trong nc. Cc ch s cn li ca IMSI l s nhn dng thu bao di ng
(MSIN) dng xc nh duy nht tng thu bao trong mng PLMN. SIM cn
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------cha cha kha nhn dng mt thu bao, Ki, thut ton nhn dng A3 v thut
ton to cha kha mt m A8. Tt c cc khon ny (bt buc phi c) u c
lu trong SIM v c bo v rt cht ch. Ngoi ra SIM cn c th cha 1 s
chc nng ty chn khc nh quay s tt, danh b v.v..Cng nh c SIM m thu
bao c th d dng thay i cc ME khc nhau, v nh khi phi sa cha ME.
Mt trong nhng ng lc chnh pha sau s pht trin ca h thng GSM
l cho php thu bao lu ng t do khp chu u m vn gi nguyn kh nng
gi v nhn cuc gi bng cng mt MS. iu ny ch c th khi tn ti cc
mng tng thch nhau ti mi nc. SIM a ra khi nim lu ng SIM
tc l thu bao c th lu ng gia cc mng khc nhau khng tng thch vi
nhau bng cch thu ME thch hp v cm SIM vo. iu ny tr nn c bit
hp dn khi nc M gii thiu h thng PCS1900 (thng gi l GSM1900).
4.2.2 H thng trm gc (BSS)
MS lin lc vi trm thu pht gc (BTS) qua giao din v tuyn Um. BTS
thc hin tt c cc chc nng thu pht lin quan n giao din v tuyn GSM v
s l tn hiu mc nht nh. V 1 s phng din c th coi BTS l modem
v tuyn phc tp nhn tn hiu v tuyn ng ln t MS ri bin i n thnh
d liu truyn i n cc my khc trong mng GSM, v nhn d liu t mng
GSM ri bin i n thnh tn hiu v tuyn pht n MS. Cc BTS to nn vng
ph sng ca t bo, v tr ca chng quyt nh dung lng v vng ph ca
mng. Tuy nhin BTS ch ng vai tr ph trong vic phn phi ti nguyn v
tuyn cho cc MS khc nhau. Vic qun l giao din v tuyn c giao cho
BSC, vi cc nhim v l: phn phi cc knh v tuyn cho MS khi thit lp
cuc gi, xc nh khi no th tin hnh chuyn giao HO, nhn dng BTS ch
ph hp v iu khin cng sut pht ca MS sao cho va ti c BTS
ang phc v. Cc BSC thay i theo nh sn xut, song thng mt BSC c th
iu khin ti 40 BTS. Ngoi kh nng s l, BSC cn c kh nng chuyn mch
(hn ch), cho php n nh tuyn cc cuc gi gia cc BTS khc nhau thuc
quyn kim sot ca n. Giao din gia BSC v BTS lin quan c gi l giao
din A-bis. Tp hp BTS v BSC c gi l h thng trm gc (BSS).
4.2.3 Trung tm chuyn mch di ng (MSC)
T hnh 4.1 ta thy mi BSS c ni vi MSC. MSC m bo vic nh
tuyn cc cuc gi n/i t MS. N c kh nng chuyn mch ln, thng
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thng mt MSC iu khin vi chc BSC vi dung lng vi chc nghn thu
bao. MSC tng t nh tng i trong mng c nh, song n cn c thm cc
chc nng qun l di ng ca cc thu bao (ng k v tr v HO). c t GSM
s dng thut ng vng MSC m t phn mng bao ph bi MSC v cc BSC,
BTS lin quan. Giao din gia MSC v BSS c gi l giao din A, hon ton
c xc nh trong c t. V th, cc nh khai thc mng c th t do la chn
MSC v BSS t cc nh sn xut khc nhau. Giao din gia cc MSC khc nhau
c gi l giao din E. Nh khai thc c th la chn 1 hoc mt vi MSC
dng lm MSC ca ng (GMSC). GMSC cung cp giao din gia PLMN v cc
mng ngoi. Khi c cuc gi n t mng ngoi, GMSC lin lc vi cc c s d
liu mng lin quan bo m cuc gi c nh tuyn n MS thch hp.
4.2.4 C s d liu mng GSM
Trong phn trn ta xt cc b phn khc nhau trong GSM dng to
ng lin lc gia mt MS v mt MS khc hoc ngi dng trong mng khc.
Khng km phn quan trng trong cc mng thng mi l cc phng tin
thanh ton tnh cc, duy tr s liu ng k chnh xc v ngn nga cc xm
nhp mng tri php. Trong mng t bo, cc thu bao c t do lu ng trong
vng ph sng, v th mng phi c cch no theo di cc MS nhm nh
tuyn chnh xc cuc gi n chng. Tt c cc chc nng ny c thc hin
nh s dng kt hp cc c s d liu hoc cc b ghi. B ghi v tr thng tr
(HLR) lu gi cc thng tin ring ca cc thu bao, cc chi tit v ng k ca
ngi dng (v d dch v) v thng tin v tr ca tng thu bao (v d: chi tit v
vng MSC m thu bao hin thi ng k). C th truy cp thng tin trong HLR
nu dng IMSI hoc MSISDN ca thu bao. Mi thu bao trong GSM u c
u mc (entry) trong HLR ca mng ch. Giao din gia HLR v MSC c
gi l giao din C.
C s d liu khc lin quan cht ch vi HLR l trung tm nhn thc
(AuC). AuC dng lu tr thng tin lin quan n kha cnh an ninh GSM,
ngha l nhn thc ngi dng v mt m ha ng v tuyn. N cha cha
kha nhn dng thu bao Ki v cc thut ton an ninh A3, A8. AuC ch lin lc
vi HLR thng qua giao din H. C s d liu quan trng khc c dng trong
GSM l b ghi v tr tm tr (VLR). VLR lin kt vi mt hoc vi MSC v cha
thng tin lin quan n cc thu bao hin ang ng k trong vng MSC. Vng
c phc v bi VLR c th c gi l vng VLR. Chc nng chnh ca VLR
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l cung cp bn sao thng tin cc b (local) ca thu bao nhm mc ch s l

cuc gi v trnh truy nhp lin tc HLR ( ly thng tin v thu bao c th).
VLR cng cha cc thng tin cho php mng tm thy thu bao khi c cuc gi
n.
Qu trnh nh v thu bao tr nn d dng bng cch chia vng ph sng
ca mng thnh mt s vng nh v (LA), mi LA gm mt hoc mt s t bo.
VLR s cha cc chi tit v LA trong mi thu bao c ng k. Khi c cuc
gi ti, MS s c tm gi trong tt c cc t bo thuc LA. iu ny c ngha
l MS s di chuyn t do gia cc t bo ca cng vng nh v, khng phi
thng bo cho mng v v tr ca n. Tuy nhin khi MS di chuyn gia cc t bo
thuc cc LA khc nhau, n phi ng k trong vng mi theo th tc cp nht v
tr. Cn khi thu bao di chuyn gia cc LA thuc cc VLR khc nhau, chi tit
ca n c copy t HLR vo VLR mi ng thi c xa khi VLR c. Giao
din gia HLR v VLR l giao din D, cn giao din gia MSC v VLR lin
quan l giao din B. Giao din gia cc VLR c gi l giao din G.
S tn ti ca th SIM trong GSM c ngha l vic theo di thu bao
khng cn l theo di thit b na. V vy ngi ta s dng b ghi nhn dng
thit b (EIR) nh khai thc mng c th theo di ME b nh cp hoc c li.
Mi ME c gn mt s IMEI duy nht 15 s ti ni sn xut. Mi model ME
u phi qua mt qu trnh gi l chp thun kiu, mt s c tnh ca n
c th nghim bi b m phng h thng GSM. Vic th ny c thc hin
bi cc phng th nghim c tha nhn, c lp vi bt k cng ty hoc nh
sn xut no. Sau khi qua c qu trnh ny, ME s c gn m chp thun
kiu gm su s (TAC), to thnh 6 s u tin ca IMEI. Hai s tip theo l m
lp rp cui (FAC), c gn bi nh sn xut nhn dng ni ME c sn
xut hoc lp rp sau cng. Su s tip theo l s seri ca ME (SNR). S cn li
ca IMEI 15 s l d phng.
EIR c dng lu 3 danh sch khc nhau ca IMEI. Danh sch trng
cha seri cc IMEI c cp cho ME c th dng trn mng GSM. Danh sch
en cha cc IMEI ca cc ME b cm dng trn mng GSM (gm cc ME b
nh cp hoc li). Danh sch xm l IMEI ca cc ME cn phi theo di nhm
mc ch nh gi. Trong khi truy nhp hoc trong cuc gi, mng c th ra lnh
cho MS cung cp IMEI ca n vo bt c lc no. Nu IMEI thuc danh sch
en hoc khng thuc danh sch trng, mng s kt thc cuc gi hoc truy nhp
v thu bao s nhn c thng bo ME bt hp php. T tr i MS ny s
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khng c truy nhp, cp nht v tr hoc tr li tm gi song vn c th gi

khNn cp. IMEI c kim tra trong EIR v c MSC ang phc v MS chuyn
n. Kt qu kim tra IMEI c EIR gi n MSC lin quan. Giao din gia
EIR v MSC l giao din F.
4.2.5 Qun l mng GSM
Nh khai thc mng phi c kh nng nhn dng cc vn trong mng
trong giai on u v khc phc chng mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc.
Ngoi ra nh khai thc cn phi thay i cu hnh mng vi chi ph ti thiu v
khng nh hng n dch v cung cp cho thu bao. Cc khi chc nng lin
quan n qun l mng l OMC, NMC v ADC. OMC l phng tin nh khai
thc iu khin mng. Mi OMC thng ph trch mt h thng con v d BSS
hoc NSS. NMC lin quan n qun l ton mng, thng c vai tr rng hn
OMC. ADC lin quan n cc chc nng qun tr mng.

Hnh 4.2 S khi my thu v my pht GSM

4.3 Giao din v tuyn GSM

Giao din v tuyn cung cp phng tin MS lin lc vi BS khi n di
chuyn trong vng ph sng. Cht lng ca giao din ny, nht l kh nng m
bo ting ni chp nhn c chng li cc nhiu cng knh t cc ngi dng
khc trong h thng, c nh hng ln n tng dung lng h thng t bo.
Hnh 4.2 l s khi n gin ca lin kt v tuyn GSM.
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Ta bt u bng xem xt s iu ch v cc tn s sng mang s dng

trong GSM. Sau s tho lun vic to cm TDMA (hoc gi) v cch gii iu
ch cm khi c ISI gy bi knh v tuyn v bi qu trnh iu ch, tip theo s
nghin cu cc knh khc nhau trong GSM v cch phn phi ti nguyn v
tuyn cho mi knh. Tip na l vn m ha, xen k v mt m ha trn giao
din v tuyn. Cc qu trnh ny l khc nhau i vi thng tin ting ni, thng
tin d liu v thng tin bo hiu. Cui cng, ta s a 2 na ca vic m t giao
din v tuyn li vi nhau bng cch m t phng php nh x cc d liu
m ha, xen k v mt ha ln cc cm TDMA.
4.3.1 Phng php iu ch trong GSM
S iu ch c dng trong GSM l GMSK vi tch di thng chuNn
ha BT = 0.3 v tc symbol iu ch khong 271 kb/s. GMSK da trn s
iu ch n gin hn l MSK, trong bin sng mang gi nguyn khng
i cn thng tin c mang dng thay i pha. Gi tr 1 logic buc pha sng
mang tng 900 trn chu k bt, cn 0 logic buc pha sng mang gim lng tng
t. S thay i pha ny to nn bng chuyn mch lin tc tn s sng mang gia
2 tr khc nhau f1 v f2 theo d liu vo. Nh vy, MSK l trng hp c bit
ca FSK. Cc tn s f1 v f2 c cho bi:
f1 = f c + Rb / 4,
f 2 = f c Rb / 4,

trong Rb l tc symbol iu ch ( 271 kb/s), cn fc l tn s sng mang

danh nh. Trong MSK tn s sng mang fc khng bao gi c pht i.
Nh vy MSK yu cu s thay i tc thi tn s sng mang, nn ph
iu ch v l thuyt l rng v hn. Ph tn hiu iu ch MSK c th nn bng
cch lc cc xung bng gc iu ch nhm to ra s thay i trn nhn hn v
tn s. Loi b lc c s dng c phn ng xung Gao x v s iu ch
tng ng c tn gi GMSK. Di thng tng i ca b lc Gao x quyt nh
nn ph t c, tc l di thng b lc cng hp th ph iu ch cng hp.
Tic rng b lc Gao x li a ISI vo tc l mi symbol iu ch tri di sang
cc symbol ln cn. Bt d liu th i, d i c m ha vi sai bng cng modulo 2
bt hin thi v bt trc :
d i = d i d i 1 ,

trong d i l bt d liu th i m ha vi sai, d i c th nhn cc tr 0 hoc 1 cn

l php cng modulo-2. D liu iu ch ti li vo b iu ch GMSK, i ,
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c xc nh bi:

i = 1 2di , di = 0,1

Nh vy i c th nhn cc tr 1 ty thuc vo tr ca di nh sau:

di = 0 i = +1,
di = 1 i = 1.

D liu iu ch i sau i qua b lc tuyn tnh vi phn ng xung c dng

Gao x, h(t ) , xc nh bi:
h(t ) =

t2
exp - 2 2
2 T
2 T
1

y:
= ln(2) / 2 BT ,

T l chu k bt cn B l di thng 3 dB ca b lc. Tch BT l di thng tng i

ca b lc Gao x bng gc v trong GSM c tr bng 0.3. iu ny c ngha
rng mi bt c tri (hoc c tc ng n) trn 3 symbol iu ch. Ni cch
khc l chp nhn ISI (s c kh my thu bng b san bng). Phn ng xung
h(t ) v phn ng tn s H ( f ) ca b lc ny nh trn hnh 4.3a v 4.3b.

Hnh 4.3a Phn ng xung

Lu rng trong cc hnh ny bin c chuNn ha c bin 1,
cn trc thi gian hnh 4.3a c chuNn ha theo T v trc tn s hnh 4.3b
chuNn ha theo 1/T. Phn ng xung ca b lc ny g (t ) tc tn hiu xut hin
li ra b lc khi li vo t xung rng T, c xc nh bi:
g (t ) = h(t ) rect (t / T ),

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ y:

1/ T , t < T / 2,
rect (t / T ) =
0, t T / 2 & t T / 2

Hnh 4.3b Phn ng tn s

Phn ng xung g (t ) nh trn hnh 4.4. Ta thy rng n ko di xp x 3
chu k bt T. Bin g (t ) c chuNn ha v tr cc i 1, cn trc thi gian
chuNn ha theo T.

Hnh 4.4 Phn ng xung ca b lc GMSK

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Tn hiu li ra b lc l tng ca cc phn ng xung i vi mi bt d

liu vo, v d nh hnh 4.5 vi dy d liu 0010. Tn hiu ny c s dng
iu ch tn s sng mang. Pha ca tn hiu iu ch (t ) c th xc nh bng
ly tch phn tn hiu li ra b lc tc l:
(t ) = i m
i

t iT

g (u )du ,

y ch s iu ch m = 1/ 2 (tc l s thay i pha cc i trn khong d liu

l / 2 ). Tn hiu cao tn sng mang iu ch c th biu din nh sau:
x(t ) =

2 Ec
cos(2 f 0t + (t ) + 0 )
T

y: Ec l nng lng trn bt iu ch, f 0 l tn s sng mang cn 0 l dch

pha ngu nhin khng thay i trong thi gian mt cm TDMA.

Hnh 4.5 Li ra b lc bng gc

Hnh 4.6 Ph iu ch GMSK in hnh

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V d ca ph sng mang GSM nh hnh 4.6. Ta thy rng cng sut ch
gim i khong 35 dB ti lch 200 kHz (l tm ca sng mang ln cn) so vi
tn s trung tm. iu ny dn n lng can nhiu knh ln cn ng k gia
cc sng mang GSM. Tiu chuNn GSM xc nh rng my thu ch lm vic tha
mn khi knh mong mun nh hn knh ln cn khng qu 9 dB. Kt hp vi
nh hng ca pha inh che khut v iu khin cng sut, iu ny ngn cn
vic s dng knh ln cn trong cng t bo.
Tiu chuNn cng xc nh mt s mt n ph pht bo m rng cc
my pht khng to nn cc mc khng chp nhn c ca nhiu knh ln cn.
V d ca mt mt n nh hnh 4.7. Tn hiu pht phi gi thp hn mt n
(ng m) ti mi im lch tn s so vi sng mang. V d, ti im lch 400
kHz cng sut pht phi nh hn cng sut ti tn s trung tm mt lng 60 dB.

Hnh 4.7 Mt n ph iu ch
4.3.2 Cc sng mang v tuyn GSM
GSM s dng kt hp cc s a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA
v a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA. Ph tn c sn c chia thnh
cc bng rng 200 kHz. Mi bng ny c chim bi mt sng mang cao tn
iu ch GMSK h tr mt s khe thi gian TDMA. Cc sng mang cao tn to
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thnh tng cp truyn d liu ng thi trn c 2 hng (song cng). Trong
pha 1, bng tn ng ln ca GSM l 890-915 MHz cn bng tn ng xung
l 935-960 MHz. Trong pha 2, bng tn GSM900 c m rng thm cung
cp nhiu dung lng hn trong vng thnh th. V l do ny bng tn nu trn
c gi l bng GSM c s (P-GSM900: primary GSM900). Bng tn m rng
(E-GSM900) ko di thm t 880-890 MHz cho ng ln v 925-935 MHz cho
ng xung. i vi h thng DCS1800, pha 2 qui nh bng tn 1710-1785
MHz cho ng ln v 1805-1880 MHz cho ng xung.
C khong bo v 200 kHz cn di ca mi bng. Mi cp tn s sng
mang cao tn c gn mt con s knh tn s v tuyn tuyt i (ARFCN).
Theo qui c Fl (n) c dng m t tn s sng mang ng ln thp hn
vi ARFCN l n , cn Fu (n) c dng cho tn s ng xung cao hn. Mi
quan h gia tn s v ARFCN cho trong bng 4.3.
Bng 4.3 S knh tn s v tuyn tuyt i

Hnh 4.8 Sp xp cm ti BTS

Ngoi s phn cch tn s gia cc sng mang song cng bng 45 MHz
vi GSM900 v 95 MHz vi DCS1800, cc cm ng ln v ng xung cn
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phn cch nhau 3 khe thi gian. Nh MS khng phi thu v pht ng thi.
ni tr truyn lan gia BS v MS rt nh, MS s thu cm ng xung t BS,
iu chnh li v tn s ng ln v pht cm ng ln sau 3 khe thi gian. S
nh thi BS cho trn hnh 4.8.
T hnh v ta thy rng mi sng mang song cng h tr mt s khe thi
gian di 15/26 ms ( 577 s ). Tm khe thi gian nh s t 0-7 to thnh mt
khung TDMA di 60/13 ms ( 4.615 ms). di khe thi gian v di khung
nhn c t iu kin l 26 khung TDMA c pht i trong 120 ms. L do
chn cc con s c th ny s r khi xem xt cu trc khung phc tp ca GSM.
Ti im ny ch cn bit rng di khung TDMA bng 120/26 = 60/13 ms,
cn di khe thi gian bng 120/26x8 = 15/26 ms l .
4.3.3 Cc cp cng sut GSM
Trong c t GSM xc nh 5 cp MS i vi GSM900 v 2 cp i vi
DCS1800 da trn cng sut ra ca chng. Cc cp ny cho trn bng 4.4. My
cm tay in hnh i vi GSM900 thuc cp 4, cn i vi DCS1800 l cp 1.
My trn xe GSM900 thuc cp 2. Mi MS u c kh nng gim cng sut ra
theo tng bc 2 dB t tr cc i xung n cc tiu 5 dBm (3.2 mW) i vi
GSM900 v 0 dBm (1 mW) i vi DCS1800 theo lnh t BS. Kh nng ny
c dng thc hin iu khin cng sut ng ln (cng sut MS) m
bo va cho cht lng tha mn. Nh c th tit kim pin ca MS v
gim can nhiu ng ln ton h thng.
Bng 4.4 Cc cp cng sut MS

Trong pha 1, tm cp cng sut BS GSM900 c xc nh, vi cng sut

ra cc i t 2.5 W n 320 W v 4 cp i vi BS DCS1800, vi cng sut ra
cc i t 2.5 W n 20 W. Trong pha 2 mi h thng c b sung 3 cp cng
sut, gi l micro-BS, v chng dng cho t bo nh. Chi tit v cp cng sut BS
cho bng 4.5. Cng sut ra thc ca BS c th iu chnh t nht trong 6 bc
c 2 dB nhm iu chnh tinh vng ph sng. Cng sut ra BS cng c th iu
chnh n 15 bc, mi bc 2 dB nhm iu khin cng sut ng xung.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.3.4 Cc cm GSM
Nh bit, mi sng mang GSM h tr 8 khe thi gian v d liu c
pht i dng cm c thit k va kht cc khe ny. c t GSM xc nh 5
loi cm khc nhau, 4 trong c biu din hnh 4.9.
Cm thng (NB) l cm c s dng ph bin nht trong GSM. N
gm chui hun luyn gia v 2 khi thng tin mi khi 58 bt hai bn. u
v cui cm l 3 bt ui. di tng cng ca cm l 148 bt cng vi khong
bo v di 8,25 bt. Chui hun luyn dng thm d knh v tuyn v to
nn c lng phn ng xung ca knh ti my thu. c lng ny c s
dng trong qu trnh gii iu ch san bng cc nh hng ca truyn sng a
tia. c lng knh s ch chnh xc ti thi im ly thm d, v th chui hun
luyn c t tm ca ca mi cm nhm gim thiu li trong cc bt thng
tin xa chui hun luyn nht. Do phn u tin ca cm phi lu li trc khi
c th gii iu ch. Chui hun luyn gm dy 16 bt m rng v 2 pha bng
cch copy 5 bt u tin cui ca dy v 5 bt sau cng u dy. 16 bt trung
tm c chn sao cho hm t tng quan sau gii iu ch GMSK c tr cc
i, v cc bt lp li mi u bo m rng c lng knh c c c th
rng ti 5 bt trc khi b hng bi cc bt thng tin. c t cng xc nh 8
chui hun luyn khc nhau c th dng trong cm thng, tt c u c tnh
cht tng quan cho thp sau gii iu ch GMSK. Mi chui hun luyn c
m t bng m chui hun luyn (TSC). Danh sch cc TSC cho bng 4.6. Cc
t bo cng knh s dng cc chui hun luyn khc nhau phng nga c
lng knh b hng bi tn hiu nhiu. Cc bt ui TB trong NB lun bng 0
nhm bo m rng b gii m Viterbi bt u v kt thc trng thi bit.
Bng 4.5 Cc cp cng sut BTS

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Cm sa tn (FB) c MS s dng pht hin sng mang c bit pht

i bi mi BS trong mng GSM. Sng mang ny c gi l sng mang knh
iu khin qung b (BCCH). N hot ng nh dng c bo hiu (beacon) v
cc MS s tm kim c ny pht hin s c mt ca mng GSM. FB cng
c cc MS s dng lm chuNn tn s cho cc c s thi gian (timebases) bn
trong ca chng. Tt c cc bt trong FB k c bt ui u bng 0 v sau gii
iu ch GMSK s nhn c sng sin ti tn s cao hn tn s cao tn trung tm
khong 68 kHz (1625/24). Cm ng b (SB) mang 78 bt d liu m ha chia
thnh 2 khi 39 bt nm 2 pha ca chui hun luyn 64 bt. Cm ny mang
thng tin chi tit v cu trc khung GSM v cho php MS ng b hon ton vi
BS. SB l cm u tin m MS phi gii iu ch, v th chui hun luyn c
ko di 64 bt.
Bng 4.6 Cc dy hun luyn GSM

Chui ko di ny cho nh t tng quan ln hn chui 26 bt ca cm

thng. N cng cho php phn bit c tri tr a tia ln hn. Tt c cc SB
u dng chung chui hun luyn t bt th 42 n bt th 105 trong cm. Sp
xp chui hun luyn nh sau:

MS c th dng chui hun luyn ny ng b vi truyn dn BS vi chnh

xc trong phm vi bt. Cm cui cng trong hnh 4.9 l cm truy nhp (AB).
Cm ny gm chui hun luyn di 41 bt theo sau l 36 bt thng tin. Cm truy
nhp c MS s dng truy nhp mng lc ban u v y l cm ng ln
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u tin m BS phi gii iu ch t MS c th. Cng nh vi cm ng b,

chui hun luyn c ko di d gii iu ch. S bt ui u cm c
tng ln bng 8. Cc bt ui ko di u cm l:
Chui hun luyn theo sau l:

Cc bt ui cui cm c tr bng 0. Lu rng cm truy nhp ngn hn nhiu

cc cm khc, do khong bo v di v bng 68,25 bt nhm b cho tr
truyn sng gia MS v BS. Mt khi ng song cng c thit lp, c cu
nh thi sm vng kn c kch hot bo m rng cc cm ng ln MS
n BS ng khe thi gian ca chng. Tuy nhin iu ny l khng th trn cm
truy nhp. Do , khong bo v di 68,25 bt hay 252 s, cho php MS c th
xa BS n 38 km trc khi cc cm ng ln ca n trn vo khe thi gian tip
theo. Do kch thc nh, AB mang tng i t thng tin v iu ny c tc ng
n th tc truy nhp.

Hnh 4.9 Cc loi cm GSM

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Loi cm th 5 khng v trn hnh 4.9. N l cm gi (DB) v ging cm
thng ch c cng cu trc v dng cng chui hun luyn. S khc nhau
chnh gia NB v DB l ch cc bt thng tin hai bn chui hun luyn trong
cm gi c tr xc nh trc. DB dng lp kn cc khe thi gian khng tch
cc trn sng mang BCCH l sng mang phi pht i lin tc v c cng sut
khng i.
Ph li ra cao tn ca cc tn hiu pht trong h thng TDMA khng ch
c xc nh bi qu trnh iu ch, m cn bi cc qu (transient) chuyn
mch xy ra khi cc cm nng lng cao tn c pht i. Cc qu ny c xu
hng lm rng ph ca tn hiu pht, mc d iu ny c th gim bt bng
cch lm cng sut ra tng gim t t khi pht cm, thay cho vic ch tt m my
pht. Thng tin pht i trong cm khng c chu nh hng bi qu trnh ny
(thc hin u v cui ca khe thi gian). Phn tch cc trong NB di 148 bt.
Phn c ch ca cm trong tt c cc trng hp s ngn hn phn tch cc 1 bt
v n bt u na bt u tin. Trong phn c ch (pht thng tin) bin ca
tn hiu cao tn iu ch phi gi gn nh khng i. Mt n tng gim cng sut
(s thay i cng sut pht theo thi gian) i vi NB nh hnh 4.10a. Bin
tn hiu pht phi gi nguyn gia 2 ng m. Mt n i vi FB v SB cng
vy. AB c mt n thay i cng sut tng t, song lc ny phn c ch gim
xung cn 87 bt (hnh 4.10b). Lu rng cng sut tng 70 dB trong 28 s (ng
vi 7.6 bt), cn cng sut gim trong 18 s hay 4.9 bt.

(a) Mt n iu chnh cng sut cm thng

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(b) Mt n iu chnh cng sut cm truy nhp

Hnh 4.10 Cc mt n iu chnh cng sut trong GSM
4.3.5 My thu GSM
Trong phn ny ta xt phng php khi phc thng tin ca b san bng
Viterbi t mi cm GSM khi c ISI gy bi knh v tuyn v bi qu trnh iu
ch GMSK.
4.3.5.1 B san bng knh
Hnh 4.11 biu din s khi ca ng truyn bng gc GSM in
hnh. Thut ng bng gc c dng ch rng phn cao tn c b qua v
cc nh hng ca knh v tuyn v ca phn cao tn my pht, my thu c
m hnh ha bng knh bng gc tng ng. Hnh v cng ch ra rng cc cm
cha c d liu v chui hun luyn c cho qua b iu ch bng gc my
pht v sau i qua knh bng gc trc khi ti my thu. Dng sng my thu
s cha ISI gy bi knh v qu trnh iu ch GMSK. Ti my thu cm c
phn tch thnh chui hun luyn v cc bt d liu. Chui hun luyn c
dng c lng phn ng xung ca knh v tuyn trong b c lng knh.
Ton b qu trnh gii iu ch c thc hin bng cc k thut s l tn hiu s.
Sau khi tn hiu i qua tuyn cao tn ca my thu, n c ly mu to ra biu
din s dng phc ca tn hiu bng gc. Trong hnh 4.11 lung thng tin bng
gc phc c k hiu bng mi tn kp.
gii thch qu trnh m phng knh, ta biu din chui hun luyn thu
c, sr (t ) , nh tch ca chui hun luyn pht, s(t ) , v phn ng xung ca knh
bng gc, hc (t ) , tc l:
sr (t ) = s (t ) * hc (t ),

Cho sr (t ) i qua b lc vi phn ng xung hMF (t ) phi hp vi chui hun luyn

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------s cho c lng phn ng xung ca knh he (t ) xc nh bi:
he (t ) = sr (t ) * hMF (t ) = s (t ) * hc (t ) * hMF (t ) = Rs (t ) * hc (t ),

y Rs (t ) = s (t ) * hMF (t ) l hm t tng quan ca chui hun luyn. Lu rng

y l hm t tng quan ca cc symbol GMSK iu ch to ra bi chui
hun luyn ch khng phi l bn thn cc bt ca chui hun luyn. Cc chui
hun luyn c chn bng cch tm kim trn my tnh sao cho Rs (t ) l xp x
vi hm dng xung Dirac. Hnh dng thc t l dng xung c bin c hn
ch nh hn s chip trong chui thm d. Gi s rng Rs (t ) c tnh cht ny,
phng trnh trn tr thnh:
he (t ) (t ) hc (t ) hc (t )
y (t ) l hm xung Dirac.

Hnh 4.11 ng truyn bng gc

Thi gian tr gia cc thnh phn a ng thu c u tin v cui
cng ca knh c lng c th ln, v th c s tng ng gia kch thc ca
tr ny v phc tp ca b san bng knh Viterbi. tr tng 1 bt dn n
s trng thi trong b san bng tng gp i. Ngi ta lp phn ng xung knh
nhn to tiu chuNn ha th b san bng Viterbi. Phn ng ny gm 6 xung c
cng sut trung bnh nh nhau v cch u nhau trn mt khong thi gian 16
s , tc khong cch gia 2 xung ln cn l 3,2 s . B iu ch GMSK tri mi
bt trn rng 3 bt. tri tr 16 s ng vi 16/3.69 hay 4.34 bt. Tng
tri cho tri tr qu 16 s s l 7.34 bt. Nhc li rng chui hun luyn gm dy
thm d 16 bt v 5 bt b xung vo mi bn. C ngha l cc c lng knh c
th nhn c i vi tng tri tr qu mc di 5 bt. Nu tri tr vt qu 5
bt, th dy thm d ca cc tia mun hn s chng ln vi cc bt thng tin ca
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cc tia sm hn. iu ny lm xu i c lng knh mc nht nh v

chui hun luyn s tng quan cho vi cc bt thng tin.
Thng thng ngi ta tnh ton tri tr tng ca knh ch l 2 bt, ng
vi di 7.38 s . Gi tr ny kh ph hp vi cc knh GSM thnh ph v
nng thn, c tri tr tng ng l 5 s v 0.5 s . Lc ny, tri tr ln
hn 2 bt c th gy ra li khi chc nng ca b kh xen k v gii m FEC l
loi b chng. Nu phn ng xung ca knh c lng he (t ) ln hn 7.38 s , b
san bng s ch s dng ng 7.38 s . Song 7.38 s ny nm ch no? Mt th
tc to ca s c thc hin, trong ca s di 2 bt di chuyn trn he (t ) , v
phn he (t ) c dng l phn c nng lng cc i trong he (t ) . Ti v tr ny,
c lng knh theo ca s hw (t ) c xc nh bi:
hw (t ) = he (t ).w(t )

vi w(t ) l hm ca s ch nht. Hi vng rng hw (t ) s cha cc thnh phn a tia

c gi tr nht. iu ny c th khng xy ra ti vng i ni v cc phn x khc
nhau c th dn ti nng lng ng k ti cc tr ln. Xt hnh 4.11, ta thy
rng tt c cc chui d liu c th c to ra ti ch trong my thu v cho qua
b iu ch bng gc ti ch. Qu trnh ny to ra mt s symbol GMSK y (t )
a i nhn chp vi phn ng xung knh c lng hw (t ) to nn mt s
mu dng sng x(t ) . Nu c lng knh l hon ho, th mu dng sng ng
vi dy d liu pht s phi hp chnh xc vi dng sng thu c r (t ) . Song
lun tn ti mt s khng hon ho trong qu trnh c lng knh, v d hm t
tng quan ca chui hun luyn khng phi l hm Dirac hon ho v mt s
vn lin quan vi to ca s c lng knh. nh hng ca vic thm d
knh khng hon ho c th gim bt bng cch a cc mo vo ng d liu
ging nh trong ng c lng knh. Ni cch khc ta a vo hm m
Rs (t ) chnh l hm t tng quan ca chui hun luyn.
tm hiu vai tr ca hm m, trc tin ta xt tn hiu d liu thu c
r (t ) xc nh bi:
r (t ) = b(t ) * hc (t )

trong b(t ) l chui d liu pht, cn hc (t ) l phn ng xung ca knh thc t.

Tn hiu thu c nhn chp vi w(t ) Rs (t ) to nn:
x(t ) = b(t ) * w(t ) Rs (t ) * hc (t )

Cc mu dng sng to ra ti ch c to ra bng nhn chp mi chui d liu

c th vi c lng knh ca s. Ngha l:
x(t ) = y (t ) * hw (t ) = y (t ) *( w(t )he (t )) = y (t ) * w(t ) Rs (t ) * w(t )hc (t ) = y (t ) * w(t ) Rs (t ) * hw (t )

trong y (t ) l li ra ca b iu ch bng gc ti ch. V y (t ) l 1 trong s cc

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------dng sng c th ca b(t ) , nn 2 phng trnh trn ch khc nhau ch l x(t )

cha hc (t ) trong khi x(t ) buc phi c phin bn ca s hw (t ) , cn hc (t ) v hw (t )

nh nhau khi phn ng xung s dng trong qu trnh to y (t ) l hon ton cha
trong ca s. Nh vy, bng cch a hm m vo ng d liu thu, s phi
hp gia dng sng thu c v mu dng sng chnh xc c ci thin ng
k. Gi s rng b san bng phi s l tri tr tng cng 5 bt d liu, gm tri
tr 3 bt trong b iu ch GMSK v tri tr 2 bt trong knh. Nh vy trong bt
k chu k bt no ta u phi xt nh hng ca 5 bt. V 5 bt c th to nn 32
mu nh phn khc nhau nn ta phi to ra 32 mu dng sng khc nhau bx(t ) c
di mt bt v dng chng khi mi bt thng tin x(t ) i n. 32 gi tr ging
nh vy ca x(t ) s c dng cho mi bt trong x (t ) . Li bnh phng trung
bnh gia mi mu dng sng x(t ) v dng sng thu c x(t ) c tnh ton
cho mi chu k bt. Cc tr li bnh phng trung bnh ny c gi l cc s gia
metric. Mu dng sng phi hp tt nht vi dng sng thu c s to ra s gia
metric nh nht v mu ny c th s dng ti sinh bt d liu b(t ) . Tuy nhin
ta trnh ti sinh tng bt d liu. Thay vo s gia metric nh nht c tnh t
bt u tin trong cm cho n bt cui cng. n cui cm tt c cc bt s c
ti sinh li.
B san bng Viterbi c 2 1 trng thi vi bng 5 trong trng hp ang
xt. Nh vy ta c 16 trng thi. Mi trng thi lin quan vi mt s nh phn 4
bt khc nhau. Cc trng thi c xp thnh ct c 16 vng trn, mi vng trn
biu din 1 trng thi nh phn v d 1101. Mt gin li c lp c cng s
ct 16 trng thi ny. Mi trng thi v d 1101 s thay i ti khong bt tip
theo thnh 0101 hoc 1101 ty thuc vo bt mi l 0 hay 1 logic. C 2 s gia
metric nu trn cho mi trng thi, v th ti mi chu k bt c 32 s gia metric.
i vi bt d liu u tin ta chn metric nh hn ti mi trng thi lm metric
c ch. (Trong GSM c cc bt ui 0 u v th ta bit n bt u nh th no,
nh th qu trnh san bng tr nn d dng hn). Metric c ch c lin h vi
bt pht 0 logic hay 1 logic. Ta ghi li gi tr logic ca bt lin quan vi metric v
gi tr ca metric. Ti khong bt tip theo ta nhn c tp 32 metric khc. Hai
s gia metric ti trng thi bt k c cng vo s gia metric gi li trc , v
tng c gi l metric ng dn. Metric nh hn trong 2 metric c gi li,
gi tr ca n v gi tr logic ca bt lin quan c ghi li. Khi cc bt c s l,
mi ln 1 bt, s gia metric v metric ng dn ca mi trng thi c tnh
ton (ng thi vi tnh tr ca bt pht i c th lin quan vi metric ng dn
thp nht). cui mi cm s c 16 metric, mi metric cho 1 trng thi. Trng
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thi c metric ng dn thp nht s c chn, cn vt ca ng dn s c

dng nhn dng cc bt lin quan vi metric ng dn ny khi n thay gi tr
t u cm n khi n cn li l metric ng dn thp nht. Cc bt ny c ti
sinh cng lc nh cm d liu khi phc, mc d cn phi tin hnh kh hon v
bt v gii m FEC. M t n gin trn y lin quan vi iu ch pha s. Khi
xt GMSK (mt phng php iu tn) ta cn 4 trng thi pha 0, / 2, ,3 / 2
ngoi cc trng thi m t trn. Nh vy c 16 trng thi lin quan vi 0
radian, 16 trng thi lin quan vi / 2 radian v.v. Do c 64 trng thi tc
thi. Chi tit hn v b san bng Viterbi c th tham kho ti [].

4.3.6 Cc knh logic v knh vt l

Trong phn trc ta xt cch truyn thng tin trn giao din v tuyn
GSM dng cc cm cha cc bt thng tin v dy hun luyn xc nh trc.
Ta cng xt cch khi phc cc bt thng tin khi c ISI gy bi qu trnh iu
ch v bi knh v tuyn. Trong phn ny ta xt phng php nh x d liu
ngi dng (v d ting ni) v d liu bo hiu (v d lnh HO) ln cc cm
TDMA. MS v BS lin lc vi nhau trn cp sng mang cao tn c th, 1 cho
ng ln v 1 cho ng xung, v trong khe thi gian cho trc trong mi
khung TDMA lin tip. T hp ny ca khe thi gian v tn s sng mang to
thnh knh vt l. Mt knh cao tn s h tr 8 knh vt l trong cc khe thi gian
0-7. D liu c nh x ln cc knh vt l bng cch xc nh mt s knh
logic. Knh logic mang thng tin 1 loi c th v 1 s knh ny c th kt hp li
trc khi nh x ln cng knh vt l. Sau y ta xt chc nng ca tng knh
logic GSM.
4.3.6.1 Cc knh lu lng
GSM xc nh 2 loi knh lu lng (TCH). TCH ton tc cho php
truyn ting ni vi tc 13 kb/s v c k hiu l TCH/FS. Tt c cc dng
TCH GSM u tun theo qui c t tn tng t. TCH/FS cng cho php
truyn d liu ngi dng cc tc s cp 9.6, 4.8 v 2.4 kb/s k hiu l
TCH/F9.6, TCH/F4.8, TCH/F2.4. TCH ton tc s chim ton b knh vt l, tc
l 1 khe thi gian trong mi khung TDMA v trn 1 sng mang ng ln hoc
ng xung.
TCH bn tc cho php truyn ting ni vi tc gn 7 kb/s (TCH/HS)
v d liu s cp vi tc 4.8 v 2.4 kb/s, gi l TCH/H4.8 v TCH/H2.4.
Knh bn tc s dng 1 khe thi gian trong mi khung TDMA khc (trung bnh),
tc l mi knh vt l c th h tr 2 TCH/HS. Knh bn tc ch yu h tr b
m ha ting ni GSM bn tc, c hon thnh thit k vo thng 1/1995.
Cc tc d liu trn c chn trng vi cc tc s dng trong
PSTN. Khi tc d liu s cp gim, sc mnh ca m ha knh tng ln cho
kt qu BER gii m thp hn (xem bng 4.15, tc MS = 50 km/h). TCH lun
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------dng cm thng.
Bng 4.15 Ch tiu BER in hnh

4.3.6.2 Cc knh iu khin

Cc knh iu khin mang thng tin bo hiu gia MS v BTS. C vi
loi knh iu khin trong GSM v c th chia thnh 4 loi theo cch h tr
chng trn giao din v tuyn v theo loi thng tin bo hiu m chng mang.
Cc knh qung b c dng pht qung b thng tin ng b v
thng tin chung ca mng cho tt c cc MS trong t bo. Thng tin iu khin
gia MS v BTS c mang bng s dng cc knh iu khin lin kt trong
cuc gi, trong khi cc knh iu khin dnh ring c lp c s dng ngoi
cuc gi. Cui cng, cc knh iu khin chung c MS s dng trong th tc
tm gi v truy nhp.
Cc knh qung b. Ch c pht trn ng xung (tc l ch bi BTS).
Knh sa tn (FCCH) l knh logic GSM n gin nht v tt c cc bt thng tin
ca n u bng 0. FCCH ch gm cc cm sa tn l mu bt ton 0. Sau iu
ch GMSK, cc cm ny to nn sng sin thun ty ti tn s cao hn tn s
mang c 68 kHz (1625/24 kHz). FCCH c MS s dng trong cc giai on
ban u nhn bit BTS sa cc ngun tn s ni ca n v khi phc pha sng
mang pht ca BTS.
Knh ng b (SCH) cha tt c cc chi tit v v tr ring ca n trong cu trc
khung GSM. S dng thng tin cung cp bi SCH, MS c th ng b hon ton
cc b m khung ca n vi cc b m ca BTS. Thng tin SCH c pht
bng cc cm ng b.
Ngoi thng tin ng b khung, SCH cn cha BSIC 6 bt. Trong phn
lin quan n HO trong GSM ta s thy rng MS phi o cng tn hiu thu
ca sng mang chuNn (beacon) c bit, gi l sng mang BCCH. Sng mang
c pht vi cng sut khng i bi cc BTS ln cn MS. Thng tin ny c
bo co cho mng ti n c s dng xc nh xem MS c c ni vi
BTS thch hp nht hay khng hoc c cn chuyn sang BTS thch hp hn hay
khng. MS s c cung cp 1 danh sch cc tn s mang BCCH c dng bi
cc BTS ln cn v n s bo co kt qu o mc tn hiu thu ca tng tn s
sng mang BCCH. Phi m bo thng tin o c lun lin kt vi BTS ng.
V d, MS c th bo co kt qu o mc tn hiu thu i vi tn s f1 m mng
gn cho BS c th nh BSA. Tuy nhin thc t MS c th ang o sng mang
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BCCH ca BS khc nh BSB. S lm ln ny c khc phc bng cch yu cu

MS thng k gii m SCH ca cc BTS ln cn v ly ra BSIC. Thng tin o
lng c gi n mng i km vi BSIC ca mi BTS, nh m bo rng
mng lin h mi kt qu o vi BTS ng. V th cn m bo rng 2 BTS c
th ng knh c gn cc BSIC khc nhau.
BSIC gm m mu mng 3 bt (NCC) v m mu trm gc 3 bt (BCC).
Thut ng mu c dng v vic gn cc m ny c th t c bng cch t
mu cc vng trn bn theo cc m ang s dng trong vng c th. Ch no
2 mng dng chung bng tn v c vng ph trm nhau, mi mng s c gn
NCC. iu ny m bo rng 2 mng khng th c cng BSIC. Ni chung, 2
PLMN trong cng 1 nc s dng cc bng tn khc nhau, v vic dng NCC ch
tr nn quan trng ti bin gii quc t l ni m 2 PLMN s dng cng bng tn
c th trm nhau. BCC c dng bi tng nh khai thc bo m rng cc
BTS cng knh c BSIC khc nhau. BCC v m dy hun luyn (TSC) s nh
nhau i vi mi BTS. C ngha l bng cch gii m BSIC ca BTS c th, MS
c th xc nh dy hun luyn c th (trong 8 dy c th) trong cc cm thng
pht i bi BTS (xem bng 4.6).
Knh iu khin qung b (BCCH) dng pht qung b thng tin iu khin
cho mi MS trong t bo. Thng tin ny gm cc chi tit v cu hnh knh iu
khin s dng ti BTS, danh sch cc tn s mang BCCH s dng ti cc BTS
lng ging v 1 s tham s c dng bi MS khi truy nhp BTS.
Knh qung b t bo (CBCH) c dng pht cc bn tin ch-s ngn cho
tt c cc MS trong t bo c th. Cc bn tin ny xut hin trn mn hnh MS v
thu bao c th chn thu cc bn tin khc bng cch chn cc trang khc nhau.
C BCCH v CBCH u s dng cm thng.
Cc knh iu khin lin kt. Khi MS ang gi, mt lng thng tin bo hiu
nht nh phi truyn trn giao din v tuyn duy tr cuc gi. Chng hn MS
lin tc bo co mc thu cc sng mang BCCH ca cc BTS lng ging. Loi
bo hiu ny c h tr bng cc knh logic iu khin chim cng knh vt l
nh d liu lu lng. Thng tin khng khNn cp nh s liu o lng, c
pht i bng knh iu khin lin kt chm (SACCH). Knh ny lun lun c mt
khi ng dnh ring gia MS v BTS l tch cc, v c 26 khe th n chim 1
khe. Cc thng bo SACCH c th c gi i c 480 ms 1 ln i.e xp x every
2s. Thng tin khNn hn nh lnh HO c gi i bng cc khe thi gian nh
cp t knh lu lng. Knh ny c gi l knh iu khin lin kt nhanh
(FACCH) v kh nng truyn thng tin ca n gia MS v BTS nhanh hn nhiu
SACCH. Khi bo hiu FACCH c dng thay th chnh xc mt khi ting
ni 20 ms v thng bo FACCH y c th gi i 1 ln trong 20 ms. C
SACCH v FACCH u dng cm thng v chng l knh 2 hng (lnxung).
Knh iu khin dnh ring c lp Trong 1 s trng hp thng tin bo hiu
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cn truyn i gia mng v MS khi khng c cuc gi, v d khi cp nht v tr.
iu ny c th thc hin bng cch phn TCH/FS hoc TCH/HS hoc dng
SACCH hoc FACCH mang thng tin. Song iu ny lm lng ph ti nguyn
v tuyn hu hn v cc yu cu truyn giao d liu ca qu trnh nh cp nht v
tr t hn nhiu cc yu cu truyn ting ni. V th, knh d liu tc thp hn
c xc nh v c dung lng c 1/8 TCH/FS. Knh ny c gi l knh
iu khin dnh ring c lp (SDCCH). Knh c gi l c lp v n c th
tn ti c lp vi TCH bt k v c gi l dnh ring v n ch c s
dng bi 1 MS c th, tc l n c dnh ring cho MS c th.
Cc knh iu khin chung Cc knh ny c th c s dng bi MS bt k
trong t bo. Knh tm gi (PCH) l knh ch ng xung c h thng s
dng tm gi MS c th, nh khi c cuc gi n. C 2 PCH khc nhau l
PCH ton tc v PCH gim tc dng trong t bo c dung lng hn ch.
Cm thng lun c dng trn knh PCH. Knh cho php truy nhp (AGCH)
dng chung ti nguyn v tuyn vi PCH, tc l khe thi gian c th c th c
dng bi 1 trong 2 knh (khng ng thi). Nh tn gi ca n, AGCH c
mng s dng cho php hoc t chi MS truy nhp mng bng cch cung cp
cho n cc chi tit ca knh dnh ring (TCH hoc SDCCH) s dng cho lin
lc tip theo. AGCH l knh ch ng xung v dng cm thng. Knh truy
nhp ngu nhin (RACH) l knh ch ng ln c MS s dng truy nhp
ban u vo mng, v d khi thit lp cuc gi hoc trc lc cp nht v tr. N
c gi l ngu nhin v khng c c ch m bo rng khng c nhiu
hn 1 MS pht trong mi khe RACH v c xc sut hu hn rng 2 MS cng c
gng truy nhp cng 1 RACH cng lc. iu ny dn n ch khng c d nh
truy nhp no l thnh cng v 2 tn hiu ng nhau ti BTS. Nu MS khng
thu c tr li t BTS, n s c gng truy nhp li BTS sau khi i thi gian
nht nh. Nu khong thi gian ny l nh nhau vi mi MS, th mt khi ng
xy ra gia 2 MS, n s tip tc xy ra trong mi ln truy nhp tip theo. Do
, tr gia cc ln truy nhp c ngu nhin ha gim xc sut va chm
ti BTS. MS lun pht cm truy nhp trn RACH.
4.3.7 nh x cc knh logic ln knh vt l
Cc knh logic khc nhau miu t trn c th kt hp theo 1 trong 6
cch khc nhau trc khi c nh x ln 1 knh vt l. nh x n gin nht l
knh TCH/FS v SACCH ca n. Khi c kt hp, cc knh ny va khp vo
1 knh vt l. Lu rng nh x gia TCH v knh vt l l nh nhau bt k TCH
c dng mang ting ni hay d liu ngi dng. Mt knh vt l cng s h
tr 2 knh TCH/HS v cc SACCH ca chng hoc 8 SDCCH v cc SACCH
lin kt ca chng. Ba t hp knh logic cn li t phc tp hn v c gii
thch sau.
T hp knh iu khin chung v knh qung b c bn gm mt FCCH,
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SCH v BCCH trn ng xung, cng vi PCH ton tc v AGCH ton tc.
ng ln hon ton dnh ring cho RACH, v l do ny ta gi l RACH ton
tc. Loi cu hnh knh ny thng c dng trong cc t bo dung lng trung
bnh v ln khi m dung lng truy nhp ca knh PCH, AGCH v RACH ton
tc c bin minh. T hp knh iu khin ny ch c th xut hin trn khe
thi gian 0 ca sng mang. Sng mang h tr cc knh ny ti BTS c gi l
sng mang BCCH v n l duy nht trong mi t bo, hoc sect, tc mi BTS s
ch c 1 sng mang BCCH.
Trong cc t bo dung lng nh hn, tc l cc t bo c s sng mang
cao tn nh hn, dung lng ca PCH, AGCH v RACH c th khng c bin
minh. V l do ny t hp th 2 ca cc knh truy nhp c s dng. ng
xung tip tc h tr FCCH, SCH v BCCH; tuy nhin tc ca PCH v
AGCH ng xung c gim cn khong 1/3 ton tc ca chng. Cc khe ph
c to ra nh s gim tc ny trn ng xung c dng h tr 4
SDCCH v cc SACCH lin kt ca chng. SDCCH cng chim 1 s khe ng
ln v s khe phn cho RACH trn ng ln b gim tng ng. Hiu qu ca
vic ny l khong 1 na s khe dnh cho RACH. T hp knh iu khin ny
ch c th xut hin trn khe thi gian 0 ca sng mang BCCH.
T hp knh iu khin cui cng c xc nh dng trong cc t bo
dung lng ln ni m dung lng truy nhp ca mt PCH, AGCH v RACH l
khng . T hp ny gm BCCH v PCH, AGCH ton tc trn ng xung v
RACH ton tc trn ng ln. T hp ny ch c th xut hin trn khe 2, hoc
cc khe 2 v 4, hoc cc khe 2, 4 v 6 ca sng mang BCCH. L do ca s hn
ch ny s c gii thch sau khi xt c ch sm thi gian. Ta lu rng mi
BTS ch phi pht 1 FCCH v SCH, do cc knh ny khng c cha trong
tp knh m rng. Mi tp m rng cha BCCH ca mnh v 2 l do. Th nht,
BCCH cha thng tin ch p dng cho RACH chim cng khe thi gian trong
khung TDMA, th hai l MS theo di cc cm chim cng knh vt l d hn.
Cc t hp knh khc nhau va miu t trn c tng kt trong bng 4.16.
Lu rng CBCH c b qua. Nu yu cu knh ny th n c th thay th 1
SDCCH.
4.3.8 Cu trc khung GSM
Ta m t cu trc khung TDMA c bn s dng trong GSM, ti mi
sng mang h tr 8 khe thi gian v knh vt l chim 1 khe thi gian trong mi
khung. Khung TDMA biu din lp thp nht trong cu trc phn cp khung
phc tp. Cp tip theo trong cu trc khung GSM, cao hn khung TDMA l a
khung gm 26 khung TDMA trong trng hp cc knh lu lng ton tc v
bn tc, hoc 51 khung i vi tt c cc knh logic khc.
Bng 4.16 Cc cu hnh knh logic c th nh x ln 1 knh logic

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Cu trc khung i vi TCH/F chim khe thi gian 1 trong mi khung

TDMA c v trn hnh 4.14. 12 khe thi gian u tin trong mi khung
TDMA ca a khung, t 0-11, c dng bi chnh TCH/F. Khe thi gian tip
theo khng c dng truyn v th n c gi l khe ri. 12 khe tip theo
trong mi khung TDMA ca a khung c dng bi TCH/F, khe thi gian cn
li trong khung TDMA 26 c dng bi SACCH. Hnh 2.14 c th p dng c
cho ng ln v ng xung vi ch rng c lch 3 chu k cm gia nh
thi khung trn ng ln v ng xung. a khung lu lng c di chnh
xc l 120 ms v iu ny xc nh nhiu chu k thi gian s dng trong GSM, v
d 1 khung TDMA = 120 ms/26 4.615 ms. Ta lu rng cu trc a khung
trn hnh 4.14 ch p dng cho TCH/F chim cc khe thi gian nh s l. Trn
cc khe thi gian nh s chn v khe thi gian 0, v tr ca cc khe thi gian ri
v SACCH c tro i. hiu l do ca iu ny, ta cn xem xt cch mang
thng tin trn SACCH. Sau ny ta s thy rng cc thng bo SACCH c hon
v trn 4 cm, biu din chu k thi gian ca 4 a khung hay 480 ms. C ngha l
BTS phi thu 4 cm SACCH trc khi thng tin c kh hon v thnh cng v
c gii m, tc l thng tin SACCH ch c th c gii m 1 ln mi 4
khung. Nu cc cm SACCH xut hin ti cng im trong a khung i vi mi
knh vt l, th cc thng bo SACCH t mi MS s n trong cng khung
TDMA v iu ny s gy nn ti s l ln cho BSC. tri ti s l SACCH
nhiu hn na theo thi gian, v tr ca cc cm SACCH c thay i t khe
thi gian ny n khe thi gian khc v cc chu k hon v cng c sp xp sao
cho BTS s phi gii m ti a 1 thng bo SACCH trn khung TDMA. iu
ny cng cho BSC 1 chu k c 12 khung TDMA s l thng tin trong thng
bo SACCH trc khi n ca thng bo khc t MS khc s dng cng sng
mang nhng khc khe thi gian.
T chc ca TCH/H phc tp hn 1 cht. Hnh 4.15 ch ra 1 v d t chc
ca 2 knh lu lng bn tc TCH 0 v TCH 1.

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Hnh 4.14 Cu trc khung i vi knh lu lng ton tc trn khe 1

Vic m t knh bn tc s gm s knh con 0 hoc 1 ngoi s khe thi
gian v tn s sng mang. V d hnh 2.15 ch ra rng TCH/H (tc l TCH 0
hoc TCH 1) v SACCH lin kt ca n (SACCH 0 hoc SACCH 1) s dng
trung bnh cch khe (every other slot) trong a khung. Lu rng gin ny
khc vi hnh 4.14, ch biu din cc khe thi gian t cng knh vt l; cc khe
thi gian t 7 knh vt l cn li c b qua.

Hnh 4.15 T chc knh bn tc

Hnh 4.14 ch rng cp tip theo trong cu trc khung cao hn a khung l
siu khung, trong trng hp TCH/F v TCH/H gm 51 a khung. di ca
siu khung l 6.12 s. Cp cui cng trong cu trc khung l siu siu khung gm
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2048 siu khung v c di khong 3,5 gi. Ta s tho lun mc ch ca cc

cp cao hn ny sau khi m t cu trc khung dng trn knh iu khin.
Cu trc khung ca tp knh iu khin trn khe thi gian 0 c cho trn
hnh 4.16. Trong trng hp ny a khung gm 51 khung TDMA v di khong
235 ms. Tt c cc knh, tr TCH/F v TCH/H, u dng a khung 51 khung. T
bng 4.16 ta thy c 4 t hp knh iu khin khc nhau v tt c u dng a
khung 51 khung.
Hnh 4.17 ch ra cch nh x nhm 8 knh SDCCH ln 1 knh vt l. nh
x cm da trn chu k 2 a khung, tc l n lp li c 2 a khung, v gin ch
ra 2 a khung vi cc khung nh s 0-50 v 51-101. Cc khe thi gian c
dng bi SDCCH c th c dn nhn n (v d SDCCH 0) v cc khe thi gian
c dng bi SACCH i km n c dn nhn SACCH n (SACCH 0), vi n
c th nhn cc tr bt k t 0-7. Cch kt hp ny c k hiu SDCCH/8. Hnh
ny ch rng mi SDCCH/8 chim tng cng 8 khe thi gian trong 2 a khung
(102 khung). SACCH i km, k hiu l SACCH/8, chim 4 khe thi gian na
trong cng chu k. C ngha l 8x12=96 khe thi gian b chim v 6 khe cn li
ri. Hnh 4.17 l trng hp cc khe ng xung, cu hnh ng ln nhn
c bng cch dch mi khe 15 v tr sang phi, tc SDCCH 0 s chim cc khe
15-18 v cc khe 66-69; cn SACCH i km ca n chim cc khe 47-50 trn
ng ln. Cch b tr ny c th s dng trn khe thi gian bt k v sng mang
bt k, tr khe thi gian 0 ca sng mang BCCH.
Bng 4.16 ch rng c 3 t hp c th ca cc knh chung v knh qung
b. Hnh 4.18 l cch nh x mi t hp ny ln a khung iu khin. Hnh 4.18a
l b tr knh iu khin c bn tn ti trn khe thi gian 0 ca sng mang
BCCH. a khung ng xung c chia nh thnh 5 nhm mi nhm 10 khe
thi gian vi 1 khe ri cui. Khe thi gian u tin ca mi nhm c gn cho
FCCH v cha cm sa tn. Tng t, khe thi gian th 2 ca mi nhm c
gn cho SCH v cha cm ng b. Trong nhm u tin, 4 khe thi gian sau
FCCH v SCH c gn cho BCCH. Cc khe ng xung cn li, tr cm ri
cui a khung, c gn cho PCH v GCH. Cc khe PCH/AGCH c th c
gn cho knh bt k trn c s khi-khi, vi khi gm 4 khe (xc nh bi kch
thc khi hon v). Mi khi s cha thng tin MS nhn dng knh (PCH
hoc AGCH). Trn ng ln, tt c cc khe thi gian c gn cho RACH. Lu
rng 4 khe thi gian sau khe BCCH trn hnh 4.18a cng c th c gn cho
BCCH.Trong trng hp ny, 4 khe ny s c gn hoc cho BCCH, PCH hoc
AGCH trn c s khi-khi.

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Hnh 4.16 Cu trc khung i vi nhm knh iu khin trn khe 0

Hnh 4.17 T chc knh SDCCH/8

Hnh 4.18b l cch sp xp knh iu khin i vi cc t bo dung lng
nh ni m dung lng PCH v AGCH c gim i dnh cho 4 SDCCH. a
khung ng xung li c chia nh thnh 5 nhm 10 khe v mi nhm bt u
bng FCCH v SCH. Nhm u tin c 4 khe gn cho BCCH v 4 khe cn li
dnh cho PCH/AGCH. Tm khe cn li trong nhm th 2 c dng bi
PCH/AGCH. Tt c cc khe ng xung cn li c s dng bi 4 SDCCH v
cc SACCH i km ca chng, tr khe ri cui a khung. Trn ng ln, 24
khe c gn cho 4 SDCCH v cc SACCH i km ca chng, 27 khe cn li
c s dng bi RACCH. Cch b tr knh iu khin ny ch c th s dng
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------trn khe 0 ca sng mang BCCH.

Hnh 4.18 Sp xp knh iu khin sng mang BCCH

Hnh 4.19 l cch gn cc khe thi gian c nhn D trong hnh 4.18b cho
tng knh trong 4 SDCCH v cc SACCH i km ca chng. Cch kt hp ny
c k hiu l SDCCH/4 v cc knh i km l SACCH/4.
Cu hnh knh iu khin th 3 c thit k cho cc t bo dung lng
cao ni m mt PCH/AGCH v RACH l khng . Cu hnh a khung ca
nhm knh ny c cho trn hnh 4.18c. iu ny hiu qu nh cch sp xp
knh iu khin c bn cho trn hnh 4.18a, nhng vi cc khe FCCH v SCH
c thay bng cc khe ri. Cch b tr ny ch c th s dng trn khe 2, cc
khe 2 v 4, hoc cc khe 2, 4, 6 ca sng mang BCCH. Tp m rng ny ch c
th s dng khi khng c SDCCH no trn khe 0 ca sng mang BCCH.

Hnh 4.19 T chc knh SDCCH/4

Tr li hnh 4.16 ta thy rng siu khung knh iu khin gm 26 a
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khung v di 6.12 s, ng bng di siu khung lu lng. Siu khung biu

din chu k thi gian nh nht m cc mi quan h knh iu khin v knh lu
lng c lp li. V l do ny cu trc a khung ang dng trn mi knh vt l
ch c th thay i bin gii a khung. Hnh 4.14 v 4.16 ch ra rng siu siu
khung l cp cui cng trong cu trc khung GSM i vi c knh lu lng v
knh iu khin. N gm 2048 siu khung v ko di khong 3,5 gi. Mi khe
trong 2.715.648 khe trong siu siu khung c 1 s duy nht v s ny c dng
trong qu trnh mt ha v cc th tc nhy tn.

4.3.9 Truyn ting ni

4.3.9.1 Gii thiu
By gi ta xem xt cc qu trnh m ha, hon v v mt ha c dng
trn knh ting ni ton tc GSM. Tip theo ta m t cc qu trnh tng ng
i vi knh d liu ngi dng (v d TCH/F9.6) v cc knh bo hiu (v d
SACCH). Tr li hnh 4.2 ta thy rng m ha ting ni c s dng bin
i tn hiu ting ni tng t thnh tn hiu s thch hp vi truyn dn trn
giao din v tuyn. Tip theo, m ha FEC c p dng cho d liu ting ni
cho php tt c hoc 1 s li truyn dn c th sa c ti my thu. D liu
m ha FEC c hon v v mt ha trc khi c tp hp thnh cm sn sng
truyn trn giao din v tuyn. Sau qu trnh san bng v gii iu ch ti my
thu, d liu khi phc c gii mt, gii hon v v gii m knh loi bt
cng nhiu li truyn dn cng tt. Sau d liu c chuyn cho b gii m
ting ni ti n c bin i ngc li thnh tn hiu ting ni tng t.
rng s hnh 4.2 cng p dng c cho c ng ln v ng xung. By
gi ta xt chi tit hn.
4.3.9.2 M ha ting ni
Trong bt k h thng t bo vng rng no nh GSM, ph tn l ti
nguyn qu gi v phi c s dng mt cch hiu qu. Trong trng hp
truyn ting ni, iu ny t ra yu cu l thng tin ting ni phi c truyn
trn giao din v tuyn vi tc cng thp cng tt song vn phi m bo cht
lng ting ni tha mn. iu ny c ngha l cc b m ha dng sng, nh l
AD-PCM 32 kb/s l khng thch hp cho GSM v yu cu tc bt kh cao ca
chng. Truyn dn ting ni vi cht lng chung (toll quality) vi tc d
liu thp hn 16 kb/s i hi b m ha ting ni rt phc tp s dng cc b lc
s m hnh ha c trng ca c quan to m (thanh qun). Thng tin ting
ni c chuyn ch bng cch pht cc h s b lc ca thanh qun v dy kch
thch cho php khi phc ting ni ti my thu. Ta ch xt cc nguyn tc c bn
ca b m ha ton tc GSM v cc c im chnh ca n.
Ti MS, tn hiu thanh p ca ngi dng c bin i thnh tn hiu
in tng t bng micro. Tn hiu in c ly mu ti 8 kHz v mi mu
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c bin i thnh biu din s 13 bt bng b bin i A/D u. Sau qu trnh

bin i ny tn hiu c chuyn cho b m ha ting ni GSM. Ti pha mng
tnh hnh phc tp hn 1 cht v cc tn hiu ting ni thng c m ha bng
khun PCM lut A 8 bt tng thch vi PSTN/ISDN. C ngha l trc khi
tn hiu ting ni c chuyn cho b m ha ting ni pha mng, trc tin
cn phi bin i PCM lut A 8 bt thnh PCM u 13 bt.
B m ha GSM thuc h cc b m ha d bo tuyn tnh kch thch
xung u RPE-LPC. N cn s dng d bo di hn LTP b xung cho d bo
ngn hn STP thng thng, v th c gi l b m ha ting ni RPE-LTP.
B m ha ny c th chia thnh 4 phn: tin s l, lc phn tch STP, lc phn
tch LTP v tnh ton RPE. Ta xt vn tt cc qu trnh ny.
Tin s l Tn hiu ting ni ly mu u tin c cho qua b lc kha
loi b bt k sai lch dc no c th tn ti ri cho qua b lc tin nhn phn ng
xung hu hn bc 1 (FIR). B lc tin nhn dng nhn phn tn s cao, cng
sut thp ca ph ting ni. iu ny cho chnh xc s tt hn trong cc tnh
ton tip theo. Sau tn hiu ting ni c chia thnh cc khung khng chng
ln nhau gm 160 mu, mi mu di 20 ms.
Lc phn tch STP D liu ting ni vn cha mc d tha cao, c ngha l
c th d on mu ting ni tng lai t cc mu ting ni trc . Theo thut
ng ton hc ta c th ni rng mu ting ni c th xp x bng t hp tuyn
tnh ca 1 s mu ting ni qu kh (8-16 mu) sao cho mu ting ni d on
ti thi im n c cho bi
Trong ak l cc h s d on, s(n) l mu ting ni ti thi im ly mu n
cn p l s cc h s d on hay bc d on. Sai s d on e(n) c xc
nh nh sau

Ly bin i z ca phng trnh ny ta c

Trong

Cc h s ak c tnh bng cc tiu ha sai s qun phng trn on 20

ms ca dng sng ting ni. Ngc ca A( z ) tc l H ( z ) = 1/ A( z ) l b lc s
ton im cc m hnh ha ng bao ph ca dng sng ting ni. Trong thc
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------t cc h s d on ak khng c tnh trc tip. Thay vo mt s h s
phn x c tnh t cc h s t tng quan ca khi ting ni. Lng t ha
u cc h s phn x l khng hiu qu, v th chng c bin i thnh tp
cc h s khc gi l cc t s din tch loga (LAR). C 8 LAR trn khi 20 ms
ting ni v chng c lng t ha bng 6 bt cho LAR(1) v LAR(2), 5 bt
cho LAR(3) v LAR(4), 4 bt cho LAR(5) v LAR(6) v 3 bt cho LAR(7) v
LAR(8), tng cng 36 bt trn khi ting ni. Cc phn phi bt ny c da
trn di ng v s phn b cc gi tr LAR.
Lc phn tch LTP Lc ting ni bng b lc o A( z ) c xu hng loi b
nhiu tha bng cch tr mi mu ting ni mt gi tr d on ca n dng p
mu qu kh. Tn hiu nhn c c gi l s d d on ngn hn v ni
chung n s c lng chu k nht nh lin quan n chu k pitch ca ting ni
gc khi n c pht m. Tnh chu k ny th hin mc d tha na m ta c th
loi b bng b d on pitch hay b d on di hn. Dng tng qut ca b lc
d on di hn c dng
Trong

l b d on di hn, m1 , m2 xc nh s im trch b d on, l tr LTP

v Gk l tng ch LTP. Trong trng hp m ha ting ni ton tc GSM,
m1 = m2 = 0 , to nn b d on 1 im trch. Tham s v G0 c xc nh
bng cc tiu ha sai s cn d qun phng sau khi d on di hn v ngn
hn trn chu k 40 mu hay 5 ms. i vi b d on 1 im trch, sai s cn d
ny e(n) ti thi im n c cho bi
y r (n) l phn d to nn sau d on ngn hn. Phn d qun phng E l

Cc tham s G v c lng t v m ha bng 2 v 7 bt, to nn 9 bt trn

5 ms khi con v 36 bt trn khi 20 ms.
Tnh ton RPE Kh tha khi tn hiu ting ni to nn tn hiu d. Trong
b gii m ting ni phn d ny c dng kch thch cc b lc STP v LTP
ti thit. H thng GSM s dng phng php RPE m ha mt cch hiu qu
phn d. i vi m on con 5 ms, tn hiu kch thch gm 13 xung cch nhau
bi 3 mu. Bin v im xut pht ban u ca xung th nht c tnh ton
nhm gim thiu sai s gia ting ni v phin bn khi phc ti ch ca n. Vi
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khong cch xung l 3 mu, c 3 v tr li c th cho xung kch u tin v

thng tin ny c m ha bng 2 bt. Cc bin xung c chuNn ha theo
bin cao nht ca khi v c lng t ha bng 3 bt. Sau cng, cc gi tr
cc i c lng t ha bng 6 bt. Kt qu nhn c 47 bt trn khi con 5
ms. Bng 4.17 l s phn phi bt y ca b m ha ting ni GSM. Mi
khi 20 ms c m ha bng 260 bt, to nn tc bt 260/20 ms = 13 kb/s.
Bng 4.17 Tng kt s phn phi bt RPE-LPC

4.3.9.3 Gii m ting ni

Gii m d liu ting ni l nhim v t phc tp hn nhiu qu trnh m
ha. B gii m thc hin cc thao tc ngc li, c th l gii m RPE, lc tng
hp LTP, lc tng hp STP v hu s l.
Gii m RPE Trong b gii m, v tr li, cc cc i kch thch on con
(subsegment) v bin xung kch thch c khi phc t d liu thu v cc
bin xung thc t c tnh ton bng cch nhn cc bin gii m vi cc
cc i khi tng ng ca chng. M hnh phn d LTP c khi phc bng
nh v thch hp cc bin xung theo v tr li lch (offset) ban u.
Lc tng hp LTP Cc tham s ca b lc LTP, G v , c khi phc t d
liu thu v chng c dng xy dng b lc tng hp LTP. Sau m hnh
kch thch LTP khi phc c dng kch thch b lc tng hp LTP ny
khi phc on con mi ca phn d STP c lng.
Lc tng hp STP B lc STP c khi phc v kch thch bng tn hiu d
STP khi phc to nn ting ni.
Hu s l Tn hiu ting ni c gii nhn bng ngc ca b lc tin nhn
dng trong m ha.
Cc bt d liu to ra bi b m ha s c tc ng khc nhau n tn hiu ting
ni nu chng b thu sai. V l do ny, tng bt c xp hng theo th t quan
trng v FEC c p dng tng ng. Trong GSM cc bt quan trng nht c
bo v bi kim tra chn v m xon mnh tc , trong khi cc bt t quan
trng nht khng c bo v. C 3 cp bt c xc nh da trn cc th
nghim ch quan v k hiu l cp Ia, Ib v II. Cc bt cp Ia l quan trng nht
v c bo v tt nht. Trong thc t, nu pht hin c li trong cc bt Ia th
ton b khung ting ni c loi b v cc phng php ni suy c s dng
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khi phc ti thit ting ni t cc khung 2 pha ca khi b loi b. Cc

bt cp Ib km quan trng hn 1 cht v c bo v t hn. Cc bt cp II l km
quan trng nht v khng c bo v.
4.3.9.4 Pht hin s hot ng ca ting ni
Trong cc cuc ni chuyn in thoi thng thng, mt ngi ni chung
s ni trong khong 40% thi gian v cn li l im lng cho ngi khc 60%.
Cc mc nhi c th gim bt v chu trnh np li pin MS tng ln bng cch tt
my pht trong cc qung im lng. K thut ny c gi l pht khng lin tc
(DTX) v da vo s pht hin chnh xc cc khong im lng trong ting ni
ngi dng. iu ny t c bng pht hin tch cc ting ni (VAD) trong
nng lng ca ting ni c tnh ton i vi mi khi ting ni v thc hin
quyt nh theo ngng thch nghi vi vic khi cha ting ni hay tp m nn.
iu quan trng l h thng phi nhn bit nhanh im bt u ni trnh mt
cc m ban u. Ngoi ra, tr cn d c a vo cui cu ni trnh xn
m xy ra. tr d c 4 khung ting ni (80 ms) cng ngn h thng VAD khi
phn ng vi cc qung im lng rt ngn, v d gia cc m tit hoc trong 1 t.
V ch quan, cc qung im lng hon ton gy bi qu trnh DTX ti my thu l
phin toi v chng to cm gic rng ng truyn b mt. Tnh trng ny c th
ci thin bng cch chn tp m d chu lp cc khong im lng. Tp m d
chu nhn c t ng bao ph ca tp m nn s dng cc LAR v n c
chuyn ch dng khung m t im lng (SID). SID c kch thc ging ht
khung ting ni v c cp nht 1 ln c 4 a khung, ngha l c mi 480 ms.
4.9.3.5 M ha knh
c s dng nhm gim BER h thng n cc mc chp nhn c, t
ci thin cht lng tng. Tuy nhin, m FEC a d nht nh vo d liu
pht i, v th lm tng tc d liu pht v di thng knh. V l do ny, m
ha knh c s dng 1 cch c chn lc trong GSM. T bng 4.17 ta thy rng
b m ha ting ni cho ra 260 bt / 20 ms, tng ng vi tc d liu 13
kb/s, v cc bt ny c chia thnh 3 cp. Hnh 4.20a ch ra khun dng khung
ting ni 260 bt ti li ra b m ha ting ni. Cc bt cp Ia c nhn {d0 d 49 } ,

cc bt cp Ib c nhn {d50 d181} v cc bt cp II c nhn l {d182 d 259 } . Nh

bit, khung ting ni s b loi b nu bt k bt no trong cc bt cp Ia b thu
sai. Do , iu quan trng l my thu phi c kh nng pht hin c khi no
cc li trong cc bt Ia lt qua qu trnh FEC. iu ny t c bng s dng
m khi pht hin li yu. M c s dng l m cyclic rt ngn (53,50,2) vi
a thc sinh cho bi
Qu trnh m ha ny to nn 3 bt kim tra chn { p1 , p1 , p2 } c b xung vo
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cui cc bt Ia nh hnh 4.20b. Cc bt Ib v 4 bt ui ton khng sau c

cng vo cc bt Ia v cc bt kim tra chn, v tt c cc bt c tro th t
theo mi quan h sau:

y cc bt tro th t c cho bi {u0 u188 } . Qu trnh tro th t nh sau:

nhm cc bt d liu nh s chn {d0 d180 } u khung, cc bt nh s l

{d181 , d179 , d1} cui khung theo sau l 4 bt ui {d185 d188 } . Cc bt kim tra
chn { p1 , p1 , p2 } c chn vo gia ca khung tro th t nh hnh 4.20c.
Khi 189 bt nhn c {u0 u188 } sau c m ha xon bng m tc
vi a thc sinh
Kt qu c khi m ha 189 2 = 378 bt v 78 bt loi II c thm vo to
nn khi 456 bt c nhn {c0 , c1 , c2 , , c455 } nh hnh 4.20b.
4.3.9.6 Xen k
Trong mi trng di ng, cc li trong cc bt pht i c xu hng xy ra
thnh cm khi MS di chuyn vo ra cc fades su. M xon nu trn l hiu qu
nht khi cc li phn b ngu nhin khp lung bt. V l do ny, cc d liu
m c xen k trc khi pht i trn giao din v tuyn. Ti my thu, qu trnh
gii xen k c xu hng phn b cc cm li mt cch ngu nhin khp cc d
liu thu, nh tng hiu qu ca gii m xon sau . H thng GSM dng 2
cp xen k khc nhau v chng c m t nh sau.
Xen k ng cho khi i vi knh TCH/FS mang thng tin ting ni, khi
m 456 bt c chia nh thnh 8 khi con mi khi 57 bt B0 , , B7 bng
cch gn bt m ck cho khi con Bi theo nguyn tc sau
i = k mod 8

Tc l mi bt th 8 c gn cho cng khi con. Qu trnh ny c m

t trn hnh 4.21a. Mi khi con khi to thnh 1 na ca 8 cm pht lin tip
trn giao din v tuyn. Na cn li ca mi cm c chim bi cc khi con t
cm ting ni trc hoc cm tip theo nh hnh 4.21b. y Bin l khi con
th i ca khung ting ni n. Cm cng cha 2 c nh cp hl v hu , dng ch
ra na cm c b nh cp bi knh FACCH hay khng.

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Hnh 2.20 Qu trnh m ha FEC ca khung ting ni GSM ton tc

Xen k gia cc cm Ngoi xen k ng cho khi nu trn, cc bt d liu
cn c xen k trong cm. Mt khi con s chim cc v tr bt l hoc chn
trong cm. Ch no m khi con t khung ting ni chia s cm ca n vi khi
con t khung trc , th n s chim cc v tr bt nh s chn. Ngc li, ch
no khi con chia s cm ca n vi khi con t khung tip theo, th n s s
dng cc v tr bt nh s l. Ni cch khc, ta c th ni rng B0 , , B3 s dng
cc v tr bt nh s chn cn B4 , , B7 s dng cc v tr bt nh s l. Cc bt
trong khi con cng c tro th t tng khong cch cc i gia cc bt
lin tip.
4.3.9.7 Mt ha d liu (ciphering)
H thng GSM c kh nng mt ha thng tin trn ng v tuyn
gim s e da v an ninh do cc my nghe trm. Qu trnh mt ha bao gm
thc hin php cng modulo-2 ca t mt ha rng 114 bt v 114 bt d liu
trong cm. iu ny xo trn 1 cch hiu qu cc bt trong cm theo cch bit
cho php kh xo trn chng trong my thu bit trc t mt ha lin quan.
Vic to t mt ha s xt sau.
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Hnh 4.21 Qu trnh xen k GSM trn knh ting ni ton tc

4.3.10 Truyn d liu ngi dng

H thng GSM h tr cc tc d liu 9.6 kb/s, 4.8 kb/s v 2.4 kb/s

trn cc knh ton tc (TCH/F9.6, TCH/F4.8 v TCH/F2.4) v cc tc 4.8
kb/s v 2.4 kb/s trn cc knh bn tc (TCH/H4.8 v TCH/H2.4). N cng h
tr c ch hot ng trong sut v ch hot ng khng trong sut. Trong
ch trong sut, vic sa li c thc hin ch bng FEC, cn trong ch
khng trong sut thng tin s c lp li nu n b thu sai. Kt ni khng trong
sut ch c trn cc knh TCH/F9.6 v TCH/H4.8.
4.3.10.1 M ha knh
V m ha knh ph thuc mnh vo loi knh nn mi knh s c xt
ring bit.
TCH/F9.6 Mc d dch v d liu lm vic ti 9.6 kb/s, mt lng thng tin ph
nht nh c b xung to nn tc d liu trung gian 12 kb/s. D liu ny
c a n khi m ha dng khi 60 bt c 5 ms, v b m ha lm vic
trn nhm 4 khi tc l 240 bt, {d (0), , d (239)} . Bn bt ui ton 0 c b
xung cui mi khi v d liu c m ha xon tc vi a thc sinh
nh ni trn. Kt qu c khi d liu m ha 488 bt, {C (0), , C (487)} .
Sau kch thc khi c thch nghi truyn trn ng v tuyn bng k
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thut gi l t l, trong 32 bt m b xa theo qui tc sau:

Cc bt b xa = C (11 + 15 j ), j = 0, ,31
iu ny c ngha l cc bt C (11), C (26), C (41) v.v b loi b, kt qu c khi
456 bt {c(0), , c(455)} . Vic c l c s dng thch nghi 1 cch chnh
xc tc ca m xon vi cc yu cu ca ng truyn. Ti my thu, b gii
m xon s s l 1 cch hiu qu cc bt b xa nh cc li v chng s c sa
theo cch thng thng trong b gii m Viterbi.
TCH/F4.8 D liu a n khi m ha vi tc bt trung gian 6 kb/s, hay
chnh xc hn l c 10 ms mt khi 60 bt. Mi khi c m rng thnh 76 bt
bng thm vo 16 bt ton 0, chn trong cc khi th 4, c 15 bt 1 ln. Hai trong
cc khi ny sau c mc xch to nn mt khi 152 bt, ri c m xon
tc 1/3 vi a thc sinh sau:

Kt qu nhn c khi m gm 456 bt.

TCH/H4.8 D liu c a n khi m ha theo tng khi 60 bt thng tin
mi 10 ms, hay 6 kb/s. Bn khi trong chng c nhm cng nhau to thnh
khi 240 bt. Cc qu trnh m ha tip theo ging nh knh TCH/F9.6.
TCH/F2.4 D liu n khi m ha vi tc 3.6 kb/s dng cc khi 36 bt
c mi 10 ms. Khi m ha lm vic trn cc khi 72 bt, to nn bng mc xch
2 khi 36 bt. Ban u 4 bt ton 0 c thm vo cui khi to nn khi 76 bt.
Sau khi ny c m ha xon tc 1/6 dng cc a thc sinh sau. Kt qu
nhn c khi d liu m ha 456 bt.

TCH/H2.4 D liu n khi m ha vi tc 3.6 kb/s dng khi 36 bt mi

10 ms. Hai khi c mc xch to thnh mt khi 72 bt v mi khi c m
rng bng thm 4 bt ui ton 0 cui. Hai khi 76 bt ny sau li c mc
xch to thnh 1 khi 152 bt cho m ha knh. Khi ny c m ha xon tc
1/3 to nn khi d liu 456 bt ging knh TCH/F4.8.
4.3.10.2 Xen k
Qu trnh xen k c th chia lm 2 cp: xen k ng cho khi v xen k
gia cc cm. Knh TCH/H2.4 s dng cng s xen k nh TCH/FS ni
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trn. Cc knh cn li s dng s xen k phc tp c m t di y i

vi knh TCH/F9.6.
Nhc li rng m ha xon dn n khi 456 bt sau c l. V ni chung
knh d liu c th chp nhn tr tng th ln hn knh ting ni, nn sau
xen k ng cho khi tng ln n 22 cm, t tng kh nng ca h thng
ngu nhin ha cc li chm. Tic thay 456 bt khng th chia u cho 22 cm,
do s xen k tr nn phc tp. Hai cch xem xt qu trnh xen k khi l:
- Khi 456 bt c chia nh thnh 4 khi con 114 bt, mi khi con c
phn b u trn 19 cm vi 6 bt mi cm. Cc khi con c xen k ng
cho khi vi dch 1 cm gia mi khi con.
- Khi 456 bt c chia nh thnh 2 khi 6 bt t trong cc cm 0 v 21, 2
khi 12 bt t trong cc cm 1 v 20; 2 khi 18 bt t trong cc cm 2 v 19; v
16 khi 24 bt t trong cc cm 3 n 18. Do , mi khi 456 bt c xen k
trn 22 cm. Cc khi d liu cng c xen k ng cho vi khi mi bt
u mi cm th 4.
Lu rng cc bt d liu c tro th t trong mi cm.
4.3.10.3 Mt ha
Cc cm c mt ha ging nh trong phn trc i vi knh ting ni
ton tc.

4.3.11 Truyn d liu iu khin

4.3.11.1 Knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH

D liu SACCH c a n khi m ha theo tng khi c nh gm
184 bt thng tin. Vic m ha ban u c thc hin bng m cyclic nh phn
rt ngn xc nh bi a thc sinh sau y
Loi m ny thng c gi l m la v c dng pht hin cc li cm
cn d khng sa c bng b gii m xon. Kt qu ca qu trnh m ha
ny l to ra 40 bt kim tra chn b xung vo cui khi d liu to thnh khi
224 bt. Khi ny c m rng thnh 228 bt nh thm vo 4 bt ui ton 0
cui khi. Sau khi d liu ny c m ha xon tc vi a thc sinh
sau y
Kt qu c khi 456 bt m ha. Cc bt c tro th t v chia nh thnh
8 khi con 57 bt ging nh knh TCH/FS, ngha l 1 s khi chim cc v tr bt
chn v 1 s khi chim cc v tr bt l. Tuy nhin trong trng hp khi
SACCH, vic xen k khi xy ra trn 4 cm y vi mi cm cha cc bt t
cng khi trong c v tr bt l v bt chn. K thut ny c gi l xen k vung
khi v khi d liu mi bt u 1 ln mi cm th 4 v c xen k trn 4 cm.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lu rng cc cm SACCH xy ra 1 ln c mi 26 cm hay 120 ms (trong
trng hp knh ton tc), c ngha l tr gy bi cc qu trnh m ha knh
v xen k s l 4 120 = 480 ms. Trong trng hp cm SACCH, cc c nh cp
lun c t bng 1.
4.3.11.2 Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH
Thng tin FACCH i n b m ha knh theo cc khi 184 bt; cc khi
ny c m ha khi v m xon ging nh i vi SACCH. S xen k l
khc nhau i vi FACCH trn knh ton tc v bn tc. i vi knh ton tc
s xen k ging nh s dng cho cc khung ting ni m ha 456 bt ton
tc. Ngha l khi c chia thnh 8 khi con 57 bt ri c xen k ng cho
khi trn 8 cm lin tip vi 4 khi con u tin ch chim cc v tr bt chn v 4
khi con sau cng chim cc v tr bt l. ch cc bt chn ca cm b nh cp
bi FACCH, c hu c t bng 1 logic, cn c hl bng 1 khi cc v tr bt l b
nh cp. S tng t gia xen k FACCH v ting ni ton tc c ngha l khi
FACCH 456 bt s thay th hon ton khi ting ni m ha 456 bt trn c s 11. Nh vy vic chn khi FACCH s dn n mt mt khi ting ni 20 ms.
V TCH/F2.4 cng dng cng s xen k, vic chn khi FACCH dn
n mt mt 1 khi thng tin m 456 bt, hoc khi thng tin 72 bt. Trong
trng hp TCH/F9.6, s khc nhau gia 2 s xen k c ngha l vic chn
FACCH dn n mt mt ti a 24 bt m trong mi khi 114 bt, cn trong
trng hp TCH/F4.8, ti a 48 bt m s b mt trong mi 228 bt.
Khi FACCH c chn trn knh bn tc, khi FACCH 184 bt c m
ha khi v m xon ht nh khi SACCH to nn khi d liu m 456 bt.
Khi c xen k trn 6 cm nh sau: khi 456 bt c chia thnh 8 khi con
vi 4 khi con u tin { B(0), , B (3)} chim cc v tr bt chn v 4 khi sau

cng { B(4), , B(7)} chim cc v tr bt l. Cc khi con B (2) v B(3) c kt

hp vi cc khi con B(4), B(5) lp y 2 cm y , cn cc khi con cn
li lp y cc na cm. Do , cc khi c xen k ng cho khi 1 cch
hiu qu trn 6 cm vi khi d liu mi bt u 1 ln c mi cm th 4. Khi
FACCH nh cp cc bt chn ca 2 cm u tin ca TCH/H (hu = 1) , tt c cc
bt ca 2 cm tip theo ( hu = hl = 1) , v cc bt l ca 2 cm tip theo ( hl = 1) .
nh hng ca vic nh cp bt FACCH n knh TCH/HS l s mt mt ca 2
khung ting ni lin tip. Trong trng hp TCH/H4.8 v TCH/H2.4, ti a 24
bt trong mi 114 bt m s b mt.
4.3.11.3 Knh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH
Cc cm RACH ngn pht trn ng ln ch cha 8 bt thng tin. Su bt
kim tra chn c to ra bng m cyclic h thng n gin vi a thc hi tip
sau:
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sau 6 bt ny c cng modulo-2 theo tng bt vi m nhn dng
trm gc 6 bt (BSIC) ca BTS m thng bo RACH nh gi n. Qu trnh ny
c thc hin bo m rng 2 BTS vi cng tn s sng mang BCCH khng
th cng gii m v tr li khung RACH t 1 MS. Ch BTS c cng BSIC nh
BSIC c s dng trong to cm RACH l c th gii m thnh cng thng tin
ny. Qu trnh ny dn n khi 14 bt c cng thm 4 bt ui ton 0 to
thnh khi 18 bt. Sau khi ny c m ha xon tc bng a thc sinh
ging nh ca TCH/FS, kt qu c khi m ha 36 bt. Tr li hnh 4.9, ta
thy rng khi ny khp kht vo 1 cm RACH. Lu rng khng c xen k trn
knh RACH.
4.3.11.4 Knh ng b SCH
Cc cm ng b mi cm cha 25 bt thng tin c pht trn khe thi
gian 0 ca sng mang BCCH ng xung. D liu pht i bao gm BSIC v s
khung ca khung hin thi trong siu siu khung. Mi bt kim tra chn c
to ra bng a thc sau
Ri 4 bt ui ton 0 c thm vo to nn khi d liu 39 bt. Khi ny
c m xon tc bng cng m nh TCH/FS to nn khi d liu
m 78 bt. Tr li hnh 4.9, khi thng tin ny khp kht 1 cm. Lu rng xen
k khng c dng trn SCH.
4.3.11.5 Cc knh iu khin khc
Cc knh BCCH, PCH, AGCH, CBCH v SDCCH tt c u s dng
cng s m ha v xen k nh SACCH miu t trn.

4.3.12 Mt ha d liu iu khin

SCH, BCCH, PCH AGCH v CBCH khng bao gi c mt ha v

chng phi c sn cho mi MS trong t bo, v c ch an ninh ca GSM c
thit k sao cho thng tin mt ha ch c th gii mt bng 1 ngi dng bit
trc. RACH cng khng bao gi c mt ha v BTS phi gii m c cm
ny m khng bit trc nhn dng ca MS. Cc knh iu khin duy nht c th
mt ha l SACCH, FACCH v SDCCH. D liu trn cc knh ny c mt
ha bng php HOC LOI TR 114 bt trong cm vi t mt ha 114 bt,
bng cch xo trn d liu theo cch bit.

4.4 iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn

Trong phn ny ta xt cch phn phi v s dng ti nguyn v tuyn
trong h thng GSM.
4.4.1 La chn t bo
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Khi MS bt ngun, nhim v u tin ca n l xc nh BTS thch hp

c th truy nhp mng khi c nhu cu. iu ny t c bng cch tm kim
bng tn lin quan i vi cc sng mang BCCH, sau gii m thng tin mang
bi cc sng ny chn BTS thch hp. MS c th thc hin 1 trong 2 thut
ton tm kim khc nhau ty thuc vo s hiu bit ca n v cc sng mang
BCCH ang dng.
Thut ton th nht c p dng khi MS khng bit g v cc sng mang
BCCH c dng trong PLMN c th. Ban u MS tm kim ton b bng tn
ng xung (tc l 124 sng mang i vi bng GSM900 c bn, 174 sng
mang i vi E-GSM900 v 374 sng mang i vi DCS1800) v o cng
tn hiu thu ca mi sng mang. Mc tn hiu thu ca tng sng mang c xc
nh t trung bnh ca t nht 5 php o tri u trn khong thi gian 3-5 s. Sau
MS iu hng li vo sng mang mnh nht v i cm FCCH (cm sng
sin thun ty). Nu cm FCCH (xut hin c 10 hoc 11 khung thi gian trn khe
thi gian 0 ca sng mang BCCH) khng tm thy, th MS iu hng li vo
sng mang mnh nht th 2 v lp li qu trnh. Mt khi MS nhn dng c
sng mang BCCH nh cm FCCH, n ng b vi BTS v th gii iu ch
thng tin ng b. Cm FCCH c MS s dng sa gc thi gian trong ca
n nhm m bo rng tn s sng mang ca n chnh xc n 107 so vi tn
hiu thu c t BTS. MS s dng gc thi gian trong ca n to cc phin
bn ti ch ca sng mang cao tn cho gii iu ch, v cc tn hiu ng h cho
cc b m bn trong ca n.
Sau khi sa tn, MS c gng gii m cm ng b cha trong khe thi
gian SCH. Khe ny d dng xc nh v n lun lun i ngay sau khe thi gian
FCCH trn cng knh vt l, tc l sau 8 khe thi gian. Cm ng b cha
thng tin cho MS nhn dng v tr ca n trong cu trc khung GSM y .
Cm ny cha 25 bt thng tin trc khi m ha knh trong c 6 bt pht
BSIC. 19 bt cn li dng pht s khung rt gn TDMA (RFN) ca khe thi
gian cha cm ng b. RFN gm 3 tham s, T1 (11 bt), T2 (5 bt) v T3 (3 bt)
c xc nh t s khung y (FN) duy nht i vi mi khung TDMA trong
siu siu khung. FN c gi tr t 0 n 2715647 v cc tham s RFN c xc
nh nh sau:

Trong T3 l s trong di 0 n 50 v c xc nh bi
Cc ton t mod v div cho kt qu nguyn v phn d ca php chia nguyn.
Nh vy T1 cung cp v tr ca siu khung trong siu siu khung, T2 cung cp v
tr ca a khung trong siu khung. a khung iu khin cha 51 khung TDMA
v v tr ca khung (cha trong cm ng b) trong a khung c xc nh bi
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T3 yu cu 6 bt. Tuy nhin, cm ng b ch c th chim 1 trong 5 v tr khc

nhau trong a khung, do thng tin ny c pht i bng 3 bt T3. Lu rng
cm ng b lun lun chim khe thi gian 0 ca khung TDMA v khng cn
pht thng tin ny.
Ngoi FN, MS cn cn duy tr cc b m s khe thi gian (TN) v s
bt (QN). B m QN c thit lp bng dy hun luyn ko di nm gia
cm ng b v c tng ln c mi 12/13 microgiy. QN m cc chu k bt
v gi tr ca n nm trong di 0 n 624, tc l t 0 n 156 bt. B m TN
c t v 0 khi thu c cm ng b v n c tng ln mi khi vic m
QN thay i t 624 v 0. B m TN dng duy tr v tr ca khe thi gian
trong khung TDMA v c gi tr t 0 n 7. Khi gi tr ca TN thay i t 7 v 0,
FN tng ln 1 n v.
Sau khi ng b thnh cng vi BS, MS c th tip tc gii m thng tin
h thng cha trn BCCH. BCCH d dng xc nh v tr v n lun lun chim
cng v tr trong a khung knh iu khin. Knh ny cha 1 s tham s nh
hng n vic la chn t bo, bao gm cng sut ti a m MS c th pht khi
truy nhp BTS (tham s MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH) v cng sut thu cc tiu ti
MS truy nhp (tham s RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN). Cc tham s ny c kt
hp vi cng sut thu ca trm gc R v cng sut ra cc i ca MS P to
nn tham s gi l C1 xc nh bi
C1 = A B vi B > 0,
C1 = A vi B 0
Trong

Tt c cc gi tr c tnh theo dBm. Nu C1 i vi BTS cho c gi

tr ln hn 0, th MS c coi l c kh nng truy nhp BTS khi cn. BTS c
C1 cao nht c coi l BTS thch hp nht khi cp n giao din v tuyn.
Mt tham s khc nh hng n qu trnh la chn t bo l c
CELL_BAR_ACCESS. ng nh tn gi, c ny ch ra t bo c b chn truy
nhp hay khng. N dng ngn cc thu bao thng thng khi truy nhp t
bo tch cc, chng hn th my. MS chuyn dng s b qua c ny.
S dng thut ton la chn t bo, MS s chn t bo khng b chn vi
C1 dng cao nht trong vng nh v hin thi ca n. i vi cc t bo nm
ngoi vng nh v hin thi, c thm h s bt li c a vo ngn MS
khi chuyn i chuyn li gia 2 t bo trong cc vng nh v khc nhau v iu
ny dn n ti cp nht v tr khng th chp nhn c. Thi gian ti a cho
php ng b vi sng mang BCCH l 0.5 s, cn thi gian ti a cho php
c d liu BCCH l 1.9 s, mt khi MS ng b. Khi MS chn c t bo
thch hp nht, n s cm tri ti t bo v chuyn sang ch ri.
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Thut ton chn t bo th 2 dng cho cc trng hp MS bit v cc

sng mang BCCH s dng trong mng. Trong trng hp ny lc u MS s ch
tm kim cc sng mang lu trong danh sch BCCH ca n v p dng thut
ton chn t bo. Trng hp qu trnh ny khng cho sng mang BCCH hp l,
MS s tr v thut ton chn t bo y ni trn. Vic lu thng tin sng
mang BCCH trong MS l c im ty chn v cch lp danh sch c th thay
i. V d MS c th lu danh sch cc sng mang BCCH ang dng khi n bt
ngun ln cui cng. Tuy nhin cch ny c th khng thch hp nu MS tt
ngun v di chuyn n v tr hon ton mi. It is encumbent upon an MS
chn t bo mnh nht th 4 ( ni 3 t bo mnh nht u tin khng ph hp)
v c th tr li thng bo tm gi trong vng 30 s, gi s cc sng mang BCCH
tt c u c thu vi C/I thch ng.
4.4.2 Ch ri
Sau khi chn c t bo thch hp, MS chuyn sang ch ri ti
n phi theo di knh tm gi BTS v tip tc m bo rng n c cm tri
trn t bo thch hp nht.
4.4.2.1 Tm gi
Tn hiu tm gi pht i trn knh PCH dng bo cho MS bit v cuc
gi n. V th, MS phi lun lun theo di PCH lin quan vi cc tn hiu tm
gi cha a ch duy nht ca n. MS c th xc nh ton b t chc knh iu
khin trn sng mang BCCH nh d liu cha trong BCCH. Trong cc t bo m
cc knh tm gi nm trn nhiu hn 1 khe thi gian, MS s xc nh PCH lin
quan nh 3 s sau cng ca IMSI duy nht ca n. Bng cch ny cc MS c
phn b ngu nhin gia cc ti nguyn v tuyn phn cho PCH. H thng GSM
cng h tr ch tm gi phn khe, trong PCH c chia thnh mt s khi
tm gi con v MS ch cn nghe knh trong khi con tm gi gn cho n. MS s
gim cng sut trong nhng qung thi gian n khng theo di PCH, nh tng
chu trnh np li pin. K thut ny c gi l thu gin on (DRX).
Cc thng bo gi i trn PCH s cha IMSI ca MS cn tm. Mt khi
MS nhn din c IMSI ring ca n, n s tr li bng chuyn sang ch
truy nhp. Cc thng bo tm gi khng c tr li s c lp li cho php
vi thay i trong knh v tuyn; tuy nhin chnh sch lp li chnh xc l vn
i vi nh khai thc mng.
4.4.2.2 Chn li t bo
Khi trong ch ri, MS phi lin tc theo di cng tn hiu ng
xung ca cc BTS xung quanh nhm m bo rng n lun cm tri trn BTS
thch hp nht. MS s lin tc o cng tn hiu thu t BTS phc v v t 6
sng mang BCCH mnh nht cha trong thng bo danh sch lng ging mang
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trn BCCH ca BTS phc v. t nht c 5 s mt ln, MS li c yu cu thc

hin thut ton chn t bo nhn dng xem c cn HandOver trong ch ri
sang t bo thch hp hn hay khng. Nu t bo mi c cha trong vng nh
v hin thi, MS ch vic chuyn sang t bo mi v bt u gii m d liu PCH.
Ch no m t bo mi thuc v vng nh v khc, MS phi thc hin cp nht
v tr trc khi n c th thu cuc gi n.
4.4.3 Ch truy nhp
c dng m t qu trnh m nh MS trong ch ri c truy
nhp mng v c c knh dnh ring. MS s vo ch truy nhp thc hin
cp nht v tr, hoc tr li cuc gi tm gi, hoc nh kt qu ca cuc gi
xut pht t thu bao. Ban u MS truy nhp BTS bng RACH trn ng ln
ca sng mang BCCH. Mc d MS c th ch pht yu cu truy nhp trong cc
khe ng ln gn cho RACH, khng c s hn ch no v khe m n c th
dng. V th va chm gia 2 MS hoc hn c th xy ra ti BTS. Trong tnh hnh
ny hoc 1 hoc khng truy nhp no c gii m v tr li. C ngha l tt cc
cc yu cu truy nhp khng c tr li phi c lp li m bo c hi
thnh cng hp l. Chin lc lp li phi sao cho gim thiu ti trn RACH
trong khi vn gi mc thnh cng truy nhp l tha mn. Lu rng thi gian
gia cc ln pht li khng th l tham s c nh, nu khng th th 2 MS va
chm li tip tc va chm trong ln c gng truy nhp k tip. V l do ny, chu k
lp li l ngu nhin, mc d thi gian trung bnh gia cc ln pht li v s ln
pht li ti a c iu khin qua cc tham s pht qung b u n trn
BCCH. C th iu khin ti RACH bng cch cm MS khng c c gng
truy nhp h thng trong thi gian cho trc sau khi th truy nhp tht bi. Cch
khc gim ti RACH l cm 1 b phn trong ton b cc MS khng c truy
nhp mng. c bit, ton b thu bao c chia thnh 10 nhm con bng nhau
s dng thng tin lu trong th SIM. Khi mt nhm con c th b cm truy
nhp mng tr trng hp c bit (gi cp cu). Bng cch ny c th gim ti
RACH tng bc 10% s ln tc nghn.
Cm RACH rt ngn so vi cc cm khc v n ch cha 8 bt thng tin
trc m ha knh; nh th l khng pht a ch duy nht ca MS tc
IMSI ca n. Yu cu chnh ca cm RACH l n cha thng tin MS nhn
bit phn ng ca mng i vi cm RACH ca n. Do , MS pht 1 s ngu
nhin 5 bt t chn, cng vi s 3 bt thng bo cho mng v l do truy nhp
mng v d tr li cuc gi tm gi, cuc gi khNn cp v.v. Cng sut pht MS
dng cho cm truy nhp c xc nh theo cc tham s h thng pht i trn
BCCH. Mt s bt trong cm truy nhp c Hoc loi tr vi BSIC ca BTS
m thng bo mun gi n. iu ny m bo rng ch BTS ch nh (intended)
mi gii m ng thng bo v mi tr li. Khi thu cm truy nhp trn knh
RACH, BTS s chuyn tip thng bo cho BSC cng vi nh gi (c lng)
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tr truyn dn gia thi im n ca cm truy nhp v lch biu ca BTS.

Tham s ny c dng khi xng sm thi gian ti MS v trnh va
chm vi d liu t cc MS khc ti BTS mt khi MS vo ch dnh ring. Ti
giai on ny, BSC s phn phi knh ri trn BTS v khi BTS xc nhn rng
knh c kch hot thnh cng, thng bo gn knh ban u c hnh
thnh. Thng bo ny cha cc chi tit v knh c phn phi, sm thi gian
ban u cn dng ti MS, cng sut pht cc i ban u v a ch cho php MS
nhn dng ch n ca thng bo.
Tham s sm thi gian (TA) c pht i nh s 6 bt cung cp 64 bc
TA mi bc ng vi chu k mt bt, c th l 3.69 s. C ngha l h thng c
th dng sm thi gian ti a 63 3.69 s 232 s , ng vi khong cch lan
truyn i-v c 70 km v khong cch ti a t BS n bin gii t bo c 35
km. Cc t bo ln c th dung ha bng cch tng thi gian bo v xung quanh
mi khe thi gian bng cch ch dng cc khe lun phin (ngha l khe 0, 2, 4, 6).
Bng cch ny, vic truyn ng ln c th ln sang khe ln cn v bn knh t
bo c th tng ln n hn 120 km. Cch gii quyt ny s dn n gim dung
lng t bo v n c trin khai trong trng hp c bit, v d vi cc BTS
b bin m bo thng tin hng hi. K thut ny cng gii thch cho vic dng
cc khe thi gian 0, 2, 4, 6 cho cc knh iu khin chung, v chng l cc khe
duy nht c cung cp trong cc t bo ln.
Thng bo gn knh ban u t BTS c gi n MS thch hp bng
cch gi km ni dung chnh xc ca cm truy nhp pht i t MS n BTS cng
vi chuNn thi gian m t thi im ti thu c cm truy nhp. Thng bo
ny c gi cho MS bng knh AGCH chia s cng knh vt l nh PCH. MS
lin tc theo di AGCH cho n khi n pht hin c thng bo cha c ni
dung ca cm truy nhp ban u ca n v mc thi gian ng vi thi im pht
thng bo. Lu rng ti im ny MS phi c nhn dng 1 cch r rng v c
xc sut hu hn rng 2 MS c th pht cm truy nhp ging nhau trong cng
khe thi gian RACH.
Mt khi MS thu c thng bo gn knh ban u thch hp, n iu
hng li v knh dnh ring mi v gi i thng bo ban u dng tham s TA
cha trong thng bo gn knh ban u. Khun dng ca thng bo ny ph
thuc vo l do truy nhp, v d tr li cuc gi tm gi. Thng bo ban u cha
cc chi tit v MS bao gm classmark v IMSI ca n. Khi BTS nhn c thng
bo ny, ni dung ca n c gi tr li MS m khng c thay i no. Nu MS
nhn c thng bo khc vi thng bo pht i ca n, n s ri knh ngay lp
tc v bt u li qu trnh truy nhp. iu ny m bo rng bt k s mp m
no cn li u c loi b v ch MS ng mi truy nhp knh dnh ring. Sau
khi thit lp kt ni trn knh dnh ring, MS s chuyn sang ch dnh ring.
4.4.4 Chuyn giao (HandOver)
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H/O l qu trnh nh MS gii phng kt ni ca n vi 1 BTS trong khi

thit lp kt ni mi vi BTS khc m vn m bo duy tr cuc gi hin thi.
H/O cng c thc hin gim nhiu, hoc gim tc nghn lu lng.
Ton b qu trnh H/O c th chia thnh 2 giai on khc nhau: chuNn b v thi
hnh.
4.4.4.1 Chu$n b H/O
Quyt nh thc hin H/O v nhn dng BTS mi thch hp nht c da
trn vi php o khc nhau, thc hin c ti MS v c ti BTS. N cng da trn
1 s tham s tnh v trn phn b ti lu lng trong mng. Cc php o c
dng trong qu trnh H/O l:
* Cc php o thc hin ti BTS
+ Mc tn hiu ng ln thu t MS (tham s RXLEV_UL).
+ Cht lng (BER) ca tn hiu ng ln thu t MS (tham s RXQUAL_UL).
+ Khong cch gia MS v BTS da trn tham s sm thi gian TA thch nghi
+ Mc nhiu trong cc khe thi gian ri.
* Cc php o thc hin ti MS
+ Mc tn hiu ng xung thu t t bo phc v (tham s RXLEV_DL).
+ Cht lng (BER) ca tn hiu ng xung thu t t bo phc v (tham s
RXQUAL_DL).
+ Mc tn hiu ng xung thu t t bo ln cn th n (tham s
RXLEV_NCELL(n)).
Cc tham s RXQUAL v RXLEV c m ha bng s trong bng 4.18 v
4.19 tng ng.
Qu trnh H/O cng a cng sut pht cc i ca MS, ca BTS phc v
v ca cc BTS ln cn vo tnh ton. H/O cng c th s dng phn b lu
lng ng u hn khp mng bng cch s l cc MS t cc BTS tc nghn
sang cc BTS ln cn t tc nghn hn, vi iu kin l cc lng ging c th h
tr MS. V th, qu trnh H/O cng a ti lu lng trong mng vo tnh ton.
Lch o ca MS: Cu trc khung phc tp trong GSM, bng nhiu cch c
gii thch bi yu cu rng MS phi o khng ch tn hiu ng xung ca BTS
phc v m c ca cc BTS xung quanh. Mi BTS pht mt danh sch lng
ging cha cc tn s mang BCCH ca cc BTS ln cn ca n. MS s o cng
tn hiu thu c i vi mi BTS trong danh sch lng ging. Vic xem xt
lch trnh thu pht ti MS khm ph ra 3 ca s trong cc php o ny c
th xy ra. C khe h 2 khe thi gian (tr i sm thi gian) gia thu cm ng
xung v pht cm ng ln. Vi sm thi gian l cc i, ca s ny di 920
s v qu ngn cho mc ch o lng. Ca s th 2 xy ra gia pht cm ng
ln v thu cm ng xung, v di ti thiu ca n l 4 khe thi gian hay 2.3
ms (khng c sm thi gian) nh trn hnh 4.22.

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Bng 4.18 Tham s RXQUAL v BER knh tng ng (ng ln v

xung)

Bng 4.19 Tham s RXLEV v cng tn hiu thu tng ng (ng

ln xung, cc t bo ln cn)

Ca s ny c MS s dng o cng tn hiu ng xung ca

cc sng mang BCCH trong t bo ln cn. Trong thi gian ny, MS phi iu
hng li v sng mang BCCH cn o, thc hin php o, ri iu hng li v
tn s ng xung hin thi kp thu cm tip theo. Th t cht ch ny
khng cho MS thi gian i cm tch cc, v th mi khe trn sng mang
BCCH u phi tch cc. iu ny t c bng s dng cc cm gi lp y
cc khe bnh thng l khng tch cc. Cng c yu cu rng sng mang BCCH
c pht i vi ton b cng sut v do vic iu khin cng sut ng
xung khng c p dng. Lu rng DTX c th khng c s dng trn bt
k khe no ca sng mang BCCH.
Ca s o th 3 c to nn bi khung ri cha trong mi a khung lu
lng (ngha l 26 khung TDMA). Ca s ny di ti thiu 12 khe thi gian hay
gn 7 ms nh hnh 4.23. Ca s o ny c dng m bo rng cc php o
sng mang BCCH ni trn lun lun lin quan vi BTS ng. V cc tn s
mang BCCH c dng li bi cc BTS khc nhau khp mng, nn khng th
bo m rng MS ang o BTS c th n gin ch cn bit tn s sng mang
trn thc hin cc php o. V l do ny, MS nh k li c yu cu kim tra
nhn dng BTS bng cch gii m cm ng b pht i trn sng mang BCCH
v ly ra BSIC. y l m mu 6 bt v c gn cho cc BTS sao cho 2 BTS
dng chung sng mang BCCH s c BSIC khc nhau nu c xc sut nhiu cng
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knh. MS bo co BSIC cho mng cng vi cc kt qu o BCCH; iu ny cho

php mng bo m rng cc php o lin quan vi BTS ng.

Hnh 4.22 Ca s o ngn i vi trng hp lin lc trn khe 3

Trong ca s o di, MS c yu cu iu hng li v sng mang
BCCH, nhn dng v gii m cm ng b hp l, sau iu hng li v tn
s ng xung hin thi ca n thu cm tip theo t BTS phc v. Ta gi s
rng cm ng b trn sng mang BCCH ln cn ri vo ca s o 12 khe. Cc
cm ng b xut hin ti cc khong 10 hoc 11 khung TDMA trong a khung
iu khin 51 khung. Do khng c m bo rng ca s o s ng chnh vi
cm ng b mi lc. Tuy nhin, cu trc khung thi gian bo m rng ca s
khung ri trong a khung lu lng 26 khung s trt dn qua a khung iu
khin 51 khung, nh ca s khung ri s trng vi cm ng b. BSIC ca
BCCH c gii m t nht 1 ln c 10 s. MS cng s gii m v lu thng tin
ng b mang trong cm ng b, ngha l cc tham s a khung, siu khung v
siu siu khung T1, T2, T3, v n c th dng thng tin ny lp lch gii m
BSIC. Thng tin ng b ny cng c dng gim thi gian chuyn mch ti
H/O.

Hnh 4.23 Ca s o di khi lin lc trn khe 3

Ly trung bnh cc php o ca MS Cc kt qu o ca MS c bo co cho
mng qua knh SACCH dng thng bo bo co o lng. MS c th bo co
n 6 t bo ln cn trong cng bn bo co o lng, ngoi t bo phc v.
Thng tin mang trn SACCH c xen k trn 4 cm, tng ng tr
4 120 = 480 ms. Chu k thi gian ny c gi l chu k bo co v cc php o
ti MS c ly trung bnh trn chu k ny trc khi chng c bo co cho
mng. Vic ly trung bnh ln na s xy ra mt khi cc php o n h thng
con trm gc (BSS). BSS phi c kh nng lu t nht 32 mu o, trong mu
c xc nh nh gi tr nh gi bi MS trong chu k bo co o 480 ms. BSS
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c th thc hin ly trung bnh khng c trng s 32 mu, hoc c th ly trng
s cc mu tng quan trng hn cho cc php o mi hn.
4.4.4.2 Thc thi H/O
Mt khi quyt nh bt u H/O v nhn dng c t bo mi thch
hp nht, MS v mng bc vo giai on thc thi H/O. Trong giai on ny, kt
ni vi BTS c c gii phng v kt ni vi BTS mi c thit lp. Qu trnh
thc thi H/O chu nh hng mnh bi v tr ca im chuyn mch trong h tng
c s, v d l H/O trong BSC, trong MSC hay gia cc MSC v vo vic cc
BTS c v mi c ng b hay khng. n gin ha vic m t H/O, ta qui
c nh sau: Cc thut ng BTS, BSC, MSC c thm ch c nu chng l 1
phn ca ng lin lc trc H/O, v thm ch mi nu l 1 phn ca ng
lin lc sau H/O.
V tr ca im chuyn mch i vi cc kch bn khc nhau c cho
trn hnh 4.24. Ch no m BTS-c v BTS-mi c iu khin bi cng BSC,
im chuyn mch s l BSC (hnh 4.24a). Nu BTS-c v BTS-mi c iu
khin bi cc BSC khc nhau, song c hai cng ni vi 1 MSC, th MSC s l
im chuyn mch (hnh 4.24b). Cc hnh 4.24c, d, e ng vi trng hp BTS-c
v BTS-mi c ni n cc MSC khc nhau v MSC-m neo s l im
chuyn mch. MSC-m neo l MSC m MS c ni n lc bt u cuc gi v
n vn duy tr iu khin lin lc trong qu trnh gi. H/O bt k gia cc BTS
ni vi cc MSC khc nhau dn n MSC-mi c b xung vo chui lin lc
cng vi MSC-m neo (hnh 4.24c). Trong trng hp ny MSC-mi i khi
c gi l MSC-chuyn tip. ch m kt ni bao gm MSC-chuyn tip v
MSC-mi khng phi l MSC-m neo, th mt MSC-chuyn tip khc tc l
MSC-mi c b xung vo ng lin lc (hnh 4.24d). ch m MSC-mi
khng phi l MSC-c v MSC-mi l MSC-m neo, th MSC-chuyn tip c
loi khi ng lin lc (hnh 4.24e). V tr ca im chuyn mch xc nh kiu
thng bo c pht i gia cc my khc nhau pha h tng c s.
Bc u tin ca giai on thc thi H/O l BSC mi c BSC c thng
bo v yu cu H/O. Tr trng hp BSC-c v BSC-mi l nh nhau, thng
bo ny c pht i qua im chuyn mch. Ti im ny, ng lin lc mi
gia im chuyn mch v BSC-mi c thit lp. Sau khi c thng bo v
yu cu H/O, BSC-mi th phn phi knh thch hp trn BTS-mi. Nu qu
trnh ny thnh cng, th BSC-mi gi cc chi tit ca knh mi ngc v cho
BSC-c qua im chuyn mch. Lc ny im chuyn mch to thng bo lnh
H/O ri gi qua BSC-c v BTS-c n MS. Thng bo lnh H/O cha cc chi
tit ca knh mi trn BTS mi v 1 s tham s cn thit lin quan n t bo
mi, v d tn s sng mang BCCH.

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Hnh 4.24 Cc loi H/O khc nhau trong GSM

MS hon ton khng bit g v H/O ang n cho n khi n thu c
thng bo lnh H/O. Ti giai on ny, MS iu hng li v knh mi. T im
ny tr i, hot ng ca MS c iu khin bi mi quan h thi gian gia
BTS-c v BTS-mi. Thng bo lnh H/O cha ch th v BTS-c v BTS-mi
c ng b hay khng. Nu chng ng b, th MS c th xc nh trc sm
thi gian TA c s dng ti BTS-mi. Trong tnh hnh ny, sau khi iu
hng li v knh mi, MS pht mt vi cm truy nhp ngn khng c sm thi
gian BTS-mi c th xc nh sm thi gian yu cu. Sau n bt u pht
bnh thng s dng sm thi gian tnh ton t trc. y l ln duy nht trong
cc cm khng phi cm thng c dng trn knh dnh ring. Trong
trng hp BTS-c v BTS-mi khng ng b vi nhau, MS khng th tnh
ton sm thi gian mi v n tip tc pht cc cm truy nhp ngn trn knh
mi. BTS s dng cc cm ny xc nh sm thi gian mi v bo co cho
MS. Khi MS nhn c thng bo ny, n bt u pht bnh thng trn knh
mi. Sau khi MS thit lp lin kt vi BTS-mi, n gi thng bo hon thnh
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H/O v y l du hiu ng lin lc chuyn t BTS-c sang BTS-mi. Thi

gian gin on trong thc thi H/O c th gim th t 200 ms xung 100 ms nu
H/O ng b c dng thay cho H/O khng ng b v MS khng cn i
mng tnh ton sm thi gian yu cu.
4.4.5 iu khin cng sut
H thng GSM s dng iu khin cng sut m bo rng MS v BTS
ch pht cng sut duy tr kt ni chp nhn c, nh gim can nhiu
i vi cc t bo ln cn v ci thin hiu qu ph. MS c th gim cng sut
pht ca n tng nc 2 dB t gi tr cc i i vi cp ca n xung n 5 dBm
i vi GSM900 v 0 dBm i vi DCS1800. Cng sut pht ca MS c iu
khin bi thng bo ca mng trn knh SACCH. Sau khi thu c lnh iu
khin cng sut, MS iu chnh cng sut pht ca n n mc yu cu vi tc
cc i 2 dB mi 60 ms. Nh vy cng sut pht thay i 30 dB trong
khong 900 ms. Thut ton iu khin cng sut da trn cc php o tn hiu
ng ln thc hin ti BTS. BTS phi c kh nng iu chnh ng cng sut
ca n trong t nht 15 bc 2 dB. Nh khai thc c th la chn s dng hay
khng s dng iu khin cng sut ca c ng ln v ng xung, hoc s
dng c lp trn tng hng. Tuy nhin iu khin cng sut ng xung
khng th p dng cho bt k khe thi gian no trn sng mang BCCH v n phi
pht i vi cng sut khng i bi cc MS trong cc t bo xung quanh o
c chuNn b cho H/O.
4.4.6 Nhy tn
GSM s dng nhy tn chm (SFH) gim nh nh hng ca fading a
tia v can nhiu. Mi cm thuc knh vt l c th s c pht i trn tn s
sng mang khc nhau trong mi khung TDMA. Nh vy tc nhNy tn bng
tc khung (tc khong 217 khung/s). Cc knh vt l duy nht khng cho php
nhy l knh iu khin chung v iu khin qung b (tc l FCH, SCH, BCCH,
PCH v AGCH). l v MS phi d dng xc nh cc knh ny khi bt ngun
v qu trnh ny s tr nn phc tp hn nu cho php nhy tn trn cc knh
ny. Knh v tuyn trn cc knh iu khin chung v qung b ny c
pht i gi l sng mang BCCH. Sng mang BCCH c o bi cc MS trong
cc t bo ln cn xc nh xem BTS c l ng vin thch hp cho H/O hay
khng. V th, sng mang BCCH phi pht i lin tc v vi cng sut khng
i. C ngha l iu khin cng sut ng xung v pht gin on DTX cng
khng th s dng trn sng mang BCCH. Knh lu lng v knh iu khin
dnh ring c th s dng tn s sng mang BCCH nh 1 phn ca dy nhy ca
n, song vn phi tun th cc qui tc trn khi dng sng mang , ngha l iu
khin cng sut v DTX b cm. Hai ch li quan trng c c t trin khai SFH
trong GSM l:
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Tc ng ca nhy tn n can nhiu Trong h thng GSM khng nhy tn,

MS c xu hng b nhiu t cng tp MS trong cc t bo cng knh ln cn
trong sut cuc gi, nu MS khng b H/O. Mc nhi ny s thay i ty thuc
vo v tr tng i ca cc MS. V d mc nhiu s cao nu tt c cc MS u
mp t bo tng ng ca chng, trong khi mc nhiu s thp nu cc MS gn
cc BTS ang phc v chng. iu ny c ngha l trong hon cnh MS b mc
nhiu cao, rt c th l n vn s tip tc b nhiu trong sut cuc gi. Trong h
thng nhy tn, cc mu nhy (tc l dy cc tn s pht) l khc nhau trong cc
t bo cng knh v MS s chu nhiu t cc tp MS khc nhau trn mi cm.
iu ny ngu nhin ha mt cch hiu qu can nhiu v mi MS s chu mt
mc nhiu trung bnh. Tnh trng ny c a thch hn trng hp khng nhy
tn trong c th mt s MS chu mc nhiu rt cao trong khi cc MS khc
chu mc nhiu rt thp.
Tc ng ca nhy tn n fading a tia Knh truyn sng v tuyn di ng
gy nn nhng thay i bin ln cho tn hiu thu v mt s tia khc nhau c
cng xy dng hoc cng ph hy ti anten thu. V tr ca cc thng ging tn
hiu ph thuc mnh vo mi trng, v d v tr cc cao c hoc xe c, v vo
tn s cng tc.Ti cc vn tc di chuyn ln, tc fading tn hiu cao v di
cc thng ging s ngn gy nn cc cm li. Cc cm li c khc phc bng
xen k symbol v m ha knh. Ti cc vn tc nh hn, MS s chu thng ging
tn hiu lu hn v hiu qu ca xen k v m ha knh s km hn. Nhy tn c
th c s dng bo m rng MS khng b cc thng ging tn hiu lu.
Bng cch bo m rng s thay i tn s gia 2 ln nhy lin tip nm ngoi
di thng coherent ca knh, MS kh c th nhy t mt thng ging ny trc
tip sang thng ging khc. Do , nhNy tn c th dng gim nh nh hng
ca fading nhanh khi vn tc ca MS thp.
Cc dy nhy tn Dy nhy xc nh th t s dng cc tn s sng mang khc
nhau trn ng ln v ng xung. V cc tn s ng ln v ng xung
lun cch nhau mt khong c nh (45 MHz vi GSM900 v 95 MHz vi
DCS1800) nn ch cn mt dy nhy m t mt ng truyn song cng y
. Tham s phn phi di ng qui nh cc tn s sng mang c th s dng bi
mi MS trong dy nhy ca n. i vi 124 knh sng mang TDMA c th,
tham s phn phi di ng yu cu ti thiu 124 bt m t mt cch duy nht
mi t hp sng mang c th. Nhc li rng cc thng bo gn knh ban u
c pht i trn knh AGCH trong kch thc thng bo nn gi ngn
bo ton dung lng truy nhp ca h thng. trnh pht ton b tham s phn
phi di ng khi gn knh ban u, mt phng php 2 bc c s dng. Mi
BTS pht chi tit ca tt c cc sng mang m n ang dng dng thng bo
(c mang trn BCCH) m t knh ca t bo. Thng bo ny c dng bn
124 bt trong mi bt biu din 1 sng mang, cn 1 hoc 0 c chn vo
ch sng mang c th no ang dng ti BTS. MS gii m v lu thng tin ny
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khi n ch ri. Khi gn ban u, phn phi di ng c m t nh tp con

ca phn phi t bo, nh vy gim mo u (overhead) bo hiu trn AGCH.
Sau khi thit lp danh sch cc tn s sng mang c gn cho knh nhy
tn, MS cng phi xc nh dy s dng mi tn s. Dy nhy c miu t bng
2 tham s: s th t dy nhy (HSN) v dch ch s phn phi di ng (MAIO).
HSN chn 1 trong 64 dy nhy ngu nhin xc nh trc, cn MAIO chn
im xut pht trong dy. MAIO c th nhn nhiu gi tr nh cc tn s trong
phn phi di ng. Gi tr HSN=0 chn dy vng (cyclic) trong cc tn s
trong phn phi di ng c s dng ln lt. Cc knh nhy tn c cng HSN
nhng c MAIO khc nhau, s khng bao gi s dng cng tn s ng thi v
chng trc giao. Do , tt c cc knh nhy tn trong t bo s dng cng HSN
nhng c MAIO khc nhau. ch no cc knh nhy tn s dng HSN khc
nhau, chng s nhiu nhau trong 1/n cc cm, do cc knh nhy tn trong cc
t bo cng knh s s dng cc HSN khc nhau.

4.5 Cc vn an ninh
4.5.1 Gii thiu
Cc h thng th h 1 nh NMT, TACS v AMPS c t c im an ninh,
v th dn n cc mc hot ng la o ng k lm hi c thu bao v nh
khai thc mng. H thng GSM c 1 s c im an ninh c thit k bo
m cho thu bao v nh khai thc mng mt mc bo v tt hn chng li
cc hot ng la o. Cc c ch nhn thc bo m rng ch cc thu bao ngay
thng s hu cc thit b ngay thng (khng phi b nh cp hoc khng tiu
chuNn) mi c php truy nhp mng. Sau khi kt ni c thit lp, thng tin
trn ng v tuyn c mt m ha trnh nghe trm. Mi ring t ca thu
bao c bo v bng cch m bo rng cc chi tit nhn dng v v tr ca thu
bao c bo v. iu ny t c bng cch gn cho mi ngi dng mt s
nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi (TMSI) thay i t cuc gi ny n cuc
gi khc. Do , khng cn pht IMSI ca ngi dng trn giao din v tuyn v
nh vy kh nghe trm n nhn dng v nh v ngi dng.
4.5.2 Bo v m PIN
Cp bo v u tin v c bn nht chng li vic s dng tri php MS l
m nhn dng c nhn (PIN), c thit k bo v chng li vic s dng tri
php th SIM b nh cp. Trong SIM, PIN c dng m s thp phn 4-8 s.
Ngi dng c th la chn dng hay khng dng cp bo v PIN ny. SIM c
th lu PIN 4-8 s th 2 gi l PIN2 bo v 1 s tnh nng truy nhp thu bao.
Sau khi PIN v PIN2 c nhp ng, thit b di ng (ME) c th truy nhp d
liu gi trong SIM. Sau 3 ln lin tip nhp PIN khng ng, SIM s b kha v
mi c gng nhp PIN sau u v hiu, ngay c khi tho SIM ra khi ME.
SIM c th m kha bng cch nhp m 8 s khc gi l cha m kha PIN
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(PUK) cng c lu trn SIM. Sau 10 ln nhp PUK khng ng, cha m kha
t hy v khng cn cch g c th m c SIM na.
4.5.3 Nhn thc
Th tc nhn thc c kch hot khi MS thc hin 1 trong cc hnh ng
sau:
* thay i thng tin lin quan n thu bao lu trong HLR hoc VLR, bao gm
cp nht v tr (cc chi tit ca thu bao c lu trong VLR mi v ng k
mng);
* truy nhp mng gi hoc nhn cuc gi;
* truy nhp mng ln u sau khi bt u li MSC/VLR;
Nhn thc c mng khi xng dng thng bo yu cu nhn thc
gi cho MS. Thng bo ny cha s ngu nhin 128-bt, gi l RAND. Ti MS s
ny c dng lm 1 d liu vo cho thut ton b mt gi l A3. D liu vo
khc cho A3 l cha kha nhn dng thu bao Ki. C A3 v Ki u c lu trong
SIM. An ninh ca GSM xoay quanh s b mt ca Ki v v l do ny n c lu
trong SIM vi s bo v nghim ngt. Cha nhn dng khng th c ra t SIM
v n ch c truy nhp khi SIM c c nhn ha di s iu khin ca nh
khai thc mng. Trong cc th tc an ninh xy ra trong GSM, Ki ch c s
dng ni ti trong SIM. Ki c th c khun dng bt k v chiu di bt k. Thut
ton A3 cng c gi kn to thm an ninh. Kt qu ca vic p dng thut
ton A3 i vi Ki v RAND l mt s khc SRES (Signed RESult) di 32 bt.
Sau khi c tnh ton bi MS, SRES c gi v mng dng thng
bo tr li nhn thc. V pha mng, AuC cng lu cha kha nhn dng ngi
dng Ki v thut ton A3 v n cng to ra phin bn SRES theo cng cch nh
MS. Sau HLR gi SRES cho MSC/VLR tm tr ti 2 phin bn c so
snh vi nhau. Nu ging nhau th MS c coi l hp l. Thut ton b mt A3
c tnh cht l tng i d to SRES t RAND v Ki, song rt kh xc nh Ki t
SRES v RAND hoc t nhiu cp SRES v RAND. Thut ton A3 khng phi l
duy nht v mi nh khai thc c quyn t do la chn phin bn ring ca mnh.
iu ny r rng gy nn mt s kh khn khi xt roaming lin mng gia cc
nh khai thc dng cc A3 khc nhau. Vn c khc phc bng cch yu cu
vic tnh ton SRES phi c tin hnh ti HLR ca mng ch ca thu bao v
gi n MSC/VLR tm tr ti thc hin nhn thc. MSC/VLR lu mt s cp
RAND v SRES i vi mi MS gim s chuyn giao thng tin gia HLR v
MSC/HLR. HLR v VLR c th cc nc khc nhau.
4.5.4 Mt ha
Sau khi thu bao c nhn thc, nh vy l bo v thu bao v nh
khai thc mng khi nh hng ca truy nhp tri php, ngi dng phi c
bo v trnh nghe trm. iu ny t c bng cch mt ha d liu trn giao
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din v tuyn s dng cha kha th 2 Kc v thut ton b mt A5. Kc c to ra

trong giai on nhn thc bng Ki, RAND v thut ton b mt A8 cng c lu
trong SIM. Ging nh A3, thut ton A8 cng khng duy nht v c th chn bi
nh khai thc. Cha kha Kc i vi mi ngi dng c tnh ton trong AuC
ca mng ch khc phc vn roaming lin mng. Trong 1 s th hin, A3
v A8 c kt hp thnh mt thut ton A38 s dng RAND v Ki to Kc v
SRES.
Khc vi A3 v A8 (c th khng nh nhau i vi mi nh khai thc),
A5 s c chn t danh sch cc ng c khc nhau (s ng c khng vt qu
7). Trc khi bt u mt ha, giai on thng lng s xy ra trong MS v
mng s quyt nh dng phin bn A5 no. Ch no m mng v MS khng c
phin bn A5 no chung, kt ni vn tip tc dng khng mt ha hoc phi
ngt kt ni. Thut ton A5 nhn cha kha Kc di 64-bt v s khung TDMA di
22-bt ri to nn 2 t mt m di 114-bt BLOCK1 v BLOCK2 dng trn
ng ln v ng xung tng ng. Cc t mt m c HOC loi tr vi
114 bt d liu trong mi cm. Bi v d liu mt ha c tnh ton c dng
s khung TDMA, cc t s thay i t cm ny sang cm khc v khng lp li
trn chu k siu siu khung (khong 3,5 gi). Qu trnh nhn thc v mt ha
c tng kt trn hnh 4.25.

Hnh 4.25 Qu trnh nhn thc v mt ha trong GSM

4.5.5 Nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi (TMSI)
Mt s truyn dn trn ng v tuyn khng th bo v bng mt ha. V
d sau gn knh ban u, MS phi pht nhn dng ca n cho mng trc khi
mt ha c th c kch hot. iu ny r rng s cho php k nghe trm xc
nh c v tr ca thu bao bng cch nghe trm thng bo ny. Vn ny
c gim bt trong GSM bng cc s dng nhn dng thu bao di ng tm
thi. y l b danh c VLR gn cho mi MS. TMSI c pht cho MS trong
kt ni mt ha trc v c MS v mng s dng trong bt k th tc tm
gi v truy nhp tng lai no. TMSI s ch hp l trong vng nh v phc v
bi VLR c th.
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