`mjm-]mT-

kamI-e\w

F.-]n.-\-fn-\

tXP-kzn\n {]km-[\w
tImgn-tmSv 673 002
1

F.]n. \fn-\
1953 tImgn-tm-v, A-e-]p-q-cn-v P\-\w.
]nXmhv: s{]m^.-F.-]n.-]n. \q-Xncn
amXmhv: F.]n. ]mXn
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-n am _ncp-Zw.
]{X-{]-h-\-n ]n.Pn Untm-a.
""iojIw'' amkn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-k-anXn AwKw,
""tIcfi_vZw'' teJ-I, ""Ippaw'', ""tPymXn-j-cXv\w''
{]kn-o-I-c-W--fpsS ]{Xm-[n]kanXn AwKw,
""ae-_m FIvkv{]kv'', ""am\-k-an{Xw'' Fn-h-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-],
a\\w ]n-t-jkv Ub-d-IvS, Fd-Wm-Ipfw knn Nm\ \yqkv
FUn-, "Ct^m--]q' Um knUn-t-ns FUn- Fo
\ne-I-fn {]hn-p. Ctm malayaladalam.com, tXP-kzn\n
{]km-[\w Fn-h-bpsS FUn-dpw tPW-enkw Iyq-Wn-t-j
^mn-bp-am-Wv. (Web- portal:softskillsynergy.com)
Nn{X- c - N - \ - b nepw kwKo- X - nepw Xm]- c yw. kzc- k p- [ - b psS
""Ia-eZ- f
-
- '', ""]oen-n-cp-apSn'' Fo Imk-p-Ipw ""{ioIrjvW
Znhy-eo-em-arXw'' F knUnbvpw Km\-c-N\ \n-ln-p.
kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-Ww, `mjm-]-T-\w, am[y-a-K-th-jWw Fo taJ-e-Ifnepw hym]r-X-\m-Wv.
IrXn-I: ""Aar-X-Zi\w'' (Xz-hn-Nmcw), ""Ihn-a-\-n-eqsS'' (]T\w), ""Ip-dppw Ipnbpw'' (_me-km-ln-Xyw), ""{i'' (Pn.-F. ]nbpsS Zi\kp-Sw), ""ic-hWw'' (t\m-h-se-v), ""`mjm-]m-T-''
(C--_p-v)
IpSpw_w: `mcy--\ne
a \qX\ cmam-\-v, \n-X {ioImv, \\ hcp
hnemkw: \fn-\m-e-bw, tImgn-tmSv 673 002
E-mail: apnalinan@gmail.com, Mob: 9746695624

`mjm-]m-T-
`mj-I-fpsS DZv`hw A\p-k-cnpw ]Z-cq-]-h-cW {]{Inb
A\p-k-cn-p-ap ho-I-c-Ww
l

(i) tKm{X-]-c-ho-I-cWw (Geneological Classification)

(ii)cq]-]-c-ho-I-cWw (Morphological Classification)

temI-n {]Nm-c-ap `mj-I

l

\mem-bn-c-tmfw

temI-n \ne-hn-ep `mjm-tKm-{X--

l

14

A-aq-eI
-
- s
- f-p-dnpw A-ns ktm-Nh
- n-Im-k-sf-p-dnpw ]cn-Wm-a--sf-p-dn-p-ap ]T-\w
l

A-hn-m\w (Semantics)

hmIy-n ]Z--fpsS {Ia-s-p-dnpw AXns\ Bkv]Z-am-n-bp A-t`-Z-s-p-dn-p-ap ]T-\w

l

hmIy-hn-\ym-k-hn-m\w (Syntactics)

i_vZ-ns Dev]m-Z-\w, kwN-c-Ww, D]-tbm-Kw, `uXn-Ihpw

{imhy-hp-amb khn-ti-j-X-I Fnh ]Tn-p `uXn-Iim-kv{X-im-J
l

[zm\nIw (Accoustics)

sInSfnse A\p-c-W-\--sf-p-dnv ]Tn-p imkv{Xim-J

l

hmkvXp-[zm-\nIw (Architectural Accoustics)

3

a\p-jy\v tIm Ign-bp I-\--fpsS Bhr-n

l

20 apX 20000 slSvkv hsc

kw`m-jW `mj-bpsS cq]w

l

hw (Phoneme)

enJn-X-`m-j-bpsS cq]w
l

en]n (Grapheme)

]Z-f
- psS A-\nbw kmy-am-p ASn-m\ LSIw
l

s]mXp-[m-cW (Convention)

\ncpn F ]Z- ns hymI- c - W - i m- k v { X- ] - c - a mb

Aw
l

\n-bm--I-amb hN\w

{]Ir-Xn-tbmSv {]Xy-b- Hn\v ]ndsI Hmbn Iqntp {]{In-b

l

Ap-n-t\-j

k]vX-kz-c--fn tImafXo{h-t`-Z--fn-m A-eN-kz-c

l

jUvPhpw ]-ahpw

hmIy-n Hcp hmn\v \Ip {]tXyI Du.

l

`mcWw (Emphasis)

A-t`Zw krjvSn-p-hm ]Z--fpsS apntem ]nntem

ay-ntem tNp hw AYhm h-k-aq-lw
l

{]Xybw (Afix)
4

\c-hwi imkv{X-ns shfn--n `mjbpw kwkvIrXnbpw Xn-ep _-s--n-bp ]T-\w

l

am\h hwiob `mjm-imkv{Xw (Ethno-Linguistics)

temI-nse {][m\ `mjm-tKm-{X--fpsS kwJy

l

14

]e-hn[ `mjm-t`-Z-n-S-bn enJn-X-`m-j-bvp-thn

kzoI-cn--s-Sp `mjm-cq-]w
l

am\-I-`mj (Standard Language)

"hmbvsamgn' Fm
l

kw`m-j-W-`mj

"hc-samgn' Fm
l

enJn-X-`mj

i_vZ-]-cn-Wma kz`m-h--fpsS hni-I-e\w t{ImUo-I-cnv

`mjm-im-kv{X-\n-b-a- Bhn-jvI-cn-m-\p BZy-{iaw
\S Zi-Iw
l

18701880

i_vZ-]-cn-Wma \nbaw (Law of sound shift) Bhn-jvI-cn--Xv

l

Pmtm_v {Knw F P `mjm-]-WvUn-X

{Knns Pohn-X-Imew
l

A-D 1785-1863

{Knns \nb-as A\p-Iq-en-v, kzc-Lm-X-s-p-dnv

kzw \nbaw Bhn-jvI-cn ]WvUn-X--
l

shW
5

Cdm-n ({]m-No-\-Im-es sak-sm-t-an-b) {InkvXphjm-cw-`-n-\p-apv 3000tmfw hjw \ne-\n-n-cp

hyh-lm-c-`mj
l

At-Un-b

At-Un-b `mj Fgp-X-s-n-cp--Xv

l

kpta-dn-b en]n-bn

_n.kn 1500Hm-Sp-IqSn At-Un-b `mj cmbn ]ncn-pmb `mj-I

l

Ao-dn-b, _m_n-tem-Wn-b

_n.kn Ah-km\ Zi-I

- f
- n _m_n-tem-Wn-b `mj-bvpta B[n- ] Xyw m]n ska- nIv `mjm IpSpw- _ n-s-s] `mj
l

Acm-anIv

F.Un 78 \qm-p-Im-ev Xan-gv, ae-bm-fw, Im-S-Iw,

sXepv Fn-hbvv ]pdsa Zn-tW-y-bn \ne-hn-ep-mbn-cp asmcp en]n hyh-
l

{K-en]n

kpam-{X-bnse awK-tfmbvUv tKm{X-ns An-t\kv

h-m-cpsS amXr-`m-j
l

aetbm t]mfn-t\-jy

Atim-I-im-k-\- Bte-J\w sNbvX en]n

l

{_mlvan

AwtKm-f-bnse tKm{X-h-`m-j
l

_mp

kzcw hyRvP-\-tmSp tNcp-tm Ggp-Xcw cq]-t`Zw

hcp FtXym-]y-bnse skan-nIv hn`m-K-ns `mj
l

Awlm-cnIv `mj

hymI-c-W-a-Sw hnhn[ hnj-b- {]Xn-]m-Zn--s-Sp-,

AK-kvXy-ap-\n-bpsS Xan-gv{K-w
l

AI-nbw

B{^n--bnse AIm`mj Ds-Sp `mjm-Ip-Spw-_w

l

ss\P--tImtm

_m_n- t em- W n- b - b nse At- U n- b `mj kmayw

]penb `mj-I
l

lo{_p--A-d_n

Zn-Wm-{^n--bnse an `mjbpw Dsm-p `mjmtKm-{Xw

l

_p-`m-jm-tKm{Xw

Ctm-t\-jy, ae-b, t]mfn-t\-jy XpS-nb `mj-I

Dsm-p `mjm-tKm-{Xw
l

B-dnIv `mjm-tKm{Xw

temI-P-\-kw-Jy-bn ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t] kwkm-cn-p-h-cp

`mjm-tKm-{Xw
l

Ctm--bq-tdm-]y
7

djy`mj Ds-n-cn-p Ctm-b

- q-tdm-]y `mjm imJ
l

mhnIv

tlan-tm--sk-a-nIv tKm{X-n tlan-nv hn`m-K-nse

{][m\ `mj
l

CuPn-]vjy

^nnjv `mj Ds-Sp `mjmtKm{Xw

l

bqd AtS-bnIv tKm{Xw

{_mlqbn F Ahn-Ik
- n-X`
- mj Ds-Sp `mjm-tKm-{Xw
l

{Zmhn-U-`m-jm-tKm{Xw

skmcm-jv{Sn-b aX-X-z- tcJ-s-Sp--s-n-p

{]mNo\ Cdm-\n-b `mjm-cq-]w
l

Ah-kvX-`mj

Cm-en-b `mjm-im-J-bpsS aqe-`m-j

l

emn

t\mho-Pn-b, kzoUn-jv, km\n-jv, Uv, sFmn-Iv,

tKmYnv XpS-nb `mj-I Ds-Sp Ctm bqtdm-]y
tKm{X-nse `mjm-im-J
l

Syqtm-Wnv

Bn-v, Atbm-Wn-v, Am-Un-v, ssk{]n-b XpS-nb

D]-im-J-I-fp Ctm bqtdm-]y `mjm-im-J
l

{Kov

{InkvXp-hnv 13 iX-I-p-apv Gjym-ssa-\-dn {]Ncn-n-p Ctm bqtdm-]y `mj

l

lnssdv

Ctm bqtdm-]y `mjmtKm{X-nse CyimJ-bnse

aqe-`m-j
l

kwkvIrXw

ln{_p--A-d_n `mj-I-fpsS tKm{Xw

l

skan-nIv (tl-an-tm--sk-an-nIv tKm{Xw)

temI-n G-hp-a[
- nIw P\- kwkm-cn-p `mj-I
Ds tKm{Xw
l

Ctm bqtdm-]y `mjm-tKm{Xw

Ctm bqtdm-]y `mjmtKm{X-ns {][m\ hn`m-K

-
l

sIdw(Centum) ; iXw (Satem)

Cy-bnse Bcy-`m-j-I Ds-Sp iXw (Satem) imJbnse D]-im-J

l

Ctm Cdm-\n-b

kwkvIrX aq-\y- ss\kn-I-amb Bc ]cn-Wma-ns ^e-am-sWv sXfn-bn `mjm-im-{X-

l

t^mp-\m-tmhv

kwkvIr-X-nse aq-\y-i-_vZ- {]mIr-X-`m-j-I-fpsS

kzm[o-\-m-ep-m-b-Xm-sWv hniz-kn ]WvUn-X-m
l

{_pKvam, ImsUz
9

{]ikvX {Zmhn-U`
- mjm imkv{X-\
- m-bn-cp tUm.-F.hn
cma-kzman A-cpsS Ghpw {][m-\-s IrXn
l

Ch-eq-jy Hm^v ae-bmfw tamt^m-f-Pn.

tUm.-F.hn cma-kzman A-cpsS {]Im-in-X-amb av `mjmim-kv{X-

{Kma C eoem-Xn-e-Iw, emMvtKzPv Hm^v `qX-hm-Iyw,
F.-{_o^v Auv Hm^v ae-bmfw s^mW-nIvkv
l

I-U-`m-j-bn "awK-cm-P-\n-Lp' ]qo-I-cn--s

hjw
l

1398

1300\pw 1312\pw CS-bn cNn--s kap{Z_s kmlnXy-im-kv{X-Ir-Xn.

l

Ae-mckkz hymJym\w

Bs{Um-s\mhv F `mjm-im-kv{X-Im-cs \nK-a\

- {- ]-Imcw
Xangpw ae-bm-fhpw th]n-cn--Xv
l

F.Un 10mw iX-I-n

{Zmhn-U-`m-j-I-fn BZyw thXn-cn--Xmbn Bs{Ums\mhv Icp-Xp--Xv

l

sXeppw {_mlq-bnbpw

"Evolution of Malayalam" F Kth-j-W-{Kw cNn--Xv

l

tUm.-G.kn tiJ

"A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary" F {Kw kam-lcn--Xv

10

Fa-t\m-hpw, _tdmhpw tNv

"Dravidian Cognate" F IrXn-bpsS Im-hv

l

sI.-cm-a-IrjvW A

{Zmhn-U-`m-jm-]-T-\-n hne-s kw`m-h-\-I sNbvX av

]WvUn-X
F.hn cma-kzman A, sI.hn kp-m, jqkv
tmv, sI.-cm-a-Ir-jvW-, `m-Nm-cy, sI.-tKm-Z-h
l

{ZmhnU `mjm Kth-j-W-nse aqv L-

l

1906 hsc ImsUz Lw

19061940 enwKzn-nIv kt Lw
l

1940 apX B[p-\n-I-Lw

Ipbn-`m-j-bpsS Hcp `mjm-t`-Z-amb Iphn-sb-p-dnv ]T\w

\S-nb ]mmXy ]WvUn-X-m
l

^nvkv sPdmUv (1913) jqUv (1928)

]cm-aiw Aln-p av {]_--

""tKmWvUn'' s{Sv, ""Ipbn'' hn^oUv, ""{_mlpbn''
t{k.

193538 Ime-L--n tImem-an, sXmtZm, tImX, sImUKp

Fo \mev `mj-I-sf-p-dnv ""^oUv Un'' \S-nb
`mjm-K-th-j-I
l

Fw._n Fat\m

Fw._n Fa-t\m-bpsS {ZmhnU `mjm Kth-jW IrXn-I

]pd-p-h--Xv
11

1944\pw 1959\pw CSbvv

{ZmhnU `mjm Kth-j-W-n kwkvIrXw s{]m^-k-dmb

_tdm-hns\ klm-bn _wKm-fn-bmb `mjm-imkv{X hnZKv
l

Fkv.-`-m-Nmcy

s{]m^.-_t- dmbpw Fkv.`- - m-Nm-cybpw tNv ]T\w \S-nb

{ZmhnU `mj-I
l

]mPn, tKmWvUn, Ipbn.

sXep-p-`m-j-bpsS {Inbm-cq-]-s-p-dnv Hcp {]mam-WnI

{Kw Telugu Verbal Bases F-gp-Xp-Ibpw Fa-t\m-hns
Kth-j-W-n kl-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX `mc-Xo-b-\mb
`mjm ]WvUn-X
l

_n.-Fv IrjvW-aqn

`mjm-im-kv{X--mv kzoIm-cy-amb {ZmhnU `mjm hn`P-\w

l

Zn-W-{Zm-hn-Uw, a[y-{Zm-hn-Uw, Dc {Zmhn-Uw.

ImsUz-ens Is--en {Zmhn-U-`m-j-I

l

12

enwKzn-nIv kt Is-nb {Zmhn-U-`m-j-IfpsS Fw

l

15

B[p-\nI \nco--W-n {ZmhnU `mj-IfpsS Fw

l

21+

]mn--an-gns\ ASn-m-\-s-Sp-nb BZy XangvhymI12

cW{K-amb ""\q'' cNn--s--Xv

l

F.Un 1200t\mS-Spv

\q-ens Im-hv
l

`h-\n

GXp-Ibpw tam\hpw Hpw IqSmsX kwkvIr-Xhpw Xangpw

CS-I-en aWn-{]-hm-f-]-Zy- \nn-p ]Xnhv 11-mw
\qm-n\v app-Xs Bcw-`n-p-sh--Xn\v sXfn-hv
l

hoc-tNm-gnbw

{_m-W-cpsS Xan-gn\v kwkvIr-X-tmSv IqSp-X ASp-sav 1800 \hw-_ 15mw Xn-Xn-bnse kzw Ub-dn-bn
tcJ-s-Sp-n-b-Xv
l

_pm-\

16mw iXIw hsc tIc-f-nepw Xpfp-\m-n-se-tmse cv

`mjm-co-Xn-I \ne-\n-n-cp-p-shv hnh-cn-p hntZ-i-anj-\-dn-am
l

Atm-kp-]m-Xn-cn, BsPtem {^mkn-kv, sa v.

]mn--an-gnpw ae-\m-p-X-an-gnpw s]mXp-hmbn hoc-tNmgnbw F hymI-cW{Kw cNn--Xv

l

_p-an-{X-\m

sXs-C
- y-bnse `mj-If
- mbn Xan-gv, I-U, sXepv Fo
aqv `mj-Isf hnh-cn-p ""`mh-{]-Imiw'' F IrXn cNn-Xv
l

imc-Zm-X-\-b
13

Nm-q imk-\-ns Imew

l

sIm-hjw 448 (1273)

14mw iX-I-nse eoem-Xn-eIw shfnw I hjw

l

1908

ImsUz hni-Zo-I-cn hnhn[ `mjm Iy-I

1. {]mIr-XI
- y (Isolative) 2. sshIr-XI
- y (Inflexional),
3. kwn- j vS- I - y(Agglutinative),
4.A]- { K- Y \
Iy(Analytic), 5. kwL-Sn-X-I-y(Incomparative)

ae-bmfw Hcp kzX{ `mjmimJ-sbv hmZn ]WvUnXm

l

Bq, tKmZ-h, tUm.-sI.-Fw. tPmv

ae-bmfw Xan-gns `mjm-t`-Z-sav hmZn--h

ImsUz, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n, F.hn cma-kzman A,
s{]m^.-C-fw-Ipfw Ip]n
l

BZyw ae-bmf Xan-gns Hcp D]-im-J-bm-sWv {]kvXm-hnp-Ibpw ]noSv aqe-{Zm-hnU `mj-If

- psS Hcp {]tXyI imJbn\nv DS-se-Sp--XmImw Xangpw ae-bm-f-hp-sa \nK-a\-n Fn-t-cp-Ibpw sNbvX ]mmXy `mjm-]-WvUnX
l

sla Kpv

ae-bm-fs Xan-gns amXm-shtm tPyjvT-n-sbtm

Icp-X-W-sav A`n-{]m-b-s `mjm-]-WvUn-X
l

Dq
14

eoem-Xn-eIw F `mjm-hym-I-cW {K-ns Imew

l

{In.-h.14mw \qmv

Kpns ae-bm-f-`mjmhymI-cWw {]kn-o-Ir-X-amb

hjw
l

1851

Cv e`y-amb ]q cq]-n-ep Kpns hymI-cWw

cm-as ]Xn-m-bmWv ]pdp h-Xv. Cu cmw ]Xnns {]kn-o-I-cW hjw
l

1868

ae-bmf hymI-c-W-ns khn-ti-j-X-I Kpv hymIc-W-n Xcw-Xn-cnv {]Xn-]m-Zn--s-n-cn-p-Xv

l

878 JWvUn-I-I-fn

Kpv hymI-c-W-ns aqv {][m\ hn`m-K--

l

A-c-Im-WvUw, ]Z-Im-WvUw, hmN-I-ImWvUw

[z\n-hn-j-b- AS-nb hn`m-Kw

l

A-cImWvUw

]Z-Im-WvU-n hnh-cn--s-n-cn-p--Xv
l

]Z-cq-]m-hen

aqm-as hn`m-K-nse {]Xn-]mZyw

l

{]Xy-b- tNp-m-Ip cq]--fpsS At`Zw

]Z-Im-WvU-n-ep JWvUn-I-I
l

252
15

A-c-Im-WvU-n-ep JWvUn-I-I
l

89

hmN-I-Im-WvU-n-ep JWvUn-I-I
l

537

kam-k--sf-p-dnv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-tm Kpv B{i-bnp XangvhymI-cW{Kw

l

\q

tIcf ]mWn-\o-b-ns BZy-]-Xnv {]kn-o-Ir-X-amb

hjw
l

sIm-hjw 1071

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-ns cmw-]-Xnv ]pd-p-h hjw

l

sIm-hjw 1091 (F.Un 1916)

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-n-ep Imcn-I-I
l

194

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-nse A-hn-j-b-I-amb hnh-c-W-ap

Imcn-I-I
l

11

tPmv ams hymI-c-W-{K-w

l

ae-bm-gva-bpsS hymI-cWw

tIc-f-Iu-apZn F hymI-c-W-{K--ns Imhv

l

tImhpn s\Sp-mSn

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS bYm-\maw
16

G.-B cmP-cm-P-h

Kpn\v ]pdsa ae-bmfhymI-c-W- cNn ]mmXy

]WvUn-X-m
A-temkv {^mkn-kv, Atmkv ]mXn-cn, tdm_v
{Uv
l

Xmc-X-aym-IhymI-cW Imhv
l

tUm.-ImsUz

hymI-c-W-an{Xw F {K-ns cN-bn-Xmhv

l

tij-Kn-cn-{]`p

XmcX-ay-hym-I-c-W-{]-m-\-nse hnZ-Kv
l

ImsUz, Kpv, ohk, In, {_u

Malayalam Phonology F {K-ns Im-hv

l

F.hn cma-kzman A

Xan-gnse Ghpw {]i-kvX-amb {]mNo\ hymI-c-W-{Kw

l

sXmIm-nbw

tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a- F {Kw cNn-Xv

l

Cfw-Ipfw Ip]n

kmam-\y-h-hn-Im-c\
- b
- n\v ""anYym-]{- K-Y\w'' (Meta analysis) Fv t]cv \Inb `mjm imkv{X-
l

Pkv t]k

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS aX-a-\p-k-cnv {Zmhn-U-`m-j-I-fpsS

17

Fw
l

13

""cma-Nc
- n-Xhpw {]mNo\ae-bmf]T-\hpw'' (Ramacharitham and
the study of Early Malayalam) F Kth-j-W-{K--ns
Im-hv
l

tUm.-sI.Fw tPmv

"Phonetics of old Tamil" F {K-ns cN-bn-Xmhv

l

tUm.-kn.-B i-c

"Introductory Linguistcs" F {Kw cNn `mjm imkv{X

l

tdm_v.-F.-lm

tUm.-Kp-ns ae-bmf `mjm hymI-c-W-n hn`-n-Isf-p-dnv hnh-cn-p JWvUn-I-I

l

130 (397 apX 526 hsc)

tem]-kn Imcyw hni-X-am-p "dptSzm ZnXzw N' F

kq{Xw Dsm-p hymI-cW {Kw
l

eoem-Xn-eIw (inev]w 3 kq{Xw 42)

""Hcp {]tXy-Imhpw {]tXy-Ia

- m-sbmcp hymI-cW{]tbmK-n\v Ign-hp Hcp h kaq-lhpw Xn-ep kwkns ^e-amWv ]Zw''.
l

]Z-s-p-dn-p Cu {]kn \n-N\w aptm-p-sh

`mjm-im-kv{X-
l

Fw.-an-ev
18

G.-B cmP-cm-P-h-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-n ae-bmf `mjbpsS _meym-h-

l

sIm-hjw 1 apX 500 hsc

Iuam-cm-h-
l

sIm-hjw 500 apX 800 hsc

bu-\m-h
l

sIm-hjw 800--\p-tijw

ae-bm-f-ns {]mNo-\-amb en]n

l

hs-gpv

18mw \qm-tmsS tIc-f-n hs-gp-n\v ]Icw \S-n

h en]n
l

tImse-gpv

tImse-gp-n\v IqSp-X {]Nm-c-ap-m-bn-cp-Xv

l

sImn-bnepw ae-_m-dnepw

Xncp-h-\--]p-c-n\v sXtm-p {]tZ-i--fn {]Nm-c-apm-bn-cp hs-gp-ns Hcp hI-t`-Zw

l

ae-bm

{Km--c- Zn-tW-y-bn {]N-cn-ncp-Xv

l

7mw \qm-p-ap-X

9mw \qm-tmsS hyh-m-]n-X-am-bn-o ae-bmfen]nbpsS asmcp t]cv

l

Bcy Fgpv
19

tIcf `mjmkmlnXyNcn{X Im-hmb B.-\m-cm-bW

]Wn--cpsS L-hn-`-P-\w
1. kmln-Xym-]-{I-a-W-Imew (s]-cp-amhmgvN-bpsS Ahkm\w hsc)
l

2. {Zmhn-U{- ]-`h
- I
- mew ({In.8mw iXIw apX 14mw iXIw
hsc)
3. kwkvIrX {]`-h-Imew ({In.14mw \qmp apX 17mw
iXIw hsc)
4. B[p-\nI Imew (17mw iXIw apX)
tIc-f-s-n kqNn-n-p {]kn--amb D-tc-y
imk-\w
l

Atim-I-im-k\w

{In.-ap.4mw iX-I-n Cy-bn hv tIc-f-s-n tcJs-Sp-nb Ae-Ivkm-d

- psS P\-d skep-
- ns m]\-]-Xn
l

saK-kvX-\okv

tIc-f-s-p-dnv ]cm-ai-ap {]mNo\ Cy {K

l

cmam-b-Whpw alm-`m-c-Xhpw

sNdp-t-cn-bpsS Ime-L-w
l

15mw iXIw

Fgp--s Imew
l

17mw iXIw
20

ImsUz-ens {Zmhn-U-`m-jm-I-fpsS Xmc-XayhymI-cWw

{]kn-o-Ir-X-amb hjw
l

1856

ImsUz-ens {K-n\pw 40 hjw app-Xs Xan-gv,

ae-bm-f, sXepv Fo {ZmhnU `mj-I-sf-p-dnv ]T\w
\S-nb ]mmXy `mjm-]-WvUn-X
l

Fnkv

Fkns teJ-\- ""Cy Bn-Izdn''bn ]pd-ph hjw

l

1878

{Zmhn-U-`m-jm-]-T-\--fn ImUz-en\v D]-I-cn A\y-K-thj-I

Pn.-bp. t]mv(-X-an-gv) F^v.-Uyq In(-Im-S-Iw)
kn.]n {_u(-sX-ep-v)
l

ImUz-en\v AKm[ ]mWvUn-Xy-ap-m-bn-cp {Zmhn-U-`mj

l

Xangv

av {Zmhn-U-`m-j-I-fn ImUz-en-\p-m-bn-cp--Xv
l

kmam\y ]cn-Nbw

1906 Linguistic Survey of India F {K]c--c-bnse

\memw hmey-n {Zmhn-U-`m-j-I-sf-p-dn-p hnh-c-Wsa-gp-Xn-b-Xv
l

s tImtWm
21

Zn-W-{Zm-hn-U-ns-Sp `mj-I
Xan-gv, ae-bm-fw, Im-S-Iw, Xpfp, sImUKp, sXmZm,
tImX, sXepv
l

a[y-{Zm-hn-U-ns-Sp `mj-I
l

i. sImem-an, ss\In, ]mPn, KUv_m

ii. KmWvUn, s]MvtKm, amWvU, tImWvUm, Iqhn, Ipbn

D-c-{Zm-hn-U-n s]Sp--h
l

i (h-S-p-In-g-) Ipdp-Jv, atXm

ii. (h-S-p-]-Sn-m-d) {_mlpbn

1961 {]kn-o-Ir-X-amb "G {Uho-Un-b Fn-tam-f-Pn-

UnIvj-\dn'bpsS cN-bn-Xm-
l

Fa-t\m-hv, s{]m^.-_tdm

BZn-a-e-bm-f-L--ambn ]n.-tKm-hn--n IW-m-p--Xv

l

sIm-hjw XpS-p--Xp-h-sc.

a[y-a-e-bm-f-ambn ]n.-tKm-hn--n ImWp--Xv

l

sIm-hjm-cw`w apX 7mw iXIw hsc

\ho-\-a-e-bm-f-L--ambn ]n.-tKm-hn--n hnebncpp--Xv

l

sIm-hjw 7mw iX-I-n-\n-pdw

tIc-f`- m-jb
- psS hf-bn tIc-f]
- m-Wn\n Is-nb Bdv
{][m\ ]cn-Wm-a-
A\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-k-cw, Xme-hym-tZ-iw, ]pcp-j-t`-Z-\ncm-kw, hntem-]-kw-{K-lw, AwK-`w-Kw, kzc-kw-h-cWw
l

22

D]- ` m- j - b vIv IS- p- I q- S p {]tXyI hyhlmc`mjmcq]--fpsS t]cv

l

A]-`mj

1938 {]kn-o-I-cn--s ""{]mNo-\-tI-c-f-en-]n-I'' F

{K-c-N\ \n-ln-Xv
l

F.F chn-h

""tIc-f`- m-jm-hn-m-\obw'' F `mjm-im-kv{X-{K-

- ns
cN-bn-Xm-hv
l

tUm.-sI.-tKm-Z-h

kwkvIr-X-P-\y-amWv ae-bmfw F hmZs BZy-am-bn,

1816 teJ-\-n-eqsS tNmZyw sNbvX-Xv
l

]mm-Xy-]-WvUn-X-\mb F^v.-Uyq Fnkv

""kwkvIr-Xl
- n-aK
- n-cn-Kf
- n-Xm.....'' Fv XpS-p awK-ftmIw
Dsm-p {Kw
l

tImhpn s\Sp-mSn cNn ""tIc-f-Iu-apZn''

ae-bm-f
- ns BZn-cq]w Xan-g
- , aqe-{Zm-hnU`mj-bm-sWv
hmZn `mjm-]-WvUn-X-m-cn {]ap-J
Bq IrjvW-]n-jm-c-Sn, Dq ]c-ta-izc A, tUm.sI.-tKm-Z-h
l

""hoc-tNm-gnbw'' cNn--s Imew

l

1050t\m-S-Spv

B[p- \ nI ae- b mfw DS- s e- S p- - X mbn Cfw- I pfw

Ip]n IW-m-p--Xv
23

sImw 800mamtm-Sp-IqSn

tUm.-B--temkv {^mkn-kns hymI-c-W-{Kw \nnX-am-b-Xv

l

18mw \qm-n

""an-a-X-n-Im-]-cn-a-f-ap-]m-hmNm'' F `mKw eoem-Xn-e-In D-cn--s-Sp-p-v. 1850\ptijw cNn--s--sXv

hniz-kn--s-Sp B IrXn
l

sshcm-Ky-]-Iw

eoem-Xn-e-I-n {]Xn-]m-Zn--s-Sp Ae-m-c-

l

29

eoem-Xn-e-I-nse inev]-
l

kn-Im-cy- N sNp eoem-Xn-eI

-
- nse inev]w
l

aqmw inev]w.

Xpep-]-Ssb ]cm-ain-p Hcp kt-i-Im-hy-`mKw

eoem-Xn-e-I-n D-cn--s-Sp-p-v. B kt-i-Im-hyw
l

Dp-\o-en-k-tiw

24