RESPRITORY ANSWERS

1. C
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. D
9. B
10. C
11. C
12. C
13. D
14. C
15. D
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. A
20. E
21. B
22. D
23. C
24. E
25. A
26. D
27. A
28. C
29. E
30. E
31. A
32. A
33. B
34. D
35. B
36. A
37. E
38. E
39. E
40. A
41. E

RESPRITORY ANSWERS
42. C
43. B
44. E
45. E
46. B
47. A
48. B
49. C
50. ESSAY: 1) immediate oxidation for ATP production
2) synthesis of amino acids for protein synthesis
3) synthesis of glycogen for storage in liver and skeletal muscle
4) formation of triglycerides via lipogenesis for long term storage after glycogen stores are
full 5) excretion in urine if blood glucose is very high
51. ESSAY: Pyruvic acid in the presence of low oxygen is reduced to lactic acid, which is
converted to either glycogen or carbon dioxide. In the presence of high oxygen levels,
pyruvic acid is converted to an acetyl unit, which may be carried into the Krebs cycle by
coenzyme A or converted into fatty acids, ketone bodies, or cholesterol.
52. ESSAY: Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids in the lymph and blood. Very low density
lipoproteins transport endogenous triglycerides from hepatocytes to adipocytes for storage.
Low density lipoproteins transport cholesterol through the body for use in repair of
membranes and synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts. High density lipoproteins
transport excess cholesterol to the liver for elimination.
53. ESSAY: The hypothalamus contains the neurons of the feeding center that stimulate eating
and of the satiety center that signal fullness. Two nuclei in the hypothalamus that help
regulate food intake are the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei. The hormone leptin,
released by adipocytes, inhibits release of neuropeptide Y from the arcuate nucleus and
thereby decreases food intake. Melanocortin also decreases food intake. It is thought that
changes in blood chemistry (in terms of nutrients and hormone balance), as well as
distention of the gastrointestinal tract, initiate appropriate hypothalamic activity.
54. ESSAY: Vitamins C, E, and beta carotene (a provitamin) are antioxidants that inactivate
oxygen free radicals. Free radicals damage cell membranes, DNA, and other cell structures.
They also contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Antioxidant vitamins may
also decrease cancer risk, delay aging, and decrease the risk of cataract formation.