DIN N TON HC VMF

Thng06/2015

Diendantoanhoc.net

Li ni u
Tai lieu nay khong phai la tai lieu chnh thc cua Dien an toan hoc
(VMF) nhng do ca nhan toi la thanh vien cua trang dien an thao luan toan
hoc nay nen toi xin mao muoi ghi xuat x la VMF mong quan tr cua trang
web bo qua yeu to tren.
Hang nam moi giao vien trung hoc pho thong eu lam mot sang kien
kinh nghiem ve lnh vc chuyen mon giang day, tuy nhien lng kien thc ma
thay (co) day cong bo ra nghien cu a phan b bo quen. Hom nay toi co
gang tong hp lai cac sang kien kinh nghiem e a vao chung thanh mot tai
lieu CAC CHUYEN E TOAN PHO THONG. e tien cho viec tong
hp va theo doi, toi chia ra thanh nhieu tap vi o day moi tap tam khoang
50 trang. Ch la viec tong hp noi dung cac sang kien e cho cac ban tham
khao nen co ieu g sai sot mong cac ban bo qua.
Ngi tong hp
CD13

Tap nay gom cac noi dung:

+ Mot so sai lam khi giai toan nguyen ham tch phan 1
+ Mot so sai lam khi giai toan nguyen ham tch phan 2
+ Phng phap giai mot so bai toan xac suat
+ S dung vect trong chng minh bat ang thc
+ Mot so bai toan cc tr hnh hoc toa o
+ Giai toan bang phng phap toa o

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MT S SAI LM KHI GII TON NGUYN HM V TCH PHN 1

Trongqutrnhgingdynidungnguynhmtchphntinhnthynhiu
hcsinhcnmcnhngsailmkhngngc.Quabivitnythngquanhngvd
timunccemhcsinhcthtmnhiuchnhknnggiitonphnnguynhm
tchphncktquttnht.
1.

Phn tch nhng sai lm thng qua mt s v d minh ha

1.1. Sai lm khi vn dng nh ngha nguyn hm

a, V d 1: chng minh rng F ( x ) (1 x )e x l mt nguyn hm ca hm
f ( x ) xe x trnR.Thytmnguynhmcahm g ( x ) ( x 1)e x .
*Mt hc sinh gii nh sau:
F(x)=-e-x+(1+x)e-x=f(x)vimix=>F(x)lmtnguynhmcahmf(x)trnR.
x
x
x
x
x
g x dx x 1 e dx xe dx e dx 1 x e c e c

(1 x )e x e x xe x .
* Phn tch: hcsinhvitchunghngscchomiphptnhnguynhm.
* Li gii ng:
x
x
x
x
x
g x dx x 1 e dx xe dx e dx 1 x e c1 e c2
xe x c vic=c1c2.
b,V d 2: Tnh cot xdx

* Mt hc sinh gii nh sau:

cos x
I cot xdx
dx .
sin x

1
cos x

dx
u
du
t

s inx
sin 2 x
dv cos xdx
v s inx

1
s inx.cos x
.s inx
dx 1 I 0 1???
s inx
sin 2 x
* Phn tch: hcsinhvitchunghngscchomiphptnhnguynhm.
* Li gii ng:
d s inx
cos x
I cot xdx
dx
ln s inx c .
sin x
s inx
I

1.2.Sai lm khi vn dng bng nguyn hm c bn

3

V d 3: tnh I 2x 1 dx
3

* Mt hc sinh gii nh sau: I 2x 1 dx

2x 1
4

* Nguyn nhn dn n sai lm:

Hcsinhvndngcngthc x n dx

x n 1
c vin1.
n 1

* Li gii ng:
4

2x 1
dt
dt t 4
3
t2x+1=t dt 2dx dx 2x 1 dx t 3 c
c
2
2 8
8

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1.3.Sai lm khi vn dng nh ngha tch phn

2

V d 4: tnhtchphn I

dx

x 1

* Mt hc sinh gii nh sau:

2

dx

x 1

d(x 1)

x 1

x 1

1
4

1
3
3

* Nguyn nhn dn n sai lm:hms y

* Li gii ng: Hm s y

x 1

x 1

khngxcnhti x 1 2; 2

khng xc nh ti x 1 2; 2 suy ra hm

khnglintctrn 2; 2 ,dotchphntrnkhngtnti.
b

* Ch i vi hc sinh: khitnhtchphn f (x)dx cnchkimtraxemhms

a

y=f(x)clintctrnon[a,b]khng?Nucthpdngccphngphpc
hctnhtchphncho,cnnukhngthktlunngaytchphnkhngtnti.
1.4. Sai lm khi bin i hm s
4

V d 5: Tnhtchphn I x2 6x 9dx
0

* Mt hc sinh gii nh sau:

4

4
2

I x 6x 9dx
0

(x 3) 2
(x 3) dx (x 3)d(x 3)
2
0

1 9
4
2 2

* Nguyn nhn dn n sai lm:

Phpbini (x 3) 2 x 3; x [0, 4] lkhngtngng.
* Li gii ng:
4

4
2

I x 6x 9dx (x 3) 2 dx
0

x 3
(x 3) 2
x 3d(x 3) (3 x)d(x 3) (x 3)d(x 3)

2
2
0
0
3
0
4

* Ch i vi hc sinh: 2n f x
b

2n

2n

2 4

9 1
5
2 2

f x (n1,nnguyn)

2n f x dx f x dx ,taphixtduhmsf(x)trnoan[a,b]ridngtnh
a

chtbdugitrtuyti.
1.5. Sai lm khi vn dng phng php i bin
1

V d 6:Tnhtchphn I 1 x2 dx
0

* Mt hc sinh gii nh sau:

tx=sintsuyradx=costdt
Diendantoanhoc.net

1 cos2t
t sin2t
1 1
I 1 sin t .cos t.dt cos t.dt
.dt (
) sin2

2
2
4 0 2 4
0
0
0
* Nguyn nhn dn n sai lm:hcsinhibinnhngkhngicn.
* Li gii ng:tx=sintsuyradx=cost.dt

icn: x 0 t 0;x 1 t
2
2

1 cos2t
t sin2t 2
I 1 sin2 t .cos t.dt cos2t.dt
.dt (
)
2
2
4
4
0
0
0
0
* Ch i vi hc sinh:
b

Khi gp tch phn dng I c2 x2 dx , nu tch phn tn ti th thng thng ta

a

tnhtchphnbngcchtx=c.sint(hocx=c.cost)icn,chuynvtnhtchphn
theot.
1
4

x3

V d 7:Tnhtchphn I

2
0 1 x
* Mt hc sinh gii nh sau:

dx

1
1
tx=sintsuyradx=costdt.icn: x 0 t 0;x t arcsin
4
4
arcsin

1
4

arcsin

arcsin

1
4

sin t
3
0 1 cos2t
0 cost cost.dt 0 sin t.dt
nyhcsinhthngrtlngtngvsl,doccemkhngtmracps.
I

sin t

1
4

cost.dt

* Nguyn nhn dn n sai lm:khigptchphncahmscchabiuthc 1 x2

thngthngtatx=sint(hocx=cost);nhngivivd7,nulmtheocch
nysgpkhkhnkhiicn.Cthkhix=1/4takhngtmchnhxcct.
* Li gii ng:

tt= t 1 x2 t 2 1 x2 2tdt 2xdx xdx tdt

1
15

icn: x 0 t 1;x t

4
4
15
4

(1 t )( tdt)

15
4

(1 t
1

)dt t
3
1

15
4

15 15
15 2 33 15 2

192
4
3
192
3

* Ch i vi hc sinh: khigptchphncahmscchabiuthc 1 x2 ,nu

cncatchphnlgitrlnggiccagccbitthtamitnhtchphnbng
cchtx=sint(hocx=cost)cnnukhngthtaphitmphngphpkhc.
1.6 Sai lm v dng cng thc khng c trong sch gio khoa
0

1
dx
x

2x

2
1
* Mt hc sinh gii nh sau:

V d 8:Tnhtchphn I

Diendantoanhoc.net

1
1

0
dx
dx arctan(x 1) 1 arctan0 arctan(1)
2
2
4
x 2x 2
(x 1) 1
1
1
* Nguyn nhn dn n sai lm:SGKhinhnhkhngcungcpcngthc
1

dx arctanx c
1 x2
* Li gii ng:
0
0
1
1
I 2
dx
dx
x 2x 2
(x 1)2 1
1
1
1

tx+1=tant dx 2 dt (1 tan2 t)dt .icn: x 0 t ;x 1 t 0

cos t
4
I

2
4

.(1

tan
t)dt

dt

t
2

0
4
1 tan t
0
0

1
dx ,thtatnhtchphnbng
2
c

x
a

* Ch i vi hc sinh:khigptchphndng I

cchtx=c.tant(hocx=c.cott).Chcngthc 1 tan2 t

1
1
;1 cot 2 t 2 .
2
cos t
sin t

1.7. Hiu sai bn cht cng thc

2

V d 9:Tnhtchphn I xex dx
0

u x
u' 1
*Mt hc sinh gii nh sau: t

x
x
v' e
v e
2

I xe

e dx 2e e

2
0

2e2 e2 1 e2 1

* Nguyn nhn dn n sai lm:hcsinhhiusaibnchtcngthclytchphntng

phn.
u x
du dx
* Li gii ng:t

x
x
dv e dx v e
I xe

e dx 2e e
0

2
0

2e2 e2 1 e2 1

1.8.S dng sai cng thc

V d 10.
Tnhdintchhnhphnggiihnbiccngy=9x2;y=0;x=1;x=4.
*Mt hc sinh gii nh sau:dintchhnhphngcntml
4

x3
S (9 x )dx (9x ) 6
3 1
1
* Nguyn nhn dn n sai lm: hc sinh vn dng sai cng thc tnh din tch hnh
phng.
* Li gii ng:dintchhnhphngcntml
2

Diendantoanhoc.net

38
x3 x3
S 9 x dx 9 x dx 9 x dx (9 x )dx (x 9)dx 9x 9x
3 1 3

3 3
1
1
3
1
3
2.Mt s bi tp tng t
2

x 4

dx
3/ 4
cos x
0

dx

5/ 2
x

3x

2
0

7 / x2
1
2

2 / x x2 1 dx
1

1
2

dx

1/

x3ex x2
3/
dx
x3
1

1
2.dx
x2

6 / 1 sin2xdx
0
3

8/ x3 2x2 x.dx
0

9 / tan x cot x 2.dx

x2 16
dx
x

10 /
4

1
5

2x 2x 3
dx
2
x

1
0

11/

13/
0

1 x2

0
2

x dx

12 /

14 /
1

x3dx
8

1 x
dx

x 1 x2

Diendantoanhoc.net

MT S SAI LM KHI GII TON NGUYN HM V TCH PHN 2

Mtssailmcahcsinhkhitnhtchphn
2

dx

2
2 (x 1)

Bi 1:Tnhtchphn:I=
2

2
d ( x 1)
1
dx
=
=
2
2
x 1
2 (x 1)
2 ( x 1)

*Sailmthnggp:I=

2
2

1
3

4
3

=- -1=-

*Nguynnhnsailm:
Hmsy=

1
khngxcnhtix=-1 2;2 suyrahmskhnglintctrn
( x 1) 2

2;2 nnkhngsdngccngthcNewtnLeibnitznhcchgiitrn.
*Ligiing
Hmsy=

1
khngxcnhtix=-1 2;2 suyrahmskhnglintctrn
( x 1) 2

2;2 dotchphntrnkhngtnti.
*Chivihcsinh:
b

Khitnh f ( x)dx cnchxemhmsy=f(x)clintctrn a; b khng?Nucth

a

pdngphngphphctnhtchphnchocnnukhngthktlunngay
tchphnnykhngtnti.
*Mt s bi tp tng t:
Tnhcctchphnsau:
5

dx
1/
.
4
0 (x 4)

1
2

2/ x( x 1) dx .
2

3/
0

1
dx
cos 4 x

x 3 .e x x 2
dx
3
x
1

4/

dx

1 sin x
0

Bi 2:Tnhtchphn:I=

1
2dt
1 t2
;
=

1 t 2 1 sin x (1 t ) 2
dx
2
2dt
=
= 2(t 1) 2 d(t+1)=
+c

2
1 sin x
t 1
(1 t )
x
2

*Sailmthnggp:tt=tg thdx=

dx
=
1 sin x
0

I=

dotg

2
x
tg 1
2

=
tg

tg 0 1

khngxcnhnntchphntrnkhngtnti.

*Nguynnhnsailm:
x
2

x
2

tt=tg x 0; tix= thtg khngcngha.

*Ligiing:

Diendantoanhoc.net

dx
=
1 sin x
0
0

I=

dx

1 cos x
2

x
d

x

2 4

tg 0 =tg tg
2 .

4
2 4
4
2 x
0
cos
2 4

*Chivihcsinh:
iviphngphpibinskhitt=u(x)thu(x)philmthmslintcv
cohmlintctrn a; b .
*Mt s bi tp tng t:
Tnhcctchphnsau:

1/
0

dx

sin x

dx

cos
x
0

2/

Bi 3:TnhI= x 2 6x 9 dx
0

*Sailmthnggp:
4

I= x 2 6x 9 dx=
0

x 32 dx x 3d x 3 x 3
4

2
4
0

1 9
4
2 2

*Nguynnhnsailm:
2

Phpbini x 3 x 3 vix 0;4 lkhngtngng.

*Ligiing:
4

I= x 2 6x 9 dx
0

x 32 dx x 3 d x 3 x 3d x 3 x 3d x 3

=
0

=-

x 3

2
3
0

x 3

4
3

9 1
5 .
2 2

*Chivihcsinh:
2n

f x 2n

f x n 1, n N

I = 2 n f x 2 n f x dx ta phi xt du hm s f(x) trn a; b ri dng tnh cht tch

a

phntchIthnhtngccphnkhngchadugitrtuyti.
Mt s bi tp tng t:

1/I= 1 sin 2 x dx;

2/I= x 3 2 x 2 x dx
0

3/I= x 2
1
2

2 dx
2
x

4/I= tg 2 x cot g 2 x 2 dx

6
0

dx

1 x 2x 2

Bi 4:TnhI=

*Sailmthnggp:
0

I=

d x 1

x 1

arctg x 1 01 arctg1 arctg 0

Diendantoanhoc.net

*Nguynnhnsailm:
Hcsinhkhnghckhinimarctgxtrongschgiokhoahinthi.
*Ligiing:
tx+1=tgt dx 1 tg 2 t dt
vix=-1tht=0

vix=0tht=
4

KhiI=

1 tg t dt
2

tg t 1

dt t

4
0

*Chivihcsinh:
Cckhinimarcsinx,arctgxkhngtrnhbytrongschgiokhoahinthi.Hc
sinhcthcthymtsbitppdngkhinimnytrongmtschthamkho,v
ccschnyvittheoschgiokhoac(trcnm2000).Tnm2000nnaydocc
khinimnykhngctrongschgiokhoannhcsinhkhngcpdngphng
b

1
dx tadngphngphpibins
2
a 1 x

phpnyna.Vvykhigptchphndng
tt=tgxhoct=cotgx;
b

1
1 x2

dx thtx=sinthocx=cost

*Mt s bi tp tng t:
8

x 2 16
dx
x

1/I=
4

2x 3 2x 3
dx
2/I=
x2 1
0

1
3

3/I=

x 3 dx

1 x8

Bi 5:
1
4

Tnh:I=
0

x3
1 x2

dx

*Suylunsailm:tx=sint,dx=costdt

x3
1 x2

dx

sin 3 t
dt
cos t

icn:vix=0tht=0
1
4

vix= tht=?
*Nguynnhnsailm:
Khigptchphncahmsccha 1 x 2 ththngtx=sintnhngivitch
1
4

phnnysgpkhkhnkhiicncthvix= khngtmcchnhxct=?
*Ligiing:tt= 1 x 2 dt=
1
4

x
1 x2

icn:vix=0tht=1;vix= tht=

dx tdt xdx
15

4
Diendantoanhoc.net

1
4

I=
0

15
4

1 x2

dx =

15
4

1 t tdt 1 t dt t t

t
3

15
4

15 15 15 2 33 15 2

3
4
192
192
3

*Chivihcsinh:Khigptchphncahmsccha 1 x 2 ththngtx
=sinthocgptchphncahmsccha1+x2thtx=tgtnhngcnchn
cncatchphnnucnlgitrlnggiccagccbitthmilmctheo
phngphpnycnnukhngthphinghnphngphpkhc.
*Mt s bi tp tng t:
7

1/tnhI=

x3

1 x2

dx

2/tnhI=
1

dx
x x2 1

x2 1
dx
4
1 1 x

Bi 6:tnhI=

1
1 2
1
2
x

x
dx
*Sailmthngmc:I=

2
1
2
1

1
x
x 2
x2
x

1
1

tt=x+ dt 1 2 dx
x
x

icnvix=-1tht=-2;vix=1tht=2;
2

dt
1
1

)dt =(ln t 2 -ln t 2 )

I= 2
= (
2 t 2
2 t 2
2 t

=ln

2 2
2 2

ln

2 2
2 2

2 ln

2 2
2 2

2
2

ln

t 2
t 2

2
2

1
1 2
x2 1
x lsaivtrong 1;1 chax=0nnkhngth

*Nguynnhnsailm:
4
1
1 x
x2
2
x

chiactcmuchox=0c
*Ligiing:
xthmsF(x)=

ln

x2 x 2 1

x2 x 2 1
x2 x 2 1
x2 1
(ln 2
) 4
F(x)=

x 1
2 2
x x 2 1
1
x2 1
1
x2 x 2 1 1
1
2 2
dx
DoI=
=

ln

ln

1
4
2
1

x
2
2
x

x
2

1
2
2

2
1
2 2
1

*Chivihcsinh:Khitnhtchphncnchiactcmucahmschoxcn
rngtrongonlytchphnphikhngchaimx=0.

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PHNG PHP GII MT S BI TON XC SUT

Dng 1: Cc bi ton tnh xc sut n gin
Ccbitontnhxcsutnginkhngcnghalbitond.ytimun
cpnccbitonchsdngcngthcnhnghaxcsutcinmkhngcn
dngnquytccng,quytcnhnxcsut

Bi ton 1.
ChomtlcgicuABCDEF.VitccchciA,B,C,D,E,Fvao6th.Ly
ngunhinhaith.Tmxcsutsaochoonthngmccumtlccimc
ghitrn2thl:
a) Cnhcalcgic.
b) ngchocalcgic.
c) ngchoni2nhidincalcgic.
(Bi 8 trang 77 sch i s v gii tch 11)
Phn tch
ycthcoilmtbitonm:mtngscnhvngchocamtlc
gicu.Chngtabitt6imphnbitsaochokhngc3imnothnghng
cthtorac
onthng.

Donugi:
l bin c on thng m cc u mt l cc im c ghi trn hai th l

cnhcalcgic

l bin c on thng m cc u mt l cc im c ghi trn hai th l

ngchocalcgic

l bin c on thng m cc u mt l cc im c ghi trn hai th l

ngchonihainhidincalcgic
Vtac

Bi ton 2.
Xpngunhinbabnnamvbabnnngivosughktheohngngang.
Tmxcsutsaocho:
a) Namnngixenknhau.

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b)

Babnnamngicnhnhau.
(Bi 6 trang 76 sch i s v gii tch 11)

Phn tch:
ytuylmtbitonxcsutnhngthcchtnlilmtbitonmtrongt
hp.ltphpcaccbitonthpnhquenthucnhsau:
(1) Cbaonhiucchxp3bnnamv3bnnvo6ghktheohngngang
(ps:

cch).

(2) Cbaonhiucchxp3bnnamv3bnnv6ghktheohngngang,bit
rngnamnngicnhnhau,
(ps:

cch).

(3) Cbaonhiucchxp3bnnamv3bnnv6ghktheohngngang,bit
rngbabnnamngicnhnhau.
(ps:4.

cch)

Nhvybitontrncgiinhsau
Li gii:
Gi lbincXp3hcsinhnamv3hcsinhnvo6ghktheohngngang
mnamvnxenknhau
V lbincXp3hcsinhnamv3hcsinhnvo6ghktheohngngang
m3bnnamngicnhnhau
Tac

Suyra

Nhvyphnlnccbitondng1lccbitonsdngcngthcvkthut
catonthp.iviccbitonnhvythhcsinhchcnphinmvngcng
thcvthpvnhnghaxcsut.
Bncnh,cnhngbitonchcndngphngphplitk.
Bi ton 3.

Gieomtconscxc,cnivngnht.Gisconscxcsuthinmtb
chm.Xtphngtrnh

Tnhxcsutsaochophngtrnhcnghim.
(Bi4trang74sch i s v gii tch 11)
Li gii:
Khiuconscxcsuthinmtbchmlb:
Diendantoanhoc.net

Khnggianmu:

GiAlbinc:Phngtrnhcnghim
Tabitphngtrnh
cnghimkhi

Do

Tuynhin,phngphplitkchchiuqukhisphntcabinclnh.Nus
phntlnthviclitktrnnkhkhnvdxtthiuphnt
Bi ton 4.

Trnmtcivnghnhtrndngquaysscgn36const01n36.
Xcsutbnhxesaukhiquaydngmisunhnhau.Tnhxcsutkhiquay
hailnlintipbnhxedngligias1vs6(kc1v6)tronglnquayuv
dngligias13v36(kc13v36)tronglnquayth2.
Phn tch:Rrngltrongbitonnytakhngthsdngphngphplitkvs
phntcabincltngiln.ytasbiudintphpdidngtnhcht
ctrngtnhton.
GiAlbinccntnhxcsut

C6cchchni,ngvimicchchnic25cchchnj(t13n36c25s)do
theoquytcnhn

Tacngxtmtbitonkhthvsau:
Bi ton 5
Gieomtngtincningchtlintipchonkhilnutinxuthinmt
ngahocc6lnxuthinmtspthdngli.
a) Mtkhnggianmu.
b) Tnhxcsut:
A:Slngieokhngvtquba
B:Slngieolnm
C:Slngieolsu
Phn tch:ivibitonnyrtnhiuhcsinhlngtngkhngbitcchxcnh
khnggianmuvhcsinhvnquenviccbitonchotrcslngieo.Bitonny
trchtphixcnhcslngieo.Giovincthgichohcsinhbngcc
cuhinh:

Diendantoanhoc.net

o Nukhngcgithitc6lnxuthinmtspthdnglithtaphigieo
ngtinbaonhiuln?
o Nukthpvigithitc6lnxuthinmtspthdnglithtaphigieo
ngtintiabaonhiuln?
Ttnhinvicuhiutinhcsinhkhngtharamtconscthvnu
gieo100lnvncthlc100lnuxuthinmtspdovnchathdngli
nhnghcsinhhnhdungradngccphntutin.Vicuhithhaihcsinh
cthtrlicslngieotial6.Thcsinhcthxcnhckhnggian
mu.
Li gii
a) Khnggianmu

b) Tac:

Sauytixintrnhbyphngphpgiimtsbitonbngcchsdngccquy
tctnhxcsuthc.
Dng 2: Bin c i
Trong ton hc, c nhng bi ton khi tnh ton trc tip rt di dng v phc tp.
Khiphngphpgintiplirthiuquvchotacchlmngngn.Phngphp
sdngbincilmtphngphpnhvy
Bi ton 6
Gieongtinxucningcht3ln.Tnhxcsutcaccbinc:
a) BincA:Trong3lngieoctnhtmtlnxuthinmtnga.
b) BincB:Trong3lngieocchaimtsp,nga.
Phn tch:
Hcsinhcthgiiquytbitontheonhhngl:tnht1lnxuthinmt
ngathc3khnngcthxyral:1lnxuthinmtnga,hailnxuthinmt
nga,balnxuthinmtnga.
Dovyhcsinhsgiibitonnhsau:

Suyra

Diendantoanhoc.net

Tuynhinlmnhvydivrtdbquntrnghp.Tuynhinnurng
bincicabincAlbinc :Khngclnnoxuthinmtnga.Do
bitonnyscgiinhsau:
Li gii
Khnggianmu

a) TacbincicabincAlbinc:
:Khngclnnoxuthinmtnga
Vtac

b) Tngttac:

Bi ton 7.
Gieongunhinmtconscsccningchthailn.Tnhxcsutcacc
bincsau:
a) BincA:Tronghailngieotnhtmtlnxuthinmtmtchm
b) BincB:Tronghailngieotngschmtronghailngieolmtsnh
hn11
Phn tch:ivibitonnydngphngphpsdngbincilphngphp
tiubilnutnhtrctiptaphixtrtnhiutrnghp
o ivibincA

Mtmtchmxuthinlnthnht

Mtmtchmxuthinlnthhai

Hailngieouxuthinmtmtchm(khnngnylinmtrongc

haikhnngtrn)
o ivibincB.Tngstronghailngieolmtsnhhn11tclc10
khnngxyra:1,2,,10
Li gii:
Khnggianmu

a) Tacbinci

b) Tac:

Diendantoanhoc.net

Phngphpsdngbincilmtphngphphay,tuynhinvndng
cphngphpnyhcsinhcnnmchaiyut:
o Nhn dng loi ton: Cc bi ton c cm t c t nht, ti thiu, tt
choctnhchn,l,vnghim,cnghim,nutnhkiubgnhnthta
dngbinci
o Xcnhttmnhphnhvphptonlyphnbcamttphptrnh
xcnhsaibinci.
Dng 3: Cc bi ton s sng quy tc cng, quy tc nhn
Bi ton 8.
Gieongthihaiconscsc.Tnhxcsutsaocho:
a) Haiconscscuxuthinmtchn.
b) Tchschmtrn2conscsclschn.
Phn tch:
a) i vi bi ton ny phn ln hc sinh u gii bng cch m s phn t ca
binc.hcsinhtrungbnhthnglitk phntvmtrctip.Ttnhinlcch
giinyrtdivcthlmstphntdntigiisai.Hcsinhkhhnthsdng
tnhtonmsphntnhsau:
Tac

Chn lbincHaiconscscuxuthinmtchn
Do
C3cchchn
chn

,vimicchchn tac3cchchn .Doc9cch

Tithyrngylmtligiihpl,tuynhinbitonnycthcgii
quytmtcchnginhnkhitasdngquytcxcsut.Chonngiovincth
gim,dndthcsinhitigiibitontheonhhngnynhsau:
GiAlbincConscscthnhtxuthinmtchn

Diendantoanhoc.net

BlbincConscscthhaixuthinmtchn
XlbincHaiconscscuxuthinmtchn
Thyrng v lhaibincclpv

(Trong 6 mt th c 3 mt chn)
Dovytac:

b) Gi lbincTchschmtrn2conscsclschn
C3khnngxyratchschmtrnconscsclschn:
Conscscthnhtxuthinmtchn,conscscthhaixuthinmtl.
Conscscthnhtxuthinmtl,conscscthhaixuthinmtchn.
Chaiconscsccngxuthinmtchn.
Vtac

Tchschmtrn2conscsclslchc1khnnglchaicon

scscuxuthinmtl.
Nhvymtlnnatalithyuthcabinci.
Tac
v , clpnntac:

Vdo

Bitontrntasdngquytcnhnxcsut.Munsdngcquytcnhnphi
khngnhchaibinclclp.Vyhaibincthngclptrongccphp
thno?Ttnhinytikhngthnuttcmcharamtstrnghpquen
thuc
o
Gieohaingtinhocgieongtinhailnthbincxyratrong
lngieonyclpvibincxyratronglngieokia.Tngtivicon
scsc.
o

Hai x th bn sung th s bn trng hay trt ca ngi ny khng

nhhngtingikia.Doccbinclinquannnginyclpvi
binclinquannngikia.Tngtivimtngibnhaiphtsung

Chaicihmngbng.Lytmihmramtqubngthbin
clyrabngcahmnysclpvibinclyrabnghmkia.Tng
tivibitonlybi,lycu...
Chrng:NuAvBclpth v ; vB;Av cngclp

Diendantoanhoc.net

Cnggingnhquytccngvquytcnhntrongtonthp,ivibinc
xyrakhnngnyhockhnngkiathtasdngquytccngxcsut.Cn
vibincthchinlientiphaihnhngthtadngquytcnhn
Bi ton 9.
Tronghmc10chitit,trongc2chitithng.Tmxcsutkhilyngu
nhin6chititthckhngqu1chitithng.
Phn tch:Trong6chititthckhngqu1chitithngnghalkhngcchititno
hnghoccmtchitithng.Bitonnykhngthgiitheodng1mphisdng
phptnhxcsut.ylbitondngquytccngxcsut
Li gii
Gi lbincTrong6chititlyrakhngcchititnohng
lbinctrong6chititlyrac1chitithng
lbincTrong6chititlyrackhngqu1chitithng
Khi

.Do

xungkhcnhaunn

Scchlyra6chititt10chititl

C8chititkhngbhngnn

Scchly5chititt8chititbhngl
Scchly1chititt2chitithngl

Theoquytcnhntac

Dovytac:

Bi ton 10
Chaihpcngchaccqucu.Hpthnhtc7qucu,5qucuxanh.
Hpthhaic6qucu,4qucuxanh.Tmihplyrangunhin1qu
cu.
a) Tnhxcsut2quculyracngmu.
Diendantoanhoc.net

b) Tnhxcsut2quculyracngmu.
Phn tch:Bitonnyvncthgiitheodng1,tuynhinvicgiirtdidngv
phctp.Nusdngphihpquytccngvquytcnhnthvicgiiquytbiton
trnnnginhnrtnhiu.
Li gii
a) Gi:

AlbincQuculyrathpthnhtmu
BlbincQuculyrathpthhaimu
XlbincHaiquculyracngmu

Tac

MtkhcAvBclpnn

b) Gi:
YlbincHaiquculyracngmuxanh
ZlbincHaiquculyracngmu
Tac

Mtkhc v clpnn

Thyrng

nn

Nhngbitonsdngquytccngxcsutvquytcnhnxcsutlccbiton
luntnhcxcsutcabinccs(ccbinccntnhxcsutbiudinquacc
bincny).Chngtaccxcsutsau:
o Khigieomtngtinxucni,ngchtth
Xcsutxuthinmtspl

Xcsutxuthinmtngal
o Khigieomtconscsccningchtth
Xcsutxuthintngmtl
Xcsutxuthinmtcschmlchn:

Diendantoanhoc.net

 Xcsutxuthinmtschmll:
Xcsutxuthinmtschmlschiahtcho3:
iviccphpthkhcthtutheotngbitontastnhcxcsut
ny.Vcngcnhiubitonchotrctipxcsut.Bitonsaulmtvd
Bi ton 11
C2lhng.Ngitalyngunhintmilhngmtsnphm.Xcsutc
snphmchtlngtttnglhnglnltl
.Hytnhxcsut:
a) Trong2snphmlyractnhtmtsnphmcchtlngtt.
b) Trong2snphmlyracng1snphmcchtlngtt.
Phn tch:ylbitonchotrcxcsutnnchcchntaphisdngphpton
tnhxcsutgiiquyt.BinccsslLy csnphmtttlhngth
nhtvLycsnphmtttlhngthhai
Li gii:
Gi Lycsnphmtttlhngthnht
Lycsnphmtttlhngthhai
Khitac:

a) Gi lbincTrong2snphmlyractnhtmtsnphmcchtlng
tt.
Suyra
Dobabinc

lclpnntac

b) Gi lbincTrong2snphmlyracngmtsnphmcchtlng
tt.
Suyra
Do

xungkhcvbinc vB;Av clpnntac

Diendantoanhoc.net


Bi ton 12
Mtphngclphaihthngchungbongphngchy,mththngbo
khithykhivmththngbokhithylaxuthin.Quathcnghimthyrngxc
sutchungbokhil
,chungbolal
vc2chungbol
.Tnh
xcsutkhichahontnhtmttrong2chungsbo.
Phn tch:Binccntnhxcsutlchungbokhibohohonhocchungbo
labolas bo hohon.Do biton ny chcchnldngquy tccng. Tuy
nhinhaibinccslikhngxungkhc.Trongtrnghpnytaphisdngquy
tccngmrng
Li gii
Gi lbincChungbokhithykhi
lbincChungbokhithyla
lbinctnhtmttronghaichngbokhihahon
Theogithitbitontac

Dotac:

BI TP NGH

1/Tcbi52con,rtngunhin3con.Tnhxcsut

a/Ctnhtmtcont

b/CngmtconK

c/C3concskhcnhauuthuctphp{2,3,10}

2/Trongmtchichpc5bngtrng,6bngxanh,7bnglyngunhin4
qubng.Tmxcsutc4qubngc3mu.

3/Gieongunhinconscsccningcht2ln:Tnhxcsutcaccbin
c:

a/A:Ctnhtmtmtl

b/B:Cmtmtchnvmtmtl

c/C:Tngschmhaimtlmtschn

4/Gieongunhinmtconscsccningcht3ln,tnhxcsut:

a/Ctnhtmtlnxuthinmt6chm

b/Tngccschmtrn3mtlsl

5/ Trong mt hp c 10 chic th c nh s 0,1,2,.9. Ly ngu nhin lien

tip4thvxpcnhnhautheothtttrisangphitmxcsut4thxpthnh1
stnhinsaochotrongchmtchs1

6/Mtmybayc5ngc,trongc3ngccnhphiv2ngc
cnhtri.Mingccnhphicxcsutbhngl0,1,cnmingccnh
tricxcsuthngl0,05.Ccngchotngclpvinhau.Tnhxcsut
mybaythchinchuynbauantontrongcctrnghpsau:

a/Mybaybaycnuctnhthaingclmvic

b/Mybaybaycnuctnhtmingctrnmicnhlmvic

Diendantoanhoc.net


7/Mtbithitrcnghimgm12cuhi.Micuhic5cutrli,trong
chcmtcung.Micutrlingc4im,micutrlisaibtr1im
.Mthcsinhkmlmbibngcchchnhhomtcutrli.Tnhxcsut:

a/Hcsinhc13im

b/Hcsinhcimm

8/Trongmtlphcc6bngn,mibongxcsutbchyl0,25.Lphc
cnhsngnuctnht5bngn.Tnhxcsutlphckhngnhsng

9/Mtontuc4toamtsnga.C4hnhkhchtsngalntu,mi
ngiclpvinhauvchnngunhin1toa.Tnhxcsut1toac3ngi,1toa
cmtngiv2toacnlikhngcai.

10/C30tmthnhst1n30chnngunhinra10tmthtnhxcsut
:

a/Ttc10tmthumangschn

b/Cng5schiahtcho3

c/ C 5 tm th mang s l, 5 tm th mang s chn trong ch mt tm th

mangschiahtcho10.
11/Tmthpc7qucuxanh,6qucu.Lyngunhin5qu.Tnhxc
sutcaccbinc:
a) A:Trong5qulyracchaimu
b) B:Trong5qulyractnht2qumu
12/ Xc sut mt x th bn bia trng im 10 l
trngim8l

vthnim8l

; trng im 9 l

.Xthybnmtvinn.Tm

xcsutxthctnht9im.

Diendantoanhoc.net

S DNG VECT TRONG CHNG MINH BT NG THC

I. Nhc li cc tnh cht ca vect.

2

1. Tnh cht 1: ( a ) 2 a 0 .ngthcxyrakhivchkhi a 0 .

2. Tnh cht 2: a b a b .ngthcxyrakhivchkhi a v b cngchiu.
3. Tnh cht 3: a.b a . b .ngthcxyrakhivchkhi a v b cngphng.
II. S dng cc tnh cht ca vect chng minh bt ng thc.
1. S dng tnh cht 1.
V d 1.
3
2

ChotamgicABC,chngminhrng:cos2A+cos2B+cos2C .
* Hng gii quyt ca bi ton:sdngccctnhchtcavctvobiton
nythcngthcnocchavectvcchaccsin.Vysltchvhngca
haivect,l:



OA.OB OA OB cos OA, OB , OB.OC OB OC cos OB, OC

OA.OC OA OC cos OA, OC vkhinutagiRlbnknhcang

trnngoitiptamgicABCth R OA OB OC .T,tanghtivicdngtnh

cht1chngminh.Cthnhsau:
* Gii:
GiO,RlnltltmvbnknhngtrnngoitiptamgicABC.
Tac:

2 2 2

(OA OB OC )2 OA OB OC 2(OA.OB OB.OC OC.OA) 0

3R 2
3
3R 2 R (cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2C ) 0 cos2 A cos2 B cos2C 2
2R
2
2

Suyraiuphichngminh.
V d 2.
ChotamgicABC.Chngminhrng:
6cosA.cosB.cosC cos2A + cos2B + cos2C(1).
* Hng gii quyt bi ton. Tathy trongbiuthccnchngminhxuthntng
ccbnhphng.Vthcthsdngctnhcht1.Nhngbitontrnchngta
cnlu,phixtcctrnghpcatamgicABC.Vbitontrnkhngnil
tamgicnhthno.Cth,talmbitonnynhsau:
* Gii:
NutamgicABCltamgict(cmtgct)th(1)hinnhinngvkhi
vtrim,cnvphidng.
NutamgicABCkhngphiltamgictthtrnmtphngtatccvect
OM , ON , OP saocho:

OM cos A; ON cos B; OP cos C v

(OM , ON ) C ; (ON , OP) A ; (OP, OM ) B

pdngtnhcht(1),tac:
Diendantoanhoc.net

(OM ON OP) 2 0
2

OM ON OP 2O M .ON 2O N .OP 2OP.O M 0

cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2 C 2(cos A. cos B. cos C cos A. cos B. cos C cos A. cos B. cos C ) 0
cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2C 6 cos A cos B cos C .iuphichngminh.

2. S dng tnh cht 2.

* a b a b .ngthcxyrakhivchkhi a v b cngchiu
Ta thng s dng phng php ny khi gp cc bi ton chng minh bt ng
thccchatngcacccnbchaimbiuthctrongducnbchaicthav
tngcaccbnhphng.
V d 1:Chngminhrng:
a 2 a 1 + a 2 a 1 2(1)vimiathucR.
* Hng gii quyt bi ton:
BitonnynunthunchsdngvicchngminhBTthngthngths
rtkhivihs,vbitonchaicnbchainnvicbinisrtkh.Nhngnu
chccitngtrongbitonvbitkhaithctnhcht2nutrnthbitontr
nnddnghn.Cth,gvchchohshngsuynghsau:
Hai biu thc trong cn bc hai c th bin i thnh tng cc bnh phng.
2

2
2
1 3

1
3
2

v
a a 1 a
a

. T , ta c th t:

2 2

2
2

1 3 1
3
u a ;
; v a;
, n y s dng tnh cht 2 ta c diu phi chng
2
2
2
2

minh.Cthnhsau:
1
2

* Gii:BT(1) (a ) 2 (

3 2
1
3
) + ( a ) 2 ( ) 2 2
2
2
2

TrongmtphngtoOxyt:

1 3
1
3
u (a ; ) ; v ( a; )
2 2
2
2
2

2
2


1 3

1
3
p dng tnh cht 2, ta c: u v a a u v 2
2 2

2
2

a 2 a 1 a 2 a 1 2 .iuphichngminh.

V d 2.Chngminhrng:
x 2 xy y 2 + y 2 yz z 2 + z 2 zx x 2 3 ( x y z ) vix,y,z>0.
*Hng gii quyt bi ton:Bitonnyvcbnkhngkhcgnhiusovibi
tontrc.Nntalmnhsau:
Gii:TrongmtphngtoOxytat:

y 3
z 3
x 3
u (x ;
y ); v ( y ;
z ); w ( z ;
x);
2 2
2 2
2 2


Ttnhcht u v w u v w tac:

y
2

u v w ( x )2 (

3 2
z
3 2
x
3 2
y) ( y )2 (
z ) ( z )2 (
x)
2
2
2
2
2
Diendantoanhoc.net

u v w

9
3
( x y z ) 2 ( x y z )2 3( x y z ) iuphichngminh
4
4

Theocchnytacthchngminhrtnhanhcccbitonsauy:
V d 3:Chngminhrngvimixtac:
2sin 2 x 4 2sin 2 x 2 2 sin x 5 17
V d 4:Choa,b,c>0vab+bc+ca=abc.Chngminhrng:

b 2 2a 2
c 2 2b 2
a 2 2c 2
+
+
3 .
ab
bc
ca

3. S dng tnh cht 3.

V d 1.CMRvimia,b,c,dtacbtngthc:
ab cd (a 2 c 2 )(b 2 d 2 ) (3)

Gii:t u (a, c) ; v (b, d ) .

pdngtnhcht3,tac:

u.v ab cd u v a 2 c 2 . b 2 d 2 (a 2 c 2 )(b 2 d 2 ) iuphichngminh
x 2 xy y 2 3
cnghim.CMR:xy+yz+zx 8
y 2 yz z 2 16

V d 2.Gis
Gii:

x 3
3
z
x) , v (
z; y )
2 2
2
2

t u ( y ;

pdngtnhcht(3),taciuphichngminh.

V d 3.ChotamgicABC.imMthucmp(ABC).Chngminh:
1
2

ma.MA + mb.MB + mc.MC (a2 + b2 + c2).

Gii:GiGltrngtmtamgicABC.
Tac GA.MA GA.MA GA.MG GA 2
Tngt GB.MB GB.MG GB 2
GC.MC GC MG GC 2
GA.MA GB.MB GC.MC MG (GA GB GC ) GA 2 GB 2 GC 2 GA 2 GB 2 GC 2

ma.MA + mb.MB + mc.MC

1 2
(a + b2 + c2)(pcm)
2

4. S dng tnh cht ca vect n v

V d 1:Xtvd1phn1,tacthchngminhbtngthcbngcchkhcnh
sau.:
Trnmtphngtadngccvect OM , ON , OP thomn:
OM 1
(OM , ON ) 2C

ON 1 v (ON , OP) 2 A

(OP, OM ) 2 B
OP 1

Diendantoanhoc.net

pdngtnhcht(1),tac:
(OM ON OP) 2 0
1 1 1 2 cos(2C ) 2 cos(2 A ) 2 cos(2 B ) 0
3
cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2C (pcm).
2

V d 2. ChotamgicABCvccsthcx,y,z.Chngminhrng:
1
yz cos 2 A xz cos 2 B xy cos 2C ( x 2 y 2 z 2 )
2

Gii:GisngtrnngoitiptamgicABCctmO,bnknhbng1.
Tac:
( xOA yOB z OC ) 2 ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2( xy cos 2C xz cos 2 B yz cos 2 A) 0
Suyraiuphichngminh.
V d 3.ChotamgicABC.Chngminhrng:
3 cos A 2 cos B 2 3 cos C 4

Gii:Gi e1 ; e2 ; e3 theothtlvectnvcacccnhBC,CA,AB.
Tac:

(2e1 3e2 e 3 ) 2 4 3 1 2( 3 cos A 2 cos B 2 3 cos C ) 0
=> 3 cos A 2 cos B 2 3 cos C 4 (pcm).
Theocchnytacthchngminhccbitonsau:
V d 4.ChotamgicABC.Chngminhrng:
cos A cos B cos C

V d 5.ChotamgicABCvsthcx.Chngminhrng:
cos A x(cos B cos C )

x2
1 .
2

Diendantoanhoc.net

MT S BI TON CC TR HNH HC TO
1 Bi ton 1:

x t
ChohaiimA(1;2),B(0;-1)vngthng(d):

y 2t 1
TmM (d)saocho:
a)(MA+MB)nhnht.
b)|MA-MB|lnnht.
Tronghnhhcphngtabit:
+/NuA,Bnmvhaiphaivi(d)th:
(MA+MB)minM=(AB) (d).
+/NuA,Bnmvmtphaivi(d)vBlimixngcaBqua(d)th:

(MA+MB)minM=(AB) (d).
+/NuA,Bnmvmtphaivi(d)m(AB)ct(d)th:
MA-MB maxM=(AB) (d).

+/NuA,Bnmvhaiphaivi(d)vBlimixngcaBqua(d)m
(AB)ct(d)th: MA-MB maxM=(AB) (d).
Davoktqudbittronghnhhcphngtacthgiicbiton1.Tuynhin
victnhtonkhphctp.Cthl:
+ Nu phng trnh ca (d) c cho di dng tham s th ta buc phi chuyn v
dngtngqutcthkimtracAvBnmmtphahayhaiphaivi(d).
+NuphitmtaimB(trongcua)hocB(trongcub)thvictnhtoncn
khkhnhnna.khcphctnhtrngtrn,xinaramtligiikhcnhsau:
a) VM (d)nnM(t;2t+1).Khitac:
MA MB (t 1) 2 (2t 1) 2 t 2 (2t 2) 2 5t 2 6t 2 5t 2 8t 4

3
1
4
4
5 (t ) 2
(t ) 2

5
25
5
25

3 1
4 2
Xt A '( : ) , B '( : ) , M '(t : 0)
5 5
5 5
KhiMA+MB= 5 (MA+MB).

V M chy trn trc honh v A,B nm v hai pha i vi trc Ox nn

(MA+MB)min(MA+MB)minM=(AB) Ox.
1
M ' A ' 5 1
1
2
2 19
4 3

M ' chiaon ; theots nnM ( ; 0) =>M ( ; ) .

2
15
15 15
2
M 'B' 2
5 5
5

b/Tngtnhcua)tac:
MA MB 5

3
1
4
4

(t ) 2
(t ) 2
5
25
5
25
3 1

4 2

XtA ; ; B " ; ; M "(t ;0)

5 5
5 5
Khi MA-MB = 5 (MA-MB).
VMchytrntrcOxvA;BnmvmtphaivitrcOxnn:
Diendantoanhoc.net

 MA-MB max MA MB max

1
M ' A' 5 1
M=(AB) Ox
M " 2; 0 M 2;5
M 'B' 2 2
5

tngcaligiitrnvndavoktqubittronghnhhcphng.Tuynhin
khithayngthng(d)bngtrcOxkhixtvtrtngicaccimlmcho
phctptrongtnhtongimirtnhiu.
2 Bi ton 2:
4 2 1
; v ng thng (d) c phng
3 3 3

Trong khng gian cho im A(1;0;1), B ;

trnhthams:x=t

(d):y=t,t
R
z=1-t
TmM (d)saocho:a)(MA+MB)nhnht.
b) MA-MB lnnht.
Cch gii trong hnh hc khng gian:
+giicu(a)tatmimbiudinBlnhcaBquaphpquayquanhtrc(d)
vigcquaythchhpsaochoA;B;(d)ngphngvA,Bnmvhaiphavi(d)khi
:(MA+MB)minM=(AB) (d).
+giicu(b)tatmimBlnhcaBquaphpquayquanhtrc(d)vigc
quaythchhpsaochoA;B;dngphngvA;Bnmvmtphaivi(d).Khi
nu(AB)ct(d)th: MA-MB maxM=(AB) (d).
Davoktqubittronghnhhckhnggian,tacngcthgiicbiton2.
TuynhinvictmtaimB(trongcua)hocB(trongcub)buctaphithc
hinnhngphptnhphctp.
khcphctnhtrngny,talitiptctngctrongligiicabitp1.
a)VM (d)NnMcta(t;t;1-t)khi:
4
2
4
MA MB (t 1) 2 t 2 (t ) 2 (t ) 2 (t ) 2 ( t ) 2 3t 2 2t 12 3t 2 4t 4
3 A
3
3
y

1
2
2
8
3 (t ) 2 (t )2

3
9
3
9

A'
M'

1 2
2 2 2
Xt: A '( ;
), B '( ;
), M '(t ;0)
3 3
3 3
KhiMA+MB= 3 (MA+MB).

VMchytrntrcOxvA;B
nmvhaiphaivitrcOxnn:
(MA+MB)min(MA+MB)minM=(AB) Ox

B'
B

2
A' M '
1
4
4 4 5

3 M '( ;0) M ( ; ; )
2
9
9 9 9
M ' B ' 2 2
3
Diendantoanhoc.net

1
3

b) Tngtcu(a)c: MA MB 3 (t )2

1 2
)
3 3

t A "( ;

2 2 2
B "( ;
)
3 3

2
2
8
(t ) 2
9
3
9

M "(t ; 0) Khi: MA MB 3 M '' A '' M '' B '' .

VMchytrnOxvA;BnmvmtphavitrcOxnn:
MA-MB max MA MB maxM=(AB) 0x

2
M " A"
1
3 M "(0; 0) M (0;0;1)
M "B" 2 2 2
3

Trongligiitrntakhngnhngthayngthng(d)bngtrcOxkhibitvtr
tngicaccimmcnchuynhthngkhngngphnggmhaiimA;Bv
ngthng(d)thnhhthngngphnggmhaiimAvBvtrcOx(trongcu
a) hoc h thng ng phng gm hai im A v B v trc Ox (trong cu b) l
nhngnguynnhncbngiptacmtligiingin.
3 Bi ton 3:

Trong khng gian cho hai im A,B v ng thng (d). Tm im M trn (d) sao
cho tam gic MAB c din tch nh nht.
Phng php gii:
-ViMthuc(d)kMHvunggcviAB.CnhABkhngi.Khidintchtam
gicABMcgitrnhnhtkhidionMHnhnht.
-Trongtrnghpnu(AB)vunggcvi(d)=>Mlgiaoca(d)vmtphngcha
(AB)vvunggcvi(d).
-Nu(AB)v(d)chonhau=>MHlonvunggcchungca(AB)v(d).Biton
quyvtmimMlchnngvunggcchungca(AB)v(d).
Vy bi ton phi thc hin theo cc bc sau:
-imMchnhlchnngvunggcchungcangthng(d)v(AB),trong
Mlimthuc(d).
-Tmvctchphngca( )lngvunggcchungca(AB)v(d).
-Lpphngtrnhmp(P)iqua(AB)vchangvunggcchung.
-TmgiaoimMca(P)v(d).
V d 1 : Trong khng gian cho hai im A(1;-1;0), B(1;0;1) v ng thng (d) c
phngtrnh:x=-1+t

(d)y=1+t
z=-2
TmimMtrn(d)saochotamgicMABcdintchnhnht.
Li gii
Tac: M (d ) .GisN(-1;1;-2) (d).k MH AB
A
1
d
S ABC AB.MH
2

ud (1;1;0) ; AB 0;1;1 ud . AB 1 0

M
AB, ud . AN 6 0 AB, ud , AN khngngphng
H

=>(AB)v(d)chonhau.
Gi( )lngvunggcchungca(AB)v(d)

B
Diendantoanhoc.net

u AB, ud 1;1; 1 u 1; 1;1

Gi(P)lmtphngcha(AB)v( ) nP AB, u 2;1; 1 .

Do A ( P) nnmp(P)cphngtrnh(P):2x+y-z=1.
Lic M ( P) (d ) => M (d ) M (1 t;1 t ; 2) .
DoM (P)nnthaytocaMvophngtrnhca(P)tact=0=>M(-1;1;-2).
VyM(-1;1;-2)thomnyucucabiton.
4 Bi ton 4:
Trong khng gian, cho mt phng (P) v hai im A,B c to cho trc. Tm
im M trn mt phng (P) sao cho : MA + MB t gi tr nh nht.
Phng php gii:
tmimMthomntnhchttrntathchintheoccbcsau:
Bc 1 : XtvtrtngicaA,Bivimtphng(P)bngcchtnh:
tA=axA+ byA+czA+d;tB=axB+ byB+czB+d
*NutA.tB>0A,Bcngphaivi(P).Thchinbc2.
*NutA.tB<0A,Bkhngcngphaivi(P).Thchinbc3.
Bc 2 :TmtoimA1ixngviAqua(P).
-Vitphngtrnhthamscangthng(A1B).
-TmtogiaoimNca(A1B)v(P).Thchinbc4.
Bc 3: Vitphngtrnhthamscangthng(AB).
TmtogiaoimNca(AB)v(P).Thchinbc5.
Bc 4: TaichngminhMA+MBnhnhtkhivchkhiM N:
Thtvy:LyimMbtkthuc(P)tac:
MA MB MA1 MB A1 B NA1 NB .Du=xyrakhivchkhiM N.
Bc 5: TaichngminhMA+MBnhnhtkhivchkhiM N.
Thtvy:LyimMbtkthuc(P)tac:
MA MB AB NA NB .Du=xyrakhivchkhiM N.
* Ch : Phng php trn cng c s dng tm M ( P) sao cho: |MA-MB| ln
nht.
V d 2:ChohaiimA(-7;4;4),B(-6;2;2)vmtphng(P):3x-y-2z+19=0.TmM (P)
saocho:
a)MA+MBtgitrnhnht.
b)|MA-MB|tgitrlnnht.
Li Gii
a) MA+MB t gi tr nh nht.
-Xcnhvtrtngi cahaiimcaA,Bivimtphng(P),tac:
tA.tB=(3.(-7)-4-2.4+19).(3.(-6)-2-2.3+19)=98>0=>A,Bcngphaivi(P).
GiA1limixngviAqua(P).

Mtphng(P)c: n 3; 1; 2 .ngthng(AA1)cxcnhbi:
QuaA(-7;4;4)x=-7+3t

(AA1):(AA1):y=4-t(t R )

Vtcp n 3; 1; 2 z=4-2t
*GiHlhnhchiuvunggccaAln(P).Tac H AA1 P .Thayx,y,zt
phngtrnhthamsca(AA1)vo(P),tac:t=1H(-4;3;2).
VHltrungimcaAA1nntac:A1(-1;2;0).
*Phngtrnhthamscangthng(A1B):
Diendantoanhoc.net

QuaA1(-1;2;0)x=-1-5t

(A1B):(A1B):y=2(t R )

Vtcp A1B 5; 0;3 z=3t

*GiNlgiaoimca(A1B)v(P).tmtocaNtathayx,y,ztphngtrnh
thamsca(A1B)voptca(P)tac: t

2
13

N ; 2; 2 .
3
3

TaichngminhMA+MBnhnhtkhivchkhiM N.
Thtvy:LyimMbtkthuc(P)tac:
MA MB MA1 MB A1 B NA1 NB .Du=xyrakhivchkhiM N.
13

; 2; 2 thomniukinbira.
3

Vyim M

b) | MA-MB| t gi tr ln nht.
Tac:A,Bcngphaivi(P).
*Phngtrnhthamscangthng(AB):
QuaB(-6;2;3)x=-6+t

(AB):(AB):y=2-2t(t R )

Vtcp AB 1; 2; 1 z=3-t
*GiNlgiaoimca(AB)v(P).tmtocaNtathayx,y,ztphngtrnh
thamsca(AB)voptca(P)tac: t 1 N 5; 0; 2 .
*Taichngminh|MA-MB|lnnhtkhivchkhiM N.
Thtvy:LyimMbtkthuc(P)tac: | MA MB | AB | NA NB |
Du=xyrakhivchkhiM N.
Vyim M 5;0; 2 thomniukinbira.
V d 3:
ChohaiimA(1;1;2),B(2;1;-3)vmtphng(P)cphngtrnh:2x+y-3z-5=0.Tm
Mtrnmtphng(P)saocho:
a)MA+MBtgitrnhnht.
b)|MA-MB|tgitrlnnht.

Li gii:
a) MA+MB t gi tr nh nht
- Xc nh v tr tng i ca hai im ca A,B i vi mt phng (P), ta c :
tA.tB=(2.1+1-3.2-5).(2.2+1-3.(-3)-5)=-72<0=>A,Bkhngcngphaivi(P).
ngthng(AB)cxcnhbi:
QuaA(1;1;2)x=t

(AB):(AA1):y=1(t R )

Vtcp AB 1;0; 5 z=2-5t

GiNlgiaoimca(AB)v(P).tmtocaNtathayx,y,ztphngtrnh
thamsca(AB)voptca(P)tac: t

8
25 6
N ;1; .
17
17 17

* TaichngminhMA+MBnhnhtkhivchkhiM N.
Thtvy:LyimMbtkthuc(P)tac: MA MB AB NA NB
Du=xyrakhivchkhiM N.
25 6
;1; thomniukinbira.
17 17

VyimM

Diendantoanhoc.net

b) |MA-MB| t gi tr ln nht
Tac:A,Bkhcphaivi(P).GiA1limixngviAqua(P).

Mtphng(P)c: n 2;1; 3 .ngthng(AA1)cxcnhbi:

QuaA(1;1;2)x=1+2t

(AA1):(AA1):y=1+t(t R )

Vtcp
n 2;1; 3 z=2-3t
A
I

H AA1 P .Thayx,y,zt
*GiHlhnhchiuvunggccaAln(P).Tac
B
4
7
23 15 10
VHltrungimcaAA1nntac: A1 ; ;
.
7 7 7

15 11 2
; ; .
7 7 7

phngtrnhthamsca(AA1)vo(P),tac:t= H

*Phngtrnhthamscangthng(A1B):
QuaB(2;1;-3)x=2+9t
M

(A1B):(A1B):y=1+8t(t
R )
P

9 8 11

hayVtcp u 9;8;11 z=-3+11t

7 7 7

Vtcp BA1 ; ;

*GiNlgiaoimca(A1B)v(P).tmtocaNtathayx,y,ztphngtrnh
thamsca(A1B)voptca(P)tac: t

9
95 79 78
N ; ; .
7
7 7 7

Taichngminh|MA-MB|lnnhtkhivchkhiM N.
Thtvy:LyimMbtkthuc(P)tac:
| MA MB || MA1 MB | A1 B | NA NB |
Du=xyrakhivchkhiM N.
95 79 78
; ; thomniukinbira.
7 7 7

Vyim M
5 Bi ton 5:

Trong khng gian cho mt phng (P) v hai im A,B c to cho trc .Tm
im M trn mt phng (P) sao cho h thc : P.MA2 Q.MB 2 t gi tr nh nht (Vi
tng cc h s P+Q l mt s dng ).
Phng php gii:

-TmIthomnhthc: P.IA Q.IB 0 .
-Biuthc: P.MA2 Q.MB 2 ( P Q) IM 2 C (Clhngs,P+Qlmtsdng).
Khitng P.MA2 Q.MB 2 tgitrnhnhtkhidiMInhnht M I p .
Bitonquyv:-TmtoimIthomnhthcvct.
-TmtoimMlhnhchiuvunggccaItrn(P)
V d 4 :
ChohaiimA(1;7;1),B 5;5; 3 vmtphng(P):x+2y-2z+1=0.TmMnmtrn
(P)saocho MA2 MB 2 tgitrnhnht.
Li
gii

GisIthomn IA IB 0 =>IltrungimcaAB=>I(3;6;-1).

Diendantoanhoc.net

 MA2 MB 2 2 MI 2

AB 2
( MA2 MB 2 ) min M Imin (doABcnh) M I p .
2

nP 1;2; 2 uIM .
x=3+t

KhiIMcphngtrnhthamsl:(MI)y=6+2t
z=-1-2t
MMnmtrnmtphng(P):x+2y-2z+1=0nnMlgiaoimca(P)vng
thngIM.KhitocaMlnghimcahphngtrnhsau:
x=3+t

y=6+2t
z=-1-2t=>t=-2=>M(1;2;3).
x+2y-2z+1=0
VyM(1;2;3)limthomnyucubira.
2.6 Bi tp - p n
Bi 1 : ( 97-Va )
Tm trn trc honh im P sao cho tng cc khong cch t P n hai im
A(1;2)vB(3;4)lnhnht.
Bi 2:TrongmtphngvihtoccvunggcOxy,chongthng(d)c
phngtrnh2x3y+18=0vccimA(2;3),B(-6;0).TmimMtrnng
thng(d)saochoMA+MBnhnht.
Bi 3:TrongmtphngvihtoccvunggcOxy,chongthng(d)c
phngtrnh:x2y+2=0vhaiimA(0;6),B(2;5).Tmtrnngthng(d)imM
saocho:
a)(MA+MB)nhnht.
b)|MA-MB|lnnht.
Bi 4. (C NNG LM - 2000)
TrongmtphngvihtoccvunggcOxy,chohaiimA(1;0),B(2;1)
vngthng(d)cphngtrnh2xy+3=0.TmimMtrnngthng(d)
saochoMA+MBlnhnhtsovimiimcnlitrn(d).VittoimM.
Bi 5.ChohaiimA(1;2;-1),B( 2 2 ;2;-3)vngthng(d)cphngtrnh:
x+y+z-3=0
(d)
y+z-5=0
TmimMtrnngthng(d)saochoMA+MBnhnht.hoctoancapba.com
Bi 6. (HQY-96)
ChohaiimA(1;1;0);B(3;-1;4)vngthng(d):

x 1 y 1 z 2

.Tmim
1
1
2

Mtrnngthng(d)saochotngccdiMA+MBnhnht.
Bi 7. (C SP KONTUM ( KA- 2003))
2x+3y4=0

Chongthng(d):v2imA(1,2,-1);B(7;-2;3)

y+z4=0
Trn(d),tmimIsaochodinggpkhcIABngnnht.

Diendantoanhoc.net

GII TON BNG PHNG PHP TO

1. Xy dng h ta .
Xy dng h ta hp l l iu rt cn thit cho vic ng dng ca phng
phptatrongvicgiiton.ylbcutincabigii.Ngigiovincn
hngdnkhologiphcsinhnhnracctnhchtcbitcabiton,ych
yulsdngtnhvunggc,xydngmthtamtrnccthamsc
gimmtcchtiunht.
y,taxemxtmtstrnghppdngttphngphpny.
iviccbitoncmttrongcctgicnh:hnhvung,hnhchnht,tam
gicvung.ivicchnhnhvytacthchnhtrctacgcnmtimt
nhvung,chaitrcOxvOycha2cnhtngngcagcvung.Vchnn
vtrncctrcbngdicamttronghaicnhgcvung.Bngcchchnnhvy,
ccthamscgimtiacth.Vdnghnhnycngldngpdngthunli
nhtphngphptatrongmtphngny.
y

B(0;1)

B(0;b)

C(1;1)

D(1;0)

C(0;c)

C(1;b)

D(1;0)

B(1;0)

iviccbitoncchatamgicu,tamgiccn,tamgicthng.Tac
thxydng mthtrcbngcchdavongcao.Cth,tadngngcaot
mtnhbtk(ivitamgiccntanndngngcaotnhcn).Chnng
caokhichnhlgcta,cnhyvngcaovadngnmtrnhaitrcta.
y

B(0; 3)

C(0;h)

A(-1;0)

C(1;0)

A(1-a;0)

B(1;0) x

iviccbitoncchaccngtrnthtacthchngctanmti
tmcangtrnvnvcahtabngbnknhngtrn,mthochaitrc
chabnknh,ngknhcangtrn.
Tuynhin,khipdngthkhngcngnhctrongvicchnhtrcta.Nn
hcsinhlinhhotvtmracchchntiuchobiton.
Mtsbitoncthcnhiuitnghnhhctrn,thtyvogithuyt
tachnhtrctachophhp.
Diendantoanhoc.net

2. Mt s bi ton p dng phng php ta trong mt phng.

a.Chngminhcctnhchthnhhc.
Phngphptacpdngttnhtchoccbitonmtrncquanh
vunggcxuthin.Nubitoncccitngnhl:hnhvung,hnhchnht,
tamgicvung.
Bi ton 1: Cho hai hnh vung ABCD v AB ' C ' D ' cng chiu. Chng minh
rng cc ng thng BB ', CC ', DD ' ng quy.
Bitonnynusdngphngphptnghpthkhrcri.Tuynhin,nus
dngphngphptathkhngin.
p dng phng php ta , u
tintagiphcsinhxydng mthto
Oxy cho bi ton. bi ton ny, vic xy
dnghtakhngin.Tacthchn
htrcOxysaochohnhvung ABCD c2
cnhnmtrn2trcny.
Ligii:
Chn h trc ta sao cho
A 0;0 , B 0;1 , D 1;0 .Suyra C 1;1 .
Gi B(a;b) v hai hnh vung cng
chiunntasuyraD(b;-a), C(a+b;b-a).
Khi:
ngthngBB cphngtrnh:

1 b x a y 1 0hay 1 b x ay a (1)
ngthngCC cphngtrnh:

1 a b x 1 a b 1 y 1 0hay a 1 b x a b 1 y 2a (2)
ngthngDDcphngtrnh:

a x 1 b 1 y 0hay ax b 1 y a (3)
Tac(1)+(3)cphngtrnh(2).DoBBvDDctnhauti(xo;yo) th
(xo;yo) cngthaphngtrnhcangthngCC.
Vy3ngthngBB,CCvDDngquy.
Cchchndihnhvungbng1gipgimthiuccthamskhngcnthit,
rtclichovictnhton.
Bi ton 2: Cho ng trn (O) tm O, ng knh AB. C l mt im thay i trn
ng trn (O)sao cho tam gic ABC khng cn ti C. Gi H l chn ng cao ca
tam gic ABC h t C. H HE,HF vung gc vi AC,BC tng ng. Cc ng thng
EF v AB ct nhau ti K . Gi D l giao im ca (O)v ng trn ng knh CH, D
C. Chng minh rng K, D, C thng hng.

Diendantoanhoc.net


Binyhnhvkhrcrivcthtkhinoccbnnghtiphngphpta
mnghticcphngphpkhc.Tuynhin,nubitcchchntrcmtcchkho
lothdngphngphptatagiibitonnymkhngphitnhtonqunhiu.
y ta chn gc ta ti chn ng cao ca tam gic ABC (li dng c
tnhvunggc)vtAB=2,khongcchtchnngcaoHntmOthayity
theovtrcaCvtatHO=a. GiHC=b. Tchngtaxydngcmthtrc
khthunlichobiton.
Ligiicthchobitonnhsau:
DnghtrcOxysaocho:H(0;0), O(0;a), A(-1+a), B(0;1+a) v C(0;b).
Khi b 2 1 a 1 a 1 a 2
2

b b2

Phngtrnhngtrn(I;IC): x y

2
4

2
Phngtrnhngtrn(O;1): x a y 2 1
2

ngthngCDltrcngphngcahaingtrn(I;IC)v(O;1)nnc
phngtrnhl:

b2
b2
2ax a by
1
2ax by b 2 0
4
4
x
y
1 bx a 1 y b a 1
PhngtrnhngthngAC:
a 1 b
PhngtrnhngthngHE: a 1 x by 0
2

b 2 b 1 a
Suyrataim E
;

2
2

SuyraphngtrnhngthngEF:

b
2

b 2 b 1 a b

2
2
2

Diendantoanhoc.net

 b 2
;0
SuyratagiaoimKcaEFvABl K
2a
DthytaimKthaphngtrnhngthngCD,suyraKthucCD.
Vy3imK,C,Dthnghng.
Nhnxt:Bi ton trn l bi ton kh hay v c nhiu cch gii. Trong cch gii
bng phng php ta nh trn, nhn xt CD l trc ng phng ca hai ng
trn (O) v (I) l kh quan trng, gip ta gim nhiu trong vic tnh ton. tng ny
cng thng hay c s dng vit phng trnh ng thng qua giao im ca hai
ng trn hay l ng thng i qua hai tip im.
Biton3:ChotamgicABC,ngtrnngknhBCctAB, AClnlttiE vD.
GiF, HlhnhchiucaDvEtrnBC.GiMlgiaoimcaEFvDG.Chng
minhrngAMBC.

Nhn vo bi c nhiu yu t vung gc v hnh v th thy bi ton ny rt

thunlitrongvicpdngphngphpta.
Ligii
Ta chn h trc nh sau: chn ng cao h t A l H lm gc ta , A(0;1),
B(0;b)vC(0;c)
KhiphngtrnhngthngAC: x cy c 0
PhngtrnhngthngAB: x by b 0
PhngtrnhngcaoBD: cx y bc 0
PhngtrnhngcaoCE: bx y bc 0

bc 2 c c 2 bc
cb 2 b b 2 bc
, 2
; 2
Taim D 2
v E 2

1
c

1
b

1
b

2
2
bc c cb b
;0 , G 2
;0
Suyrataim F 2
c 1 b 1

Diendantoanhoc.net

cb 2 b
y
b2 1
2
PhngtrnhngthngDG: 2

2
bc c cb b c bc
2
c2 1
b 1
c2 1
x

SuyragiaoimcaDGvitrctunglMctungl:

yM

bc bc 1 c b

bc 1 cb

c bc b
2

bc

bc 1

Tathybiuthctrnixngvib, cnugiMlgiaoimcaEFvitrc
tungthMcngctungnhtrn.DoEF,DGctnhautimtimtrntrctung,
hayAMBC.
b.Chngminhngthngiquaimcnh.
Biton4:Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A khng phi vung cn, trn cnh AB v AC
ly M, N sao cho BM=CN. Chng minh rng ng trung trc ca MN lun i qua mt
im c nh.

Ligii.
ChnhtrctaOxysaocho:A(0;0),B(0;b)vC(1;0).
GiM(0;m)limthayitrncnhABvi0<m<b1.
TacBM=CN,suyra:N(1+mb;0)

1 m b m
;
2
2

SuyratrungimPcaMNcta: P

V: MN 1 m b; m
SuyraphngtrnhngtrungtrccaMNl:

1 m b
m

m y 0
2
2

1
2
m x y 1 b 1 b x 1 b 0
2

1 m b x

1 b b 1
;

2
2

Tytathyngthngnyluniquaimcnh I

Biton5.Cho ng trnh ng knh AB, ng thng d vung gc vi AB ti C c

nh. H l im thay i trn d. AH b BH ct ng trn ti D v E. Chng minh rng
DE lun i qua mt im c nh.
Diendantoanhoc.net

H(0;m)

D
E
I
A(-1-c;0)

C(0;0) B(1-c;0)

Ligii
ChnhtrctaOxysaochoCtrngvigcta,B(1c;0)vA(1-c;0),dtrng
viOy.
2

ngtrnngknhABcphngtrnh: x c y 2 1
GisH(0;m)(mthayi).
GiIlgiaocaBDv(d).
PhngtrnhngthngAH:

x
y
1 mx 1 c y m 1 c 0
1 c m

PhngtrnhngthngBD(quaBvvunggcAH):
1 c x 1 c my 0

1 c2
Suyrataim I 0;

PhngtrnhngtrnngknhHIcphngtrnh:
2

1 c2 m2 1 c2 m2
2
x y


2
m
2
m

KhiphngtrnhngthngDEltrcngphngcangtrnngknhIH
vngtrnngknhABnncphngtrnh:
2

1 c 2 m2 1 c 2 m2
1 c 2 m2
2
2cx
y 1 c

m
2
m
2m

2
2
1 c m
2cx
y 2 2c 2
m
1 c2
Phngtrnhtrnlunngvimigitrcamkhi: x
; y 0
c
1 c2
;0
VyDEiquaimcnh P
c

c.Bitonqutch.
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Biton6:Cho tam gic ABC khng cn c hai nh B v C c nh v nh A di ng.

Qua B dng ng thng d vung gc vi BC, d ct trung tuyn AI ca tam gic ABC ti
K. Gi H l trc tm ca tam gic ABC. Chng minh rng nu IH song song vi KC th
im A di ng trn mt ng c nh.

A(x;y)

K
H

B(-1;0)

I(0;0)

C(1;0)

ChnhtrctaOxycsaochoC(1;0)vB(-1;0).ItrngO.
GisA(x; y)vi x 0; y 0
TatrctmH(xo; yo)lnghimcahphngtrnh:

AH .BC 0 xo x
1 x2

H x;

BH . AC 0 x 1 x 1 yo y 0

GiK(xo; yo)lgiaoimcadvAI,khitaKlnghimcahphng
trnh:

xo 1
y

y K 1;
x

yo x xo

TheogithitthIH//KCsuyra IH , KC cngphng,do:

y
1 x2
x2 y 2
x2
0

1
x
y
1
2
x2 y 2

1 cnh.
VyAdingtrn E :
1
2
Sauychngtaxtmtbitonmrttbncthnghtiphngphpta
khibtugiibitonny.
Biton7: Cho gc Ixy v im P nm bn trong gc. ng trn thay i qua I v P
ct hai tia Ix, Iy ln lt ti A, B. Tm qu tch trng tm G ca tam gic IAB.
Vibitonny,khngkhdonqutchlmtngthng,mnul
qutchlmtngthngthhontoncthttingiibngphngphpta.
Viccnlildmlmvlmticng.
Ligii

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TadnghtrctaOxyviOylngtrungtrccaIPvI(-1; 0),P(1;0).
C(0;a)vD(0;b) (b<0)lgiaoimcangtrungtrcIPvhaitia
Ix,Iy.
GiK(0;m)ltmngtrnthayiquaIvP.

x y
1 y ax a
1 a
Phngtrnhngthng(ID): y bx b
Phngtrnhng(IC):

Phngtrnhngtrn(K,KI):
2

x 2 y m m 2 1 x 2 y 2 2my 1 0
TagiaoimAcaICv(K,KI)lnghimcah

y ax a
v x 1
2
2
x

2
my

2ma 1 a 2 a 2ma 2
;
Suyrataim A

2
2
1

a
1

2mb 1 b 2 b 2ma 2
Tngttactaim B
;

2
2
1

b
1

TtactaimGtrngtmcatamgicIABl

1 2 1
1 2 a
b
xG 3 3 a 2 1 b 2 1 3 1 a 2 1 b 2 m

(*)

2
1
1
2
ab
1
1

y
2

G
2
2

3 a 1 b 1
3 a 1 b 1
TtathyGlunchytrnngthngcphngtrnhthamslphng
trnh(*).

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x A 1
a
M:

xB 1 m 1

b
Do qu tch G l on thng thuc ng thng c phng trnh (*) vi

1 1
m ;
a b
Biton8:Cho gc Oxy vung ti O. M l im bn trong gc sao cho khong cch t
M n Ox, Oy ln lt l 3 v 4. Tm im A trn Ox, B trn Oy sao cho AB qua M v OA
+ OB l nh nht.

Ligii
XthtrctaOxyviOlgcta;Ox, Oyltrchonhvtrctung.Khi
:M(3,4).
Gis:A(a;0)vB(0;b).
KhiphngtrnhngthngAB:

x y
1
a b

3 4
1
a b
3 4
Tac: OA OB a b a b
a b
ABquaM(3;4)nntac:

32

Du=xyrakhivchkhi:

b 3
a
2 a 3 4 3

3
4
1 b 2 3 4
a b
VyA, BlhaiimthucOx, Oysaocho OA 3 4 3 v OB 2 3 4 .

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