30 k

50 k

Example 1: Find Vo in the op amp circuit given below.

20 k

10 k

The output voltage has to be obtained by the principle of super position.

Take V3= V4=0. Then the output of the op amp due to the voltages V 1 and V2
applied to the inverting terminal is given by
25 k

50
50
V =
V 1 V 2
40
25
'
o

1.25 V 12V 2
Now set V1= V2=0 to find the output voltage due to V 3 and V4 applied to the non
inverting terminal.
The voltage V+ at the non inverting terminal can be found by using superposition
40 in
k the equivalent circuits given below.
principle as shown
V3

10 k

V4

20 k

20 k

30 k

V
+

10 k

30 k
4025=15.38k

2030=12k

V4=5V

+=

12
7.5
V 3+
V
10+12
20+7.5 3
V

+=0.545V 3+ 0.273V 4
V

V3=4V

V2=3V

R = 4025=15.38k

The output voltage Vo due to V3 and V4 now can be determined using the
equivalent circuit given below.

V+

V1=2

+
R'
V
R

( )

V o= 1+
V o=

50+15.38
(0.545 V 3 +0.273 V 4 )
15.38
2.32V 3 +1.16 V 4

'

V o=V o+ V o=1.25 V 12.0 V 2+ 2.32V 3 +1.16 V 4

V o= (1.25 2 ) ( 2.0 3 ) + ( 2.32 4 ) +(1.16 5)
2.56.09.28+5.80=6.58 V
Example 2: A Schmitt trigger with the UTP of zero volts and hysteresis width
VH=0.2 V converts a 1 KHz sine wave of amplitude 4 V PP into a square wave.
Calculate the time duration of the negative and positive portion of the output
waveform.
Vi

t
VLTP

VUTP

Vo
T

t
T1

T2

V UTP =0
V H =V UTPV LTP =0.2 V
V LTP =0.2V
The angle (shown in the above figure) can be calculated as

0.2=V m sin

sin1 0.1=0.1 radian

R3

The time period of the input sine wave,

1
1
T= =
=1 ms
f 1000

T =2 ( 1000 ) T =0.1

( 0.12 )=0.016 ms

T =

R2

The time duration T1 and T2 of the negative and positive half cycles respectively
R1
of the output square wave are

T
T 1 = +T =0.516 ms
2
T
T 2 = T =0.484 ms
2
1. In the Schmitt trigger circuit given below calculate the LTP and UTP if V sat =
10 V.

2.

a)In the Schmitt trigger circuit given below if V o = 8 V, VUTP = 4 V and VLTP
= 3 V, calculate R1/R2 and Vref.
b) Calculate the value of Vref so that VLTP is negative.
c) Calculate Vref for VUTP = - VLTP.

1ms

2s

1k
0.1F
2k
18k

3. In the differentiator circuit given below if a ramp voltage varying from 0 to

3 Volts in
1k
1 ms is applied is applied at the input determine the output voltage.

4.

In the integrator circuit given below, what is the approximate output

voltage at the end of the input pulse?

5. Determine the frequency of the relaxation oscillator circuit given below.

C
R2
R 6. In the low pass filter given below find suitable values for resistors and

capacitors to have a cut off frequency of 2 kHz and pass band gain of 2.
What will be the gain at 4 kHz?
Vin

Vo