801. feeds to Onis Diet Eauations Hence, vay peti solution in the intra (0,4 4+b+ 1] is table. The niguens ofthe period seating i a coneequence ofthis reel In fac the mxp P le veal analytic Thus, if P har infinitely many fixed points ino compact interval tea P is the Metis: This isnot true, so P has cal a fnke numberof fxed points ff and &y ate the cordinates of ‘yo consecutive fied points, then the displacement funtion, thats, € + PQ) ~ 6, has negative spe at two consecutive vers, eonseaction [Exercise 1.155. Pla an explicit formule forthe elton ofthe feet sawn (1.8) nde ge a dt prt he xe ia Bxercise 1.156. Prove that P(t) < 0 fr € > 0, whare Pi the Pinere ‘ap defined fer the diferent! equation (142). Ue this rl and the fea ity (18) to prow the uniquener of he ontva erode slant Frental eqation, Bxorcizo 1.197, Stow dha the (trobossopi) Poincard map forthe ferent semi (1) ne el atone a) How many Bd Exercise 1.168. Suppowe that: B -> R i» T-ptadi fenton, and 0 < NG) < 1/4 forevry C2 Show thatthe diferetal equation = 12) A) hat exactly two Tperode ation The diferent unio an entree 1 4 model forthe growth of a population in Uniting svionmet tht ‘ibjecad to padi haveing (20). Exercise 1.159. 1s posible for the Poincaré map foro ssl feet ‘uation not tobe the Sdenty apo ed cope interval a tthe ee {ne hae inftly many snd potato lateral? ‘Bxercise 1.160, [Boundary Vale Probe a) Prove tha the Dhl bound sy vale role A, 2(0)~0, 22)=0 ts solution, Hint Use ew phase plano, Show that the fist pose time T such thatthe orbit with inital condone =() = 0 and (0) =O reacher the Ein T <2 and forthe nil coins (0) —O'ad =) = 2/05, ro 2 ‘To show this fact use the iden ithe hit for erclc 112 to eoaetres oo lntegl representation far: (8) Fed aoition ft tovedry salar polar ‘sooty and Newin's method (aw xereme 1.04), Hen Uc the pce pa ita =. Conder the ston # > (tn) wth il condone (0) = Oa y0) = nad wn Newton's eho fo ive ic oqaton sar Note:The solution wth diferent ene fr the weoly wre seved hae ‘The velocity aura unl te tage Bt Bereise 1.161. Conder the iaer system 1.9 Pein Slutions 91 ‘hee o > 0 and > 0 the open fist quia ofthe phase plane and et 6 Chote ow (2) Show tt = ((G1) 24 >0) and A= {pn} > 0) are Uae ection forthe pte. (b) Find fru rte tin map on io W.(o) Finda formula for TL -+2, called the ine ight ap, which ded by ey (E0)= NE) “Beercise 1.162. Compute the ine rage forthe slain of the ten we) sa) Eh et tn 9) 0 rl a te lt 0) = 2.0 ee that this setan hae aston tap y+ (ded fom neghbehood (G3) = (0). 00th line gies by == 1 tothe ne given by = = 2 Compute #0. “Brorcne 1-105. Obeare tht the zai nvaran fo tha system tay aaah, the trajectory string a the post (1,0) eres the line = = 3 a (3,0. "thee fs ston Tah and lng map oo the ne = 0 Aheline == 3 with beth frei defined on ste pen inerel abou hw pat [i i)on the ine = 1 Compute (0) aa WO) Exercise 1.164. Reseach Probl: Cone the second onder diferent an Be see tol0 ‘here f and g 2p fanetions, Determine conditions on ang that 19.2 Limit Sets and Poincoré-Bendieson Theory ‘The general problem of Bnding periodic solutions fr dlferental equations Sal an acive area of mathematical research. Perhape the race wel Axwloped theory for period solutions is for difeonta equations defined ‘ot the plane. Bu, even In this case the theory is far from complete, For ‘cranple consider the elas of planar diferentat equations of the form te feew date) ‘thee f and g are quairatic polynomints. There ao examples of such ovate systema that have four llated period orite—"ioated™ ‘nem that ench periodic orbit i contained n an open subset ofthe ple {Hat eautals no other pavodie erits (se Exercise 1194). But, no one Tons at present if her is quarati system with more than fou slated nod orbits. The general question ofthe numberof lated periodic or is for polyaomial system inthe plane hasbeen open since 1005 ‘allt Hilbr's 16th problem (0 (8,126, 287), and [157924, Introduction 1o Ordinary Dieretal Equations Although thee are certainly many diffeutt issues associate with pe odie orbits of planar systems, en extensive theory has been develope ‘hat has boon socosfll applied to help determine te dynamic of any ‘mathematical models. Some ofthe basi results of this thay wll bees plan later inthis section alter we dices some important. ener op- tis of flows of autonomous, not neces plana, systems ‘The properties that we wil deus enable ur to begin to anewer the question “Whe isthe long term behavior of e dynamical sytem” This SS often the most importart question about a rathemetinl model. Ask ‘sn engineer what be wants to know sbovt a model ordinary diferent ‘uation, Often is rexponse will be the quetion “What happens if we ‘art the stem running and then wait fr along time?” o, i engineting Jorgon, “What is tho stady state behavior ofthe system?” We already now how to answer thse questions in some special ercumstanoss where the steady state behavior corresponds toa ret point or periodic obit. The folowing definitions willbe used to pecsely describe the limiting behave of en titra obit Definition 1.165. Suppove that gy ina ow on R" and p€ R.A point = In Ris called an omepa fm post (limit point) of the orbit chou pf there isa sequence of numbers ty fy © fy Soo- auch that lima, tad lice dx(p) = 2. The callsction of ll such omega limit points i Alanoted fp) and called the omega Kimi set (lit st) ofp. Sila, therlimi cto) is defied to beth at ofall iit iw (0) whee bt 22 and lime t= co Definition 1.166. ‘The obit of the point p with rspoct to the ow ds ‘alle forward complete if ->dy() ie deine for allt > 0. Als, In this ‘nue, the ct {6y(9) :€> 0) ello ee foruard ort of she pot p. The ‘orbit is call Backward complete If -+ $9) ls defined for allt <0 ant the backward oxbi ls (99) 1 <0} Proposition 1.167. The omega limit st of a punt i closed and ino ont Proof. The empty st is closed and invariant Suppose that u(p) Is not empty for the flow de and z € u(y). Consider r(2) for some fixed T € R. There i sequence f, < ty < ty Soo with foo and lp) -¥ a6; 00, Noto that +?

dre) a8 > co. Thus, ¢r(2) € 2(p),and thereore (9) "To show ap) Is lose, i sufcs to show that o() the itersetion of lose ets. fac, We have that ote) = (lore (6p) = rh 5 10 Pedic Sletions 98 Proposition 1.168. Suppose that p € R" and the orbit of the flow dy trough the oie p is forward complete. Ifthe forward rb of» has com ct elacere, ten u(y) is nonempty, compact, and comet, Prof. The sequence (dn(p)}2 it contained in the compact elosuse of "he erie through p. ‘hos, hae leet one Lit pot In fac, there ‘an Infnite sequence of intages ny ng &o-» such that by(p) #2 a8 0. Hence, = € w(p), and therefore lp) # 0. Seep) closed subset of the compact elasre ofthe abi through the (9) compact ‘o prow that up) is connected, suppow to the contrary that ete are two disjoint open sta U and V whose union contains w(p) such that Gig) NU 4 Wand wp) NV 4 There i some ty > O such that dip) CU ful some ta > t; such that $,(9) © V-Bus the set K = (ong) << 15) the continuous image of un inter, bencew conected et. Thos Ke amt bo contained in U UV. In pater, there isnt last one 7, > 0 ich that () i atin this ion. ‘Similarly we can construct w sequence ry < my $+ suc that tu for each i the point (p) i in the complement of U UV, By the ompactnes, the sequence (Gr (P)) 25 has a limit point x. Cleary, i Als in o(9) aa in the complement of UV. This iw conteadction- Bxerelse 1.169. Construct oxipis to sow that the compactness hypothe af Propstion 1.168 ecenery. Bxercse 1.170. Show thet x reparamesantion of fm dosent chang it Sams. This an omegn mt atic determine by aoe nad ite Suettion, not the paraneeation ofthe obi Bxercse 117 Suppose that zo a rst pont forthe diferent equation -£> Ja) with fw gy and Vis LyepunorSnction ty fn ion there Iesiebboriond W ofthe rat posts noch tha, for wach pint pW Cas, the fintion V isnot constant on he for arbi of, then Z ey Able His Tho pint x ie Lyapunor sable Ie ent neyo stab then the i «pont pi the damian f Vs orga set) ae 4 the dain of ¥ sch tht ip) #60). Show that Ve constant on ti ‘gn at set (be conta the gett lower Youd ofthe rage sé Uo Wefan or ough “Bxorciso 1.172. Suppor that te iri equim = fs) with fow Ia compact natn set K; and V =A —4 Bm coninaoy leet function sch thae V(s) © 0 fr ery 2 © IC i the anges vin ee 2K Vie) =0), then every saution in Kappos ft af oe94 1, Tntoduction to Ordinary Dieta Eqesione 19 Paid Solutions 66 y Figure 2.26: A positively invariant annular eon fr 8 flow in the pane Figure 1.27: A limit eycle in the plane ‘Theorem 1.175. Suppose tha dy isa flow on RY and $ CR? isa os séoelyineuriant set with compat closure. Ip © $ and dy has at most ite numberof rest points i the clsure of S, then up) is either (0) @ ‘es point, (4) a period orbit (6) a uion of fey many ret pts tnd soncmpy finite or countable infste set of eonnetting oni. ‘The clit sot ofa point for a How in RM with m > 3 can be very complicated; for example can be a Tratl. But the situation in Rie ‘ch simpler. The ren ithe deep fact about the geomety ofthe ple ‘tated in the next theorem ‘Thoorom 1.17S (Jordan Curve Theorem). 4 simple closed fontina: ous) curve fn th plane dines the plane info two eoneciod component, fone fownded ond ove unboundad, cach with the curve as bonds Bxercsn 1176, tutte posit (i) oF tho last Chore with an xa ion inte sat fcnnnatng obi, Proof. Modern proofs f thi theorem ie algebra topology (ese forex cee pia c te 1.177, Wehavesanumed that ll ows ar smoth thi hypothe il forall he theoreti etna on im ls? This result wil play central role in what flloms "The fundamental ret about limit set for ows of planar diferent ‘equation is the PoinearéBendixson theorem. Thar are several versions ‘ofthis thoremy, we wl rate two of them, ‘The main ingredients of ther roof wil be presented later itis section begining with Lema 1.187 ‘Theorem 1.174 (PoincaréBendixson). If i¢ a nonempty compat lit set ofa flow in, ond if docs not conta a rest point, the fs a period ori ‘A sot that contains the forward obit of each of ts elements i ale posiitelyinsariant. An chit whowe limit sti est point p and whine ‘limit i a rst point is sad to connect p end g. Note the debition of ‘connecting ertit allows efinition 1.178. A lint eyle lem periodic orbit that is eter the lint stor the limit ot af sme poi that in te pace space but oo A ‘conceptual limit eyo i illustrated in Figure 1.27 I thls gure, elimi cycle i the wlinit set of pointe Ln its inter (the bounded ponent of the plane withthe limit cycle removed) and its exterior she coresponding unbounded component ofthe plane) Aliniteyla tht eserstod by numerically integrating a planer dierental equation i ced In Figure 128 om (8), Sometimes tho following alterantive definition ofa limit eyle a given. A yeh” is an plated period ot; that the unique pelo orbit861. Ineoduction to Ordinary Diterentil Eauatons 1.0 Pedic Salutons 97 Aires equation In fat, the dot prot 20-8 AAO 2 vse postive onthe crcl wth radios § and negative onthe czle with rdlos Therelore, Sis poitivelysvariant and, hy Theorem 1.179, there at ‘ne lini eye in 5 “he diferetinl equation (1.46) le so simple that we can find a Frmla is flow. In ft, by changing to polar eoordinates (7,8), the tearsformed aay) fart), de ple, an ie ow ie given by ete.)= (Se ae) hot) (an Taare, Figure 128: Two orbits are merical computed for the system = O5r~ y-rO4(e*~y)fe—y), j= 3 Op + Ole ~ p22 +g) one with Initial Value (,y) ~ (05,0), the other with initil value (2,9) = (0,3). ‘Both orbits approach a stable mit eel, ‘in some open subset of the phage space. Ths definition is not equivalent to Deaton 1178 in general, The two dfitions, however, are equa for real analytic eystars inthe plane (se Bxerele 1.182) ‘An annular region i subset ofthe plane that i honeomeorphi to tr ‘lored annus bounded by the uni cree atthe origin and the concentse ‘ile whoee radius is two unl Ja lng The folowing immediate corollary ofthe Poincaré-Beodixson theorem ‘soft appielto prow the existence of mit eyele for planar syste. ‘Theorem 1.179. Ifa flow i the plane has opostvly suri ana region S thet contains no rst pasts ofthe flew, chen S contain at let tne periods ort. If tm edition, some povnt sm sain the forward orbit ‘of a point on the boundary of, then 8 contin a! last one Ket eyle Wi wil discuss two applications of Theorem 1.170 where the main Hew 1 to find « rest poit free anlar region ar depicted in Figure 128. ‘The rst example is provide by the diferental equation tho formula fr the fw (1.47) i sewtitten in rect the pesidicty of tho unit cele i evden. Ta fact the peo sol. farting tthe point (cn0,sind) € 9 (ae). (os +1, sin(@ + 0. ey tose that if #0, then the wii set f(r) is the entire cele, Ths, the unt dele init yee fre consider the poitive axis a 4 Poinené ection, then we have vet P= (aie) snd PQ) = e-* <1. In ote words, the intersection pot limi eel withthe Poincaré section lst lyPerbole fed point of Poincaré map; that i, the Inearaed Poincaré map has no igenlue aunt etl of the compl ple. Infact, ere the single elgenale linear transformation of Rgven by 2 -> P'(I)2 i iad the unit sould be lene tat in this ease then evel fan asymptotically le prodi orbit, Wo wil la call such an orbits hyperaie tble i (Tho general problem of the stailty of perindi orbit discus haps 2) Benpee(-w) geesy—st—y), (148) Note tat the annulus $ bounded by the ices with rai $ and 2, espa Lively, contains no rst points ofthe system. Let us show that is positive invariant To prove thi fc, conde the outer aormal vector N on 2S th Is the reteietio ofthe vector Beld N(z,9) = (2,9.2,9) € B! BE to 38 sud compate the dot product of IV withthe vector Sold corresponding 29% 1, Introduction to Ordinary Dern Bquations [Aca second example of the aplication of Theorem 1.17, let x consde ‘he ery important diferent equation Br seine =e where A> 0 and pate constants and 8 an angular vaabl; that i, 9 ‘efigod module 2x. Ths diferentialeqution ia model fr ax unbelaned rotor or pendulis with viscous damping 39 and external torqu ‘Considar the oquivlont rt onder sytem dno, b= end tua, aa ‘and noc that, since # Is an angular vasable, the natural phase space fi this system isthe eyider TR. With this interpretation we wil show ‘the following ret If a> 1 en ster (148) has a slbaly atv linge epee The pirese “plobally ettrocting limit eyle” means that thee ia lint eye Tn the epider and T i the ait st of every pot a the eylinder. In other words, the steady sate behaio of te unbalanced rotor, with viscous damping snd suficently lege tore, table period motion. (Se [145 forthe existence of limit cyto near | <1) "The eystam (148) with [al > 1 has no rest points (Why?) Alo tt ‘quantity ~sind +s. Do is negative for softly large postive vas (of ©, and it peitive for negative valuos of w thet are sufcently ln tn almalute value. Therefor, tere are numbers 2 < Oand w, > O ue ‘that every forward orbit comtined inthe compact suber of the cin Aim {{7,9):0- $0 S04), In addition, A is eifeomorphi to an annua Fegion nthe plane. follows thatthe Polncaé-Bendixson theorem fab invA, and therefore the wliit set of every pola onthe cylinder it evel ‘Although there are veveral ways to prove thatthe limit eyele i unige let us consider n proof tase on ee follming propositions: (3) Ifthe div igncs of a vector fli eeryuhere nepative, hen the flow of the ete fit contracts soame (ese Exercise 22) (i) Bvorypernde orbit fn plone surrounds a rest pial (te Exercise 1.189). (A replacement x $ret proposition given in Rxereioe 1.20; a alternate method of proof suggtsted in Exercise 1.202.) "To apply the propositions note that ce divergence ofthe vector Sel ‘stem (1.48) isthe negative umber ~A, Also, if n> 1, then this hg no rest points. BY the second propesiion, no periodic orbit oft ‘stem ir contractabe on the elinder (te pa! (8 of Figure 1.20). Th IF hore are two peviodic obits, they must bound an snariant canal region oa the eylinder as In peel (0) of Figure 120. But ths contra the fac that the area of the annular region is contacted by the fox follows that theese unique plod orton th elnder thet Iago tracing limit eye Figure 1.29: Pane (a) depicts contactable peviodle orbit on a cylinder Nite thot the region © in panel (a) is simply connected. Panel (0) de- vo peroe orbits that ace not entratable; they bound» mility region on the einer, ie 1-180. Give direct poo that the pont (1/V,1//9) on the wit fe ancslimst pn ofthe pi (38) fr the low of ytrn (1-0), ese L181. Discus the phase petri of pte (148 fo | <1 reso 1182. (a) Show tha the st containing "Limit ec defined Drie ors iu proper ult ofthe set of limit jl, Als the eel equation is el analy planar autonomous system then the to jot alm ce show tat evry serton of te fos st» point ns wast Ut ea Poca soeton a. Fo a way yee gan ' Pincrs section aad the ssscnnd Ponca mp P. Pete of the i dplnoront function + P(Q)~§ carepond to prada. (0) ht the polynomial (hence real anal) syten in ven by sa-ytatl-3-¥), paatyi-2-¥), betsy (14) Pas Et cy that are wot lated. (2) Determine the lang erm behavior of fe stem (149) tn pata, how Ua BLA <0 - Jer +340 1.18, Show at ton bear-ytnt, geztaty1001, Introduction to Ordinary Diferential Equations 19 Parodie Salations 101 Jus an usable init eye fra <0 and im cyl or > OH: Cha to paar cordate [Rxerese 1.184. Show tht the system segues canbe fund in B,Inded, we can choose te rectifying hood 2 tha the image of the Poincaré sation wn segment verse fo the rife’ fw. Ta this ese, ice that if an oti ts pols inthe rect niboood, then this bi esses th the Paina section thong Toalcoordiats on let aut Ut 3s 00 open ‘Worn nti oa hart, thore ae open sbiterals J Ja 5 sch that J, 0 =f Moreover hy the dation of bint se, isan iegerm sch that (9) eager neh that > te $n 0) € a; and an itoger Eich Wat te > 8 and uQ) ©, BY ns T87, the plat dn (9) must bo between the pens (9) and lp) on. Bt chs i imponble Decne the pons ya) a Bal) th Jy wheres (9) in J 3 soviet metus an has nitly many init eyes nthe unit sk Exercise 1-185. Prov: An analytic planar tem cannot havent lot eelen tht secumulat on a piodie ort Note This (oy) exeeeo ‘seal fap Atle ton ee he i ‘any li cylin compact eubeo of the plane, and, a polynomials Cannot have intel many nets oe [9 an (125). Bxercise 1-186. Consider the dirt equation ‘We are now ready to prove the Poincaré-Bendison theorem (Theo- fr 1174): If 18 0 nonempty compact imi set of lw fn RE, ond GI dos not contain a ret point, then isa pero abt ante ty aula! y+ where @ and b are postive parameters ‘The model represents the fight of Projet, with sel and hein tovard the oii, that moved of cou tyra constant fre with srngth . Dearie copdiione on the part ‘Bat cave the solution string a the pint 29) = gee p> Or the eign Hint’ Changs to polar coordinates ad sey the phase part ‘fern eqeatin not dina atthe org. thc» probe? Poo. Suppo that u(p) is nonempty, compact, and contains no rst, fs. Cina pn ¢€ uf). We wil show St thatthe be rough sod. Come ua). Note tha uf) Sp) ado) i ot empty (Why?) Bets cua) Since z not ort ott, thre secon Bat and con condting of points onthe rie ough @ tht sonergt Dz Tse plats ne nt). Bu, by thea coralry, hee inposble ery oit in this sequence the pint = Since g nt rs pol, eps that os on aslo ort Tae required In prc he ofp) cota the clase ob. compte te prot we must show ofp) CPt A, hen we wi the conecesines of of) to finda sequen (pee, (9) VE that fonrges tow point = on T. Th do this, consider he wom Ay al open ss with it adie centred at some pest in T-Tha ty \ nt a point nw). If nah consider the anion Aya, repectivay Aye) open balls with ads (especively 4) entre at sme pi en the et «oper wh Ce complevert ofthe core of ys ened up) in eanradiion. By eepesting te argument with bats Tali tn to ao, we can constr aquees of pts lp) stance rom tnds to nr. Using the compacta oop ae Fe sien, pin dented by fy B et) \T that ceo 'U denote an open at t= sh ha the How retin dio icing of Us Thal some inte sc at py © Ua, by Gre he retleton Luna i i eny tos that the hit hp 8 pint yofatersction With some Paras Ft 2B ‘The next two lommas are usd in the proof ofthe Poiearé Benda theorem. The frst lemma i «corolay of the Jordan curve theorem Lemma 1.187, If isa section forthe flow dy and if p © RE, then obit trough the pont p intersects in a monotone sequence; that sf Ges0), delP) and 6y(9) are am 3 and th << ty te 69) a sticlly between, 9) and dy (9) on © or du (8) = (9) = (0 Proof. The prof is lft as an excrlse. Hint: Reduee to the case wh tsa ate ty coreapoed 6 conescative omg pint, The, comer cucve formed by the union of (Gp): 1 <# < ta} and the suber of Dezwean dy (9) and (9). Dea a pete [Lemma 1.188. 1/3 i «sttion forthe flow and € R?, then (pI cetins ai most one pont. Proof. The prof ls by coutraditlon. Suppose that o(p) OE conala eas wo points 3 and 1. By retifiation ofthe Bow at anda th 4s, by th retifcation lemon (Lemma 1.12), it i eay ose thatthe sequences {0 (7)}s and (4s (ey in B such that Be ul) = fd Timea (9) = 22 By the retication lemma in Exercise 112)102 1, Introduction to Orda Ditfeenti Potions 1.0 Pedic Solutions 198 - teuot nT, the points y and = are ditint elements of the set w(p) 4m contradiction to Lerma 1.188 a has overT vanishes, (Why?) On the other band, by Green's hoor, Integral canbe computed by integrating the to-frm (dv f) dd over Since, bythe hypothesis the divergence off doce nt waa, the integral ibs tvororm over G dees not vith, in contradiction. Thus, o such se orbie ean et, 3 Bxereiae 1.189. Suppor that» ea pede obit ofa smooth ow dfn Gr BE Ue arte enna to prove that around a et pot ofthe fe. That ithe bound omiponen of the plane with the peo renoved cooking st pints Notes Soe Bese L217 fran tert pro Exercise 1.190. Use Exec 190 to prove Brourers aed poet theorem for {heclwed wut dl Din I Hints Pat prove the rl fo a smooth Fein FDTD by conden the vector Sd fa) = and then the lowing felt A ominous rantoraton of is Uh nfm ile of oth anata ‘no [29,253 Exercise 1-191. Suppose that «clad ball i Rs posvely inaian under fhe ow of an autonomous diferent equation on R° Prove tha the bal con- {sins rat plat ora psec ott in: Apply Brower fl pol theorem {2 tne tone e tap oft ow plas the diferencs between his reel a the Poearé Hendon Core. Bxereise 1.192. Construct an example of an (astonomon) diferent a ‘lon deine onal of that hoe am (ana Kt eel but o rst pos ‘Exercise 1.193, Prov: A nonempty wii act ofan ait of radon 3 ‘er cosets oily of rat pois Exercise 1.194, le nit cyl std from al oter perigee? Hit ‘Conder planer tector See of clas Cd those of clas Creal anal: ‘ctor fle Stady the Poincar map ono evan tanec ection, nd this section with a result about global asymptote stability in ane sm 1.196. Consider a smooth aierental equation on the plone fasten), oe Maw) las the origin as ores point Let J denote the Jacobian matri for fe tmnsormation (2,0) (ey) (2), and let by denote the Row of ferential equation. Ifthe following thre conditions are said, then Le onan is gladly arynpotclly stable ton 1. or ech 2,9) € RE, the trave of given by gles 9)-+ hy(eys) ta neptive. ao ion & For each (zy) € RY, the determinant of J given by el2,8Nhy lev) ~ os WMhel 29) 36 positive tion 3. For each (x,y) € R, the frword orbit ((z,9) 0 < ft 0 such that ether (9) Wh ot such that dn(p) isin the complement ofthe lore of fa Be plane. tn the fst cas, since d(p) is in it ieee that p © in rfiction, Inthe stcond ease, there an ope st V Inthe complement tose of that contlns ¢(p). The inverse mage of V under the ioos map dr is an open set U contalaing the boundary point p. By “The net theorem can often be usd to show that no peo orbit xt Proposition 1.195 (Dulae’s Criterion). Consider a smeoth diferent equation onthe plane stew = Mew 1 there w « sneoth faction B29) defined on a simply connected raion LCR such that the quantity (Ba)e-+(BMy 8 not identically 70 and of ‘zed sign on (then ther are no pric orbs 9 ‘Proof. We wil prove Bendlxson'seiterion, which is the special eave of the theorem where B(,9) = 1 (ee Bverle 1108 forthe general caso) 1a ‘other words, me wll prove that ifthe divegeace of f == (a(2,8).A(=8)) sven by Ay (2.9) = aale9) + byl) 1s not identically sro and of fxd sign in slmply connected rgion then thre are no periodic orbits in 2.105 1, Intodction to Ordinary Dilfleretal Easton 19 Parodie Sohitons 107 Bxerelse 1.204, Draw th phae portrait ofthe system Paver w, g Exercise 1.205. [Rig Body Motion) The Euler easton fr rig body = thom ae presenta! n erln 17. Racal thatthe momenta veto IAPS AD whore Ais a symmeti metric aod the anger veo vet thd Baler eqaitn a gven by M = Mf. Fou postive iat srt a0 1.214, Consider the vn der Pol easton BH -otte=o, sal pranter. How doce be stay ofthe till sution cage he. Show tat the van der Pol equation hae a unique sable iit ese for 1; What would you expt to happen oth mit eyl then ta e= 0. appen tor 07 a rise 1.215, Find an expt nonzero slain f the diferent eqeion Pees 0. ere, the fneton Mf ¥M repens viscous fiction and i he exter tere (we [16 Prov that al orbit diferent equation ae bo tn beer every rt ha compact wi et Exerese 1.206. (s)Provetat the origin in center forthe nate #427 0 (e) Show that dhs eto has unbousdl vita (0) Deserbethe bound Exerelse 1.207. Draw the place potter the ter, ‘lution with ital eanations (0) =f and $0) = Opel? ‘Eyer 1.208, Do the papa of he Hannan eaten Features ofthe phase patel Exercise 1.209. Lec ++ (0) denote theslution ofthe it vale pr o)=0 ew ible w= 20882), w 48009) and show vat fy _ ufo 02) ao eat oad he pare portal ofthe earespondng it onder sytem S2e-w), f= 360") se 1.210, [Yorks Theorem) A thereof James Yor state that US H* > RY as Lacie onthe open st U ath Lipton Land 1s protic obit of = fla) crated in U, then the pried of te lager 20/1 (oe [258 Use Yer theorem to eats a ler Bound for the Etetrte=0 260) Decarmin (0 Exerclso 1.210, Show thatthe ser tho square rot of the epee radio the mats transpone ie rth is AT = eC, 217 [Ponca inden Lat © be a sip led cure not pang ough o rot point ofthe vctr Sl X Inthe lane wih components.) ‘he Polar inde of with pet to © te be seer, seete-eteliy Exercise L211. Flad the rest points Inthe phase plane ofthe ait sequton 2+ (274° I)242~ Cand daternine i stb Alo sw ‘he ersten has a unique table mit yee Exerc 1.212, Determine the lint et ofthe lation of the system 1o.01= kf don se tral change the ang (fC) ,928) make with expect to te (px 9) rata ep) teoemes C exit ae cont clocks eer xen, cate gault—2+0) ‘ith deformation af (a longa th deformed curve does so poss hast point). (Prove IFC e sooth ae fm contin chee | Target wetr along this crv, then 1(,C) ~ 1. In ptcla,einden cor fell with vspeet fo ovo of te clad erie ity (0) The index | rane wth respect to X ix dtned to be the In of X with pect toa secure C that surround thie poland no ater et pi of. Prove Index of equ point (opine tat et test pt) fen) Prove fbi rurounde a at on rt point th nial conditian (0) = 10, x0) = 0 Exercise 1.215. Show tht the stam He has pei nations, bt oni yee.