(sample)

(population)


Biased Sample
Unrepresentative Sample

1.

2.

1
2
3

0123456789
12 45
147 258
12587 78942


500
800 60

800
000 001 799


8 7 7
1 6
10
16 22 77 94 39
84 42 17 53 31
63 01 63 78 59
33 21 12 34 29
57 60 86 32 44

49 54 43 54 82
57 24 55 06 88
16 95 55 67 19
78 64 56 07 82
09 47 27 96 54

87 35 20 96 43
21 76 33 50 25
12 86 73 58 07
15 51 00 13 42
90 52 84 77 27

84 26 34 91 64
83 92 12 06 76
44 39 52 38 79
99 66 02 79 54
08 02 73 43 28

17 37 93 23
77 04 74 47
98 10 50 71
52 42 07 44
49 17 46 09

78
67
75
38
62

785 785 799

785
916 916 799

567 199 507

60
60

1 N
K=N/n
N n
1 K k1
k1+K,k1+2K n

1
2
3
4

1000 58

1 1000
K=N/n
K=1000/58=17.24
1 17
7
7, (K+7=24),
(2K+7=41),[ n-1)K+7=990]

30
6
6
6


Multistage sampling


1
A
1
1
A
2

16

2
1


1
A
1

2
B
2

3
C
3

3 c

25

125 6

27 125 22%
27
125

10
5
20

10

Cohen & Manion (1994) Altrichter (1993)

1

2 3

(Vockell & Asher,1996)

CODE OF CONFIDENTIALLY,
PALM,1980-1990

1.

2.

CODE OF CONFIDENTIALLY,
PALM,1980-1990

CODE OF CONFIDENTIALLY,
PALM,1980-1990