PHN VII

HN H QUANG IN CC KHNG
NNG CHY TRONG MI TRNG
KH BO V
1

GII THIU PHNG PHP HN (GTAW)

Hn h quang in cc khng nng chy trong kh tr bo v
(GTAW) L phng php hn h quang s dng h quang gia mt
in cc Tungsten (khng nng chy ) v b hn (hnh 1). Phng
php ny c s dng cng vi kh bo v v khng dng p lc.
Kim loi in y c th c dng hoc khng cn dng.
Phng php ny c pht trin t nhng nm 1930 bng h
quang heli hoc hn h quang kh tr, v c dng hn cc kim
loi khng c cha st, c bit mangan v nhm, v cc mi ghp
kim loi kh hn. TIG ng ngha l hn in cc khng nng chy
trong kh tr tungsten inert gas welding v theo Chu u n c gi
l WIG welding (dng t Wonfram).

Hng hn
Km hn
Kh bo v
Kim loi mi
hn nng chy
Kim loi mi
hn ng c
Kim loi c bn

in cc Tungsten
Kim loi
in y

Hnh 1 - S phng php hn GTAW

2

YU T C BN CA QU TRNH HOT NG
Phng php hn GTAW, trnh by trong hnh 2, s dng nhit ca
h quang gia in cc tungsten khng nng chy v kim loi nn.
H quang pht trin tp chung c cng nhit rt ln, khong
chng 11.0000F (61000C), khi lm nu chy b mt ca kim loi c
bn to thnh vng hn.

Phng php hn TIG VTH/Apave

Kim loi in y khng cn s dng

khi cc vt liu mng, cc mi hn
ghp b g v cc mi ghp gp mp,
c dng hn. i vi cc vt
liu c chiu dy ln hn, dy hn
thng c s dng v c cung
cp vo theo ng dn t bn ngoi
hoc que hn in y n l. Kim
loi in y khng chuyn dch
ngang qua ct h quang nhng c
lm nng chy bi h quang. Vng
h quang c bo v khi kh quyn
bi kh tr bo v, phun ra t ng
phun kh ca km hn. Kh bo v y
khng kh cng nh oxy v nit ca khng kh, khng cho tip xc
vi kim loi nng chy hoc in cc tungsten nng. Khi kim loi
nng chy ngui dn i, s lin kt xut hin v cc phn kim loi
c c (to nn mi hn). B hn nh, khng b bn to v khng
c khi. Kt qu mi hn mn, u v i hi cng vic sa sang ln
cui l nh nht.
Hnh 2 Phng php hn h quang GTAW
3

U IM V LNH VC C S DNG
Nhng c im ni bt ca phng php hn GTAW:
Phng php hn GTAW to ra cc mi hn c cht lng rt
cao trong gn nh tt c cc kim loi v hp kim.
Tr nn rt n gin, nu hon ton cc v tr hn c lm
sch c hiu qu.
H quang v b hn c th nhn thy r rng i vi th hn.
Kim loi in y khng chuyn dch trong ct h quang, do
vy b hn nh v khng bn te, d iu khin v khng ch.
Vic hn c th c thc hin mi v tr trong khng gian.
N c th s dng hn hu ht cc loi kim loi, k c cc
lin kt kim loi khng ng nht.
N cho php iu khin tch bit ngun nng lng v kim
loi in y.
Phng php ny to cho ngi th hn kim sot ton b i vi
cng vic i hi chnh xc cao. Nhit c th c kim sot rt
gn v h quang c hng i chnh xc. GTAW thng c s dng
nhiu trong cng vic ch to. Ch yu trn cc vt liu mng. N rt

Phng php hn TIG VTH/Apave

hu ch cho cng vic bo dng v sa cha v hn cc kim loi

him.
Hn h quang in cc khng nng chy trong kh tr bo v c s
dng rng ri i vi cc mi ghp ng mng v ch to cc ng
hn lt trong mi ghp ng. Cc mi hn h quang tungsten thng
c cht lng rt cao.
Phng php iu khin bng tay c p dng phn ln trong cng
vic hn. Tuy nhin, c hai phng php c kh v t ng cng c
dng. Thit b km hn v h thng cung cp dy kim loi in y c
th c dng i vi hn bn t ng nhng chng thng c gii
hn s dng.
Phng php hn GTAW l phng php hn c tt c cc t th
(bng 1). Hn trong cc v tr khc ngoi cc v tr hn bng trn kim
loi c bn ph thuc vo dng in hn v k nng ca ngi th
hn. Phng php ny c pht trin khi u cho hn cc vt liu
kh hn. N c th c dng hn cc kim loi c tnh cht khc
nhau hn bt c phng php hn h quang no khc (bng 2).
V tr hn
1. Bng
Gc ngang

Xp loi
A
A

2. Ngang

3. ng

4. Trn

5. ng
c nh

Bng 1 - V tr hn ng dng cho hn GTAW

Phng php hn TIG VTH/Apave

Kim loi c bn

Tnh cht hn c
C th hn c
C th hn c
C th hn c
C th hn c
C th hn c nhng
khng c ph bin
C th hn c nhng
khng c ph bin
C th hn c
C th hn c
C th hn c
C th hn c
C th hn c
C th hn c

Nhm
ng thic
ng
ng niken
Gang
St rn
Ch
Mangan
Niken
Cc kim loi qu
Thp carbon thp
Thp carbon trung bnh v cao
Thp hp kim
Thp khng g
Thp dng c
Titan
Tungsten

C th hn c
C th hn c
C th hn c
C th hn c
C th hn c

Bng 2 - Tnh cht hn c ca cc kim loi cho GTAW

Phng php hn GTAW c th hn rt tt i vi kim loi mng
thng thng bng phng php hn t ng v khng dng n dy
kim loi in y. i vi cc vt liu c chiu dy ln hn 3.2 mm,
cng vic chun b mi ghp thng i hi k. Tuy nhin, ph thuc
vo cc dng kim loi c bn v v tr hn. Ngoi ra cc kim loi c
chiu dy ln hn th k thut hn nhiu lp thng c i hi.
(bng 3)
chiu dy
H s

in
mm

.00
0.1

.01

.06

.12

3/1

0.4

1.6

3.2

4.8

1/
6.

3/
10

1/2
12.

3/
19

25

51

10

20

Mt lp hn
khng cn
chun b mi
ghp
Mt lp hn
c chun b
mi ghp
Nhiu lp
hn

Bng 3 - Gii hn chiu dy kim loi c bn cho hn GTAW

Phng php hn TIG VTH/Apave

NHC IM
Nhng nhc im v hn ch ca phng php hn GTAW
Tc ng cng chm hn so vi cc phng php hn c
in cc nng chy.
Th hn phi kho tay hn v phi hp nhp nhng hn so vi
hn GMAW hay SMAW khi hn tay.
t tit kim hn so vi s dng cc phng php c que hn
nng chy i vi cc phn on hn dy trn 3/8 (10mm).
Kh che chn khu vc hn mt cch thch hp nhng ni c
gi la.
Nng sut hn thp.
Gi thnh tng i cao do nng sut thp.

H THNG HN V DNG IN
H thng hn i vi phng php hn h quang in cc khng
nng chy trong mi trng kh tr (GTAW), (xem hnh 3). y l
biu h thng c trnh by ring khng bt buc la chn cc
phn thit b ph hp. Mt l dy kim loi in y cp ri, hai l bn
p chn c th c chn dng iu chnh dng in trong khi
hn v th ba l km hn c lm mt bng nc, s dng khi hn
vi dng in cao.
Dng in khng i (Constant Current) c s dng v n c th
dng vi dng hn AC hoc DC. Dng DC c th c s dng cng
vi mt trong hai loi phn cc. Tu thuc vo iu kin cng vic.
Khi chc nng tn s cao c thm vo s dng cng vi phng
php hn GTAW dng in xoay chiu (AC), i hi phi thn trng
v chc chn. iu ny l cn thit v ngun hn c trang b cng
vi chc nng tn s cao, tia la bn ra c khe h, my to dao ng
vn l ngun bc x tn s, iu c th gy tr ngi cng vi sng
radio v thit b truyn hnh.
My hn bao gm tn s cao c lp t ng b hoc tch ri b
tn s cao phi c lp t vi ch c bit n ni t v c
bo v c bit. Nh ch to cung cp ti liu hng dn lp t c
bit l gii hn bc x tn s cao. Ti liu hng dn ny yu cu tt
c cc kim loi dn in trong khu vc my hn phi c ni t.

Phng php hn TIG VTH/Apave

Ngun nc
lm mt km
Ngun kh tr
Km hn
Dy kim loi
in y

Dy dn
in hn

Ngun hn

Kim loi
c bn
Bn p chn

Dy kp mt

Dy dn kh

Hnh 3 - S thit b hn GTAW

6

THIT B YU CU
NGUN HN
Ch yu cc thnh phn ca h thng phng php hn GTAW l
ngun in hn. Ngun hn c c tnh dng in khng i
(Constant Current -CC) c dng cho hn GTAW. Thng th my
hn dng cho hn h quang que hn c v bc (SMAW) c th c
dng cho hn GTAW. Mt vi loi bao gm c iu khin t xa v h
thng lp trnh.
Tnh cht c th ca hn GTAW cc chc nng iu khin my hn
c gii hn t 3 - 200A hoc 5 - 300A cng vi gii hn in p t 10
- 35V 60% chu k lm vic.
KM HN
Km hn dng cho hn GTAW c thit k v ch dng ring i vi
phng php hn GTAW. C 4 loi km hn c bn:
8
8
8
8

Km hn dng cho hn t ng
Km hn dng cho hn bng tay
Km hn lm ngui bng gi cho dng in thp
Km hn lm ngui bng nc cho dng in hn cao

Phng php hn TIG VTH/Apave

Km hn GTAW c cc cp gn b lin kt vi ngun hn. Cung cp

dng in, kh bo v v nc lm mt khi c dng. Cc dy cp c
chiu di l 3.8 m hoc 7.6 m v c th c cu to chung vo lm
mt hoc ba b phn tch ri.
Chng thng bao gm dy cp c cc khp ni (rc cm) lin kt
vi ngun hn. Thit k bn trong v cu trc ca km hn t ng v
km hn tay rt nh gn. Ch yu khc nhau l c thm vo tay
cm i vi km hn tay.
Km hn t ng, thng thng bao gm mt gi . Chng c t
ln trong mt h thng bao gm cc thanh rm c iu chnh bng
nt bm v bnh rng chuyn n khp vi gi iu chnh.
7

CC LOI VT LIU C S DNG

Cc loi vt liu c dng trong hn h quang in cc Tungsten l
kim loi in y, kh bo v, ti mt mc nh hn, in cc
tungsten. Kim loi in y khng cn dng khi hn cc vt liu kim
loi mng. Tuy nhin, i vi phn ln cc ng dng kim loi in
y c thm vo. Kch thc ca dy kim loi in y ph thuc
vo chiu dy ca vt liu c bn v n quyt nh dng in hn.
Kim loi in y thng c s dng dng chung cho iu khin
bng tay. Nhng vic cung cp t ng c th c dng.
7.1 KIM LOI IN Y
American Welding Society (AWS) cung cp cc c im k thut
ca kim loi in y cho hn GTAW, ph bin nht hin nay Cc
c im k thut cho cc kim loi in y thp carbon i vi hn
h quang kh bo v, iu n bao gm cc kim loi in y cho
phng php hn GTAW, PAW, v GMAW.
K hiu phn loi trn cc dy hoc thanh kim loi in y c
thm vo ch ci R, iu ch ra dy hn khng c vai tr ca mch
in. Hn GTAW dng ton b thanh di thng ca dy hn in y
cho ng dng iu khin bng tay. ng dng hn t ng c th dng
dy hn in y t ng xon rut g hoc t cun.
7.2 IN CC HN
Vt liu in cc hn i vi hn GTAW l tungsten hoc hp kim
tungsten. Tungsten c im nng chy cao hn ca bt c kim loi
no, vo khong 61700F (34100C).

Phng php hn TIG VTH/Apave

7 loi ca in cc tungsten c tiu chun ho bi (tiu chun

AWS), cho cc c im k thut i vi tungsten v hp kim ca
tungsten. V c trnh by gn ng cc thnh phn, v mu c
quy nh trn u chp ca in cc.
K hiu theo
AWS
EWP
EWCe-2
EWLa-1
EWTh-1
EWTh-2
EWZr-1
EWG

Thnh phn
Wolfram tinh khit
97.3%W, 2% oxit cerium
98.3%W, 1% oxit lanthanum
98.3%W, 1% oxit thorium
97.3%W, 2% oxit thorium
99.1%W, 0.25% oxit ziconium
94.5%W, phn cn li khng p dng

Mu nhn
din
Xanh l cy
Da cam
en
Vng

Nu
Xm

Bng 4 - Loi, mu v thnh phn ho hc ca in cc Tungsten

Cc in cc tungsten thng c s dng c cc ng knh
c gii hn t 0.2in (0.5 mm) ti in (6.4 mm), v chiu di t 3 in (75
mm) ti 24 in ( 610 mm).
in cc khi dng vi
ngun DCEN

in cc khi dng vi
ngun AC hoc DCEP

Gc u
mt in cc

Gc thon dn ca
u in cc

Bn knh
u mt
Bn knh
u mt

ng knh
u mt
ng knh
in cc

ng knh
in cc

ng knh
u mt
ng knh
in cc

Hnh 3 - Hnh dng u in cc dng in AC v DC

cho phng php hn GTAW

Phng php hn TIG VTH/Apave

7.3 PHN LOI IN CC

AWS phn loi h thng c s dng.
Ch ci E lm k hiu bt u, tng ng vi Electrode.
Ch ci W cho bit ch yu l tungsten (Wonfram).
Ch ci P cho bit in cc v c bn l tungsten nguyn cht.
Ch Ce, La, Th v Zr cho bit rng in cc c hp kim
cng vi oxit ca cerium, lathanum, thorium, hoc ziconium,
tng ng.
Ch s sau cng ca mt vi phn loi ch cho bit khc
nhau ca cc mc thnh phn trong gii hn c th nhm.
Ch ci G cho bit rng in cc tng hp phn loi v c th
khng ch r nguyn t hp kim.
Phn loi in cc theo AWS c trnh by trong (bng 4)
Loi EWP l tungsten nguyn cht. Chng l loi r tin trong
nhm cc in cc tungsten v thng c dng cho cc cng
vic c mc ch tng hp trn cc kim loi khc nhau, cho php
mt dng tng i thp, chng nhim bn tt, thng dng
hn i vi cc ng dng thng thng.
Loi EWCe-2 l mt loi tng i mi c phn loi, v bao
gm oxit cerium. Ceria lm tng thm kh nng d dng khi mi
h quang, ci thin s n nh ca h quang v gim bt tc
chy li (s si mn). khng c tnh phng x, n nh v c tui
th cao.
Loi EWLa-1 bao gm khong chng 1% oxit lanthanum. Cc li
th v c im ring l rt ging nhau vi cc c im ca in
cc EWCe-2.
Loi EWTh-1 v EWTh-2 bao gm khong chng 1 hoc 2 %
oxit thorium, thorium l mt loi vt liu c tnh phng x mc
thp, v i vi s lng ca thorium c mt trong in cc, mc
ca s phng x khng c nh hng ti mi nguy him sc
kho. Cc in cc ny c thit k i vi ng dng dng DC.
Chng d mi h quang, n nh h quang v c th c tc dng
nhit khng ng k. 2 % thorium mi h quang tt hn v n
Phng php hn TIG VTH/Apave

nh hn, v c dng cao, km theo nng sut cao. Thn trng khi
lm cng vic mi sa in cc hoc mi nhn in cc.
Loi EWZr-1 Bao gm khong chng ca 1% oxit zirconium,
vic cho thm zirconium vo in cc khi ch to in cc hp
kim tungsten lm cho c kh nng tt hn khi pht ra cc tia in
t, cung cp kh nng chu c dng in ln, v cho s n nh
h quang cng vi vic mi h quang d dng. N cng t b hao
mn in cc, thch hp vi hn AC khi hn nhm do vic cho
thm ziconia lm cho vic duy tr git cu u in cc khi hn
nhm n nh hn, do vy t b mn (khng c tnh phng x nh
l thoria).
Phn loi EWG cung cp i vi in cc Tungsten bao gm cc
phn cng thm theo l thuyt hoc khng c ch r oxit t
him hoc s ho hp. Phn thm vo phi theo l thuyt bi nh
sn xut in cc.
. knh
(mm)

DCEN

DCEP

in
cc

m
phun

EWX-X

EWX-X

0.25

6.4

Ti 15

0.50

6.4

AC
Xung khng i
xng

AC
Xung i xng

EWP

EWX-X

EWP

EWX-X

(*)

Ti 15

Ti 15

Ti 15

Ti15

5-20

(*)

5-15

5-20

10-20

5-20

8-9.8

15-80

(*)

10-60

15-80

20-30

20-60

1.6

9.8

70-150

10-20

50-100

70-150

30-80

60-120

2.4

12.7

150-250

15-30

100-160

140-230

60-130

100-180

3.2

15.9

250-400

25-40

150-200

225-325

100-180

160-250

15.9

400-500

40-55

200-275

300-400

160-240

200-320

4.8

19

500-750

55-80

250-350

400-500

190-300

290-390

6.4

19

750-1000

80-125

325-450

500-630

250-400

340-525

Ghi ch: Tt c cc gi tr da trn ng dng cho kh bo v l

Argon, cc gi tr dng in khc c th cng c tu thuc vo kh
bo v, loi thit b v ng dng.
(*) Cc kt hp ny t c s dng
Bng 5 a ra dng in hn lin tc cho mi loi in cc c lin quan
ti kiu dng in v kch thc in cc.

Phng php hn TIG VTH/Apave

10

Khi lp t mt in cc mi vo trong km hn, mu u cht

c quay vo pha trong ca km hn cng chnh v iu m n
khng b ph hng bi h quang (d nhn bit trong qu trnh s
dng), ng kp phi ph hp vi kch thc ca in cc v ton b
b phn lp rp phi cht ch cng chnh iu lm cho nhit ca h
quang c truyn vo v km v gi ri to i. in cc phn ni
di t ng kp s c gi gn cho n khi cn l nh nht.
ng kp in cc phi c gi gn sch s, cng tng t nh ng
phun kh khng gy cn tr cho lung kh.
Kch thc in cc phi ph hp vi kiu dng in, tng loi cng
vic, v gi tr thc ca dng in s c dng. Gi tr ca dng in
hn c yu cu da trn quy trnh hn (WPS) cho tng c th ca
kim loi hn. S liu c cung cp trong cc bng ny c thit lp
t im bt u.
V d: Nu c yu cu s dng dng in hn 100A v c
dng vi dng AC, n s gi cn c mt in cc
Tungsten nguyn cht 2.4mm hoc 3.2 mm c th s
c s dng.
Nu quy trnh hn (WPS) yu cu dng dng DC phn
cc m hoc DC phn dng th kch thc in cc
khc nhau s phi cn n. S thch v kinh nghim
ngi th hn nm trong s la chn kch thc in
cc. Nu th hn s dng in cc tungsten nguyn cht
v n c khuynh hng tr nn nng qu hoc xut hin
s thm t b mt, l dng in qu cao i vi
kch thc ca in cc.
7.4 KH BO V
Kh gas c dng cho hn GTAW phi l kh tr. Duy ch c Argon
v He c s dng t rt lu nhng loi kh tr khc nhiu nhng
cng rt t tin. La chn kh l c s da trn kim loi c hn.
N cn thit c tham kho trong thng s quy trnh hn (WPS).
Kh bo v Argon, Helium v kh trn ca hai loi kh c s
dng cho hn GTAW. Mc ch cho vic kim sot gii hn ca h
quang, dng in, di v in cc.
H quang Helium s c tc ng n in p gp khong chng 1.7
ln i vi h quang Argon. Cung cp nhit v dng in ln hn h
quang argon. Tuy nhin, Argon c s dng phn ln cho hn
Phng php hn TIG VTH/Apave

11

GTAW bi v n gip cho mi h quang d dng, h quang c n

nh hn vi dng in thp, cng vic lm sch tt hn trn nhm,
n c gi thnh khong trng bng 1/3 Helium v nh hn tc
lu lng kh cn thit cung cp m cho cng vic bo v khi
hn.
Helium c dng khi cn c nng lng h quang ln i vi hn
cc tm nng hoc vt liu dy cng vi dn nhit cao.
Kh trn ca Argon v Helium c th dng thu c c tnh h
quang gia c hai loi kh nguyn cht.
Helium cung cp thng c nn dui dng kh trong chai nhng c
th thu c di dng lng. Gi ca Helium khong chng gp 3 ln
gi ca Argon.
Cc loi kh tr khc nh Neon, Kripton, Xenon, thng lm tho
mn i vi hn GTAW nhng khng c dng bi v chng khan
him v gi thnh rt cao.
8

CHT LNG CA MI HN
Cht lng ca mi hn GTAW c xp vo loi c cht lng cao
hn cht lng ca bt c phng php hn h quang no khc. Mc
cao ca cht lng t c khi tt c nhng cng vic cn thit
nm vng v chun b trc. t lu phn ln cng vic c thc
hin bi phng php hn GTAW trn kim loi khng c cht st. N
hon ton cn thit c lm sch mt cch chu o tng bc trong
qu trnh hn. Khu vc lm vic nht nh phi v sinh v cng sch
s. Bn hn v cc dng c ngh cng c lm sch, dy hn in
y c bo qun cn thn trc khi em ra s dng, kh bo v phi
t c tinh khit v ph hp vi cp hn, v cc dng c phi
c iu kin lm vic tt. Nu cc iu kin ny c thc hin v
th hn c kh nng, k nng kho lo, cc mi hn cht lng cao s
c kt qu.
Nhit cung cp v k thut ca ngi th hn nh hng nhiu ti
vic thc hin v cht lng mi hn.
Khi nhit cung cp qu thp, iu c th xy ra t mt
dng in hn qu thp hoc tc hn qu nhanh, ng
hn nh cao l hin nhin v ngu nh.

Phng php hn TIG VTH/Apave

12

 Khi dng in hn qu thp, ng hn s cao,

ngu su km, v c kh nng ca chng lp ra
ng hn
Khi tc hn qu nhanh, ng hn cng nh v
ngu su km
Khi nhit cung cp qu ln, iu c th xy ra t mt
dng in hn qu cao hoc tc hn qu chm, ng
hn tr nn v cng rng, thng rng v bng. iu
lm cho ngu cng nhiu v c th b bn to.
Khi km hn qu xa vi vt hn, xut hin mt h quang
di, kh nng ca kh bo v b gim bt v thnh qu l
cht lng mi hn km, c bit l trong hn nhm.
R KH KIM LOI MI HN
R kh thng gy nn do bi dnh du, m t, kim loi c
bn b bn, mc bao ph ca kh tr khng , hoc bn v
lp v ngoi ca dy kim loi in y b oxi ho nhiu. Trong
cc mi hn rnh ti cc mi hn chn (hn lt) s c dng
tm m hoc c h tr bng kh v lm sch mt sau ca
rnh gn st ngay ng hn.
Trong trng hp ca nhm, bn chi c cc si bng dy thp
khng g hoc lm sch bng ho hc s c dng. Kh bo
v khng c hiu qu c th gy nn bi gi la t bn ngoi.
N c th cng c gy nn bi s r r trong h thng cp
kh hoc tinh khit ca kh khng t. Thit b s c
thng xuyn kim tra chc chn, h thng kh khng c s r
r. N cng rt quan trng khng cho nc lm mt ng li
trong h thng cung cp kh.
MI HN B BN
Cc mi hn b bn, c bit trn nhm, c th kt qu t vn
trong h thng cung cp kh, ch c th b r r trong ng
kt ni, kh bo v cht lng km, ng phun kh qu ln,
khong cch t ming ng phun kh ti vt hn qu xa, lung
kh khng c hiu qu hoc bt c vic g khc na gp phn
ti s bo v km ca khu vc h quang.
NGU SU KM

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 ngu km ch yu l vn cung cp nhit v c lin quan

ti tc di chuyn v dng in hn ti chiu dy vt liu c
bn, tnh dn, v kiu mi ghp. Cng dng in qu cao
s to cho mi hn qu tt v x x v c th l nguyn nhn
ca nt. Cng dng in khng c hiu qu s c kt qu
l ng hn c nh cao g g. Nu tc cng nhanh, nh
ng hn s cao, khng mn, v c ngu khng hiu qu.
Tc hn c th cn c thao tc khc hoc thay i. Khi
kim loi c bn ngui lnh cn phi h thp tc hn, vt
hn hp th nhit v lm tng nhit , tc hn s c tng
dn ln.
IN CC TUNGSTEN
Vn cht lng mi hn bao gm c in cc Tungsten b
nm trong kim loi mi hn ng c, iu c th c pht
hin ra bng phng php chp nh phng x. Trc y c
gi l s n mn nh tungsten v l c s da trn dng in
qu cao so vi kch thc hoc loi ca in cc tungsten.
Vn nghim trng khc l thay i h quang, iu thng
thng l kt qu ca vic lm h hng hoc bn in cc.
in cc s tr thnh b oxy ho nu kh tr khng lin tc bo
v n trong khi nng. y l l do i vi cc ch iu
khin ng m lu lng kh trn hu ht cc my hn GTAW.
Kim loi in y cng vi lp ph ngoi b oxit qu mc c
th cng to nn mi hn b bn. Hi m s tp chung trong lp
oxit ny. Dy kim loi in y cn phi c lm sch bng
giy nhm.
Hn trn kim loi bn, vt liu thm du m hoc c gng sa
cha cc vt nt trong cc b phn chi tit my i hi loi b
ht cc khuyt tt vt liu, lm sch trit , v gia nhit gip
cho loi tr s hp th du, du m, hi m v cc th khc.
Cc s r r nc trong km hn c th thng c pht hin
ra bi mu ca b mt mi hn. S ngng hi c th xy ra
bn trong ca ng dn kh v hi nc trong h quang s l
nguyn nhn tungsten tr thnh b nhim bn.
Ni tm li, cc mi hn c cht lng tt i hi tt c cc
iu kin chnh xc, cc vt liu c dng c c im k
thut chnh xc v tnh sch s. Cc my mc thit b trong tnh

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trng hot ng tt. v k thut hn thch hp vi cng vic

c thc hin.
9

CC LOI VT LIU C TH C DNG HN

Phng php hn GTAW c th dng hn c tt c cc loi kim
loi thng thng v kim loi him v cc hp kim, ngoi tr cc kim
loi c nng chy thp nh ch, thic v km hp kim thng.
Nhit h quang rt cao t c cht lng mi hn tt i vi cc
hp kim ny.
Mc d hn GTAW c th c ng dng cho hn rng ri trn cc
thnh phn ca thp. N khng mang tnh kinh t khi c dng hn
trn cc loi thp carbon ngoi tr cc lp hn lt chn. GTAW c th
c dng hn trn cc loi thp hp kim thp, thp dng c, thp
khng g v cc hp kim niken thng cn c cht lng cao, lng
cn thit. Cc vt liu s c hn cng vi dng in DC phn
cc m (DCEN) v c h tr bng kh tr (backing) i vi hn cc
tm mng v cc ng hn chn (hn lt).
Hp kim ca Titan, zirconium, columbium, tc ng khc v cc kim
loi chu nhit s c hn vi dng DC phn cc m (DCEN), hn
GTAW l cn thit i vi cc hp kim ny, hon ton c bo v
cng vi kh tr.
Nhm v hp kim ca nhm s c hn cng vi dng in AC, s
dng kh bo v l Argon hoc kh trn Ar-He. Hu ht hp kim ca
nhm c hn bng GTAW cng vi dng AC kt hp c hai cng
vi sng cn bng hoc sng vung.

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K THUT THAO TC
HN BNG TAY
10

CHUN B I VI HN, KHI NG V TT THIT B

Mc ch:

Trnh by tiu chun ng b ca tng bc thao tc

vi s iu chnh mt cch ng n, chnh l v bo
qun thit b hn GTAW ti vic ci thin hiu qu cng
vic v an ton trong hn.

10.1 Dng c
- Qun o bo h, m, gng tay, knh hn v knh mi
- Bn chi st hoc thp khng g
- Km ct dy hn
- Ba, c, c l
10.2 Thao tc
- Cc dng c c nhng v tr thun tin cho thao tc
- Bn hn c ch to chc chn v sch s
- Nhin liu cn c cung cp
8 Vt liu c hn
8 Kh bo v l Argon, Helium, hoc kh trn (phn loi hn)
8 Dy hn in y ph hp vi vt hn
8 Chn in cc Tungsten
Tungsten nguyn cht (mu xanh l cy)
Tungsten zirconia (mu nu)
Tungsten thoria (mu vng hoc )
8 Chn km hn (lm mt bng nc hoc bng kh)
8 ng knh bn trong ca ng phun kh t nht bng 3 ln
ng knh ca in cc
8 N s c lm sch v khng b tn hi
8 ng kp v thn ng kp s c chn ph hp vi in cc
-

Chun b km hn

ng phun thn ng
kh
kp

ng kp

in cc

np chp

tay cm

Hnh 6 - Cc chi tit ca km hn GTAW

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8 i vi dng in hn AC, u mt in cc hn s c to
trn v lm sng bng (xem hnh 7)
8 i vi dng in hn DC, mi u in cc Tungsten to
thnh mt im v lm cn mc khng ng k
Chun b in cc cho hn dng AC
Tungsten Pure v Tungsten Zirconia
A

IU KIN TT
( Sng bng, u mt trn)

DNG IN QU LN
( Hnh dng u que dim)

U MT B BN V LN KIM LOI
C BN (Tng t nh B, nhng khng
bng phng v cn c th xu hn na)

BIN PHP SA CHA

(Ct b u mt theo ng vch ngang, nu
iu kin B hoc C cn tn ti. Nu in
cc b gy, mi u mt cho bng)
Chun b in cc hn cho dng DC
Tungsten Thoria 1 % hoc 2 %
in cc mi (trc khi mi nhn)
Mi nhn in cc trn my mi, chiu su
vt vo bng 2 ln ng knh in cc

Mi ct mt cht nh hn 1/64 in (0.4 mm)

ti nh
u nhn b bn. Mi ct b phn b bn. Nu
khng phn bn s lm tri rng h quang v
m rng ng hn (c th cn lm lch h
quang)

Hnh 7. Trnh by phng php chun b in cc

-

Lp t v iu chnh in cc
8 Vn ren ca thn ng kp vo u km hn v ng phun kh ln
pha trn ca thn ng kp
8 Cng vi in cc tungsten c a vo trong, lp np chp
v vn nh nhng cho kht

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8 iu chnh nh ca in cc tungsten ra ngoi ming ca

ng phun kh khong chng bng 2 ln ng knh in cc.
Sau vn cht np chp.

ng phun kh
in cc

bng 2 ln ng
knh in cc

Hnh 8 - nh in cc Tungsten
-

Kim tra kp mt

Ci t thit b
8 t ch AC hoc DC ty thuc vo cng vic lm.
8 t ch dng in

B phn cng tc tn s cao

8 Lin tc i vi nhm
8 T ng i vi thp carbon thp v thp khng g

Thit b khi ng nng

iu chnh lu lng kh bo v
8 iu chnh lu lng kh t 7 - 10 lit/pht

10.3 Hn
-

Cc v tr nghing ca km hn v chiu di h quang c duy tr

sut trong qu trnh lm vic hn
Khi kt thc hn, tip theo l dng cc thao tc
8
8
8
8
8

Treo km hn ln khng cho tip xc xung t hoc vt hn

ng van chai kh
ng van iu chnh lu lng kh khi khng cn dng na
Tt cng tc thit b hn
V sinh khu vc hn

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11

K THUT HN
K thut i vi hn GTAW bng tay v thm kim loi in y vo
trong vng hn c trnh by nh trong hnh 9.Th nht h quang
c thnh lp gia in cc tungsten v vt hn s dng phng
php mi h quang cao tn. Mi h quang chm vo vt hn t c
s dng.

Hng hn

(a) Trin khai mt

vng hn nh

750

(b) Dch chuyn km

hn v pha sau

750

(d) Rt que hn ra

750

15

(c) Thm vo kim

loi in y

Hnh 9 -

(c) Dao ng m hn
ti ra ca vng hn

Phng thc thc hin bng tay cung cp kim loi in

y vo trong vng hn. (GTAW)

M hn dao ng theo hnh trn nh cho n khi thnh lp c mt

vng hn. Khi km hn nghing v ng sau mt gc 750 v dao
ng v ng sau mt cht khng ng k trong khi kim loi
in y nhng vo trong b hn.
Dy hn in y c ko v v km hn dao ng trong s iu
khin ca di chuyn ti nu chy kim loi in y va a thm vo
v tin ln pha trc b hn.
Ti im ny s ni tip ca hot ng km hn git v pha sau v
thm vo kim loi in y c lp li cho n khi ti im kt thc.
Th hn phi th hin c k thut duy tr khng i chiu di h
quang v in p h quang, thng 9 - 12 V dng in DCEN vi kh
argon, trong khi thng thng c iu khin km hn bng tay.
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Mc ca dy kim loi in y c cung cp vo vng hn s

khng c dao ng ra ngoi s bo v ca kh t km hn. Vic ny
ngn cn kt thc khng tt do oxi ho v ri sau lm h hi vng
hn khi n c nhng chm vo trong.
Khi Helium c dng lm kh bo v, in p h quang s tr nn
ln, 16-18 V, Kh He i hi phn ln k nng iu khin nhun
nhin ngn chn s chy thng v s khng c dng cho vt liu
mng.
Ti im kt thc ca mi hn dng in h quang cn phi c
gim i t t ti khi trnh c dng h v c th xy ra hin tng
nt hnh sao ti im kt thc. Nu c th cn thit cho thm vo mt
s lng nh va kim loi in y trc khi gim dng in h
quang.
Nhiu mi ghp hn i vt liu mng c th cng c cho thm
kim loi ph khi hn. V d nh: Mi ghp gc, mi ghp b g, mi
ghp u u, mi ghp gip mi loe...K thut hn cc mi ghp ny
thng c thao tc bng tay ging nh va mi c miu t tr
khi khng yu cu cho thm kim loi ph
Mt khi h quang c thnh lp, km hn c dao ng ng
thi vi tc ti khi kt thc mi ghp hn.
Kh tr c h tr dng cho c hai phng php hn bng tay v hn
t ng GTAW ca tm mng hoc ng hn chn (hn lt) ca vt
liu dy. Kh tr ngn cn qu trnh oxi ho ca gc mi hn cho php
kim loi nng chy thm t v dng chy lin tc thch hp v ngn
cn s nhim bn ca mi hn cng vi oxit.
11.1 Mi hn gip mi
Mi hn gip mi khng vt mp c th c p dng khi hn vt liu
c chiu dy nh hn 3mm, khi mi hn cn ngu ton phn th cn
phi cho thm kim loi ph. Mi ghp c hn nh c khe h
u v c kch thc xc nh. Khi hn trn kim loi mng thng b
g v thi chy ch khng dng kim loi ph. Khi hn trn cc tm c
chiu dy ln hn 3mm phi vt mp, thng thng chn kiu vt
mp ch V, J. Kiu vt mp ch V i hoc J i... c
dng khi b dy vt liu ln hn 25mm. Khi mi hn c th hn t hai
pha th nn chn kiu vt i gim lng p v c hiu qu kinh
t hn.
Thc t thng khi hn trn tm dy ch c lp lt l c thc hin
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bng phng php hn GTAW, cn cc lp hn ph c thc hin

bng phng php hn SMAW hoc GMAW.
11.2 Mi hn chng m
Mi hn chng m c u im l khng cn chun b mi hn, c
bit l khi hn trn tm mng, yu t quan trng chun b mi hn
chng m l phi m bo s tip xc u gia hai mp trn ton b
mi hn. Cc mi ni chng m trn tm c b dy nh hn 3mm
thng c hn chy to mi hn bng chnh vt liu c bn khng
cn dng kim loi ph. Cn phi hiu chnh cc thng s hn sao cho
m bo nng chy xong khng nh thng v lm chy mt bn
kia ca mi ghp. Mi ghp chng m c b dy t 3mm ti 6mm s
c p thm kim loi ph khi hn v hn vi mt lp hoc nhiu
lp hn i vi tn dy.
11.3 Mi hn gc
ngu ca mi hn gc ph thuc vo chiu dy ca vt liu. Khi
hn tm mng, cc mp hn gc c t st nhau sao cho mp ny
gi ln mp kia mt cht. Thng th phi dng cc b g hn bo
v mt lng mi hn khng b chy v m bo cc mp khng b
bin dng qu ln khi hn. Vng mi hn nht thit phi c lm
sch v m bo khng b dnh du m, bi, g st... K thut c a
chung l thi chy khng dng que hn p. Tuy nhin, trong trng
hp nn c tm m pha sau trnh b chy thng.
Cc tm c chiu dy ln cn phi c vt mp ch V, hoc J
trn mt tm m bo ngu hon ton. Cng vic vt mp c
thc hin cn thn, m bo cc cnh vt u n v khe h c
nh v chc chn. Mi hn thng c thc hin ti thiu hai lp,
(lp ngu v lp ph), b dy chn mi hn cn xc nh sao cho hn
khng thng nhng vn m bo ngu ng u.
11.4 Mi hn ch T
Loi mi hn ny thng c hn vi que hn p, tu thuc vo
yu cu k thut m hn lin tc trn mt mt hoc hai mt, cng c
th c thc hin cc mi hn gin on i xng vi nhau mt
bn kia hoc so le. Khi yu cu ngu chn ca mi hn khng c
t ra th mp ca mi hn c th c vung khng cn vt mp.
Ngc li nu c yu cu v ngu chn ca mi hn th nht thit
phi vt mp trn tm ng, nht l khi b dy ln hn 6mm, thng
th c vt c hai pha v mi hn c thc hin i xng (lun
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phin) gia hai bn hn ch c s bin dng khi hn v sau khi

hn
11.5 Mi hn b g
Cc mi hn b g thng c p dng trn cc tm mng, khng
dng kim loi ph v mp hn s nng chy v b xung to thnh mi
hn. Mi hn ny thng c p dng hn cc np thng kn. Mi
hn ny c nhc im l vng chn mi hn rt d b n mn, do vy
khi hn cc thit b p lc, quy trnh hn phi c thm nh chc
chn. Thng th vi cc thit b p lc cc mi hn dng ny c
thay bng cc mi hn gip m c tm lt.

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