TRO BAY V NG DNG TRONG XY DNG NG T

V SN BAY TRONG IU KIN VIT NAM

PSG. TS. PHM HUY KHANG
B mn ng t v sn bay
Khoa Cng trnh
Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti
Tm tt: Bi bo trnh by nhng nghin cu mi nht v tro bay ang c tin hnh
Vit Nam trong lnh vc xy dng giao thng ni chung v trong xy dng ng t v sn
bay ni ring. Hin nay, ngun tro bay ti cc nh my nhit in ln nht nc ta ang thi
ra rt nhiu, nu tn dng c loi vt liu ny th khng nhng gii quyt c vn kinh
t m cn gii quyt c vn mi trng, mt th khng th tnh bng tin.
Summary: This article introduces the latest researches on flying ash, which are being
carried out in Vietnam in transport construction in general and in highways and air field
construction in particular. Currently, the biggest themor power mills in our country are
disposing a lot of flying ash. Making use of this material is not just an economic solution but
also a solution to the environment, which cannot be paid in cash.

I. T VN
CT 2

t nc ta ang chuyn bin mnh m

tng ngy, chng ta ang dc ton b sc lc,
tin ca v tr tu xy dng c s h tng
cho mt t nc cng nghip vn minh, dn
giu nc mnh. Trong cuc kin thit
khng th thc hin c nu ch trng cy
vo ngun tin i vay, khng th trng cy
vo ngun ti nguyn vn c hn ca nc ta.
Trong iu kin , chng ta phi bit pht
huy mi ngun lc, trong c ngun ti
nguyn cht xm ca i ng cn b khoa hc
k thut. Mt trong nhng vn s c
trnh by trong bi vit ny, l nghin cu
tn dng ph thi ca cng nghip in (cc
nh my nhit in) thi ra sn xut 1 loi
ph gia cc qu cho b tng xi mng v mt
s lnh vc khc.
y l mt vn c trin khai c
hiu qu, ang c p dng th nghim
nc ta.

II. NI DUNG
1. Vt liu tro bay
Tro bay
Tro bay (tn ting Anh l fly ash), phn
mn nht ca tro x than. Gi l tro bay v
ngi ta dng cc lung kh phn loi tro:
Khi thi mt lung khi nht nh th ht to s
ri xung trc v ht nh s bay xa hn.
Tro bay l mt loi puzzolan nhn to, l
tro t ca than cm nn bn thn n rt
mn, c c ht t 1 - 10m, trung bnh 9 15m. Tro bay c phn ra hai loi vi cc
c im khc nhau: loi C c hm lng
CaO 5% v thng bng 15 - 35%. l
sn phm t than linhit hoc than cha
bitum, cha t than cha chy, thng < 2%.
Loi F c hm lng CaO < 5%, thu c t
vic t than antraxit hoc than cha bitum,
c hm lng than cha chy nhiu hn,
khong 2 - 10%. Tro bay Ph Li thuc loi F.

Do t khng tt, nn hm lng than cha

chy kh cao, ti 20%.
Ngun vt liu tro bay
c bit, hng nm c tnh cc Nh
my nhit in trn c nc thi ra khong 1,3
triu tn tro bay, n nm 2010 s l 2,3 triu
tn/ nm. Trung bnh, hin mi ngy Nh my
Nhit in Ph Li 2 (Hi Dng) thi ra
3.000 tn tro x, trong 30% l than cha
chy ht, cn li l tro bay rt mn. Do hm
lng than d ny khng cao, nn kh tn thu
lm nhin liu t, m thng c thi thng
ra h cha. Cng vi lng tro x tng
ng ca Nhit in Ph Li 1, mi ngy hai
nh my ny ang x lng cht thi khng l
vo mi trng, lp y hai h cha su my
chc mt (hnh 1).

Vin Khoa hc Vit Nam v Cng ty CP

Cng nghip v Dch v Cao Cng xy
dng nh my thu hi ch bin tro bay. D n
c tin hnh thng 7/2006 vi cng sut
thit k 80 nghn tn sn phm/ nm. Thit b
my mc c nhp tng phn t Trung
Quc, xy dng trn khu t gn 10 nghn m2,
tng vn u t l 17,7 t ng. Hin nay dy
chuyn i vo sn xut n nh vi cng
xut 200 tn/ngy, d kin cng sut s c
nng ln khi mt dy chuyn na c a
vo hot ng vo cui nm nay. Sn phm
lm ra c th trng, cc nh thu nh
gi cao, c bit cng ty vinh d tr thnh nh
cung cp chnh thc sn phm tro bay cho D
n thy in Sn La, D n thy in Bn
Cht, Tng Cng ty xy dng H Ni, Cng
ty CP VLXD Sng y, D n nhit in
Qung Ninh I, II v cc Nh my b tng
trong nc.
- in lc Vit Nam (EVN) cng c
d n sn xut ph gia kt dnh b tng t tro
bay nhit in Ph Li s i vo sn xut gp
phn gii quyt kp thi nhu cu ph gia b
tng cho cng ngh b tng m ln trong xy
dng cc cng trnh nh my thy in, nht
l Thy in Sn La (hnh 2).

Hnh 1. Bi cha ph thi tro bay ti nh my

nhit in Ph Li Vit Nam

- Vn hin nay l sn xut tro bay nh

th no.
Hin cng ngh t nc ngoi khng th
p dng cho tuyn tro bay Vit Nam, nht l
Nh my nhit in Ph Li do c im
khc bit v cng ngh t v cht lng than
ca nh my nh: hm lng than trong tro
bay qu cao (khong 30%).
- Nhng nghin cu ca TS Nguyn
Hng Quyn, Vin Khoa hc vt liu thuc

Hnh 2. Nh my sn xut tro bay ti nh my

nhit in Ph Li Vit Nam

CT 2

2. Cc thnh phn ch yu v tnh cht

ca tro bay Ph li
l ph thi mn thu c do vic t
than nh my nhit in v c chuyn t
bung t qua ni hi bi ng khi. Tro bay
l mt loi puzlan nhn to c cc silic oxt,
nhm oxt, canxi oxit, manh oxt v lu
hunh oxt. Ngoi ra, c th cha mt lng
than cha chy, yu cu khng c qu 6%
trng lng tro bay. Tro bay cng mn cng
tt. ng knh ca phn ln cc ht nm
trong khong nh hn 1 m ti 100 m, t
din khong 250 n 600 m2/kg.
Cc kt qu nghin cu ly t mu h
cha Ph Li, cc mu tro bay c phi
kh ngoi khng kh sau c bo qun
trong ti ni lng. Thnh phn tro bay kh ny
c th nghim cho kt qu nh sau:

CT 2

Thnh
phn ho
hc

SiO2

A2O3

Fe2O3

CaO

Na2O

% trng
lng

53,2

24,2

6,38

2,17

0,44

3. ng dng vt liu tro bay trong xy

dng cng trnh
Tro bay - vt liu lm b tng xy dng
Tro bay vn l ph liu ca cc nh my
nhit in chy bng than cm lc ny y
tr thnh mt mt hng vt liu xy dng
(VLXD) c nhiu ngi quan tm. Nh
my Nhit in Ph Li, ngun cung cp tro
bay duy nht c nhiu ngi tm n v
ving thm nh my k c khch nc ngoi.
S d tro bay c quan tm nh th, v nh
mt ti liu kinh in v b tng vit: tro
bay l mt puzzolan ph bin nht cho b
tng. Khi nhu cu nhiu m tro bay li khng

cung cp. C nhiu ngi cn lo rng nu

quyt nh dng tro bay trong b tng cho
cng trnh ln nh vy, liu c tro bay
dng v vic cung cp c kp tin thi cng
khng? v ri ng s xa xi nh th, gi tro
bay s i ln, th gi ph phm tro bay v
chnh phm xi mng c khi xp x nhau. C
d n xy dng bit lo xa tnh trc v gi
th ch ng trong thi cng quyt nh
thay th tro bay bng mt loi puzzolan thin
nhin no gn cng trnh xy dng,
cng l iu tt: s dng tro bay trong xy
dng ging nh i sn, bng mt mi tn bn
c 3 con th, c ngha l t c 3 li ch
khng nh cht no: mt l ngnh xy dng
c ph gia khong hot tnh pha vo xi mng
v b tng ci thin tnh cht ca n theo
hng mong mun, hai l nh my nhit in
c thm li ch v ba l mi trng khng b
nhim. H cha tro bay Ph Li l mt kho
vng en nho nh, c lc vi, y, nhng
khng bao gi cn. Trung Quc tro bay
tha thi sn sng bn cho ta khi c yu cu,
nhng ph vn ti s rt cao. Nhu cu s dng
tro bay VN l nh vy, cn vic nghin cu
tro bay nc ta th sao? Trc khi dng tro
bay cc d n, cc phng th nghim u
phi thit k thnh phn b tng tro bay. Cng
c mt s ti nghin cu b tng mc cao,
b tng m cn, b tng nha dng tro bay
nhit in Ph Li, tuy nhin trong nghin cu
ch mi quan tm n do, cng v
tnh chng thm ca b tng. Mt s ngi
cho rng dng t "tro bay Ph Li" c l
khng thch hp, m gi l tro tuyn Ph Li,
th ng ngha hn, v tro y khng ly
trc tip t b lc ng khi, m tro c
thi ra h, ri c vt ln v x l than cha
chy (tuyn ni), sau mi sy kh v a
i s dng. Tt nhin bn cht tro tuyn Ph

Li cng ging nh tro bay ca nc ngoi,

nn c quen gi l tro bay. Tro bay cng c
a vo tiu chun nc ta. Tiu chun ny
c vit theo tiu chun ca M ASTM C618 - 94A.
- Tro bay c th lm tng hoc lm gim
do tc l gim hoc tng lng nc yu
cu ca hn hp b tng, iu tu thuc vo
hm lng than cha chy v mn ca tro
bay. Vic lm tng lng nc yu cu c
gii thch bng vic ht nc ca cc phn t
cacbon (than cha chy), s cn tr gia cc
ht tro bay ln, cng nh ct liu lm cho pha
h c nht cao. Nh vy tro bay loi F c
th lm gim do ca hn hp cacbon cao
(biu th bng lng mt khi nung). Vic lm
gim lng nc yu cu c th do cc nguyn
nhn: ht tro bay trn nhn d dch chuyn v
th tch h trong b tng tng ln (do tro bay
nh hn xi mng, nn bay l gim hm lng
kh trong b tng n c tc dng chng bng
gi). Hm lng cacbon (lng mt khi nung)
ln trong tro bay loi F gy nn s c ny.
Nh vy, qua mt s t liu nu trn chng ta
thy r cc vn quan trng sau y:
1. nh hng ca tro bay i vi hu ht
cc tnh cht ca b tng;

nhit trong b tng khi ln nh: Dng xi

mng t ta nhit; gim thiu lng dng xi
mng; tng Dmax; n hc; lm lnh nc
ct liu; gim chiu dy khi lng khong
; dng ng ta nhit. Trong cc bin php
trn th bin php s dng cc loi ph gia
hot tnh thay th mt phn xi mng, gim
nhit thy ha - nguyn nhn tng nhit
trong b tng to nn ng sut gy nt n
trong b tng khi ln l bin php khng ch
nhit c hiu qu nht. Ngoi ra ph gia cn
lm gim lng xi mng trong b tng.
Cc loi ph gia trn phi m bo yu
cu chnh:
+ Tng lng (SiO2 + Al2O3 + FeO3)%
ln hn 70%
+ Hm lng SO3 % nh hn 4%
+ m % nh hn 3%
+ Mt khi nung % nh hn 10%
+ Ch s hot tnh 28 ngy ln hn 75%
+ mn (st sng 45 mm) % nh hn 34%
- Dng tro bay sn xut b tng t m
phc v cho cc cng trnh xy dng ln.

- ng dng tro bay khng ch nhit v

gim lng xi mng trong b tng khi ln.

B tng t ln l b tng c kh nng

chy di trng lng bn thn v lm y
hon ton cp pha thm ch trong c nhng
ni dy c ct thp m khng cn bt c tc
ng c hc no m vn m bo tnh ng
nht. Ni mt cch khc, b tng t ln l b
tng c kh nng t ln cht. Kh nng t ln
cht l nng lc tim tng ca b tng c lin
quan n kh nng . Vi kh nng ny, b
tng c th lm y v ln cht mi gc cnh
ca cp pha bng trng lng bn thn n m
khng cn m trong qu trnh b tng.

C nhiu bin php gim ng sut

B tng t ln cng ging nh b tng

2. nh hng xu ca hm lng than

cha chy ch yu l tng lng nc cn
thit, to ra nhng ht th trong tro bay v
gim lng kh trong hn hp b tng;
3. Tro bay loi C ni chung tt hn tro
bay loi F, ring v chng Sunfat c km hn,
nc ta hin nay mi ch dng tro bay Ph
Li thuc loi F.

CT 2

thng thng c ch to t cc vt liu cu

thnh nh cht kt dnh xi mng, ct liu,
nc v ph gia.
S khc nhau c bn trong cng ngh thi
cng b tng t ln l khng c cng on to
chn ng ln cht b tng. lm y cp
pha bng trng lng bn thn n, b tng t
ln cn t kh nng chy cao ng thi
khng b phn tng. V vy c trng c bn
ca loi b tng ny l s cn bng gia
chy v s khng phn tng ca hn hp b
tng. t c iu ny, b tng t ln cn c
cc yu cu sau:
- S dng ph gia siu do t kh
nng chy do cao ca hn hp b tng;
- S dng hm lng ln ph gia mn
tng linh ng ca va xi mng;

CT 2

- Hm lng ct liu ln trong b tng t

hn so vi b tng thng thng.
Ngoi cc c tnh c bn ni trn, c
tnh ch to v thi cng ca b tng t ln
cng khc so vi b tng thng nh sau:
S bt u v kt thc ninh kt ca b
tng t ln c khuynh hng chm hn so vi
b tng thng.
Kh nng bm ca b tng t ln cao hn
so vi b tng thng.
Do s nhy cm ln dn n dao ng
cht lng v s c trong khi trn ca vt liu
nn b tng t ln c yu cu v kim tra cht
lng, kim tra sn xut v kim tra thi cng
kht khe hn b tng thng. Do khng thc
hin vic rung ng lm cht, yu cu quan
tm n thi gian duy tr cht lng cng nh
chy ln hn b tng thng.

4. ng dng trong xy dng ng

t v sn bay
Vic s dng ph gia tro bay trong xy
dng ng c nghin cu bc u v
cha c ng dng nhiu trong sn xut. Di
y l mt s hng nghin cu v vn ny.
+ Trong vic xy dng cc loi mt
ng cng (ng t v mt ng sn
bay), cng c cc yu cu nh i vi cc
loi cng trnh khc s dng b tng. Nhng
vn c bn y l : Yu cu v cng ,
v khng ch pht sinh nhit chng nt, v
cng tc m ln b tng vv... Nu nghin cu
s dng ph gia tro bay chc chn s t hiu
qu cao.
+ Vi tnh cht ca tro bay, nu chng
chim 1 t l hp l trong cht dnh kt ca
cp phi dm s tng dnh kt, gim
phn tng cho cp phi dm, tng cng
cho vt liu.
+ Trong b tng nha, theo cc ti liu
ca M, tro bay cn lm ph gia cho b tng
nha, gim lng nha ng thi tng n nh
dnh bm gia cc ct liu, chng ho gi cho
b tng nha.
+ Trong t gia c, nu dng t gia c
vi tro bay s c cng kh cao, loi vt
liu ny hon ton c th snh vi gia c vi
v mt s ho cht cht khc. Loi t gia c
ny dng lm mng ng hoc gia c l, mi
dc ta luy s c hiu qu cao v n nh v
tnh dnh kt ca n.
III. KT LUN
Pht trin lun i i vi vic gn gi
mi trng. Tro x than khng phi l rc thi
nu chng ta bit tm cch s dng n mt
cch hu ch. Chng ta ang ng nhn hng

trm tn tro ang b i hng nm v mi

trng ang b hy hoi hng ngy. Khi t
nc ta cn ngho, vic cp bch xy dng
cc nh my nhit in ng gp cho qu
trnh cng nghip ha v hin i ho t
nc lm cho chng ta qun i, hay nh
phi nhm mt lm ng v iu kin khng
cho php thc hin cc gii php bo v mi
trng. Nhng by gi n lc ta bt u
nhn nhn vn mt cch nghim tc, tm ra
gii php vi cc vn mi trng con
chu ca chng ta khng phi sng trn ng
rc m cha anh chng li. Ngnh in hay
bt c ngnh no ri s phi coi trng hn cc
vn v mi trng, v n khng phi l
chuyn ca ngi ngoi na. Mt ngy no
, ri s chng l lng g khi bn cnh nh
my in, nh my thp l cc nh my xi
mng, hu nh 100% tro x than v x l
cao, t ch l rc thi cng nghip thnh ch
c s dng nh nhng nguyn vt liu quan
trng
Bn cnh , cng cn c nhng ch ti,
lut l p buc cng nh khuyn khch vic ti
s dng rc thi cng nghip. V d nh
bang California, ngi ta quy nh rng trong
cng trnh ng x do chnh quyn bang u
t ti thiu 25% vt liu xy dng phi ly t
rc thi cng nghip. Ngoi ra cc nh my xi
mng s dng tro than trong sn xut th c
gim thu. Ti Nht Bn, trc y cc nh
my in cng thi tro ra mi trng t nhin,
nhng do lut mi trng hin nay kh
nghim ngt, h phi ch ng xy dng nh
my xi mng hay lin kt vi cc cng ty khc
s dng tro x than mt cch hiu qu.
Min Nam, nht l ng bng sng Cu Long,
lng tro tru t cc l nung gch v nh my
pht in bng v tru cng tng i ln, v

ta hon ton c th s dng lng tro ny.

Nhng nghin cu tng t v vic s dng
tro tru trong b tng c thc hin
Nht Bn cch y 20 nm v ngi ta
chng minh rng tro tru hon ton c th
c s dng rt tt, khng km g tro bay t
than. Quy hoch pht trin ngun in, trong
giai on 2006 - 2010, s khi cng a vo
vn hnh khong 40 d n thu in c quy
m cng sut t 30 MW tr ln, tng cng
sut khong 4.850 MW. Cc d n ny d
kin s dng 70% khi lng b tng m ln
vi khong 12,6 triu m3 (ring thy in Sn
La l 4,4 triu m3); do vy, s cn khong 1,7
- 2 triu tn ph gia. Cn giai on sau nm
2010, nhu cu ph gia cho b tng m ln
vo khong 200.000 - 300.000 tn/nm.
Bn cnh , nhu cu tro bay ca ngnh
xy dng giao thng (c bit l ngnh cu
ng-sn bay) chc chn s rt ln. c
th tin hnh s dng i tr, cn phi tin
hnh cc nghin cu khoa hc thc nghim
hnh thnh cc quy trnh quy phm tin ti
thc y ng dng ny vo trong thc t.

Ti liu tham kho

[1]. Nguyn c Chuy, Trn Th My, Nguyn Th
Thu - Khoa Ho trng HSP H ni. Nghin cu
chuyn ho tro bay Ph Li thnh sn phm cha
Zeolit v mt s tnh cht c trng ca chng.
Tp ch khoa hc s 4 nm 2002.
[2]. KS. Dng Khnh Ton - Tng gim c cng
ty Sng (theo "VLD"). ng dng ph gia
Puglan, Tro bay lm ph gia b tng trong xy
dng p thy in Vit Nam
[3]. B tng m ln: Phng B tng nng Vin
Chuyn ngnh B tng - Vin KHCN Xy dng
(ICT/IBST) Tel: 04 8360248. E-mail:
[4]. Tro bay - vt liu lm b tng xy dng. Tp
ch Ngi xy dng

CT 2