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r hn pnBG e s nn dh .pVQr CG Y k jU n bn h s oK ,pp r Lp Ao Hn n r ndG
r n nn a u pFHdG
Gng rY s o nj sCG pFnLQn h ..pdG ropcn p rfG nAnrKGC rnKn nM qdG pn pdCG pKOp G p d
...pSs dG n pe r ndr M
n r n pdhn ,r ond mIn p eo mIn r Yp h ,mpaf m SQr H r e GL
o o r J rCG r Z r pe oOp nG
!s n Ho
r nCG
- o oJnahn hn ,pBGh pIn p LCG n J noj n jdG p jG p s o dG o M
n nCG g edG Gg
pYp n nGh pQGnn dGh ppFn
n G n rJ Y t o J - pnKOp nG p g p hDo nr G p Yn p ns dG pH
p dG rp pdn Yr nCpH p np dG Ap Gs nL rpe rgo o Sn GoC h oq dG bnoj qdG
.pIQn u nnoG psp o `dG pnn roG pnSn
pGMCG g p rpe
r npb qdG p n oGh pn p ndG n rJ n Yp oCG rCG ppbnr G Gngn o jpQoCG
o dh
r
p
EG Gk L s bCGh kIb s bCG kYCG d n q of rCGh p edG n eS n f rnCG r Y
o j qfnCG r pe
p s o dG pn pa n r Z in Nr oCG k n a
n Wp NoCG rCG ,nBG o jQCG ps p ndh .ppbnr G Gg p rpe n pb e p NBG
Ro onJ qdGh ,o s o dG p LCG e o j qdG n dG
n Wp NCG rCG o jQCG ,ppfG p LQh
rCG o jQCG ! ! ppJMh pHYCGh p pen dG pMGQ rpe n on nK npaOo qdG pIn p rLnCG pp H pnjn udG
n j rCG pY sEGp o d o bCG rCG o jQCG ,kfoJ o j
r r e q ch kIQq S
o cj r e s co
n Wp NCG
p An n rKCG
,nhc l s Yo n pYn n U
n s n nJ r b nJQn s S sCH p SMEG s co
s p jo h p dG n
qdG pIQdG
t H d
n p Nr oCG q M nhjY l q U
o ,pp n Yn
n br h ,n ng r b Gg nfJ sGE p h
...gn Gj
!s noH
r nCG
Qm GVCG r e p pfGh pBd pbhCG p H
w p b Ql T dG
n
n n rfG nnd
o rp oJh ,pp r nJ pf r e o u o
n Jh ,o n ju M
o n pen dG o p r oJ n nfCG Ghr GnC a ...pG Y mIc
en Ghr nCGQn en nYn So r p ndh ,a Ol o Yn hCG S
l r pJ o sfnCnan .ppdBG r pe GAk r L
o o nn
r nJh o n pfrn fEG
EG L
n GNr EG sCG Ghr nCGQh ,pdG pfh pq ffEG p t J o Yp oJ mIn L
r CG r e
o BG Lp r oJ
.mn n neh mn nJ rpe dornj eh mp Jh
r Om o rne rpe oq o dG oeo u oj ne pRGn oj r bn p SsdG
dh EG - eCG MCG
76-75U , fJ - d SGS QGO
50
AGf : ! H CG
gh jd
MhQ b
M SSCH
dG j
H GG
aG
: CJ e qd
,CJ TCG e
CG CJ
.GjT
e : SJ
(S,Q,)
U UCG
PdG e
jbd
dG e
fh
g OGh
.IGOCG ,Ub
JdG EG JCG
TY .1954 S Jh 1886 S dh e jOCG : eCG MCG

a :JdDe e ,dGh G f eCG AHCG Lj JM
EG W{ :j M ''dh EG'' ch AGLCG IY WG
e S d cCG CG 1949 S NBG ''dG''
KG o Ca 1950 Y N J ''dh EG dSQ'' GH
c CG OUh .dh EG HQ Ffh Ff a Lh de IY
.zHc Y JSa GfCG J q j HEG
:
q SCG
.BG ,dCG ,CJ ,DG :ddG dCd adG dG OM .1
? ''RGj b'' JdG b (QG U + b) J GPe .2
.e c e GRe gOM ?HEG EG eCG MCG dSQ Y J qdG WG g e .3
?dG
gJGJ e J GPe ,e J hCG dG M EG J qdG GOG LG .4
q
U Y dGdG GQdG SG ?d JdG W J h ?dG Gg WG g e .5
.H JGJ Mh G
: G HCG
.JdG be Y dG JdG KCG J ?dG U CG WdG U ,dG
j jCG .1
q
? adG Gg d d hJ ch edG M Y adG eCG MCG dEG SG qdG ''G'' e .2
.dP Y SG
? dG d Y dG NBG JdG fG M CG EG .3
: jCGQ HCG
?HLEG qY .dH dG Fd GQfEGh g YdH dG FH JdG jJ g
51
: qXhCGh SCG
QM ? fEG ffEG ,M ,dBG J gh NBH gMCG bY e ,dBGh fEG : dG .1
.dP Ia
.H YCGh Gg cJCG ,j e Hh ,j c AHCd AHBG f : dG QN .2
: SCG
LGh edG eCJ
? G dGh edG qgCG

dG e C ,SdG IM FQ QhO d
e j q c YS K bCG Y r jo
G CG G CG YQG dP cCG AGS ,dG
feCe dG H J CG j fEa ,dd ...dG
a ; dG e dG M g d dP d ,Uh
e Gk c dG AfCG L dG LGj ,j c
;dG ;GRdG ;IZCG : e , dG WG
........IjdG IQGG LQO ; RGgG
: d JCG
(...Gh- g- jCG- j- CG- CG) :''YOCG'' e j H bEG W g UCG AGdGh AGf :Ho CG
: dG
q e OnoJ iNCG me EG UCG e Y AGdG j b dh
ee qJG h QG q @@@ Ud S e jh ,ob j : LdG
! H fa GjY c ,
o M jCG : LdGh dG
q
.J h qJ ,o e j :X j AL dc :AGZEG
52
?e CG M : GdG bh - 13
dG : hCq G Q`G
eY dh.SGQq dG fL EG MGd bh J IQhV EG dGh TQCG C```````JCG

SG e dGh aCG Ig a bdG Gg J q jQJ UCG qfCG M
qj e HCG S g dP e e OOq j , H VCGh bgQEG YV
? G Gg M Y JYe ch ?IG g S eh ? JM Y
pp U
Oe L : SBe
n Yh Op dG pp U
n Y mq pf`rn fEG SBen r pe n q Yp dG
u nIQn qr dG
n M
n U e n rZQ
è I``SC`è
n q p rp dG nIQn n
n G sCG pKG
o p n j qfCG qEG ,p G e mIc mY b p Q```L
o
S
G
C
ah
( ,S ,A)
u G p n n dG p e kn a .p
n s dGh poG n pe n ndG prn fEG Y
r n aq h ,nq Lodo q dG SBG a pM :kSCG
c ,pdG Ap
r p dG n neo o J o dBG
r QU ,mLM pjq CG Ap b p S ,poG LdG :ISCGh
KOM ch
p rdG o NJ iOq CG pr G p ad paVEHh ... p qJGh p fG n S o d
r q Sn
Jh
SCG Y
p a... Gk c Gk aJ
,o oYn c r en ,o p jn ofEG n UC
r pbdGp paJ
r ndEG n Lodq dGh
H
`pHn r pe mIn `pKnn eo Om GYC M
k eo p GdG
o br h n UC
r G Ggh .a o d n n Y n k br h pjr d sCG e Qe : o n v dG
.Gv Lp m nb Om Yn nY GQr
o en c rCG n r Hn p n n dG ah (,U,) QL
YCGh J : p f
,mGa
o bh d
o jo jdG Op Gn ar CG Oo n Yn nc ,ek u ``n``n eo o n n
r oG nc n `sco hn
. AdG: on vdGh
n Jpd p`rn fEG n u eo On hnn GQn k rM

o h v `pf`rfEG k n ren nc Gg sCG n rZQn h . n cr nCG Gk jGe
QL e : Ao
r pdG
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
o
H
hC
G
G
Th
Y
S
G
C
e
p
e
j
hC
G
e
jh
`
e
j
e
I
k
a
dGh
A
dG
h
p
dG
e
p
p
n
r kr
r rn r k
ns
n orGh dG (CG,,)
pIn q n oG pp or G e Om n H nfEG o pHjo p GdG
p
p
bh
s
G
C
`n
J
a
,
n
n nq n r
n n r r T .AYCG Y j
QL e : AdG
.GQk q
n eo c
s m H n cCG pL
o dG
o pIOn q n n eo h
dG
(,,)
mfEG
.o nGh o
u nCG Qo Gn p Va
r
n dG
s g pp or G g r pe m`p eo n hCq G s dh
dGh
me
m
p
p
p
p
dGh
...
G
k
o
j
m
n
hO
e
j
e
p
GdG
YS
A
d
QL
e
:
q dG
o q on s
n o
nn
ah (Q,,V)
o qj o p da
.lIN l f
q
l SfG o dh ...pGh Op dG pU Y kIOe
p V
.
Jh p b :
o pbn jo mIjY mbn M

n pJQr G EG o qq dG Gg o o an j bh p`pbNCGh pp `n pb e q jQJ qJq dG :pn SpnoG
pbnn dG pGn r en
o Qp s dGh ,ps `pbnNr nCG o Z
o at q dG eh .ofdG Y
QL e n `r n dG
p
p
p
p
p
p
p n n
r o d
n `àGq dG Yò EG o n rfGh ,Spn n oGh `Fu òGh n`ù n oG a eh (S,,`g)
pj o VG `n g
r Y p r n Lp q dG p nGh p d
q l Wh l n p r M
n o `pFf qEG ,p`p n pbh p`pJGOYh pdJh H
gP : r`g
.in Nr oCG mn SCr G EG paVE
n H ,pYn s dGh p Gn n dG pbr h pIrcn n pgo h j NCa
p n r j nhn
EG gGq j r H ,pJQn oNo rZQ pIn pg qdG pg nY p nnGh p
.Y npo S : LdG
n dG
q o nKnCG o
p jo jW s er G GPEG p GdGh p
EG nfEG o U
Qo o da
n dH
q
q ... mn u
n eo mq f Qm KBG e jdG :o `r n dGh
G hCG VG IT
o `p q
n jo n o sfCG Qp n YH prp nf p nnf o Qo r nb o
o r `jn hn pIn G ihn r L Y p hDo q dG .dGh G hCG
nIn g sdG g o h ...pIG p peg Y kn eo kq cn j
o `sfGC h ppJGQn o bo h ppJnfer EG
o
QL e : YqdG
pH p n dG p Y Go`qbJ q oK mn nJh u H noj Gofc n jdG oJ e n VhCG
dG (,O,h)
MGdGh
pbh m Y e pH eo j e Gho j h ,n NBG mpH
n hCG pYo q dG u Sp EG r pdU
o ho ZdGNh
dGh
dG
rEG Qp dG Gg n e sCG KG
o j h .`n sòc en jCG C Qn U dG pZp Ga
Y m a On hOQh kIOe mTEG o d
n q Sh p NGq dG e o n qM pfEG n qdJ
53
.kfMCG
p
o odGh
t ,eoG H
o
r q J rCG dr Ox M m H p GdG o e n J rCG p G e nch
p SqdG pIQjR e n nLh .pqedG pGh p VQGh pMp G e n jdG CfCa ,dP EG ,odhDG
Ap r
n G ,d
l h o n J
r GnC Hh .pdG
q Qp Ge Y mIOq e mq e mHCG pSGQq dGh pGVo
hCr G n`H ofEG nj rnCc ,H d G
p edG nGSG YJ fc m YCH p dH p GdG
u
g o r `n
q mIYe nhOo pH pKCG e `k T n n j hCG ppde pGhOCGh pJQq S pfH n oj
peRqdG p`qdG pGOTQEG e pSSCG pGhOCG oJ oq oe lIOu e lYU rCfh .nYCG
nho p jn p Ss dG e GOk Y sCG c .pZp Ga bhCG ,o n Mh p dH ,p
u n n oG p Z pfEG p d
p G hCG p Sr q dG hCG pHdGh pIAGd k Ua p GdG pbhCG
.Gv L lb ,s dG Ap Dg On Y qCG Z ...So
pa òj dG pbr dG ,d p oG p`rbdG
n pqb e pMCG e m c nòj
r ,ADg sCG
o jdGh
pbh n r oe o p r nr nj n qdG sCG sTn nh .onfonr nj nrc hQo r nj dGp GdG pbh pIc e SqdG o dZ
.p`p qM Y n NBG o j
q co sCG e p Zq dH ,e ò`j
o r KG e
r dG e `k qM o SCG p GdG
edG O gR
UG fEG eh dG
JdG EG JCG
e J .1922 S eH dh a eh Jc :edG O gR
Y LG Y Mh .1946 S hH jeCG eG
.1948 S d LddGh d jQWGeEG OcCG e AMCG
dG'' ,''jdGh OG dG dG IQU e'' :J dD e e
''fEG H'' , 1978 jdG - aG Y - ,''UG fEG eh
.jdG-aG Y -LJ
:
q SCG
a OQh dG dG e Sj LG MCG MTG K gQhL EG JBG dG r YCG .1

bdG - G - e - G : dG
.fe Sj fGY IMGh c EG SCG K gOhM q Yh GMh K EG
q q dG r qb .2
.GdGh q dG p n e
r SG .3
: G HCG
bGh e eCG e IMGh q d Or q Yh gcPG .JK LddGh dG d qCG JdG qcCG
.h
.gZ cP LG K GdG bh ce e JdG cP e SG
N e bG K . EG U .GdG bh d IG YCG e nP dG
t
nbG
. gZ JSCG OGaCGh FbUCG Qh HQ
.q Y .jObG JFa GdG bd
.MT H ,NBG fGY d bG
54
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
: jCGQ HCG
e dP jCGQ pHCG .bdG f q Mh e GdG bh qCG Y MhWCG JdG Hn
.GdGh dG p
: qXhCGh SCG
ZGa bh fhJ e he Ghd dG baQ e Y EG q fG : dG .1
.IOaEGh G bdG GP d j
p
a CGbGh ''dMJh qM hdG e'' bhRG c EG ZGa bh Y : dG QN .2
Fbh hO
q K Ie e cCG FeR e FGOCH b ,d e NG K .hdG dCH G ndG
.Wf j gQhOh f dG KCG a RJ b f dP
: SCG
hdG dG h (24 IOG) fEG dG YEG Y Ue p GdG pbh t M
: SdGh fG H UG
dCG 217 edG G QGb L o YG dG fEG ` `dG ``YEG e 24 IOG
1948 jO/hCG fc 10 QDG (3-O)
h dG Yd e j Sh ,GdG bhCG h ,MGdG G T d{
z.LCH jQhO Y
: d JCG
dG NBG fC dG
q Y a IdG SQ bh ,dG JOQh c : Ar eh AY @
.dG g dG Sj eh S b eh
qfEG CG ,b dG G cM Sj M Y SJ qfEa ,dG hM NBG IdG fc GPEG
: J
''DWdG'' ee b e c GPEG ,hGdG Y
''Qb'' GQe b e c GPEG ,AdG Sc Y
''CGb'' Me b e c GPEG ,dCG Y
''AV - Af - AS'' cS b e c GPEG ,(dG
q Y)Sc hO
IH J c 10 Y q j q Y ,LG MCG hCG SQG dG Uf HG
.dG j adG QhO M Ie L fEG Xd ,dG Y a SJ
:Gc GaJ pbdG aJ EG LddGh dG o NJ iOq GC @
G iq J qfC qah dG e b Q Ahe OSEG T ce : Gc GaJ pbdG aJ
dEG H cG a .Gc GaJ G G EG (H e UCG gh : bdG) dEG
.OSEG T cG fGh .QG Y od
55
IG g bdG - 14
dG : hCq G Q`G
C```````JCG
: JBG QGG H QGa jU dG

?YCG e jd GPe fCGh ,AT :dG
?m ec m j p Y H AG Gg oS GPe :hCq G
?jCGQ a .pbdG p d G EG gd
:dG
cjo Y :hCq G
r
H l FV a
o bdGh Ap Gh p dG
q SdH l MOe ,ojfCGh gG
pQTh ..Om r f pY
.kZQp a kjM mq
n n eo h ''mT''
n
Gv L ò tco oIG nJ rCGh n n rdH o tòc nCnr jo rCG p eq dG Y pa
n oG n e o jQCG
o d
r
p
k ZW p GdG obhCG nJ qCG o jQCG sfEG .a nV
n k pn HY nnJ rCGh ,a ng
Y p n n rdG
o bhCGh ,pIG o U g p GdG
o bhCG nJ qCGh ,pn n rdG pbhCG Y
pbhCc p dG p o k VN
p p GdG
p
o bhCG nJ rCG -dP r e n cCG- o jQCG r H :eg
eq EG ,dc mjd p GdG
n bhCG
n p f rCG
o a ,mjd o f n n rdG qfEa ,n n rdG
.pq HOCG hCG pq dG pdc mq f mIq d eq EGh ,pq Vjq dG pdCc mq U mIFd
,oIG g
n nbdG sC ,kYhe k jZ rn ra ,pbdG ob n pg o jdG nJ rCG qeGC
j mQh hCr G Om r f n j qdG nJnbhCG noap j n jda ,pIrd l b pbr dG o a
,pb tdGh pjfCGh pgG no sn n jn jdG dch ,o dG n nJj mj d
.r p pFGn Yr CG r pe hw o Yn sfCc pbdG n b sEG no oj
pu M pYVe n q j rCG o j nfEG sCH Oo YG ,pG pp n pd p np dG
o n r pe
Y nbhP nu n oj rCG or nan ,oAj n c obn hnr P n uj rCG ojh ,oAj c ppgr co h
pY npSG
r p a ,ob e qoj nc nATCG pgGc Yh ,ob re n bo hns nj ronj r nATCG
p j e EG r p Zp Ga
EGh ,v p U
n bhCG Go nu jo rCG -oJOGQEG
r jn b GPEG- p Sq dG prZCG
.v p r Yn ro o n r jn e
pqGh pnG p
n p dG nIAGb sCG nho p j p Sq dG n eq Y sCG ,p SCG n eh
,pq dG pJs d H ojh ,ek dG nfn j a ,pdoY Ap Gd l ac pNq dG
oj pIOGQEG pIbh
q p dG
q e lbh p FGd k uoe hCr G ,pd GQk q sEG rrd n gr hn
p
.pIG pIAGdGh pjq G pSGQq d kU
n qG
o eq CG GPEGh ,oen n n G o q T dh ,pIdG
q Mp Gf e l Mf o d o NBG lfEG g
n GPEa
a Om r an u c nY o p n r nJ ,po o dGh pQp Gh p dG p ha s T n pFHCH l s Z
w c o jh ,ojM nbjn d ,S
o q dG GPEGh ,pIG MGf e a
n J
q
p
p
p
p
p
,rqJG odGh ,rnJQG o aqdG GPEGh ,
t J ho Vh
o aQe p f xoc r pe
.
r n Sn oIGh
n GP Pr EGh ,n Jp en nhtnjo n cn r n doYo Ghtnjo rCG k LGh Y sCG S

o s dG o o j GP Pr EG
56
e :eg
gh (T,,`g)
qfGh TG
o U Z
VG
(cG ?edG)
e :qj
qJ ( ,,S)
e hO e
Lh hCG O
ee
qEG d v nnj n G ndG sC ,Ap dGh dG

ls noe VY
l
q Qp hOo s
o dG p Jj
.
n s noG
n hqdG o pFj
n Qn n Tp r LG
n r nc r gh ''? n Zp Gn an pbr hn pa
n rp Yn GnPe'' :n rn nf npFon J rCG k FGO
lIOh l jZ n d
r fa ,n p r Y p ro Zp Ga
o bh n N r gh ?kY hCG ke hCG k
q U
p eq dG e l a ,n J q M r pha sEGh ,
n
r
n nf r a dc c rEG ? n n en Rn a
n ar n U
n
p
m
nbQCGh ,Qo J
s nbCG n ojh IG in rne o unoj r b ,mqoe Ad m j sc
q
o
s n oj
hCG ,u pdG Lp fEG Ak GS ,J
rCG p j e n o Yo J
,nBG n es CG sEG .o q n nJ
n
o
s
p
p
p
p
p
p
. Ql r gn JM bHh s dG
q dM hCr G q dG aK
-3 -WG a ,eCG MCG
7- -jG dG e
1983 : IgdG
JdG EG JCG
.''edG Md'' f JdH jq dG fG :eCG MCG
:
q SCG
b q d Gq M VGh ''AGhq dG Uh''h ''AGq dG J'' H dG
b
q
q .1
a OQh dG dG Sj LGMCG MTG K gQL EG ''Nq dG'' c YCG .2
''NdG G''
aq dG q b S dH GdG bY H .3
dG
''bdG b'' n ge
q
r q J .4
: G HCG
.dP q H p G Gd M bG K G
o JdG q T .1
dG
N e dP Vh
q
q IOSGh ad k Sh dG JdG W .2
Gg SJ
q ,YGh OdG Y IFdGh H Oj Kh peo o Z l MGh aJ o adG .3
.M e JdG OQhCG e Ge G
: jCGQ HCG
j gj e e cPG ? iNCG hO FSh adG M b
q JdG qCG iJ CG .1
.d OdG bW
.HLEG Y? e Z dG H QYG jCGQ JdG WJ g .2
57
: qXhCGh SCG
QdG H dh ....QdG dh HhG H J Y ,dG Hc eR ,G QhO bG
(....ffG geh adG gGh dG ge) gG e IjL GfCG X
Qq M q K ,dG SQ d Ije IQU gd d IG EG OY bh ,eCG MCG J
.IjG IQdG g Y fd Y Ia
: SCG
gh gG OdG d e SGQdG Y J dCG JbhCG j jdG JdG ''
:dG dG Y j dG dCG e H
Y IQG H Jh qG Y J jgRh IQMh hU GP UCG SQa d : OdG
.dhdG H jCG Jh GgdG H JCj e M
Jh HM c MJ TCG IOq e bh He EG e
q bQ GP d : dG
. hQSc h HQc dG Y TCG e G H
ahM b SH qbeh fe
q T Y qJ c jJ qJ d : HGdG
dG dO J Y GhY qc H YdG jh
G`````gdG
HGdG d
OdG d
: d JCG
dG d
NBG fEG g GPEa

FHCH qZ qeCG GPEGh
jM bj d Sq dG GPEGh
.S IGh qJG dGh JQG adG GPEGh
,GL EG j h eY Z M gh ,FdG GPE``````H ,HdG dG L e L c CGH
CGe gH SG jh ,SG G Y NdH Jh
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jOSCG EG e On YCG CG p jh
TdG IFGO Sh
n pbC
AdG pIFGO h
k eh k e
FT c
:d n bCG CG
o dhM
..IOq L jCG fCG fEG
,GHCG GHCG ,q dh
o oj
r ncJCG r d
TdH meSe mIFGO n NGO
... e m e ...e m VQCG ... e QGLp Y
.po
o j ncJCG d
Ir dG
t p Sor H h
u oG Sor H h p Sor H
.MCG SH h
p bGh prbn r No ,mBG
.Mo c r r
...eo mIFGO NGO q n
o J
r dh
mYr o pHh hCG Ip d onCG fCG g
n p SG
r pe n hCG
n r G qCG
.IpFGO e Al L g
r M
n n SQ
r r HoJ a
. Ije o YdG
99
.1
.2
.3
.4 Rh Y KK a :q b
LhCG : LdG b .qa
.5
.dGh dH
.6
( ,Q , ) QG
.7
.8
.9
:IQdGh QdG
.10 jL AH IOe ,TW
IQdG Y H j
.11
.12
,jSCG hCG : jOSEG
.13
GNEG hCG jdG
.14
(NO c) ,aCG
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
.22
.23
GWCH c : b
.24 O KK a ,SCG
( ,V , ) QG e
.25
.26 f : fh :p
.L MCG e Y ND
o
.27
( , , ) QG
.28
.29
.eq dG neQn qd
QGSCG e iQU
SdG TCG e o n nr J
.IFGdG o n cCG fCGh
.qG h nHG rcCGh
VC
r G pRGe h p G s V Ige
o NCSh
...
r dc
q l nreo g e q ch
.o Mp CG o cG o dG gn M
r h
jRGG pG eCG
Ad nfhOo pHCG EG rcpd oM pGa
. ah ...H Al T n j CG hOh
.e
o n gCG
r dG WT EG
kIMh obCGh
ju oG IQHh
eo r Z kIFGO o SQC
o G
oaoCGh p
r dG pH r aW r e k Me
NGO o bCGh
dG EG e cQC
Gh
o
...dG ...dG ...dG
53 U GjdG ,q dG IOZ
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39
.40
.41
.42
.43
.44
.45
.46
.47
.48
JdG EG JCG
27 GM dCG .1942 S eO dh jQS jOCG :dG MCG IOZ
,hH HGc : e cf ,dGh IdG dGh dGh jGhdG Hc
G ,jQdG EG jQdG e G ,G Y YCG ,Qb Y ,QG d
... S M
:
q SCG
.Oh e e dEG eJ e H K SQG h Sg e e dH OQh e SG .1
He jOGh FdG V EG IG aCGh G V EG IG aCG V .2
.QGa e H MJ e cPGh
.FdG jRJ Y OYH IdG QGWCG J .3
.dG Gg (H) d dEG H MJ dG G H cPG .4
100
: G HCG
.dG dP dO q e Yq dG H e .fH MJ iNCGh fH MJ c IdG J .1
? eh GVM Y Sh LdG jUd ICGG aQ Y IYdG Y c .2
.''Mc bGh b N'' IYdG b IOQGdG jdG IQdG M .3
? IYdG M Gj GPh jRGG G ej EG .4
? GPh G id gCG jCG .jGh G : b dG .5
: jCGQ HCG
?a dP Y dG qah M CG Ea ,Y OdGh LdG J aQ EG IYdG fG .1
?d Mh LdG d aQ H ICGG aJ CG g .2
: qXhCGh SCG
.H NC CG ee jW Y a J Ia QM :dG .1
.ICGG jM EG e c If dN e J FdGh dG d HGSG LCG :dG QN .2
: SCG
.gdCGh edG EGh QGSH QJ dG IG EG eJ : IFGdG .1
.dGh dGh ndd c eQ : HG .2
.fEG SCG AcdGh Gh IOGQEG eQ : G .3
Nadia Julien (Dictionnaire des symboles) p.71/p66./p.408
: d JCG
.HQg fG .1
.H VZ
... d bCG CG dhM eh e
... YHh hCG Id CG
.M IG dG J .1
(a) G e gh . dZ H G hCG YdG ICg J jf Xh G .2
(NCdGh dG Rj) HK Z G G be .3
.jOSEG ce hCG FL cJ hCG IOe G J CG .4
101
dGh GHEG jq rfoCG Y - 11

C```````JCG
efG NGh HGh HGh LhR Y Lq dG Y HM oJ CG ICGd g
? dG
Gg jK d HGL b GDS OSG Qd
q
pedG pGgCG Y J HLEG c mdh gP EG OQGJ lIc l SCG
,moSo e oonJ eh QGhOCG e a oZJ e ICGG AYE ZdG pSG AGQh
e rfY dG neG qCG ufEG gH QoJ dG bdG ICGG J S
nIQdG f
o o Lq dG p j eY qEG oj r ojn QdG q c q M hCG QdG p r H
ICGG e Nj c Mh ,pdG dP n V f
o g o jh qdG LGe Y
o j k FGO k ce VQCG Y fEG o jQJ c d .dGh GdG kjT
H h ,dG TMhh
HdG TMh
a cQj oIGC Gh oLq dG :KG H
n
n
j mdh
t CGh .ArbEGh eM e ICGd M e Qn Rr ph oLdG nq j rCG GMCG e
hCG bhCG e bh Ao q dG d
r VJ e S oICGG H o J hCG o Lq dG H
e dG H ,ICGd QfG
t CG Y
o qJj h lGeo o SG g QdG e Y CG
e : j
p dG na Q dP
r M
q n dG mceo Y e oICGG nJ m jW m d
.G qoJ S eh AfE(.V.)
G f
dGh ,VG Y bdG e o n offEGh ,fCG J CG b lfEG nICGG qEG TQ CG a
.'' k eUh kIHUh kIMh oICGG a
r b ,GdGh QG e Qgd'' fG OCG fh
fCGh fd Geo qHOCG GQM
o INCG fhBG M b n q HdG nICGG qCG jn h CG SBH
.SBH TQ
j'' jfCG HOCG
o J
r QU fCG j Ggh ,Lq d ik U J e r o nJ
rdG Y jG EG n J nICGG CG'' hCG ''qjG GMCGh qjqdG LGdGh SBH
Nj eh ,LSGh iDhdG On q dGh n jdG j nrdG qCch ''fCG H e :UJ
OjEGh pJHh
q fEG G J Y kIgL J mUq n nJ r pe G Gg CG (U.Q.)
dG
.h G G Gg aEG EG jOq DG aNG hCG aG e f
.dGh
nJ CG q G qfEGh ,kIRQH k jq OS n bGe pgGq dG JM oICGG s CG q G d
CGH qbCG Y hCG qHdG oG gJ dG QdGh
dG qY e GAL
q
ICGd o jJ dGRe dG g G g OGaCG e k b k b qCG jJ h ,go J
.''G'' n Me rCG
dG jdG Y
254 OdG 41 U - jdG
102
JdG EG JCG
dH jdG dG e KdG NGhCG dh :dG jdG Y
d Ea HOCG JdDe fL EG AU eL FQ e BG j
Gh dG YSCGh edG dG HdG e dG
.HdG
:
q SCG
p ,GZG c TGh G EG r Yo .1
.Sh
q H .H N GNCGh H eYe jCGQ b K (VMe MhWCG) d jCGQ JdG q b .2
.b c OhM
.LQN e hCG dG e HLEG Y d HGh hL LSG :SCG e Y JdG W .3
: G HCG
eOdG QdG CGh ICGG QY fc VfG dG QdG qCG LdG H ij GP .1
? LdG QY S
? eN MhWCG Md JdG eb dG G g e .2
iNCG L eh UN Y ICGd Oj CG L e aQ eY f e JdG bJ g .3
.dP JGe q b ? fCG OCG Y
.dG ec jK dP J fCG Yh ,cP Y EG fEG dG d aGQ JdG GH .4
: jCGQ HCG
?''fG dGh VG Y bdG e ICGG ffEG EG'' db JdG aGJ g .1
? eRCG Rhh bEd dh dP iJ CG
? fCG OCGh ncP OCG EG OCG jG H J iJ CG .2
: qXhCGh SCG
J CG G EGh IRQH jOS bGe gGdG JM ICGG CG G d :dG .1
je de N e dP H HdG G gJ dG QdGh dG Y e GAL
.bGdG e
.JdDe H cPGh HY GYT hCG jOCG Id ASCG H b :dG QN .2
103
: SCG
:ICGG b e LCG
T ''LdG Ib J ...ICGG J eY'' .''Ud j dh dG eCG j YdG dG e ICGG'' .''gOhC HH H JOH eCG ICGG J '' .''eeCG T gd AT c e ICGG fOL d'' -
: d JCG
:dG
q
hCG UdG aGJ fCG ZdG ajh S b dG Jg H :dGh GdG
e MCGh dG dG Weh dG adc dG UdGh NCG G UGdG
jdG G
e g .(Oh q Xh Oe Wh Om QS ) J dc JGa hJ
q
. dCG J jYT h ZU Od
q jQ fMCG Y J CG dG
104
jU c - 12
C```````JCG
.ehq dG ILe fqd ''jU c'' ZC J EG H SCG
.jU r oc
.jU c
p
AbUCG nH d L c
..jU uc EG kfMCG ICGeG nc EG
..oJ W ch
c e rU
o AO pN EGh
ob e mUY EG
.?jU j GPa
IdG FTCH J d
..?AdG Vjo t J d ...GPh
@@@@
.jU c
.jU c
p
..e dG
r Y eCG rC kfMCG MCG fEG
..e r dG e kfGjO nCGbCG rC fMCG MCG fCGh
..n SCG CG jo - ICGec - fCGh
..?H J - t bdG jCG -GPa
..H n dG J GPh
.?rY J h
p
.QGG Ae EG VQCc MCG fEG
p EG e iJ GPa
.? QGdG
.?QjT jH e lAT a GPh
@@@@
.jU c
.jU c
dLd UfG
eCG d
l
mQhH
r Vj sbdG nLdG CG Z
..ddG QGhOCG Z
.?kLPS kN nATCG J GPa
..dG fCG eh ndG YqJ GPh
..mcP U EG VQCG mICGeG s c qEG
.Yh
..c hCG fH Qr U Y dG EGh
..dG n dG J GPa
.?dG UH oJh
105
@@@@
.jU rc
.jU oc
S A kGL lL fCa
GdG QNCGh ,dG
r b e le fCGh
dG dG dP e le fCGh
.NQ n ICGG nj
... J M a
,nj bdG oLdG GP
.?dG nf ,nICGG j M
..iM b iS a ij GPh
..nM dZRh
..?gQTCG e ndG j GPh
..j K
.d ,fCG fc AdG ,dG OS
JdG EG JCG
e d QU .1942 dGe e .jdG e jq ObG MHh IYT :dG OS
(1986 OGH) ICGeG aa (1971 IgdG ) eCG : jdG YG
:
q SCG
.SG SCG bQCG cH jdGh ,SGh ,eCG dSCG hL q U .1
.IdG Y q YjEG q f AVEG ''jU c'' eR`q dG QGJ QhO H .2
q dG - dG) Ig qdG g dG q YjEG G H cPG q G dG e IdG .3
.(...dG QG`q dGh jO`q dG ,GdG - JdG
q
: G HCG
.''G ICGG'' e He ''dG ICGG'' e jOGh UQG .1
?bGdG
q Y ICGGh LdG H bdG AfG IQhV Y IYdG
q CG .2
dGq dG FGdG SG.ICGG id ICGG IQUh ,LdG id ICGG IQU H HJ IYdG ebCG .3
.dP Y
? IdG N e J c ICGG EG ''bdG''
q If q J .4
106
: jCGQ HCG
? e q bT Hh LdG id ICGd dG QdG H IYdG HQ hj M CG EG
.ICGd `dG
q Q`q dG f HdG G CG
: qXhCGh SCG
RGHEG h gOHCGh fe IdG J SEG ie FeR e Qh :dG .1
YjEG dL
.JCj e hL GO I`q `è Fb K Y HG :dG QN .2
( I ) G
( I ) YdG
IdG
Q /
1
2
3
: SCG
LQG dG dG jH INGdG dh d dCG c H ,aGN T : QjT
dG jh a LhR fN j QjT G CG UN jQWEG b S c
X bh .dG hH e j K ICGeG d c hj CG Qjh L AdG Y jh ,e fN
d d c aGG jG d hJ NCa ,jRh HG ,OGRT e hJ M HCGO Gg
dG dCj g a G dG Y S dG cQOCG c fch .qM FSG Y
.gSGh dEG e gY ,dCG dG EG jG Y ddG
AdG jH Pqj dG G dG Ld GeQ UGh jG OCG QjT UCG
jOY e L H jd VJ dG IOG ICGd GeQ OGRT UCGh H dGh
.QjT
: d JCG
:? AbUCG H d L c
OY c :CG ''Y
n r YCG jN Yhe c'' :f ,J OGj OY Y H j SG IGOCG :c
dO Y CfIdG e dG Gg fCG EG a gSh Y
n r Yn CG dG jq G YhG
.SGh dG Y j e d SG
107

dhDGh jdG H ICGG -
13
?jL Vh CG Fb Vh jd g G fGdG VJ GP C```````JCG

fdG Vh j g ?G hDT HJh LGdG Hh G M FXh e dCG
?WdGh Gh OdG eCG d
mjJ e fdG ICGd q Y njG sEG
e UCG bHh H J
o
G ICGG fe jJ CG n Z ,dG poYo k de ho J dG ATCG SG ( P ) de
,HG e e
cdGh
q dG :jeCG f L
q J iG o jW lIQhUh l he g
.AdG HG
q d ,G gQhOh ICGG pfe Qp J
q l c l q J s d (..).gd
,eG : dGh
e M
k OQ qj ,fGdG QJ
q CG H ,G J qC jW Ge Qq dG e e c
VQCG Y r a EG n do
q Jh pjdG Oo GaCGh
o SDq G
n YJ M ,edG
.H e
p
p
dhDG EG jqdG e rfG ndG fdG ICGG n qb CG oqjh (...) bGdG (Q U) : IQhU
,ddG ddG Ob e nQq AdG s c qCG j Ggh ,G jY fG : QU Qe
M EG M e
IOq e dhD
l q r en OGWH o bQ o q J q e
l a g qfGE h
iNCG
,HQGh oIOG o dG a J Q q e Hdc
dG : G
p
G dG ie hCG ISCG ie AGS jObG dhDGh
QdGh
ICGG eCG odG oa r bh ,SdG dhDG dch ,WdG Mh jGh
r M eh pICGd n e qEG (... ) jQSdGh SdG cdG cQd
gOn Lh
r RHCGh IY k jObGh k Xh m
r bG (...):l c Al nd d
h ,jM Hh
J H
o
o ,q T mdhDe o J gh pedG IG
k H oj fMCG YLG QdG n f qCG dP k jW eeCG o jdG GJ
...jdG QWEG H k fQe
QhdG JH e L
o j qfC ICGG j SSC
o G g n edG nIG pICGG
n dh qEG
gk L h Gah ke
o j h (...) G fEG IOYEG Y o j dG dG
q dG Qp GhOCGh Hr Q hCG L
r CG n He fEG QGhOCG pH (...) k e jo h bee
jW Y n pde o HQCG LoJh ,YLG l jJh Pfh l LCG n o
n j
r dG
odGh JG odGh jQG or Hh odG g (...) edG pIG oNO
...SdG
ZdG VjQ :IQcdG
175 OdG adG IG
( ICGH UN OY)
H 9U EG 7U e 2006 S
108
JdG EG JCG
Yh LG Y Ie eL fJ IPSCG ZdG VjQ .O
dhDe IY h fdGh HdH dDG jY f q dG
.SSh aK
:
q SCG
.edG e OQ IQY TG .1
? ge qe hCG SSCG de e dG fG .2
?HJ dG IQdG ge ?dG ''edG IH'' OG e .3
dG h Sd J hCG ?g e b fdG ICGG QJ Y JdG jM JG .4
?dP j jCG e IOGSG
: G HCG
Gg j AT CG - JdG M fdG ICGG b dEG Uh dG G Y b .1
.IjDe eCG SG ? G
e J HdG Gg J dhM gh ? G ICGG fe jJ he JdG HQ .2
? dG N e dP
.dP Y e cPG ?ge SSCG d JdG f ICGG j .3
: jCGQ HCG
Gg aGJ g iG jW IQhUh he g G ICGG fe jJ CG JdG q bCG .1
? GPh ? QGbEG
eb dG G g .''ICGG j SSCG g eq dG IG ICGG dh EG'' :JdG b bf .2
?c ? e
: qXhCGh SCG
IG gOLh RHCGh Iq Y jObGh Xh fdG ICGG bG :
q dG .1
jOG g ICGG Uh dG dG OjE ffG EG LdG hM .edG
Gg AbUCG QhM ICGGh LdG H cGdG Vh Y QbCG jY f :
q dG QN .2
.I ZU fGh VG
109
: SCG
q dG GMCG q e
MU Y LhdG e d j e
EG jh JY jh hH NBG ej CG LhdG e MGh c Y - 23 dG
.H QdG
.IOdGh dG j M LhdG LGdH LhdG jh
dGh dG dP fhDT jJh AHCG HJ Mh ISCG hDT J Y fhjh
.dG eGh
f dMh dM Qb Y AHCGh LhdG Y j CG FdG FQ H hdG Yh
.e d c EG ISCG Y fEG gJ CG LhdG Yh dG e
dG GMCG
.H UG LhR GeCG Y hd jh - 24dG
: d JCG
gd cdGh dG :''jeCG f LJ iG jW IQhUh he g'' dG
AL
q
G K d He Fc Y dd UCG Vh HdG Gh e ''jeCG'' (..)
: He Z Fc Y GdG
Gh fG : dG .EGh CG : GdGdG .INBGh fdG : GQGdG .dGh G : GAdG .dGh dG : GUCG .GYdGh gdG : GUCG -
110
? gfh q f c ICGG - 15
C```````JCG
cG eh G NGO gOLh Va GTCG e ICGG b
q Zq dH
AGQdG EG HL QdG V jd j GRe H qEa SSh YLG M e
? ADg JdG LS a
,G e c Lq dG e IG Ie pbfGh ICGG j
r EG IYq dG e Om Yo Hn
jh - Lq dG e mCH ,SqdG Y pYn GoG odGh ,IQnG GQhGh boG n rY f Gf
hGT igh eCG Sb Y nr G ooJh ,ICGG p j nCGne LoJ - ! jCG AqdG e ,HGd
.ICGG j IYOo e gp Zh
oIQeh o G M
o dG gh gf dG fe EG pICGG pIOY
n Lho Oo o oG IYt dG ij
ICGG Y lIQe n HJ qCch ,OhCG pHJ Y
n p or J CG j nICGG qCG ADg o
q M
o h ! G
.ICGGh Lq dG H k coe k dhDe dh ,a
p - j Ggh ,dG dH SCG e lS edG nICGG qCG jCG oqoMh
eY nqdG qnCG -kr V
p ZCa ,UNG p H VJh ,nJOT L ,n jOe oICGG pbG
p peG
u dG q en q
o M ICGGp J p On q of CG Y dd k n nJh ,dG Lh dG
.pJGP
q q d
e SJ ng Jh ,d mqe SQGe
j EG dG EG ICGG pIOY Qo fCG Yj
n
H ...? GOBG M H ...? Vjq dGh ,AjdGh ,Adc qdG JH
S GPa ,pW
q
..!IjL Ao N GOBG AGQh e nj dh ..! q HY Qc Ge d dG g AGQh e jd nj d
o GQeh ,
q G jQdG
o qfCG r nYa d fMj dG gG f Y
n dAJ GPEG eCG
.o oJn p en ..LdG rb EG jW
n bCG qCG QYH dG o ah jdGh cG
eGh SQGG dG nd dG e rLN eY nICGG qCG qG HdG IYOo oM eh
,ICGG nNCG o G n Ueh ''ddG'' nGQG qCch dG
q nNCG raCGh ,obNCG ra
..! dGh
M
r dP c ,ddGh gGG Yh pddG e NBG G o LGeh ,oIn pn or G o adGh o dG
p M
jq dG q bNCG dG g YO GPEG dH a ,b S q bNCH
n dGh
q HdG
q qjo
n
m
.?dHCGh WdG e G Yh ,IPdG Y IH nH qcdG
fGb e rQq h nAdG pn nZ nICGG qCG ac ADg S neCG ? or o dG Y EG Oo f c
!? q HPG
e ..AdG hRhCG W oK p
r ndh QqdGh pIQs n dG Y
r ICGG OVG fGL e
l fL
n Gg
.! VQCG
111
H fc ! e hCG Ae H GH ,ICGeG H k ndY GhQo J

q ?odG EG obf
o H nICGG o f c
! ST h
l jGhQ ,o He ,WSCG ,Me ..ICGeG LCG e ,qcOo o dh ,q To

o hM ,ICGeG LCG e
r p SoCG ThY
l
.ICGeG dEH Gg t c ,eq dG a J Ql TCG
.iNCG Iq e rS EGp pIYdH ,o r H ICGG o f ,Gg eh
(qH) HdG ,S e
1994 a - 423 - OdG
JdG EG JCG
JHH Y Ue e Uh Jc :S e
j fGh dGh fSd aGdGh ICGG jd IUG
jG ''SCG'' IjH b FQ BG
:
q SCG
?GdG
q dG dO e .1
.W c MhWCG GSG hM ''JdG'' dG dG qeh ''OG IYdG'' hCG dG qe .2
.f q d IMGh SGh JdG SG dG G GfCG J .3
EG LJh fCT e J eCG Y J CG d a ICGd AGY J eCG JdG OQhCG .4
? G fe
: G HCG
JdG OhOQ
.?jCGQ j ah ''OG IYq dG''`H JdG j e .1

:hG J CG .2
OG IYdG AGQBG
AHCG Hd H EG ICGG IOY IQhV
Adc dG JH S GPe
? VjdGh AjdGh
.dGh d LN eY ICGG NCG Oa
.ICGG OV Yq T c qHh dG
IOQGdG dG eCG EG Yo .3
q
112
: jCGQ HCG
?Se e fdG ICGG Y e AV JdG be b
q .1
? G jY HcEGh ICGG j SEG gS c jCGQ M .2
: qXhCGh SCG
jQH ISCG gc KCG b d ICGG hN CG a J Jd M q b :dG .1
.dGh
JdG db
q qcCJ ''ce ..Gh ,fDe IG ,fDe VQCG ,fDe dG'' :dG QN .2
.L Y qdGdG FGdG qSh L GOG g SH
: SCG
:hRhCG W @
CG e e dG gh .VQCG IdH j dG iG dG e AL g hRhCG W dG fEG MW eCG dh .FdG OGd
q dG
q RGdG Y Ya J W Ar T
hRhCG W eJh H JEG Y YJ IOe FdG OGG g e L QedG M EG J
.H QKBG e dG g qj Gf a jQ BG dG QeO CG AdG KG bh
: d JCG
qfD jo h qcjo e g dh FGb Y SG dP jh qceo h qfD eo EG q HdG ASCG q oJ
gZh ... Gh o o dGh dGh
dGh
q
q GQqdGh qdGh dGh
q jdGh dGh
q qdGh dq dc
113
ShdG YEG ICGG - 16

C```````JCG
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pLh Y
k VGh dP nch ,kIe k YH hCG p WCG H hCG p G eq EG pICGG
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q
d nu oJ rCGh ,pLq d k uoe nJ rCG pJM og oj nch ,kIe k jeo k eOo oJ
p rCGh ,jd u
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n jo
pIn pFGOn Y kb dh
r An q dG n r jo rCG p r jo dG Qo hr q dG gh ,u CG pICGd jC
k G sfEGh ,ra
pYp sdG pdG gpQH
o pqG p g pZCG e pJCa o cCG o G qeCG .pLq dG peN
. mIQKEGh Am GZEG n rjjh r p jn c o qoJh ,ppgGG pdG
o p q dG
.mIe
n bGe hCr G Rm eQ p GSH pYdG Y oYEG t j e Gk a pfYEG eq CG
g o bCG fCGh .pICGG o L g ''o tdG'' oj pG e (%90) pFH
n J h
pfYEG peN pICGd pq dG pKfCG o GSG a t j dG pG bWEG
p FSh ppFdG
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n M p YEG
pgje pjJG pG pdG e mN Y iNCG pYdG
q p FdG
if rCG kbWEG o dG pbdG ,mIe m VhCG h e pjQdG hCG dG
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n pa
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nc dr c p Wp dG pp Yh a ''fGL'' M hCG ''eGS'' hCG ''cQH'' Ap GH YEG
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.dP VhCG .YEG FSh ICGd dG IQd jQ - jObGh f GJ JdG eq b .4
?dP JdG M e ?fEG M Y AGYGh ICGG IQU J H bdG e .5
: jCGQ HCG
?gZ hO G H CG e fYEG ICGG JdG aJ CG .1
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j J hCG OSG hCG bJ CG ''ICGG V dG'' e j bJG g VGZC :1 IOG
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hCG ,NBG Ge CG hCG fGh q adGh q YLGh jq ObGh SdG jOG q SSCG
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116

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.HdG-ShdG YEG FSh ICGG IQU o SCG

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j M ,pIn ndG Ap GS HdG ICGd LP HdG o FdG oGdG nq J CG Qo rnjh
gh .AbQdG hCG AGG o dG pGP AGdG AdG ICGG IQU p G o WCJ
o HdG G o oWoCG rJOq M e Qr H ,oJGP o HdG o q FdG
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e k dM jd oJh p WCG GdG g oIgeo uKDJ hCq a ,oHdG o q FdG
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2006 jO 26 AKdG
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?JYe HdG
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? jdG H ICGG L J HdG FdG GdG eJ EG .5
118
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fdG ICGd Uf IQU a q J fH J CG jJ e H e oW :dG .1
SCG H ICGG g Y .jOG e Ge
H G d QTEG QJ
q Y YGh e ''Le'' jQTEG d N :dG QN .2
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j AdG Hch ShQh dc hdG H h .Ad jObGh SdGh YLG
FdG Od De hCG Y KG Y AL SG H MG .dG Gg IRLEG Y
ZQ dG ICGG H Y MG hCG ch ,1945 Y jQH Y dGh dG WGdG
KM dG FdG HGVEG H KEG Y c ICGd dG dG G Lj MdG H CG
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M DaH Oj ICGG V dG Y AdG H fYEG 1967 S edG G YG K
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SGh G dG H jdGh G eCGeCG j e IOY YdG SH e U :Le
KK Lh Y j fCG PEG VGh dGh YdG
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119
q M f
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43 968
GdG L
42 210
LdG OY
7425
AdG OY
% 17^2
ICGG QM f
dG d
GdG L
6817
LdG OY
5594
1075
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ICGG QM f
G
% 41^6
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% 18^2
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% 17^5
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% 9^4
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GdG d
GdG L
37151
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30191
6350
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dG d GdG d
% 41^8
% 17^5
% 20^5
% 17^5
% 18^5
% 17^3
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% 20^7
% 17^0
% 16^5
% 16^5
% 0^0
% 9^6
% 7^3
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120

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dG Ib ICGG cQe EG'' YLG hDd HhQhCG VG ''dH fejO fCG'' dbh
J ICGG a ..VGh IQH G H hdG j YCGh IQdG Y EGh AH jJ
f Ea HQhCG dG dG jQGOEGh SdG dG FXdG e FG 30h 20 H
FG KKh ,fa FG KG Y jj UG cdG dG FXdG
N Y dG dG FXdG f jh ,fjH FG 6^3h ````fCG
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eCG dG Jh YdG LQO aQ CG cCG h .UG JYhe IQGOEH j AdG e FG
f Ic f j YCGh IQdG Y UHh G H IGhe CGh ,M
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H H j CG j dG e HV JOq e Y bEGh We jh ,edGh
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67 U dG QGO 4 IUG ICGG jbh SEG G qdG
dG ES e Hh ,e e J CG OGQCG dG Qq dG IT eCG e AH Ae jQdG .5

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jQWGed SSCG M Vhh S HQCGh N GG M edG g HG HGdEG
dG EG ShQ OhH Uhh dG V W ,ShQ Ib jJc ,fjdG
da SGJ fch ,LdG e H gb fch ,fGchCG MH OSCG
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dG Y g e fqJ ICGH a VaCG eY LQ OQCG GPEa ICGG U e LdG .12
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SdG g HdG qC G fj h ICGG J NCGh dG HJ qEG'' eCG Sb j .13
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(2) G SJCG
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n
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n e qdG ,AGG nG Rn hJ
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dH dH a G a jOG c M ICGG KCG dh
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jT NBG f Y nAGT kHM J CG ... J ICGeG g gh
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Y ...FdG GdG qJ dG jQKEG IOG qKD J
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jq H de EG ICGG LMG Gq M LdG c d
126

hCG H LCG .6
GDdG
?1956 S fJ q dG GMCG QU
?1957 S fJ q dG GMCG QU
? jL 25 j ICGd WdG dH fJ
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127
oMCG
np e o n aCG
o d
r :Me/QGM f - 1
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pIG phDT r e
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n s co ?GQn ce k T o e q oJr aCG r a ,p dH
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q
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o t J
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qCG p M ,pq d o dG a o j q dG pG An hg k Fn Op g s oJH
r fc .mn r eo mbr h
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p ò onjh zg qS{ JM jT u oj eqjGC hq dG c :IG
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p dG q opFGH n n nfoG n q L pfR ...pdGh p r kdG pGe kbY n r s
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s CG kIq d ,mq ne e a Hof eh pMdG pFGpd qEG :IG
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Y b kfM g ... qW QjdG EG
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dc SCGQ Lh ... Jhd HCG
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r n
n rfGC Pr EG kKK dW e eCG dh ,keZ h k jQL gCJ e dGh ,H j :a
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d :b K ,ej Ha KW J jb AGdG e f KK LG :b :H M
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132
ddG Q`G
UG Y ZGT e
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q G
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SCG
?NdG
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134

he REG o gSCG
QNCH YdG ag ,jq M q H Qf Yhe dG e ja e hdH CG
: hG
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q
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135

dG dG - 1
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?dP SCG e ?feG Ia hJ GP
mHSG EG
n Oq D j rCG pfCT r e AT q c EG ,fe HC
n G ,dG o e jo
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q
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p dG oVh ,G hCG QhG
o dG pGSEGh pd dGh p q b hCG pGA dG Ic
e o jdG odGh ,JdGh jdc o FdG odGh p dGh p fGh
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r Op LEG pGSEGh dG
r HU
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r nJ
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dG pehe Y h ,VdGh dGh dG EG r LJh r e Id
p q dGh pen hG Y Qn bCG J Q L
o hR qajo dG o Lhda Gdh .p q h
n gCG ,dM r en j eY DhJ n cCGh Ap dG Y Qn n bCG j jGh
,QfG Yh
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JdG EG JCG
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dG dH J Y Y L Yh cdGh
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136
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? gQGVCG e qbdGh d f dG e :AGhfG hCG ddG dM .2
: qXhCGh SCG
Or u Yn : U YH HUEG T eGY J b ,GG qd VY fEG c :
q dG .1
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hCG U de hCG jJ hCG YGPEG jM hCG IV HJ fCG QJ
q :
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n a qfCG fj .e mT An V jo CG j fdG dG dG q c .IQH IdG o hCq G .dG rJ CG e l N k T An J CG 137
: d JCG
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138

Ao p n dG Qo
n prfG - 2
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139
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140
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www.bbcarabic.com
LIFT
04:10 2007 SQe 05 KEG
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... krfn pa nr dhn n p Yr oCG r nd ufGE p ... r p n rWG ...pVn nG Gnn pH n Sn r pe n ncr nCG o r eo l jp
n en eu GoC ... nr o Sn ...
n L
o Qr GnC ... pHnCG ....k r Tn n n p Yr oCG r nd ...n p rjn -
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pM
p ,n un oG pu Sn ,n o u nfoCG
n Qp n dG n hs nCGhn n M
n Qp n dG o o r nZQr nCG ufGE p ...q Sp Qn r nG ppHn pc n H
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n u Yn oCG rnCG pfner EGp pa
n r ndhn ...o r pe n V
n
n n p dG snCG Yn Os G o s p ndhn n n p nG n ojn rnCG
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l jpnZ ...
l jpnZ :o un oG
p nM :ljpnZ
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n :
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187
? nV
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n
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n n :CG
MCG QL
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42 U/1936 jL
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G jY c Ue He Uh jOCG : MCG QL
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q
:
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188
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EG cPSG a cYj Ua hCG G e H dh gS h jZ e c : dG NGO .1
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189

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190
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191

p
n oG pa o Ss nn JnCG
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(IFG IQS 01 e jBG e AL) irn sdGhn u prdG nYn Gofh
n n nJhn (e GhQ) ''
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o r Hn t o jn pn r o rdnc p peDr o rpd o peDr o rdG'' Ge N MQCG HN e H
l gCG QGdG SdG EG UdG GdG IOH Gqd
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nSn c
Y AGYG hCG WC ZG dM dCG 21 CH jaCG L Wd jM FMEG J e a IMGh Ea ,Gjd ahh .TCG J S M QU WCG V JQG ,Y HEG
.Y HEG j ZG dM 36 c
dGh G
(IdG IQS e ) k as nc p rdG
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r n L
r na p r
s pd G
o n L
n rEGp h''n ag Hg .a Gh G VN Y e g QdG dh ,G QGb kFGO QdG j -
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Cc dG Gg SdG EG ..a G j hG MQ H dG Gg EG ..jOG ZCG
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(fZ) jd Gk M hG J CG b hd Gk M J CG jdG Y j -
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p oj nsdG sEGp Gop rMnCGhn pnor sdG ndEGp rojprjnCpH GoroJ h''n (IdG IQS e 195 jBG e AL) ''pp ro rdG t
192
: YGh dG aBG
,gEGh eG AS fj S 15 e bCG W e 40 CG dG dG e QJ
YLGh U jYQ EG Ljh
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.fah UYCGh RRh efJ S QhO Qe 100 `H QGVCGh T dCG 300 e (jfhG jG e)
EG OCG fah UYCGh RRh efJ J W QGc S 2005 S T .QhO Qe 100 GM Y dG QGVCG M Hh T dCG 300 e cCG e
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g OY H PG ,dG g FGSG UGdG Se UYCG OY Sb bQ Sh
e KK Ib H PG ,Jeh Jb Sb bQ S c .GQYEG 14 H 26 UGdG
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(dG dG e)
193

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LM
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194
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.ie qd de hCG jG dG
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195

o `s ``nboCG
: a gG QGeh JH dG HQG .1
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rsnnnd
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s n rWCG
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n prfG
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G
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r re n mIQS toch
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n
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u
196

:d YO J C J MhWCG e Fj e hG OQh M qd cPG .4
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G
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197

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(G H)
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o GQ n ` a
?` dG AG`dG ` b èh !p```````````````` dG
n
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o G``````````````èCG a`j ` a l ` MQ m`Z à
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? Q`dG o`gr h p`` Y ```````````` s
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j G p Z `Y
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198
.1
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.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24

jq T Je eOCG
NdG Y ee c (c hCG) T (`d @aSG hCG) e U @He q e Y J .1
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J K QGdGh aBGh QNCG ehe edG q gCG M @e iNCG Y Jh .2
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(40-39U
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q G .1
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(TdG MCG)
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(UdG)
fqSo e SCG UGeo
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199

@JGP UG Y ZGT Q e Je q bCG
LQq dG
jG
5 4 3 2 1
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Y ZGT e Q SQOCS dG Fd JGQJ V

Jjh aGgCG AV UG
d IOG aBGh WG J .1

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.IjG QG AH HjEG gS
baQ e fhJ
baQh PSCG e Gq L UGJ
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5
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200
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d IOG aBGh WG J .2

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:jedG EG fMCG OJ SBe e a e H G
MCG h ,fdG OG MC e c bh c S c 1925 Y jQdG ffdG G qCG J a -1
fdG G Y QdG WEG dHh ...JOS MU Jh jQdG OhG EG dG J jCG
.H M bh jQH EG ffdG GdG NO J jQdG OhG SGM MCG b e
iNCG UGZ U gFb S gS AKCG fCG dG G UGdG iMEG Y hDe Qe cP a -2
S H FdG a ''Y dG jJ jOe dhO J fCG GhYG'' Gc e eh a jb
jg j q d VQCG GQSG c Ja gP jCG j UGdG U CG M dh UGdG
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jhj dO iS J ... UCG fGM fc iNCG UGdG qC ? j gh H CLJ dh
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djEG J dG dG QGdG e -1
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lQRBJ -3
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(QH) e je Qe -5
hG jd qJ dG fG e -6
dG eR G H j -7
(7)
(5)
(1)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(6)
(5)
(6)
(7)
201
HGq `dG QG
````dG
QG GgCG q JCG
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q OdG jJ dG QhO q J .1
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q gGdG H e
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SCG
?qdG
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203
``````dG : HGdG Q`G

he REG o gSCG
hCG/h fdG) G dG Y Qf Yhe dG e ja e hdH CG
: hG
...dG H jq dGh MhH dGh

q OdG jJ gQhOh .(dG hCG/h HdG
: dG
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q .1
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o n r oJ : Me
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204
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o G d - 1
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rCG @ dCdG GNr EG H nfh .qJ
r fc @mIn u Sn pY H
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n pb r pe dP go JCG sfEG p r qdG n oWpr jo h hpr n r jn jdGh
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209
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210
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Les Beaux-arts
:G dG
.1
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dGh SdGh bdGh SG : fCG Y LEG T g dh ,@J
n p o NyG bh
...dGh G FdG EG j e gh dGh QGh
da zSGJh dG nIMh{ n q f CG e j dG H jq dG EG : dG IMh .2
EG j Y dG EG{ :'' Kant fc'' CG dG Qj c dG G EG J L
d IG G CG ,dG Gh IG G H dGh .zdG dG G
.fEG U e a dG G eCG ,fEG U e
: d JCG
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JGJ
q
:Yf gh .a NBG Y gMCG OGRh ,e U cTG T H fQe'' :dGh
fQe J ]Y e + If J SG + q e[
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n @ .2
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n @
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:j e
LAROUSSE
e OQh @
Beaux-arts : Non donn l'architecture et aux arts plastiques (sculpture, peinture, gravure), auxquels on a parfois joint la
musique, la danse, etc. LAROUSSE,.1991.
213
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p s p ndhn ,
p j
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n pH e : proG
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218
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292
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l p Yn Al r Tn
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s
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296
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r H
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q .4
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297
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562.U -2
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1930 / 1348 S SQe 21- GT 20 fJ

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G jG 09
NCG dG EG 10
dG dG hT GQOEG
Y hGQH
G `dG
47
eCG MCG
edG Md
50 dG dG hTh G NCG GQOEG
edG gR
GdG bh
53
d bdG jh adG gCG GQOEG
eCG MCG
IG g bdG
56
IjL e EG dG
HGQ OdG q LddG MG e
59
dG fCG
62
324
11
12
13
14
15
IUG G ICGG :dG QG

dG
iG
74
SCG
75
e q M gSCG
UdG
@IG GgCd dG J
qdD G
dG GY
Q/
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UdG he
Va ICGG J 01
79
hGdG Gf
G V 02
82
edG
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QdG IM
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88
TQ Tg hQg
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91
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94
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q ICG``G 07
97
f Fe
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99
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dG ICGeG 09
dG jdG Y
dGh GHEG jfCG Y 10
dG OS
jU c 11
ZdG VjQ .O
@dhDGh jdG H ICGG 12
S e
@?gfh f c ICGG 13
85
102
105
108
111
114
G ICGG de qJ
HZh bT IUG
Se fU hT GQOEG
YOh ICGG
117
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@ShdG YEG ICGG 14
SG e q f be PJG
QTEGh YEG ICGG dG Y S dU.O @FdG GdG ICGG L 15
120
dG fCG
UG Y ZGT e :ddG QG
iG
dG
136
137
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e qM gSCG
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dG
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qJdG gGHEG QdG Y

138
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144
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146
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dG
q
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149 fEGh UN
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OY hQe
152
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155
YLG dG
G gdG
158
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161
dG
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164
167
171
174
178
181
184
187
190
193
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Qe fGa
dc jRL
M MCG LJ
dG GY
Q/
dG dG 01
AdG QfG 02
IdG WGdG IQ 03
heG 04
H Y fEG 05
FdG dG 06
QGdG WCG 07
G Y dG 08
NCG 09
dGh dG 10
jH YU G 11
cG H GQOEG
J dG QNCGh G VGeCG
dG HdG
qjdG e
dG QGdG hgdG bU L
HdG GdR 13
gdG q
IdGh dG 14
jdG G
IQdG 15
LG L
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M W
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MCG QL
r
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FSh SG AS
jG JG
EG LG GQOEG
H eq dGh jdG
g Ho dG
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326
AGhO H AGO 12
dG : HGdG QG
dG
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203
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204
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qdD G
205
208
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Q/
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211
QJ O
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dG QhO q j rCG @
,MhH dGh OdG jJ OqdG O SY ? jQhV G dG g 03
214
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qdGh dG 04
217
Oq U jdG Qf
mn u neo o
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220
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223
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226 eh G dG EG qG q j rCG @
dG M .O
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jG
G 10
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QH aJ
GJ e jj 12
TY hK .O
pr ndG po oa
o r dG
s 13
dG jdG Qf
gGdG H e jq f be j rCG @
.dG dG OdG MdG Y.O
bdG IQdGh dG 14
,e c
229 QhO e G d e Qjq rCG @

232
aqdG bJh dG H jqdG
235
238
242
245
248
252
dG fCG
327
FGOGqdGh djdG
q 15
SGdG : eG QG
iG
dG
267
268
SCG
e q M gSCG
UdG
dG
269
273
276
279
282
285
288
290
293
296
299
301
304
307
314
317
qdD G
dG GY
Q/
TdG MCG
dG Y FSdG GjO ICf 01
fCG SdG Y
SGG ge 02
fCG SdG Y
dSdG cQCG 03
SGg Qe
d``````SqdG 04
MG
hQg H S dSQ 05
G H Y
Vb EG N dSQ 06
dG q
eM e IqS 07
FSdG QhO q J (2 JQdG M MCG
dG qdhDe 08
bdGh UGdG
OU jdG Qf
dGh hGh OhQdG 9
YVG CGqdG AGHEG (3
G aJ
!dGh dG H 10
GL N GL
jOCG bGU 11
qHdG SdG HCG
G Wj HdG 12
rcndG p en nR ap
w M
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e GfCG EG q dG (1
e UCGh FSdG
.SGG
FSqdG dhG
b QGf
Y fj
MdG Y aM
hdG jdG 14
p SGn
o Jhn p u
n Jd pnjpnG spLodorpdG 15
pn nroG
dG fCG
: Me
IO edG GgCG AV f H UG (dGh fG) FGLEG GgCG TG EG Ye PSCG (1
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.IG GgCd cCG ICGG Q (@) edH dEG QG UdG (2
328

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