Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

MT S KHI NIM V KIN THC C BN HA HC (2)

20. Th hnh (Allotropy, Allotrope)
Th hnh (allotropy) l hin tng mt nguyn t ha hc hin din cc dng n cht khc
nhau. Cc n cht khc nhau ca mt nguyn t c gi l cc dng th hnh (allotrope).
Th d: Oxi (O2), ozon (O3), tetraoxi (O4) l ba dng th hnh ca nguyn t oxi (oxigen,
oxygen, O). Photpho trng, photpho , photpho en l ba dng th hnh ca nguyn t
photpho (phosphor, phosphorus, P). Graphit (than ch), kim cng, m hng (b hng, l
ngh, than v nh hnh), fuleren (fullerene, C60) l bn dng th ca nguyn t cacbon
(carbon, C). Nguyn t lu hunh (sulphur, S) c nhiu dng th hnh nht, khong 30 dng
th hnh, nh S8; S7; S6; S12; S18; ....
21. a hnh (Polymorphy, Polymorphous, Polymorphism)
a hnh l hin tng mt cht rn hin din cc dng tinh th khc nhau. Cc tinh th khc
nhau ca mt cht c gi l cc dng a hnh (polymorphs: dimorphs, trimorphs,
tetramorphs,...C th dch l nh hnh, tam hnh, t hnh,...). S bin i gia dng a hnh
ny thnh dng a hnh khc c gi l s chuyn ha a hnh (polymorphic transformation)
Th d: Canxi cacbonat (carbonat calcium, CaCO3) c hai dng a hnh l calcit (calcite) v
aragonit (aragonite). Titan ioxit (dioxid titan, TiO2) c ba dng a hnh l brookit (brookite),
anatas (anatase) v rutil (rutile). Kim loi st (Fe) c cc dng a hnh (th hnh) l Fe- (ferit,
ferrite); Fe- (austenit, austenite); Fe-. Photpho (phosphor, P) c cc dng a hnh (th hnh)
l photpho trng, photpho v photpho en.
Nh vy a hnh l s hin din cc tinh th khc nhau ca cng mt cht rn (c hp cht
ln n cht, nu l n cht rn th a hnh cng l th hnh)
22. Hn hng (Amalgam)
Hn hng l hp kim ca thy ngn (Hg) vi kim loi khc. Thy ngn l kim loi duy nht
hin din dng lng iu kin thng. Thy ngn ha tan c rt nhiu kim loi to hn
hng. Ty thuc vo t l gia thy ngn v bt kim loi em phi trn m hn hng thu c
c th dng lng, st (nho) hay rn. Hn hng c th dng lm cht kh (hn hng natri),
dng lm in cc, dng trong s phn kim (tch vng, bc)...
c bit hn hng c dng lm vt liu trm rng. Ngi ta ly hn hp bt kim loi gm:
69,4% Ag (bc), 3,6% Cu (ng), 26,2% Sn (thic), 0,8% Zn (km) (phn trm khi lng)
em ha tan trong thy ngn (Hg) to hn hng dng lm trm rng. Thy ngn chim
khong 42-45% khi lng hn hng ny. Lc u hn hng dng st nn c nht vo l
trng ca rng cn trm. Thi gian ngn sau, vt liu ny ng cng li. Hin c nhiu tranh
lun v vic dng hn hng trm rng, v thy ngn l cht c i vi thn kinh. Tuy
nhin theo cc nha s, hn hng c an ton cao, c l thy ngn b gi cht trong hp kim
vi cc kim loi nn khng gy c hi ng k. V trong thc t ngi ta dng phng
php trm rng ny t lu (t gia th k 19 n hin nay)
Trong khai thc nh l, ngi ta dng thy ngn gi ly vng c ln trong qung, sau
em chng ct thu c vng c hm lng cao hn.
23. ng lng. ng lng gam (Equivalent weight. Gram equivalent weight)

Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

ng lng ca mt cht l s phn khi lng ca cht c th thay th hay phn ng

va vi 1 phn khi lng hiro (hidrogen, hydrogen, H) hay 8 phn khi lng oxi
(oxigen, oxygen, O).
H2 + 1/2O2
H2O
2g
16g
1g
8g
H = 1; O = 8
0

t
CuO + H2
Cu + H2O
80g
2g
40g
1g => CuO = 40

2Al + 3/2O2
Al2O3
54g
48g
9g
8g
=> Al = 9
Fe + 2HCl
FeCl2 + H2
56g
2g
28g
1g => Fe = 28
(28 phn kl Fe thay th 1 phn kl H, trong HCl, nn ng lng ca Fe trong phn
ng ny l 28)
Na + CH3COOH
CH3COONa + 1/2H2
23g
1g

=> Na = 23

ng lng gam ca mt cht l khi lng tnh bng gam ca cht m c s ch bng
s ch ng lng ca n. y l khi lng tnh bng gam ca cht c th phn ng hay
thay th va vi 1 gam H hay 8 gam O.
Nh vy khi nim ng lng vi ng lng gam cng ging nh khi nim nguyn t
lng, phn t lng vi nguyn t gam, phn t gam. V do 1 ng lng gam mt cht
c th thay th hay phn ng va vi 1 mol H (1 nguyn t gam H) hay 0,5 mol O (0,5
nguyn t gam O).
Th d:
H = 1 => ng lng gam ca H (lgH) = 1 gam
O = 8 => lgO = 8 g (8 g O phn ng va vi 1 g H. Hay 1 lg O phn ng va
vi 1 lg H. Hay 0,5 mol O phn ng va vi 1 mol H)
Al = 9 => lgAl = 9 g (9 g Al phn ng va vi 1 g H hay 8 g O. Hay 1 lg Al
phn ng va vi 1 lg H hay 1 lg O. Hay 1 lg Al phn
ng va vi 1 mol H hay 0,5 mol O)
CuO = 40 => lgCuO = 40 g (40 g CuO phn ng va vi 1 g H. Hay 1 lg CuO
phn ng va vi 1 lg H)
S lin h gia ng lng vi khi lng nguyn t, khi lng phn t (S lin h
gia ng lng gam vi khi lng mol nguyn t, khi lng mol phn t)
A =

MA
nA

Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

A: ng lng (ng lng gam) ca cht A

MA: Khi lng nguyn t, khi lng phn t (khi lng mol nguyn t, khi lng mol
phn t, nguyn t gam, phn t gam) ca A
nA: - Ha tr ca A (nu A l kim loi)
- Bng s ion H+ m mt phn t axit (acid) tham gia phn ng (trao i)
- Bng s ion OH- m mt phn t baz (baz, base) tham gia phn ng (trao i)
- Bng s in t m mt phn t cht oxi ha nhn
- Bng s in t m mt phn t cht kh cho
- Bng s in tch m hay s in tch dng m mt phn t mui, oxit (oxid, oxide)
kim loi, axit (acid), baz (baz, base) tham gia trao i (phn ng)
- Ni chung 1 phn t A c cha nA ng lng A hay 1 mol (1 nguyn t gam, 1
phn t gam) A c cha nA ng lng gam A
Th d:
M Al 27
Al =
=
= 9 (ng lng ca nhm bng 9; ng lng gam ca nhm bng 9
n Al
3
gam; 1 nguyn t Al c cha 3 ng lng Al; 1 mol Al c cha 3 ng lng gam Al)
Fe(II) =

M Fe 56
=
= 28 (ng lng ca st (II) bng 28; ng lng gam ca Fe(II) bng
nFe
2

28 g)
Fe(III) =

Fe 56
=
= 18,67 (ng lng ca st (III) bng 18,67; lgFe(III) = 18,67 g)
nFe
3

H2SO4 + 2KOH
K2SO4 + 2H2O
1 mol
2 mol
2 lg
2 lg
M H 2 SO4 98
=
= 49 (1 mol H2SO4 trong phn ng ny c cha 2 lg H2SO4)
H 2 SO4 =
nH 2 SO4
2
M KOH 56
=
= 56 (1 mol KOH c cha 1 lg KOH)
nKOH
1
Nh vy theo phn ng trn 1 mol H2SO4 phn ng va vi 2 mol KOH; 2 lg H2SO4
phn ng va vi 2 lg KOH

KOH =

H2SO4 + KOH
KHSO4 + H2O
1 mol
1 mol
1 lg
1 lg
M
98
H 2 SO4 = H 2 SO4 =
= 98 (1 mol H2SO4 trong phn ng ny c cha 1 lg H2SO4)
nH 2 SO4
1
M KOH 56
=
= 56 (1 mol KOH c cha 1 lg KOH)
nKOH
1
Nh vy theo phn ng trn 1 mol H2SO4 phn ng va vi 1 mol KOH; 1 lg H2SO4
phn ng va vi 1 lg KOH

KOH =

Kin thc ha hc c bn

+7

+2

Bin son: V Hng Thi

+2

+3

2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4

2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

Cht oxi ha
2 mol
10 lg

Cht kh
10 mol
10 lg

Mi trng

+7

+2
-

Mn2+ (1 phn t cht oxi ha KMnO4 nhn 5 in t)

KMnO4 + 5e

+2

2+

+3

Fe3+ (1 phn t cht kh FeSO4 cho 1 in t)

M KMnO4 158
KMnO4 =
=
= 31,6 (ng lng ca KMnO4 trong phn ng ny bng 31,6. 1
nKMnO4
5
mol KMnO4 c cha 5 lg cht oxi ha KMnO4; 1 phn t KMnO4 nhn 5 in t; 1 mol cht
oxi ha KMnO4 nhn 5 mol in t)
M
152
FeSO4 = FeSO4 =
= 152 (ng lng ca FeSO4 trong phn ng ny bng 152. ng
nFeSO4
1
lng gam ca FeSO4 bng 152 gam. 1 phn t FeSO4 cha 1 ng lng kh FeSO4. 1 mol
FeSO4 cha 1 ng lng gam kh FeSO4. 1 mol cht kh FeSO4 cho 1 mol in t)

Fe

- 1e

+2

2Na2S2O3 +

+2,5

I2

Natri hiposunfit Iot (Iod)

2 mol
1 mol
2 lg
2 lg
+2

-1

Na2S4O6

+ 2NaI

Natri tertrationat Natri ioua (Iodur natrium)

+2,5
-

2S - 1e

2S

(1 phn t Na2S2O3, cha 2 nguyn t S, cho 1 in t)

-1
-

I2 + 2e
2I (1 phn t I2 nhn 2 in t)
M
158
Na2S2O3 = Na 2 S 2 O3 =
= 158 (1 mol Na2S2O3 cha 1 ng lng gam Na2S2O3)
nNa 2 S 2 O3
1
M I2

I2 =

I2

+3

254
= 127 (1 mol I2 cha 2 ng lng gam I2)
2
-1

+2

2FeCl3 + 2KI
2FeCl2 + I2 + 2KCl
2 mol
2 lg

2 mol
2 lg

+3

+2
3+

Fe

+ 1e

-1
-

Fe2+ (1 phn t FeCl3 nhn 1 in t)

0

- 1e
I
(1 phn t KI cho 1 in t)
M FeCl3 162,5
FeCl3 =
=
= 162,5 (1 mol FeCl3 cha 1 ng lng gam oxi ha FeCl3)
nFeCl 3
1
KI =

M KI 166
=
= 166
nKI
1

(1mol KI cha 1 ng lng gam kh KI)

Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

BaCl2(dd) + K2SO4(dd)
BaSO4 + 2KCl(dd)
1 mol
2 lg

1 mol
2 lg

208
= 104 (phn t BaCl2 c cha 2 in tch dng, cng nh 2 in tch
nBaCl 2
2
m, tham gia trao i. Ba2+ 2Cl-, 1 mol BaCl2 c cha 2 ng lng gam BaCl2)
M K 2 SO4 174
K2SO4 =
=
= 87 (1 phn t K2SO4 cha 2 in tch dng, cng nh 2 in tch
2
nK 2 SO4
m, tham gia trao i. 2K+ SO42-, 1 mol K2SO4 c cha 2 ng lng gam K2SO4)

BaCl2 =

M BaCl 2

Al2O3 + 3H2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O

1 mol
6 lg

3 mol
6 lg

Al2O3 =

M Al 2 O3

H2SO4 =

M H 2 SO4

102
= 17 (2Al3+ 3O2-, 1 mol Al2O3 cha 6 ng lng gam Al2O3)
6

98
= 49 (2H+ SO42-, 1 mol H2SO4 cha 2 ng lng gam H2SO4)
2

n Al 2 O3
nH 2 SO4

Qua cc th d trn, ta nhn thy hai cht A, B tham gia phn ng va vi nhau th c cha
s ng lng (hay s ng lng gam) bng nhau. y chnh l ni dung ca nh lut
ng lng.
nh lut ng lng: Cc cht phn ng, thay th, kt hp va vi nhau th c cha s
ng lng bng nhau.
Nu VA lt dung dch cht tan A c nng ng lng CA (trong 1 lt dung dch ny c
cha CA ng lng gam A) phn ng va vi VB lt dung dch cht tan B c nng
ng lng CB (trong 1 lt dung dch ny c cha CB ng lng gam B) th theo nh lut
ng lng, s ng lng gam ca A v B trong hai th tch trn bng nhau:
CAVA = CBVB

Trong cng thc trn, CA, CB biu din bng nng ng lng (N, nguyn chun,
normality, biu th s ng lng gam cht tan c trong 1 lt dung dch, lg/L). Cn VA, VB
biu din bng bt c n v th tch no cng c, min l phi cng mt n v th tch.
Cng thc ny thng dng trong s nh phn, xc nh nng ca mt dung dch khi
bit nng ca dung dch ca cht phn ng vi n v bit th tch cc dung dch phn ng
va (trong 4 s hng, bit c 3 s hng kia th s tnh c s hng cn li).
Nm na ca nh lut ng lng l: nu l phn ng oxi ha kh, khi hai cht kh v cht
oxi ha phn ng va vi nhau th s mol in t m cht kh cho bng vi s mol in t
m cht oxi ha nhn. Nu l phn ng trung ha gia mt axit vi mt baz, khi trung ha
va th s mol ion H+ ca axit bng s mol ion OH- ca baz (kt hp va to cht
khng in ly H2O). Nu l phn ng trao i gia cc mui, baz, axit khi thay th (phn
ng) va th s mol in tch dng ca ion dng bng s mol in tch m ca ion m
(kt hp va to ra phn t trung ha in tch, kt hp va to ra cht kt ta,
trm hin, cht d bay hi, cht khng in ly hay cht in ly yu hn).

Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

Th d1:
Cn dng 8 mL dung dch NaOH 0,1N trung ha va 10 mL dung dch HCl. Xc nh
nng ca dung dch HCl. (Bit s trung ha va nh s i mu ca cht ch th mu
phenolptalein. Phenolptalein trong mi trng axit khng mu, 1 git d dung dch NaOH sau
khi trung ha ht HCl, lm cho mi trng c tnh kim, pH > 8, lm cho phenolptalein trong
mi trng ny c mu tm sen nht. Git d dd NaOH c coi l sai s ca php th tch
nh phn).
Khi trung ha va : CHClVHCl = CNaOHVNaOH
C
V
0,1N .8mL
=> CHCl = NaOH NaOH =
= 0,08 N
VHCl
10mL
(dd HCl 0,08 N hay dd HCl 0,08 M, v 1 mol HCl cha 1 lg HCl)
Th d 2:
Cn dng 12 ml dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N phn ng va 10 mL dung dch I2. Xc nh
nng ca dung dch I2. (Bit phn ng va cn c vo s mt mu vng ca dung dch
I2 hay s mt mu xanh dng ca h tinh bt trong dung dch I2. Cn d I2 th do hin din
h tinh bt nn dung dch cn mu xanh, va ht I2 th dung dch mt mu xanh dng)
Theo nh lut ng lng, khi phn ng va :
CI 2 VI 2 = C Na 2 S 2 O3 VNa2 S 2 O3
12mL.0,1N
= 0,12 N
VI 2
10mL
(dd I2 0,12 N hay dd I2 0,06M, v 1 mol I2 c cha 2 lg cht oxi ha I2, 1 phn t I2 nhn
2 in t to 2 ion I-)

=> CI 2 =

C Na2 S 2 O3VNa 2 S 2 O3

Th d 3:
Khi cho t t dung dch KMnO4 0,1 N vo 10 mL dung dch FeSO4 trong mi trng axit
H2SO4. Thy khi nh n 9 mL dung dch KMnO4 th lng KMnO4 cho xung khng b mt
mu tm na. Xc nh nng ca dung dch FeSO4. V hy cho bit trong 9 mL dung dch
KMnO4 phn ng c cha bao nhiu mol KMnO4?
Khi phn ng va :
CFeSO4 VFeSO4 = CKMnO4 VKMnO4
0,1N .9mL
= 0,09 N
VFeSO4
10mL
(dd FeSO4 0,09N hay dd FeSO4 0,09 M. V 1 phn t FeSO4 cho 1 in t to
Fe2(SO4)3, hay 1 mol FeSO4 c cha 1 lg kh FeSO4)

=> CFeSO4 =

C KMnO4 VKMnO4

1 phn t KMnO4 trong mi trng axit, nhn 5 in t, b kh to MnSO4, hay 1 mol

KMnO4 c cha 5 lg oxi ha KMnO4. Trong 9 mL dd KMnO4 0,1N c cha:
9.10-3L.(0,1lg/L) = 9.10-4 lg KMnO4 hay 9.10-4 lg.(1mol/5lg) = 1,8.10-4 mol KMnO4.
Ch :
- Cng thc CtVt = CsVs hay CV = CV cn c p dng tm th tch dung dch
c nng cao em pha long (vi nc ct) nhm thu c dung dch c nng
long hn. p dng c cng thc trn s pha long dung dch vi ngha s
mol cht tan hay s ng lng gam cht tan c trong dung dch sau khi pha long

Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

bng s mol hay s ng lng gam cht tan c trong dung dch trc khi pha
long. Vt, Vs l th tch ca dung dch trc v sau khi pha long (tnh cng mt n
v th tch). Ct, Cs l nng mol/L hay lg/L ca dung dch trc v sau khi pha
long. Nu l nh phn th C bt buc phi l nng lg/L. Cn pha long dung
dch th C dng nng mol/L hay lg/L u c.
Th d:
Cn dng bao nhiu th tch dung dch NaOH 0,15M pha thnh 100 mL dung dch
NaOH 0,1M?
CtVt = CsVs => Vt = CsVs/Ct => Vt = 0,1Mx100mL/0,15M = 66,67 mL dd NaOH
0,15M. Ly 66,67 mL dd NaOH 0,15M cho vo bnh nh mc 100 mL, sau cho t
nc ct vo bnh nh mc cho 100 mL, s thu c 100 mL dd NaOH 0,1M
Cn ly bao nhiu th tch dung dch KMnO4 1N pha thnh 250 mL dung dch
KMnO4 0,05N?
CtVt = CsVs => Vt = CsVs/Ct => Vt = 0,05Nx250mL/1N = 12,5 mL dd KMnO4 1 N
-

Vi cc a axit (phn t cha nhiu hn 1 ion H+, nh H2SO4, H3PO4), cng nh cc

a baz (phn t cha nhiu hn 1 ion OH-, nh Ca(OH)2), cng nh cc cht oxi
ha, cht kh c th nhn, cho in t khc nhau, th ty theo phn ng m mt phn
t c th c mt hay nhiu tr s ng lng. Tuy nhin, trong pha ch, ngi ta
thng cn c trn s ion H+ trong 1 phn t axit hay s ion OH- c trong phn t
axit, baz m kt lun s ng lng gam axit hay baz c trong 1 mol axit hay
baz pha ch. Tng t vi cc cht oxi ha, cht kh, ngi ta thng cn c
vo phn ng thng gp ca phn ng oxi ha kh ca cc cht oxi ha kh ny
xc nh s ng lng gam cht oxi ha hay cht kh c trong 1 mol cht oxi ha
hay cht kh pha ch cc dung dch cc cht oxi ha kh ny. Hoc cn c vo
phn ng xy ra trong s nh phn m ngi ta s xc nh 1 mol cht tan c cha
bao nhiu ng lng gam pha ch thch hp, c th ni nng ng lng
ph thuc vo phn ng kho st.
Th d: HCl cha 1 ion H+ trong phn t => 1 phn t HCl cha 1 ng lng HCl
hay 1 mol HCl cha 1 lg HCl; H2SO4 c cha 2 ion H+ trong phn t => phn t
H2SO4 c cha 2 ng lng H2SO4 hay 1 mol H2SO4 c cha 2 lg H2SO4; H3PO4
cha 3 ion H+ trong phn t => phn t H3PO4 cha 3 ng lng H3PO4 hay 1 mol
H3PO4 cha 3 lg H3PO4.
NaOH cha 1 ion OH- trong phn t nn phn t NaOH cha 1 ng lng NaOH
hay 1 mol NaOH cha 1 lg NaOH; Ca(OH)2 cha 2 ion OH- trong phn t nn phn
t Ca(OH)2 cha 2 ng lng Ca(OH)2 hay 1 mol Ca(OH)2 cha 2 lg Ca(OH)2.
dd HCl 0,1N = dd HCl 0,1M; dd H2SO4 2N = dd H2SO4 1M; dd NaOH 0,1N = dd
NaOH 0,1M; dd Ca(OH)2 0,02N = dd Ca(OH)2 0,01M (M: nng mol/L, biu din
s mol cht tan c trong 1 lt dung dch. N: nng ng lng gam/L, biu din
s lg cht tan c trong 1 lt dung dch).
Cht oxi ha KMnO4 trong mi trng axit (thng l H2SO4) b kh to mui Mn2+,
nn 1 phn t KMnO4 nhn 5 in t, nn 1 phn t KMnO4 cha 5 ng lng
KMnO4, 1 mol KMnO4 cha 5 lg oxi ha KMnO4. Do dd KMnO4 1M = dd
KMnO4 5N. 1 phn t I2 nhn 2 in t to 2 ion I-. Do 1 mol I2 c cha 2 lg I2.
Do dd I2 1M = dd I2 2N. 1 phn t FeSO4 cho 1 in t to Fe3+ do 1 mol

Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

FeSO4 cha 1 ng lng gam kh FeSO4=> dd FeSO4 0,1N = dd FeSO4 0,1M. 1

phn t Na2S2O3 cho 1 in t to Na2S4O6. Do 1 mol Na2S2O3 c cha 1 lg
kh Na2S2O3 => dd Na2S2O3 0,5N = dd Na2S2O3 0,5M.
24. Dung dch
Dung dch l mt h ng nht gm hai hay nhiu cht trong cc phn t cht tan khuch
tn u vo ton b th tch ca dung mi. Gia cht tan v dung mi trong dung dch khng
c b mt phn chia (cc cht trong dung dch to mt h ng nht, khng phn bit c
bng mt thng, gia cc cht trong dung dch)

Khi ni dung dch m khng ni g khc th hiu l dung dch lng v dung mi l nc. V
tht ra c dung dch kh, dung dch rn v nhiu dung mi khc. Th d hn hp gm hai kh
N2 v O2 l mt dung dch kh. Hp kim vng vi bc l mt dung dch rn.
Th d: Dung dch NaCl: cht tan l NaCl, dung mi l H2O. Dung dch H2SO4: cht tan l
H2SO4, dung mi l nc. Nc ng: dung dch saccaroz (saccarose, saccharose, sucrose,
C12H22O11): cht tan l ng saccaroz, dung mi l nc.
Dung dch bo ha cht tan A (Saturated solution) l dung dch ha tan ti a cht tan A
mt nhit xc nh. Vi dung dch bo ha A nu khi thm A vo na, th A s khng
ha tan vo dung dch m s tch khi dung dch (A s kt ta tch khi dung dch, nu A l
cht tan rn) hoc phn lp tch khi dung dch (nu A l cht tan lng)

Th d: 25C, 100 gam H2O ha tan c ti a 35,7 gam NaCl, nh vy dung dch gm
35,7 gam NaCl trong 100 gam H2O 25C l dung dch bo ha NaCl.
20C 100 gam H2O ha tan c ti a 197 gam saccaroz (cn 100C th 100 gam H2O
ha tan c ti a 487 gam saccaroz). Nh vy dung dch gm 100 gam nc ha tan 197
gam ng (saccaroz) 20C l mt dung dch bo ha saccaroz.
Dung dch cha bo ha cht tan A (Unsaturated solution) l dung dch cn ha tan c
thm cht tan A. Th d dung dch gm 100 gam nc ha tan 15 gam NaCl 25C l dung
dch cha bo ha NaCl, dung dch ny c th ha tan thm NaCl.
Dung dch qu bo ha cht tan A (Supersaturated solution) l dung dch cha cht tan A
vt qu nng bo ha nhit xc nh.

Nguyn nhn c s to dung dch qu bo ha l do thiu mm kt tinh. Khi cho mt t tinh

th cng loi hay dng a khuy khuy dung dch hay c vo thnh bnh bn trong ng
dung dch qu bo ha th lng cht tan vt qu nng bo ha s kt ta tch khi dung
dch v ta s thu c dung dch bo ha cht tan .
Th d: Khi un nng n 100C th 100 gam H2O ha tan c ti a 38,4 gam NaCl.
ngui t nhin t t th khi dung dch v 25C, th ta vn thy dung dch trong sut, nh vy
ta thu c dung dch qu bo ha NaCl. Nu cho mt t tinh th NaCl vo hay khuy dung
dch ny th lng NaCl vt qu nng bo ha 25C s kt ta (38,4 g 35,7 g = 2,7 g
NaCl kt ta), v cn li l dung dch bo ha NaCl 25C.
25. Nng dung dch

Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

Nng dung dch l i lng cho bit mc m c ca dung dch, nng ca dung
dch c biu th mt lng xc nh cht tan c trong lng xc nh dung dch hay dung
mi.
-

Nng phn trm khi lng (Percent composition by mass, Percent by mass,
Weight percent, %): biu th s phn khi lng cht tan c trong mt lng 100
phn khi lng dung dch. Nu n v khi lng l gam th nng phn trm
biu th s gam cht tan c trong 100 gam dung dch.

Th d: dung dch NaCl 15%: c 15 gam NaCl trong 100 gam dung dch (nu khng
ni g thm, th hiu l c mt cht tan NaCl v dung mi l nc), do c 100 g
15 g = 85 g dung mi H2O trong 100 gam dung dch ny.
-

Nng mol/lt (Nng mol, Nng phn t gam/lt, Molarity, k hiu M): biu
th s mol cht tan c trong 1 lt dung dch.

Th d: dung dch H2SO4 3M: c 3 mol H2SO4 trong 1 lt dung dch ny.
-

Nng ng lng gam/lt (Nng ng lng, nguyn chun,

Normality, k hiu N): biu th s ng lng gam cht tan c trong 1 lt dung dch.

Th d: dung dch H2SO4 2N: c 2 ng lng gam H2SO4 trong 1 lt dung dch.
-

Nng molan (Molality, k hiu m): biu th s mol cht tan c trong 1000 gam
dung mi.

Th d: dung dch C2H4(OH)2 1,5m: c 1,5 mol C2H4(OH)2 (etylenglicol) trong 1000
gam dung mi (H2O)
-

Phn mol (Phn mol, Phn s mol, Mole fraction, x): biu th s mol cht tan c
trong 1 mol dung dch.

Th d: dung dch NaCl c phn mol NaCl 0,1 ngha l c 0,1 mol NaCl trong 1 mol
dung dch. Nu khng c cht tan no khc th 1 mol dung dch ny cha 0,1 mol
NaCl v 0,9 mol dung mi H2O.
Tng qut, phn mol ca cu t i c trong mt dung dch hay mt hn hp l t s
gia s mol ca cu t i vi tng s mol cc cu t c trong dung dch hay hn hp.

xi =

0 xi 1

x1 + x2 + x3 + ... =

ni
n
= i
n1 + n2 + n3 + ... ni

xi = 0 => dd khng cha cht tan i

xi = 1 => ch c cht i nguyn cht
n1
n2
n3
+
+
+ ...
n1 + n2 + n3 + ... n1 + n2 + n3 + ... n1 + n2 + n3 + ...

10

Kin thc ha hc c bn

n1 + n2 + n3 + ...
=
1 + n2 + n3 + ...

x = n
i

=1

Bin son: V Hng Thi

n
n

=1

(Tng cc phn mol ca dung dch hay hn hp bng 1)

Ty theo mc ch mun xc nh, cng nh dung dch m c hay rt long, m ngi ta

t ra cc loi nng khc nhau. Th d t nng ng lng xc nh nng dung
dch khc khi nh phn. Nng mol/lt d hiu, d pha ch, nhng nng ny thay i
theo nhit . Nng molan, nng phn trm khi lng, khng thay i theo nhit ,...
Chng ta cn hiu ngha ca cc loi nng trn v chuyn i qua li gia cc nng
ny. Lc ny cn phi bit thm tr s khi lng ring ca dung dch (biu th khi lng ca
dung dch c trong mt n v th tch ca dung dch). Khng nn thuc lng cng thc
chuyn i m nn i t ngha ca nng cho tm nng yu cu.
Th d 1: Dung dch H2SO4 62% c khi lng ring D = 1,52 g/mL ( 20C). Hy cho bit
nng mol/L, nng lg/L, nng molan, phn mol ca dung dch ny ( 20C).
(H = 1; S = 32; O = 16)
100 g dd
62 g H2SO4 (M = 98) =>

62 g
62
= mol H2SO4
98 g / mol 98

100 g
100
0,1
=
mL dd =
L dd.
1,52 g / mL 1,52
1,52
62
mol
98
Nng mol/L =
= 9,6163 mol/L 9,616 mol/L (dd H2SO4 9,616 M)
0,1
L
1,52
1 phn t H2SO4 c cha 2 ion H+, nn 1 mol H2SO4 c cha 2 lg H2SO4, do nng
lg/L ca dung dch l: 9,616 mol/L (2 lg/mol) = 19,232 lg/L = 19,232 N
(dd H2SO4 19,232 N)
100 g dd 62 g cht tan = 38 g dm (H2O)
62
38 g dm

mol H2SO4
98
1000 g dm
?
62
x1000
98
Nng molan l:
= 16,64876 16,649 m (dd H2SO4 16,649 m)
38
62
38
mol H2SO4;
mol H2O
98
18
Phn mol ca cht tan H2SO4 trong dung dch ny l:
62
98 = 0,23 (phn mol ca H2SO4 l 0,23; phn mol ca dung mi H2O l 0,77)
xH2SO4 =
62 38
+
98 18

100 g dd cha 62 g H2SO4, 38 g H2O =>

11

Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

(C th kim li bng cch ly mt trong cc kt qu tnh c i ra bn nng kia)

Th d 2: Dung dch NH3 13,8M c khi lng ring 0,904 g/mL ( 20C). Hy xc nh
nng phn trm khi lng, nng lg/L, nng molan, phn mol ca dung dch ny (
20C).
(N = 14; H = 1; O = 16)
1 L dd = 1000 mL dd
13,8 mol NH3 => 13,8 mol (17 g/mol) = 234,6 g NH3
Khi lng ca 1 lt dd l: 1000 mL(0,904 g/mL) = 904 g dd
904 g dd
234,6 g NH3
100 g dd
?
Nng phn trm khi lng ca dung dch l:
234,6 x100
= 25,95 (dd NH3 25,95%)
904
1 phn t trung ha c 1 ion H+ ( to mui NH4+, hay 1 phn t NH3 trong nc, trn
nguyn tc, c th phn ly to 1 ion OH-) nn 1 mol NH3 c cha 1 lg NH3. Do nng
lg/L ca dung dch l:
13,8 mol/L (1 lg/mol) = 13,8 lg/L (dd NH3 13,8 N)
13,8 mol NH3 => 13,8 mol (17 g/mol) = 234,6 g NH3
1 L dd = 1000 mL dd
Khi lng ca 1 lt dd l: 1000 mL (0,904 g/mL) = 904 g dd
Khi lng dung mi c trong 1 lt dung dch l: 904 g dd 234,6 g cht tan = 669,4 g dm
(H2O)
669,4 g dm
13,8 mol NH3
1000 g dm

?
13,8 x1000
Nng molan ca dung dch l:
= 20,615 (dd NH3 20,615 m)
669,4

1 lt dd cha: 13,8 mol NH3;

669,4
mol H2O
18

Phn mol ca NH3 l:

13,8
xNH3 =
= 0,27 (phn mol ca NH3 l 0,27; phn mol ca H2O l 0,73)
669,4
13,8 +
18
26. pH, pOH (power of hydrogen, potential of hydrogen, power of hydronium ion
concentration, power of hydroxide ion concentration, ch s o nng ion H+, ion OH- ca
dung dch long)

Nc t nhin (sng, sui, ao, h, bin, ging,..) dn in l do trong c hin din nhiu
ion nh Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Fe2+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, Br-,...Tuy nhin nc tht tinh khit (chng
ct nhiu ln) vn dn in, mc d rt yu. iu ny chng t trong nc nguyn cht cng
c ion, l ion H+ (hay H3O+) v ion OH- do nc t phn ly ra. Tch s nng mol/L ca
hai ion H+ v OH- trong nc nguyn cht (hay trong bt c dung dch no c nc, nh
dung dch axit, dung dch baz, dung dch mui,...) bng hng s, bng 10-14 25C. i
lng ny c gi l tch ion ca nc (KW).

12

Kin thc ha hc c bn

H2O

Bin son: V Hng Thi

H+ + OH-

KW = [H+][OH-] = 10-14

( 25C)

[H+]: nng ion H+, biu din s mol ion H+ c trong 1 lt dung dch (hay 1 lt H2O)
[OH-]: nng ion OH-, biu din s mol ion OH- c trong 1 lt dung dch (hay 1 lt H2O)
Trong thc t s phn ly ion ca nc khng ng k, tnh ra trung bnh khong 555 triu
phn t H2O mi c 1 phn t H2O phn ly ion. Do nc c coi l mt cht khng in
ly.
Vi nc nguyn cht hay mt dung dch trung tnh (trung ha, khng c tnh axit, cng
khng c tnh baz), th s ion H+ bng s ion OH- hay nng mol/L ca hai ion ny trong
nc hay trong dung dch trung tnh bng nhau, [H+] = [OH-]
T: KW = [H+][OH-] = 10-14 => [H+]2 = [OH-]2 = 10-14
=> [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 mol ion/L
Vi nng ion H+, ion OH- qu nh nh trn khng thng dng (kh tng tng, kh hiu,
khng i chng) nn ngi ta a ra nh ngha pH nh sau biu th nng ion H+, ion
OH- ca cc dung dch axit, baz rt long:
pH = log

1
= log[ H + ]
[H + ]

log: logarit thp phn, c c s bng 10, ngha l log10 = 1

[H+]: nng ion H+ ca dung dch, biu th s mol ion H+ c trong 1 lt dung dch
Khi nim pH c a ra u tin bi nh sinh ha ngi an Mch, Soren Peter Lauritz Sorensen, vo nm
1909.

Ngc vi cc cch biu din nng khc, y dung dch c nng ion H+ ln th c tr
s pH thp v ngc li, nng ion H+ thp th c tr s pH cao. Ngha l tr s pH t l
nghch vi nng ion H+. Dung dch cng c tnh axit th c tr s pH cng thp, dung dch
cng c tnh baz th tr s pH cng cao.
Nhc li: log1 = 0
(log cn k hiu l lg)
log 10 = 1
log(a.b.c) = loga + logb + logc
a
log( ) = loga logb
b
logan = nloga
loga = logb => a = b
a > b => loga > logb
loga > 0 nu a >1
loga < 0 nu a < 1
-

Vi nc nguyn cht (H2O) hay dung dch trung tnh (trung ha)
[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 M => pH = -log[H+] = -log10-7 = -(-7)log10 = 7(1) = 7
Nh vy vi nc nguyn cht hay dung dch trung tnh th c pH = 7

13

Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

Vi dung dch axit (acid) hay c tnh axit (nh dung dch mui b thy phn, nh
NH4Cl)
=> [H+] > [OH-]
=> [H+] > 10-7 M
1
1
< 7
=>
+
[ H ] 10
1
1
=> log( + ) < log( 7 )
[H ]
10
-7
=> pH < log1 - log10 = 0 (-7)log10 = 7(1) = 7
=> pH < 7
Nh vy vi dung dch axit hay c tnh axit th c tr s pH < 7

Vi dung dch baz hay c tnh baz (nh dung dch mui CH3COONa b thy
phn)
=> [OH-] > [H+]
=> [OH-] > 10-7M
1014 1014
<
=> [H+] =
[OH ] 10 7
=> [H+] < 10-7 M
1
1
=>
> 7
+
[ H ] 10
1
1
=> log( + ) > log( 7 )
[H ]
10
=> pH > log1 - log10-7 = 0 (-7).log10 = 7
=> pH > 7
Nh vy dung dch baz hay c tnh baz c pH > 7

Thng thang pH p dng cho cc dung dch axit (acid), baz (baz, base) long, thng c
[H+] 1 mol ion/L, cng nh [OH-] 1 mol ion/L, nn pH cc dung dch ny bin thin t 0
n 14. Trn l thuyt, c pH < 0 (pH m) cng nh pH > 14, nhng y l cc dung dch
axit, baz c nng khng long, nn ngi ta khng dng i lng pH na biu th
nng ion H+ cng nh OH- ca cc dung dch ny.
0

14

|
dd axit

H2O

pH

dd baz

xc nh pH ca mt dung dch ngi ta dng pH k (hay pH met) hay dng giy o pH.
Giy o pH l loi giy c tm cht ch th mu thch hp, ty theo nng ca ion H+, OH(tr s pH) m n c mu khc nhau, dng giy ny nhng vo dung dch cn o pH ri so
snh mu vi bng mu chun xem mu ca giy o tip vi mu no v nh vy cho ta
bit c khong chng tr s pH ca dung dch. Do giy o pH ch gip ta d on
khong chng pH ca dung dch ch khng cho tr s chnh xc. Mun c tr s pH chnh xc
ca dung dch, ta phi cn dng pH k.

14

Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

Di y l tr s pH ca mt s dung dch:
dung dch HCl 10M c pH = -1
dung dch HCl 1M c pH = 0
dd axit trong bnh acqui (dd H2SO4) c pH khong 0,5
dch v (nc trong bao t, dd HCl) c pH khong 1,5 2,0
nc chanh (cha acid citric) c pH khong 2,4
nc cocacola c pH khong 2,5
dm n (dd CH3COOH) c pH khong 2,9
nc cam vt hay nc to (bom) p c pH khong 3,5
nc c chua c pH khong 4,0
bia c pH khong 4,5
ma axit c pH < 5
c ph c pH khong 5,0
nc tr (ch) c pH khong 5,5
nc tiu (nc i) c pH khong 6,0
sa c pH khong 6,5
nc nguyn cht c pH = 7
nc bt (nc ming) ngi c pH khong 6,5 7,4
mu c pH khong 7,34 7,45
nc bin c pH khong 7,7 8,3
x phng (x bng) c pH khong 9,0 10,0
dung dch amoniac lau vt dng trong nh c pH khong 11,5
nc ty o qun c pH khong 12,5
nc vi qut tng c pH khong 12,7
dung dch kim dng trong nh ( ty du m l nu, bn cu tiu,...) (household lye, dd
gm NaOH- Na2CO3) c pH khong 13,5
dung dch NaOH 1M c pH = 14
dung dch NaOH 2M c pH = 14,3
(Ch yu tham kho ca trang web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH)
T:
pH = -log[H+]
=> log[H+] = -pH
=> log[H+] = -pH.log10 = log10-pH
=>

[H+] = 10-pH

Ngha l bit pH ca dung dch th ta bit c nng ion H+ ca dung dch

Th d: Dung dch A c pH = 2 => nng ion H+ ca dung dch A l:
[H+] = 10-pH = 10-2 M
Ngi ta cn nh ngha i lng pOH nh sau:
pOH = log(

1
= -log[OH-]

[OH ]

[OH-]: nng ca ion OH- trong dung dch, biu din s mol ion OH- c trong 1 lt dung
dch.
pOH v nng OH- t l nghch nhau, [OH-] th pOH
v ngc li, [OH-] th pOH

15

Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

Tng t, nu bit pOH ca mt dung dch ta s tnh c nng OH- ca dung dch ny
bng cng thc:
[OH-] = 10-pOH
Th d: Dung dch B c pOH = 12 => nng ion OH- ca dung dch B l:
[OH-] = 10-pOH = 10-12 M
T:
=>
=>

[H+][[OH-] = 10-14
-log[H ] log[OH-] = -log10-14
pH + pOH = -(-14) log10 = 14.(1) = 14

=>

pH + pOH = 14

Ngha l tng tr s pH v pOH ca cng mt dung dch th bng 14. Do nu bit c pH

ta s tnh c pOH ca dung dch hoc ngc li, bit pOH ta tm c pH ca dung dch
.
Th d 1:
Tnh pH ca cc dung dch: HCl 0,1M; H2SO4 0,005M; NaOH 0,1M; Ca(OH)2 0,005M.
Cho bit cc axit baz trn l cc axit, baz mnh, n phn ly hon ton to ion trong dung
dch (coi phn t H2SO4 phn ly ht trong dung dch to 2 ion H+ v ion SO42-)
HCl
H+ + Cl1 lt dd:
0,1 mol
=> 0,1 mol
=> c 0,1 mol ion H+ trong 1 lt dung dch => [H+] = 0,1 M = 10-1 M
pH = -log[H+] = -log10-1 = -(-1).log10 = 1
pH = 1
H2SO4
2H+ + SO421 lt dd:
0,005 mol => 0,01 mol
=> [H+] = 0,01 M = 10-2 M
pH = -log[H+] = -log10-2 = -(-2).log10 = 2
pH = 2
NaOH
Na+ + OH1 lt dd:
0,1 mol
=> 0,1 mol
=> [OH ] = 0,1 M => pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(0,1) = -(-1) = 1
M: pH + pOH = 14
=> pH = 14 pOH = 14 1 => pH = 13
Ca(OH)2
Ca2+ + 2OH1 lt dd: 0,005 mol
=> 0,01 mol
-2
=> [OH ] = 0,01 mol/L = 10 M
=> pOH = -log[OH-] = - log10-2 = -2(-1) log 10 = 2
M: pH + pOH = 14 => pH = 14 pOH = 14 2 = 12

Kin thc ha hc c bn

16

Bin son: V Hng Thi

Hoc nu khng tnh pOH bng cng thc pOH = -log[OH-], th t nng ion OH-, p dng
biu thc KW = [H+][OH-], ta tnh c [H+] ca dung dch ri tnh pH bng cng thc

pH = -log[H-].

Th d vi dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,005M, c [OH-] = 0,01M => [H+] =

1014
1014
=
[OH ] 0,01

=> [H+] = 10-12 M => pH = -log[H+] = log10-12 = -(-12).log10 = 12

Th d 2:
T dung dch HCl c pH = 1, mun thu c dung dch HCl c pH = 2 th phi pha long
dung dch bao nhiu ln? Tng t t dung dch NaOH c pH = 13, mun thu c dung dch
c pH = 11 th phi pha long bao nhiu ln?
Ch l Vdd sau khi pha long = nVdd trc khi pha long th pha long n ln; V s mol ion H+ cng
nh ion OH- trong dung dch sau khi pha long bng s mol ion H+ cng nh ion OH- c
trong dung dch trc khi pha long.
Vt: th tch dung dch trc khi pha long (lt)
Vs: th tch dung dch sau khi pha long (lt)
Dung dch HCl trc khi pha long c pH = 1 => [H+]t = 10-pH = 10-1M
Dung dch HCl sau khi pha long c pH = 2 => [H+]s = 10-pH = 10-2M
S mol ion H+ trong dung dch sau khi pha long bng s mol ion H+ c trong dung dch trc
101Vt
= 10Vt
khi pha long => CsVs = CtVt => 10-2Vs = 10-1Vt => Vs =
10 2
Vs = 10Vt . Nh vy pha long dung dch HCl 10 ln. (Ly 1 phn th tch dd HCl c pH =
1 cho vo mt ng ong hnh tr (eprouvet, cyclinder, graduated cyclinder, prouvette) sau
thm nc ct vo cho n 10 phn th tch, ta thu c dd HCl c pH = 2)
Lm tng t vi dung dch NaOH, nhng vi dung dch baz th s mol ion OH- trong dung
dch sau khi pha long bng s mol OH- c trong dung dch trc khi pha long.
Dung dch NaOH trc khi pha long c pH = 13 => pOH = 14 pH = 14 13 = 1
=> [OH-]t = 10-pOH = 10-1 M
Dung dch NaOH sau khi pha long c pH = 11 => pOH = 14 pH = 14 11 = 3
=> [OH-]s = 10-3 M
101Vt
CsVs = CtVt => 10-2Vs = 10-1Vt => Vs =
= 100Vt
10 3
Vs = 100Vt . Nh vy pha long 100 ln. (Ly 1 mL dd NaOH c pH = 13 cho vo bnh
cu nh mc c th tch 100 mL (fiol, volumetric flask, fiole), ri thm nc ct vo cho n
vch 100, lc u, ta thu c 100 mL dd NaOH c pH = 11)
Th d 3:
Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M. Bit rng CH3COOH trong dung dch ny c
in ly (phn trm phn ly ion) = 1,34% ( 25C).
Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M. Bit rng CH3COOH c hng s phn ly ion (Ka)
bng 1,8.10-5 ( 25C).

17

Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

Ch l vi dung dch axit hay baz yu, tnh c pH, ngoi nng mol/L ca dung
dch, cn phi bit in ly () hoc hng s phn ly ion Ka, Kb, th mi bit c nng
ca ion H+, OH- trong dung dch v do mi tnh c pH ca cc dung dch loi ny.
Nng mol/L u bi cho l nng cho cho axit hay baz vo dung dch lc u (trc
khi phn ly thnh ion trong dung dch). in ly () (hay phn trm phn ly ion) c ngha
c 1 mol cht in ly cho vo dung dch lc u th c mol cht in ly ny phn ly thnh
ion thc s t mc cn bng.
Axit yu AH c s phn ly mt phn thnh ion trong dung dch s cn bng ion (cn bng
gia dng ion v dng phn t trong dung dch)
AH

A-

H+

Hng s phn ly ion Ka ca axit yu AH trn l:

[ A ][ H + ]
)cb
Ka = (
[ AH ]
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+
1 lt dd lc u (t = 0):
C mol c
0
0 (lc u cha phn ly ion)
lc cn bng (tcb): C mol phn ly
C
C mol to
(1 mol phn ly mol. 1 lt c cha C mol nn s mol CH3COOH phn ly trong 1 lt dd
t cn bng l C mol)
Nh vy nng ion H+ lc t cn bng (coi nh phn ly xong) l [H+]cb = C (mol ion/L)
pH = =log[H+] =>

pH = -log(C)

Vi dd CH3COOH 0,1M. in ly 1,34%

=> C = 0,1 M = 10-1 M; = 1,34% = 0,0134 = 1,34.10-2
pH = -log(C) = -log(1,34.10-2.10-1) = 2,87
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+
1 lt dd lc u (t = 0):
C mol c
0
0 (lc u cha phn ly ion)
lc cn bng (tcb): x mol phn ly
x
x mol to
(x: s mol CH3COOH thc s phn ly thnh ion trong 1 lt dd t cn bng)
[CH 3COO ][ H + ]
x.x
x2
)cb =
=
= 1,8.10-5 (bit C, gii phng trnh bc hai, tm
[CH 3COOH ]
Cx Cx
c x, tc bit nng ion H+, nn tnh c pH ca dung dch)

Ka = (

Hng s phn ly ion Ka = 1,8.10-5 kh nh, s phn ly ion khng ng k, nn x << C

=> C x C (Khi hng s phn ly ion < 10-4 th c th b qua x so vi C, s mol phn ly so
vi s mol cht in ly lc u. Cng nh khi < 5%, th c th b qua , so vi 1, s mol
cht in ly phn ly ion so vi 1 mol cht in ly c lc u)
x2
x2
-5
T:
= 1,8.10 =>
1,8.10-5 => x2 = 1,8.10-5.C = 1,8.10-5.0,1 = 1,8.10-6
Cx
C
=> x = 1,34.10-3

18

Kin thc ha hc c bn

Bin son: V Hng Thi

[H+]cb = x = 1,34.10-3M => pH = -log[H+] = -log(1,34.10-3) = 2,87

C th tm li c in ly ca CH3COOH trong dung dch l =

x 1,34.103
=
= 1,34.10 2 = 1,34%
C
0,1

( in ly theo nh ngha l t s gia s phn t cht in ly thc s phn ly thnh ion vi s phn t cht
in ly em ha tan trong dung dch lc u)

Th d 4:
Tnh pH dung dch NH3 0,1M. Cho bit NH3 c in ly 1,34% trong dung dch ny (
25C).
Tnh pH dung dch NH3 0,1M. Bit NH3 c hng s phn ly ion Kb = 1,8.10-5 ( 25C).
1 lt dd t = 0:
t
:

NH3 + H2O
C mol c
C mol phn ly

NH4+
0
C

+ OH0
C to

=> [OH-]cb = C mol ion/L => pOH = -log[OH-] => pOH = -logC
Th: C = 0,1 M = 10-1; = 1,34% = 1,34.10-2 => pOH = -log(1,34.10-2.10-1) = 2,87
M: pH + pOH = 14 => pH = 14 pOH = 14 2,87 = 11,13

1 lt dd t = 0:
t
:

NH3 + H2O
C mol c
x mol phn ly

[ NH 4+ ][OH ]

NH4+
0
x

+ OH0
x to

x.x
x2
=
= 1,8.10-5
[ NH 3 ]
Cx Cx
Kb c tr s kh nh, s phn ly ion khng ng k => x << C => C x C
x2
x2
x2
= 1,8.10 5
= 1,8.10-5 =>
1,8.10-5 . Th C = 0,1 M =>
T:
0,1
Cx
C
2
-6
-3
=> x = 1,8.10 => x = 1,34.10 M.
=>
[OH-] = x = 1,34.10-3 M

Kb = (

)cb =

pOH = -log[OH-] = -log(1,34.10-3) = 2,87

pH = 14 2,87 = 11,13
( in ly =

x 1,34.103
=
= 1,34.10-2 = 1,34/100 = 1,34%)
C
0,1

Th d 5:
Tnh pH ca dung dch H2SO4 0,05M trong hai trng hp:
- Coi H2SO4 phn ly hon ton to 2 H+, SO42- Chc axit th nht mnh (phn ly hon ton to H+, HSO4-), chc axit th nh c
mnh trung bnh, c hng s phn ly ion Ka2 = 10-2.

19

Kin thc ha hc c bn

1 lt dd:

Bin son: V Hng Thi

2H+ + SO42H2SO4
0,05 mol
=> 0,1 mol

=> [H+] = 0,1 mol ion/L => pH = -log[H+] = -log0,1 = -log10-1 = -(-1)log10 = 1

1 lt dd:

H2SO4

H+
+
HSO40,05 mol
=> 0,05 mol
0,05 mol
HSO4H+
+
SO42x mol phn ly => x mol
x
[ H + ][ SO42 ]

( x + 0,05)( x)
= 10-2 => x2 + 0,05x = 0,05.10-2 - 10-2x
[ HSO ]
0,05 x
=> x2 + 0,06x - 5.10-4 = 0
=> x = 7,4.10-3
x = -0,0674 < 0: loi
[H+] = x + 0,05 = 7,4.10-3 + 0,05 = 0,0574 M => pH = -log[H+] = -log0,0574 = 1,24
Ka2 =

Cch tnh trng hp sau chnh xc hn so vi trng hp trc. Cch sau cho thy pH dung dch c tr s cao
hn (1,24 so vi 1) l do t phn ly H+ hn.