EF

W


W

W
W

K K
K K

K K

K
KEF

K K
K K
W
K

--

J J


W

WK

EF

EF

WK
K
WQualitative Analysis

FQualitative analysis

WKE
W .
F

KE

W .
KKKK

--

WQuantitative Analysis

Quantitative analysis

Quantitative chemical analysisW

KQuantitative instrumental analysis

WQuantitative Chemical Analysis

W

+ X P

XReagentY

WKP

(Volumetric analysis)

EFXEFY

E F

EGravimetric analysisF

XY

--

WQuantitative Instrumental Analysis

FPhysical Properties

W K
E
. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Physico-chemical Methods

K2CrO4Cr3+

KCrO42-

WK
W
K .

K .

K .

K .

K .

KK

WDefining the problem

K .
W .
KK

KK

--

KK

KK

W .
KK

KK

KK
KK

KK

WSampling

Bulk

HomogeneousKMaterial

Heterogeneous

KEKKKF

WWater sampling

WEKKKF-

450 EPyrexF
K24

PTFE

Kpolytetrafluoroethylene

WE45F
--

KBiodegradation4

K(pH = 2)

WSoil sampling

E 10FE30F

E2 1F

KPolyethylene

WSample preparation

110100WWeighingDryingK

KDesiccator 21
K

WSample ashingK
E F

WEF

700400WDry ashing

K24

WWet ashing

SulfuricNitric acid

WSample dissolutionK
--

W J

HClWF(HCl-HNO3; 3:1)Aqua Regia
KEHNO3

W
J

KK2S2O5
KNa2CO3

KNa2O2
K

WEliminating interferences

.
.Electrodeposition

Ion ExchangeChromatography .
KExtraction

KMasking .

--

WMeasurements

W
K .

K .

K .

W
.
KAutomatic methods

WCalculations and reporting data

Analyte

KRelative methodAbsolute method

KParts per millionpercent

Replicate analysesEF

KMeanStandard deviation

KDeterminate errorRandom error

--

W


WK

F
W

KEFE
W

KK

KK

:
()

)
(

--

WEquivalence pointEnd pointK

WEnd point

E F

WK
KEFK

KK

KpH-meterK

WEquivalence point

Stoichiometric

W
W

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

KE1:1FNaOHHCl

W
W

2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O

- -

FNaOHH2SO4
KE2:1

WK
K K
K K

KEF K
K K

W K
A + B C + Dc

WStandard solutionsK
W
KPrimary standardK

KSecondary standardK
WPrimary standard

K K

K K

K K

K K
K K

K K

- -

Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3WK

KSodium tetraborate, borax, Na2B4O7.10H2OEF

Oxalic acid, H2C2O4WK

KPotassium acid phthalate,KH(C8H4O4) C6H5COOH

- -

WSecondary standard

EF

KStandardization

NaOH

KH2SO4NaOH

WK
EFW

EF

K
W

KAcid-base titrations .

KPrecipitation titrations .

KComplexometric titrations .

KOxidationreduction titrations .
WK
W J

Molecular weightK

Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16KNa2CO3W

MW(Na2CO3) = (2 x 23) + 12 + (3 x 16)
MW(Na2CO3) = 106 g/mol ELF

- -

Number of molesK

KW

ZLZ

KW

WW

{ZLZ

{Z{LZ

W J

EF

E F
WEF
- -

M1 V1 = M 2 V2

W
0.1FH2SO4NaOH10

W9E
K K

KNaOH K

W
WK
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O
2mole : 1mole

WK
number of mmoles of NaOH 2
=
number of mmoles of H 2SO 4 1
M NaOH VNaOH 2
=
M H SO VH SO 1
2

M NaOH 10 2
=
0.1 9
1
0.1 9 2
= 0.18 M
M NaOH =
10 1

- -

W
EF

WK

KOH-H+
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
Na+ + OH- + H+ + Cl- Na+ + Cl- + H2O

OH- + H+ H2O

W
KpHEFK

K
KpH-meter

WK

WArrhenius definition

J

Arrhenius
KHydronium ion, H3O+

HCl + H2O Cl + H3O

Arrhenius

KOH-

- -

NaOH Na+ + OH-

WBrnsted-Lowry definition

Brnsted and Lowry

KH+
H+

HA

A-

K
B

H+

BH+

W
HA +

BH+

A-

WLewis definition
W Lewis
Electron acceptor
KLewis acid

- -

Electron donor


KLewis base

W
H3N: +

BF3 [H3NBF3]+

WK

pH

K
K
W

0.1 50HCl
KEF{

K10090605551504840200W

W
K0=NaOH
K0.1= HCl
pH = log[H + ]
pH = log(0.1)
pH = log(101 )
pH = (1) = 1

- -

KNaOH20
Reacted HClmillimoles

KW

Reacted HCl (millimoles) = 20 0.1 = 2 mmoles

KHCl

no. of HCl mmoles = 0.1 50 = 5 mmoles

Wunreacted HCl mmolesEFHCl

no. of unreacted HCl mmoles) = 5-2 = 3 mmoles

WHCl
no. of mmoles
volume(ml)
3
Molar HCl =
= 0.04 M
70
Molar HCl =

WpH
pH = log(0.043)
pH = (1.37) = 1.37

pH = 14 pOHW W
- -

W
pH + pOH = 14

pH

WEFNaOH

pH

20

40

60

80

100

14

14

12

12

10

10

(8.3-10)

(3.3-4.4)

2
0
0

20

40

60

( )

80

2
0
100

NaOHHClW

K
Equivalence point

WK10.73.3

KMethyl OrangePhenolphthalein

- -

WK
KEFW
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

14
12
10

pH

6
4
2
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

( )
W
E
F

WCH3COONa

CH3COONa + H2O

CH3COOH + Na+ + OH

EF10.77.7

K

- -

WK
KEFW

NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O

12
10
8

pH

4
2
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

( )

H+
NH4Cl
W

NH4Cl + H2O

NH4OH + H+ + Cl-

K

- -

WK
KEFNH4OHCH3COOHW
CH3COOH + NH4OH CH3COONH4 + H2O

12
10

pH

6
4
2
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

( )

KMethylene blueNeutral blue

WK

- -

WChemical equilibrium law

W
A + B

C + D

FDCEFBAW

KE

W
v1 = k1 x [A] x [B]
v2 = k2 x [C] x [D]

W
Kk2k1 KELF KV2V1
Wv1 = v2
k1 X [A] X [B] = k2 X [C] X [D]

k1 [ C][ D ]
=
k2 [ A ][ B]
- -

Kk2k1

KChemical equilibrium constant

W
aA + bB

cC + dD

Kdcba

W

[ C] [ D ]
K=
[ A ] [ B]
c

W
Le ChatelierK

KW

W J

W J

W J

- -

W
W
H+

HIn

EF

In-

EF

K In =

[H + ] [In ]
[H In ]

KOH-H+
W
KH+H+

KEFln-
HIn

H+

In-

EFH+EF
HInH+OH-

KEF
HIn

H+

In-

EFOH-EF
W
K

W
W
- -

OHIn

OH-

In+

OH-H+W
In+OHIn
K

In+OH-W

OHIn
K

W
K
WEF

2.9 4.0

Methyl yellow

3.1 4.4

Methyl orange

6.8 8.4

Phenol red

8.3 10.0

Phenolphthalein

7.2 8.8

Cresol red

- -

WK

BAK
KC

A + B C + D

Silver nitrate, AgNO3

WSilver chloride, AgCl

AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3

WK
Mohr's W
K

KFajan's methodVolhard's methodmethod

WMohr's method

Chromate ion,CrO42-

K EF
KEF
- -

Ag+

Cl-

CrO42-

KMohr's methodW

FEF

KE
K

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl

(1)

E FEF

E2FE1F

2Ag+ + CrO42- Ag2CrO4

- -

(2)

W
WpH = 7-8

K
.

2CrO42- + 2H+ Cr2O72- + H2O

K
K
K

Ag + OH AgOH

WVolhard's method

Fe3+

EFThiocyanate ion, SCN-

K

KEF

- -

SCN-

Ag+

Fe3+

EF K

KAg+

SCN- + Ag+ AgSCN

(3)

Ag+K
WEFFe3+
Fe3+

+ SCN-

Fe(SCN)2+

(4)

KEFE3F

- -

Chloride, Cl-Halides

KThiocyanate, SCN-Bromide, BrKECl-F

KEF

Ag+ EF + Cl- AgCl (s) + Ag+ EF

KK
KBack titration
W
SCN- + Ag+ EF AgSCN (s)

WEF

Fe3+ + SCN- Fe(SCN)2+

W

W

- -

F W

0.1234E
12.2EF

Millimoles K 0.0930Molarity
K300

W
W

aA

EF

bB

EF
cC

EF

( )

+ dA

EF

dA

()

EAF

WBA
Number millimoles A = ( volume A Molar A ) ( volume C molar C
Number millimoles B = number millimoles A

b
a

b
Number millimoles A atomic weight A 100
a
%B =
Sample weight

KWCWBWAW
W
- -

Number millimoles AgNO3 = ( 40 0.1234 ) (12.2 0.093)

Number millimoles AgNO3 = 4.94 1.13
Number millimoles AgNO3 = 3.81 millimoles

W
1
1
Number millimoles Cl = 3.81 millimoles
Number millimoles Cl- = 3.81

W
3.81 35.4 100
300
% Cl = 44.96%
% Cl- =

WFajan's method
F
Fluorescein indicatorE

KEF

Ag+

Cl-

In-

- -

KIn-

Cl-W

Adsorbed
KEF

Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl-
Na+

Na+

Na+

Na+

Na+

Na+

Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl-Ag+ ClCl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+

AgCl

Ag+
KEFIn-

In- In- In- In- In- In- In- In- In- In- In- In- In+

Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag

Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl-Ag+ ClCl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+

- -

W


WK

K
K
K

EFW

EFEFEFEF
EFW K

KEF

WOxidation and reductionK

WOxidation

Zno Zn2+ + 2e-

WReduction

2+

Cu + 2e Cu

- -

WOxidizing and reducing agentsK

WOxidizing agent

Aox + ne- Ared

WReducing agent

Bred Box + ne-

WOxidation numberK

S2-Fe2+
WK

KS8P4,Ar, Cl2 K

(2-)K
K(1-)(Peroxides)

H2O, Fe2O3W(2-)

H2O2, Na2O2W(1-)

K(1-)(1+)K
H2S, NH3W(1+)

- -

BaH2, LiHW(1-)

K
K

KClO4-Perchlorate Cl W

KCl=x
(4*-2) + x = -1
(-8) + x = -1
x = +7

KCr2O72-Dichromate Cr W

KCr=x

(2x) + (7*-2) = -2
2x 14 = -2
2x = -2 + 14
2x = +12
x = +6

Fe3+ Fe2+
Fe3+ + e- Fe2+

WHalf-equationsK
W

Cl2 ClCl2 2ClCl2 + 2e- 2Cl-

WPermanganate ion (MnO4-) J

MnO4- Mn2+
MnO4- + 8H+ Mn+2 + 4H2O
- -

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn+2 + 4H2O

WDichromate ion (Cr2O72-) J

Cr2O72- Cr3+
Cr2O7-2 + 14H+ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Cr2O7-2 + 14H+ + 6e- 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

W
WW

l2 l
S2O32 S4O62l2 + 2e- 2l2S2O32- S4O6-2 + 2e-

(i)
(ii)

l2 + 2S2O32- S4O6-2 + 2I-

W(ii)(i)

MnO4- Mn2+
Fe2+ Fe3+

WW

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O

Fe2+ Fe3+ + e-

W
(i)
(ii)

W(ii)

5Fe2+ 5Fe3+ + 5e-

(iii)

W(iii)(i)
MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ Mn2+ +5Fe3+ +4H2O

WW

MnO4- Mn2+
C2O42- CO2
- -

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O

C2O42- 2CO2 + 2e-

(i)
(ii)

W(ii)(i)
2MnO-4 + 16H+ + 10e- 2Mn2+ +8H2O
5C2O42- 10CO2 + 10e-

(iii)
(iv)

W(iv)(iii)

2MnO4- + 5C2O42- + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

WW

Cr2O72- Cr3+
Fe2+ Fe3+

W
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Fe 2+ Fe3+ + e-

(i)
(ii)

W(ii)

6Fe2+ 6Fe3+ + 6e-

(iii)

W(iii) (i)
Cr2O72- + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
- -

WElectrochemical CellsK

Kelectrodehalf cell
Cu0 Cu2+
KEFCu2+

WEF

EF

Ag+AgKanode
KEFAgo

- -

WEF

EF

E
FKcathode
KEF

WEF
WK

WGalvanic cellK

EF
K

WElectrolytic cellK
- -

EF

K
EF

EF
KEFEFK

WEF

- -

(KCl)

K(Ej) Liquid Junction Potential

EF

KCl-H+EF

WEF

- -

WK

WEF

KEFK

Ag+Cu2+FK
KENO3-HSO4-SO42-

coupledK
K

K+Cl-

KWEF
- -

WK

WNernst Equation

aCu 2+ + 2e bCu o
[Red] b
E = E o - RT ln
nF
[OX] a
W

KEFZEo
KEFZE

8.314 jk-1mol-1ZR

K25 Co298 kZT

K96485 CZF

2.303 log10ZZIn

KZn

KZ[Red]

KZ[OX]

]=1

- -

EFK
Cu 2+ + 2e Cuo

Eo = + 0.34 V

0.1MZCu2+

E=E o

[Red] b
log
[OX] a
1
log 0.1
) = + 0.31 V

0.0592
n

E = 0.34 - ( 0.0592
2

WEFK

Cl 2 + 2e 2Cl

E = + 1.36 V
[Cl-] = 10-2M

o

E=E o

0.0592
n

[Red] b
log
[OX] a
-2 2

(10 )
E = + 1.36- 0.0592
2 log 1

E = 1.36 + (2 x 0.0592)
E = + 1.48 V

??

anode

Zn = - 0.763

??
- -

cathode Cu = + 0.34

KEFW

EaEc

Ecell = Ec Ea

WEF

25 Co Eo
+ 1.359

Cl 2 ( g ) + 2e 2Cl -

+ 1.229

O 2 ( g ) + 4 H + + 4e 2 H 2 O

Br2 ( aq ) + 2e 2 Br

+ 1.087

Br2 ( l ) + 2e 2 Br

+ 1.065

Ag + + e Ag (s )

+ 0.799

Fe 3+ + e Fe 2+
I 3 + 2e 3I
Cu 2+ + 2e Cu ( s )

+ 0.771
+ 0.536
+ 0.337

UO 2 2 + 4 H + + 2e U 4+ + 2 H 2 O
Hg 2 Cl 2 ( s ) + 2e 2 Hg ( l ) + 2Cl

+ 0.334
+ 0.268

AgCl ( s ) + e Ag ( s ) + Cl

+ 0.222

Ag ( S 2 O3 ) 3 2 + e Ag ( s ) + 2 S 2 O 2 3

+ 0.017

2 H + + 2e H 2 ( g )

0.000

AgI ( s ) + e Ag ( s ) + I

- 0.151

PbSO4 ( s ) + 2e Pb( s ) + SO 2 4

- 0.350

Cd 2+ + 2e Cd ( s )

- 0.403

Zn 2+ + 2e Zn( s )

- 0.763

- -

WK

K {Ce4+{Fe2+100

KE F{{W

KNernst equation

RT [Ox ]
E=E +
ln
nF [Re d ]b
a

[Ox ]
0.0591
log
n
[Re d]b
a

E = E0 +

=[Ox]8.314 JK-1mol-1=R=E0=E

=T96485 C (coulombs)=F=[Red]

K=nlog2.303==ln(298)

W

Fe2+ Fe3+ + e- [E0 = 0.75V]
Ce4+ + e- Ce3+ [E0 = 1.45V]

W
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]K
Fe3 +
0.0591

E = E0 +
log
1
1
1
Fe 2 +

- -

[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] K
Ce 4 +
0.0591

0
log
=E +
1
2
1
Ce3 +

E1

[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 10/90, E1 = 0.69

[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 50/50, E1 = 0.75
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 90/10, E1 = 0.81
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 99/1, E1 = 0.87
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 99.99/0.1, E1 = 0.93

EF
10
50
90
99
99.99

W
[Fe3+] = [Ce3+] [Ce4+] = [Fe2+]

E10 + E 02 0.75 + 1.45

=
= 1.10 V
2
2

K[Ce4+]/[Ce3+]Ce4+ J

4+

3+

E2

[Ce ]/[Ce ] = 0.1/100, E2 = 1.27

[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] = 1/100, E2 = 1.33
[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] = 10/100, E2 = 1.39
[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] = 90/100, E2 = 1.45

EF
100.1
101
110
190

WEF

- -

1.5

E, Volt

1.3
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.5
0

20

40

60

80

100 120 140 160 180 200

Cerium (IV), mL

Ce4+W
WK
WPotassium permanganate

%2

StandardizationK

KFe2+

WK

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn+2 + 4H2O

WK
-

MnO4 + 2H2O + 3e MnO2 + 4OH

WK
MnO4- + e- MnO42- -

K1500 .
K .

F
.
KE

K .

.
K

E F .
K

WCerium (IV)

W
Ce4+ + e-

Ce3+

K
Sn , H2O2 , Fe , V , Mo, W , Ti , U

WPotassium dichromate

K2Cr2O7

KEF

2-

3+

Cr2O7 + 14H + 6e 2Cr + 7H2O

K
- -

WPotassium bromate

KBrO3

WBr2

BrO3- + 5Br- + 6H+ 3Br2 + H2O

Br2

KBr

WKI

2I- + Br2 I2 + 2Br-

Na2S2O3

WIodine

Potassium iodide, KI

KWI3

I2 + I-

I3-

WDirect methods (Iodimetric methods)

As(III)

SO32-H2SSn(II)Sb(III)
K

- -

WIndirect methods (Iodometric methods)

KI

Aox + I Ared + I2

KA

I2 + 2S2O32- 2I- + S4O62-

KCr3+Cu2+ClO-Br2Cl2Cr2O72-
W

Cr2O72-Cr3+0.2

EI-FKI

0.1S2O32-

K22.15

W
+

2-

3+

Cr2O7 + 14H + 6e 2Cr + 7H2O

2I- I2 + 2e-

(i)
(ii)

W3C(ii)
2-

3+

Cr2O7 + 6I + 14H 2Cr + 3I2

(iii)

K KIEiiiF
W

- -

2S2O32- S4O62- + 2eI2 + 2e- 2I-

(iv)
(v)

WEvFEivF

2S2O32- + I2 S4O62- + 2I-

(vi)

W
3+

2-

2-

2Cr Cr2O7 3I2 6S2O3

Cr3+ : S2O322
: 6
1
: 3

KS2O32-
22.15
0.1
1000
moles = 2.215 103 moles

number of S2O32 moles =

number of S2 O32

KCr3+
1
number of Cr 3+ moles = number of S2 O32- moles
3
1
number of Cr 3+ moles = 2.215 10 3
3
3+
number of Cr moles = 7.38 104 moles

- -

W

Cr 3+ (%) =

number of moles atomic weight 100

sample weight (g)

7.38 104 52.0 100

0.2
(%) = 19.19%

Cr 3+ (%) =
Cr 3+

WReducing agents and their applicationsK

WIron (II)

Fe2+Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O

0.5F

KE

Fe2+

WPotassium thiosulfate

EFEFK2S2O3
WS4O62-K
2S2O32- S4O62- + 2e-

- -

K
WRedox titration indicatorsK

KW

WSelf indicator

KMnO4

WMn2+Fe2+

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn+2 + 4H2O

Mn7+ + 5e- Mn2+

E FFe2+EF
Mn2+MnO4-Mn7+

MnO4-EFe3+Fe2+F

KMnO4-

WSpecific indicators

EFFe3+KSCN-

EFTi3+
- -

Ti3+Fe(SCN)2 WFe3+SCN-Fe3+

Fe (SCN)2+ Fe3+ + SCN-

E F

WTrue oxidation-reduction indicators

Inox + ne Inred

EFEF

(II) 10,1

K(Phen)3Fe2+

1.06 V

(Phen)3Fe3+ + e-

(Phen)3Fe2+

(E0 = 1.06 V)

- -

EF
Fe2+KEEF

EF1.10 V EFCe4+
KEF(II)10,1

- -

WEF

+1.1V

II{

+0.85V

+0.28V

E0In

- -

W


WK

K
K

K
K

WK
W
WSample dissolution

K120100 J

K J
K J
W

W
K K

K K

K K
K K

- -

WPrecipitation

WIgnitionDrying

120100

W
Fe(OH)3
KAl(OH)3

KPrecipitated form

Al2O3Fe2O3

2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O

2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O

IgnitionE

KWeighed form

KAl2O3 Fe2O3

WK
KEF K

K
K

K K

- -

K K
WSolubility Product RuleK
W

K
AaBb

aAm+ + bBn-

AaBb

WKEF

a

A m + Bn
K=
[ AaBb]

(1)

A m + Bn = K [ AaBb ]
a

(2)

kK AaBb

W[AaBb]

W(2)

a

A m + Bn = kK

(3)

WSolubility product constantKspkK

a

Ksp = A m + Bn

- -

(4)

WW
Ba(IO3)2

2+

Ba

+ 2IO3

WKsp

Ksp = [Ba2+] [IO3-]2

W
Ksp =

W
AgClAgClS

1.02 x 10-10

Ag+ = SCl- = SW
K sp = Ag + Cl
K sp = S S
K sp = S2
K sp = 1.02 1010 = S2
S = 1.02 1010 = 1.01 105 mol / L

WK
W

KBaSO4H2SO4
BaSO4
H2SO4

Ba2+ + SO422H+ + SO42-

- -

Ba2+ SO42-

KEF

W

KGravimetric factor

WGravimetric factor

WGravimetric factor (GF)

GF=

MW (or atomic weight) of analyte

MW of weighed substance

a
b

KWMW

KWanalyte

KWWeighed substance
KWa

- -

KWb

KEF
WEF

AgCl

AgCl

Cl-

Fe2O3

Fe3+

Hg5(IO6)2

HgO

Cl-

2 Fe
Fe2O3

5 HgO
Hg5(IO6)2

W
Weight of analyzed substance (g) = GF weight of precipitate (g)

W
W

Weight % of analyzed substance =

GF weight of precipitate (g)

100
weight of sample (g)

- -

(AgCl)0.204

0.535.5Cl143.3AgCl

35.5
143.3
GF = 0.2478
GF =

Weight of Cl- = 0.2478 0.204

Weight of Cl- = 0.05 g
Cl- (%) =

0.2478 0.204
100 = 10.11%
0.5

- -

EF

K
K K

K K

K K

K K

K K

K K

EF

K .

K .

K .

K .

1510 .
KK0.04

EF

0.150pH

K555050WNaOHK0.1
K

KK

KK

KK
- -

EF

W .

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEF

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKEF

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEFKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEF

KEF .

W .

KK

KK

KK

F .
KE

EF

W
K .
K .
W .
KH2O2EFCr2O72-EFFe2(SO4)3EFKNO3EFFeCl3EF
W .
N2O4 N2OEFOCl- ClO3-EFSO2 SO3EFMnO2 MnO4EF
W .
Cr2O72- Cr3+

Fe2+ Fe3+

W .
KEF
KEF
KI2EFEF
- -

EF

K .

K .

Ag2CrO4(S) .
KKsp = 1.9 x 10-12

Fe2O3Fe0.2010 .
KK0.1106

- -

KEFEF

WEKKKF J

450EPyrexF
K24

PTFE W

Kpolytetrafluoroethylene

WKE45F

KEbiodegradationF4

K(pH = 2)
K

- -

W .

K .
K .

KEF .

K .

K .

W .
K .
K .

K .
K .

.
KStoichiometric

K .
K0.06 .

- -

KpH = 1.00NaOH0 K
KpH = 1.09NaOH5
KpH = 7.00NaOH50
KpH = 11.68NaOH55

KKK

H+
NH4Cl

NH4Cl + H2O

NH4OH + H+ + Cl-

K
pHK K
K

K
WCH3COONa

CH3COOH + Na+ + OH-

CH3COONa + H2O

K
K

- -

KKEFKEFKEFKEFKEFKEFK
WpH = 8K
K
.

CrO42- + 2H+ Cr2O72- + H2O

KK

Ag+ + OH- AgOH

K
KWWWK
KSCN- + Ag+ AgSCNK
KFe3+ + SCN- Fe(SCN)2+K

Fluorescein indicatorEFK
K

KIn-

Cl-W

Adsorbed
K
- -

AgCl

Ag+

KIn-

- -

K
K

K K
EFS = +6Fe = +3O = -2EFN = +5O = -2K = +1EFFe = +3Cl = -1EFK

KH = +1O = -1EFCr = +6O = -2

KEFEFEFEFK
KCr2O72- + 6Fe2+ + 2Cr3+ 7H2O + 6Fe3+K
EFEFEFK

KI
K

KEFEFEFEF K
K
KEF K

K
K(Filter)

K K

K
K

K7.8 X 10-5=S K
K38.49=0.07735=
- -