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55
69
78
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105
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202
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15 14 13 12 11
16 17 18 19 20
20 19 18 17 16
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490
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207
330
540
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(G G L YCG)
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qWCGh SCG
4
Y dG qHb
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40
440
81
1681
75
875
68
2768
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4 Y dG bH
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4527 = ...... x 100 + 27
71845 = ........ x .... + ....
(1
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4
2131404
Y d Hb Y G OdG d Sj * edG dM c VY (2
2586482*8
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( G G L YCG ) 73 , 5 4 , 8 6
: qG
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65 hCG 60 g jNCG bQ e G OdG Ea
(1
Hb jNCG bQ e G OdG j CG j
Y d Hb 8 6 d @
8 60 g OdG Ea GPEG 4 Y d
9 Y d Hb ebQCG j CG j 9 Y d Hb 8 60 d @
4 g G bQ PEG
8460 g G OdG
9 h 5h 4
Me
Y dG j 8 4 60 OdG CG ShQG YGdG G LdH cCJ
5940 h 5040 M 54 Od dH dG f OYH (1
.HLEG U e ? G g e 73 Od dH (2
25
25
G fCG
80
280
Y dG qHb
1162
25
325
38
2538
OdG
25 Y dG bH
2
Sj ZGdG G h fCG
9537 = ........ x 100 + 37
50875 = ....... x .......+ .......
f
(1
J
Y ddG OGYCG e OY c b bH OM
,12345678925 , 33200 , 2561 , 73
3 Y h 25 Y d Hb OdG d Sj dG VY
,1 6 , 8 2
.GQjO 15 g aQ M b K h ffO 10 g c K
. ebCG OdG dP e h dG e GOY c iTG
ddG dG H e jG K dG G g e
O 3130 , O 3125 , O 3120
25
1
2
3
Y dG qHb
Y ddG OGYCG e OY c b bH g e (1 1 f
808 , 647 , 157 , 94 , 16
8 Y ddG OGYCG e OY c b bH g e (2
6856835112 , 867112 , 2112 , 112
8 Y ddG OGYCG e OY c b bH g e (3
1567567173 , 236173 , 5173 , 173
J
: 8 Y ddG OGYCG e OY c b bH cPCG
796864 , 9767439 , 574024 , 67355 , 984
8 Y d Hb OdG j d Sj dG , Ie c VY
6597924348 , 674536 , 4562
OY .NCG H h MCG H Gjc Y e qc IU Y 8 d
: dG hH qe dG g GjdG
8 dG
62
7 dG
46
6 dG
31
5 dG
28
4 dG
18
3 dG
9
2 dG
10
1
2
3
1 dG
11
qH ae jQ
1 j
G fCG
Yh 5 Y d Hb 12571 OdG j d Sj dG VY
: qG
5
Y d Hb 12571 OdG j
0 hj OMBG bQ :hCG dG
8 Y d Hb 1.0
hj OMBG bQ : fqdG dG
8 Y d Hb 15 OdG c GPEG 8 Y dG 125715 OdG j
, 185 , 175 ,165 , 155 , 145 , 135 , 125 , 115 , 105 ddG OGYCG e OY CG Lj
8 Y dG j , 195
Wd j GdG GOdG g 1257160 h 1257120 qEa dHh
5
11
2 j
: qG
hCG 120 a GPEG 3 Y d Hb OY g A G 292 hCG 120 a GPEG 4 Y d Hb OY g B HG ( 8Y d HdG MdG OdG)120 a GPEG 8 Y d Hb OY g C dG ? HG h G GPEG g e
? G g e
279
3 j
: qG
Gd 3050 g fGG d qG dG
hdG h OdG jdG c Ea OdG jdG c V g hdG c CG
3 Y d Hb OY g
GOY j 3050 e W GPEG dG OdG G dG j adG jdG GN Y d GPEG
3 Y d Hb
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? G fGG e GN H OLG FdG GPEG ge
12
UMCG
dG dG dG OdG Y a dG dG Od jbEG dG
OY r h W U OY q M a = bq + rT Y a Hc J b d
b e b UCG W U
dG bH r h dG QN q h SdG j b h G j a
GPEG a dG dG Od Sb d dG b dG dG OdG j
hj b Y a Od jbEG dG bH c GPEG CG b Y d Hb a c
GU
G fCG
f Y h 1 Y EG dG j h 1 e cCG W U OY g hCG OY
bQ e G OdG c GPEG 4 Y d Hb ( 99 e cCG) OY j
4 Y d Hb ( GdG bQ h OMCG bQ) jNCG
jNCG bQ e G OdG b bH f g 4 Y OY b bH
4 Y
bQ e G OdG c GPEG 25 Y d Hb ( 99 e cCG) OY j
25Y d Hb jNCG
jNCG bQ e G OdG b bH f g 25Y OY b bH
25 Y
dG ebQCG e G OdG c GPEG 8 Y d Hb (999e cCG) OY j
8 Y d Hb (G bQ h GdG bQ h OMBG bQ ) INCG
INCG dG ebQCG e G OdG b bH g 8 Y OY b b H
8 Y
13
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H e cPCG dG Y AGLEG hO
7 OdG j d f c e bQ V
bH f d dG ddG OGYCG
3 h 5 h 2 Y d Hb
8 Y dG
73 , 5 4 , 8 6
81076 , 11623 , 51228 , 623 , 8112
(G G L YCG)
923600
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OdG j d f c e bQ V
M b K h ffO3 g c K 8
9 h 5 h 8 Y d Hb
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dG g e OdG f c iTG
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507h 7707 h 77 h 773 h 147 h
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51975 5400 840 595
TCG OY dG jCG OY SCG jCG
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122 H h 900 HG
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2004
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+ 2 2006
73
74
75
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12
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748748 , 103103 , 351351 , 512512
1001 h 13 h 11 h 7 Y e qc b QN g e
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.dP qa
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13
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15
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54a , 27a , 18a MCG SG dBG SH
? gJh dG J feEH g ? MJ GPe
a = 12345679
RGqdG H HCG
dG dG EG GYO jdG OGhdG e GMGh c h OGH TY GjEG W g
TCG e .dG Ge HGQdG Ue dP j gh eSEG dG
QdG GP G Hc CG c .''QG dG''h ''hG'' c JdDe
VGeCG RGdG c jh jW eR AWCG Y YG QG h c
h Ge IY JG IdG EG RGdG c LJ bh .Yf e hCG WCG
Xh 1745 Y Gh QG Hc LJ W YCG bh , jQGJ
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d qdG qHdG qG
H e NCG CG qfEGh
GgP bNCG gP og Ea
bT MCG
16
17
3,7 m
15,9m
2,13 m
5m
0,2 m
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7,38 : 12,5
101,25 : 4
0,32 : 0,6
2,513 x 10
21,34 : 10
dBG TT Y
;
;
2,38 : 0,9
120,7 x 1000
923,005 : 1000
68 : 0,04
: MCG 7
; 0,572 x 104 (CG
; 789,1 : 106 (
qWCGh SCG
qqdG qjdG OGYCG
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Y OY g 13,72 @
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d dG AG j 72 h
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10
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2,575
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10
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10
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; -0,35
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10 7
10 4
10 3
10 2
101
ddG OGYCG f -1
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2
3
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a
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80 OdG g .M bCG EG 80 NG-
120
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84
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dhCG SGdG fc GPEG jY GOY dG OdG Gg j
5h 2 hCG 5 hCG 2 g b d
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;
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19
24
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1
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24
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24
21 3x 7 7 7 jd @
=
= =
24 3x8 8 2 3
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24
2
8
21
7
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24
8
:j c W U GOY n h a M a n
? Y OY g
10
7 7x5 3
875 875
= 3 3=
=
8 2 x5 (2x5)3 10 3
15 OdG g (
66
15 5
5
=
=
66 22 2x11
hCG Sb d 22 G
? Y OY g
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66
dG QG G f
1
C h B h A h O dG Yh SdG fG (2
Ph Nh M dG Ua ge (
ddG UdG d dG E h
Dh
6,5
h -3 , 5 h
-2 , 5
h0
20
f
G dG dG eCJ (1
2
dG e f c KGMEG cG -CG
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dS JJ d dG dG g e -
dG hG CGh fG -
Hh Gh D h A
JqdG
UdG
qKGMEG hR
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(1,2)
(-4,1)
B(1,2)
-2
-4
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(3,0)
-3
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dG dG OGYCGY
dG dG OGYCGY
dG jdG OGYCGY
N
Z
D
`H ef
`Hh
`Hh
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: Y B h A d LG dG dG OGYCGY
Z + = {0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ...} = N
g A YG e Y c j A B
B YG e Y jCG ddG dG dG OGYCGY
Z - = {... ; -4 ; -3 ; -2 ; -1 ; 0}
e Y bCG Y Lj j A B
LG jdG OGYCGY
B YG EG j A YG
Z +
ZD+
D-
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g B h A YG OqJG @
A YG EG G UdG Y
B YG EG hCG
`H d efh
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. B `H d efh
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OY jCG g W U OY c CG Mf
f U
:CG f
N Z : fh '' Z YG IG N YG''
Z D CG jCG Mf
: ddG YG f
h A = {2 ; 3 ; 15 ; 29}
`H Gh fG (1
; 2,5....C ; A....B ; -1....A ; C....A -CG
D ....Z ; B .... D ; C....N ; A.... Z -
ddG YG UY OM(2
; A B ; B C ; C A ; C Z - -CG
Z + ; Z + Z - ; C N ; B Z -
3 f
LqQe e SCG SqdG q
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A....B
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a
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b b
a
b
a
b
a
b
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J
5
9
11
; 3 ; -2,5 ; -4 ;
; :ddGOGYCG e OY c cCG
7
2
.d d W U OY bh f U OY aM a IQU Y
22
3
10 2
2
9
4
5
2
; -1.23
7
a
b
5
3
;
ddG OGYCG e OY c He g e (1 2
19 11
;
4
3
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.d d W U OY b h f U OY a
`H ef
qqdG jdG OGYCG Y Q
LG jdG OGYCG Y Q +
ddG jdG OGYCG Y Q , , ,
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2
5
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11
3
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a
b
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f
1 OdH 15 , 11 , 21 , 175 ddG OGYCG e OY c Qb 1
7 23 35 105
f d Le jc GOY @
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a c
a > c j >
b b
f d Le jc GOY @
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a a
b < c j >
AN
CQ
b
6
a
3
h a Qb - 3
6
b c
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29
25
4
25
23
17
15
2
15
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(
J
11
25
11
2
; 3,5 ;
h
16
3
15
35
21
31
6
qjdG jOdG dM qc Qb
15
19 h 13 (
h 11 (CG
;
14
15
15
25
f
T HSCG MCG N gGQO Y j G f dG IQGG LQO dG hG 4
jO
MCG
qdG
AHQCG
AKdG
KEG
dG
-4
-1
-2
-3
IQGG LQO
LQe e dG SdG 5
qdG OGYCG fc e
M d h c h b h a qqdG
d0 h b0
c
a qEa
0
24
J
17
27
14
21
12
7
15
15
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11
4
13
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(
1
2
1
2
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3
4
h +5 h
3
4
4
5
11
5
3
2
7
10
3
4
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f c OY c
e e IMh f
. Qe
qqdG qjdG OGYCG
10
11
<a<
3
3
5
2 < b <
3
7
6
h 2 h1 h5
3
M af c OY Ua K f SQCG - CG - 3
M b f c OY Ua L f SQCG -
f c Od G dG
f
.GWCG d IMc OI fh dG QG G f
UCG O d dH JXe A' Y K 4 Ua dG A dG Yh SdG fCG (CG-1
? A' Ua ge .jQdG
? O dGh A' dG H OA' dG ge ? O dGh A dG H OA dG ge (
3 h 5 GdG Y gUa D h
C dG SQCG (CG-2
2
4
? D' Ua ge ? C' Ua ge .O d dH D h C JXe D' h C' SQCG (
OD' h ODK OC' h OC Qb (
dG Y 9 gH QG G e f M d (CG-3
4
? O dG Y gH ge. a f c OY Ua QG G ef N d(
M SQCG ? Ua ge O
b
25
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a
b
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b
d a : `H ef . OMdG g a dG dG Od G dG @
b
b
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dG dG Od G
b
a a
=
b b
a
a
=
b
b
J
2
5
7
; 3, 8 ; ( ) ; 0 ; 9 ; ( )
13
4
dqdG G e dM qc
a =0
MCG - 1
OdG dP eCG EG L - 2
; a = 2 ; a = 6 ; a = 4
a
a
=
b
b
a =0
a
=0
b
a
=0
b
(CG
(
qdG QG G fCG - 1
. OI g dG b IMh - 2
? M Ua ge . OM = 12 M M f Y-CG
5
O
? dG Y 4,8 J dGh G Gd G dG ge-
. a = 17 M a JUa dG dG Y(CG- 3
5
3
b = 0 M b Ua dG N dG Y (2
26
UMCG
W U G OY n h a M
a
10 n
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U GOY a h n M
a
10 n
IQU Y Hc dS Y OY c @
qW
.Le c Od M bCG EG d Hc a d @
b
5h 2hCG 5hCG 2g b d dhCG SGdG fc GPEG jY GOY dG OdG Gg j
. a ddG dGOdGg He Ea Le jc GOY
qqdG qjdG OGYCG
a
b
c GPEG @
a
a
( ) =
b
b
c
a
>
d
b
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b
b
a
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b
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c GPEG
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b N* h a Z
27
a a
=
b b
=
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b
M c Od Hc g a HdG j e qc : Me
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e N qd - 3
; {1 ; -2 ; 2,5}...Q
21
37; 25; ; 11, 78 .....
7
fqe dG MG Y c OH qY - CG -4
fqG MG Y c OH qY -
qHe 28 EG HqdG G b - CG - 5
5
1cm2 e MGh qc Me
fqG dG MG Y c OH qY -
fG MG Y c OH qY -
: dqdG YG f
B = {9 ; 5 ; 3 ; 18}
h A = 15 ; 5 ; 0, 7 ; 2 ; 3
. 4cm VYh
.je e S EG b - 2
(CG
5
15
; 0; ; 5, 21 ... D
4
14
2 5 11
C = 9; ; ; , 21, 9
5 3 4
Z YG IG YG g qCG (CG
-1
fqG MG Y qjc OGYCH qY 2
: dqdG TCG e T qc MCH
D YG IG YG g qCG (
Q+YG IG YG g qCG (
dqdG YG OqM - 2
; A
Z+ ; C
D ; A
C ; A B ; B
C
AC
; A B
Qb
;
18
5
25
7
2
5
2
3
h 5 ;
12
15
22
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18
5
8
3
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h 11 (CG
3
11
7
4
4
; -1,5 ; 11 ; 9 ; -2 ;
5
14
35
5
17
21
15
;
; 33 ;
; 0 ; -5
;
15
7
4
-2,75
120
780
165
; 1320 ; -15,4
28
F h E h D h C h B h A qdG qY - CG
7
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QqY qd "Les mathmatiques par les problmes" c e e qVdG g : Me
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50
UdG
a c axc
x =
b d bxd
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a
b
c GPEG
YG qdG qY qUN
YG qdG qY qUN
a c c a axc
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b d d b bxd
c
d
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b d b f
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b d f
b d b f
c
qf qjc OGYCG e h h a M
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b
(1)x
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a
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a
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b b
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a
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b a
b
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a
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51
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c
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d
d
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M qf qjc OGYCG c h
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)
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100
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1
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2
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6
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AB
MCG
2 Od Hc c
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a jW NOCG - 5 .QdG Gg f G M j jG dGh ,GMd Hb Z Qh U e
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. Ib IQU Y Hc YG . 3 cm V W hj VCG je e (1 1
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qHe qf
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b = 675
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219 ; 110 ; 120 ; 210 : g 220 f
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102 - 112 ; 42 - 52 ; 32 - 42 ; 22 - 32 ;12 - 22 ;02 - 12
: Od dH J e (2
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1452 - 1462
a = 648
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1 f
2
2
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2
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3
3
3
3
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(-537)2 ; 79 2 ; (149 )3 ; (29 )6 ; 12 5
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EE
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65 ; 64 ; 63 ; 62 ; 6
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759
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49
121
;
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81
64
2500 ; 400 ; 0,25 ; 6,25
;
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16
15
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? MJ GPne 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 ;
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1 + 3 + 5 + ... + 1997 + 1999 ;
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G
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1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 = 42
3+1 2
)
2
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1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 = 4 2 = (
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5 +1 2
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59
5 f
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HdG QG Ea ec
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1444
1 J
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;
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9025
6241
1024
109, 2025
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; 12345654321
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121
; 123456787654321
60
qH ae j
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B = 10005
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B = 1005
111111555556
A = 11
B = 105
(CG
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ddG MG
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1156
34
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(
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61
1
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1
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5
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8888888
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66666
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444
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n c GPEG
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66
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5a a = 4a
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71
4 f
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73
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ddG AGG f
f jc OGYCG t h x h b h a M
3(x + 2) , 3b , 3a H G edG g e -CG - 1
33a + 3(x + 2) , 3b + 3 , 3a + 3b ddG GQdG AGL U cG -
(2t + 1)(x + 2) , a(x + 2) , 3(x + 2) H G edG g e -CG - 2
3(x + 2) a(x + 2) , a(x + 2) + (2t + 1)(x + 2) ddG GQdG AGL U cG -
; 7a3 - 8a5 ddG GQdG AGL U cCG - 3
21t2y - 15ty2 ; 5x3 - x2
j qaM IQY J
.AGL U Hc
11
x
GQdG d - 1
: f c
C IQdG h B IQdG eGY AGL EG a -CG
D = A + B = (x - 1) (2x + 3) + 10x - 10 IQd J SG -
E = (x-1)(2x + 3) - 14x - 21 IQdG eGY AGL EG a -
C = 14x 21
B = 10x 10
A = (x 1)(2x + 3)
74
qH ae j
qf qjc GOY b h a M dqdG B h
A JQdG AGL EG qa
B = (a 2 + 3)(2 a 1) ( 4 a 2 2 a ) ; A = (x - 1)(2 x + 3) + 2 x - 2
qG
IQdG J
2 x 2 = 2(x 1) qdc 2 x 2 J dh ce eY gh qhGC e Mf
A = (x 1)(2 x + 3) + 2(x 1) jd a
A = (x 1)[(2 x + 3) + 2 ] PEG ce eY (x 1) Mf A IQd HdG g h
A
A = (x 1)(2 x + 5 )
IQdG J
j c AGL U 4 a 2 2a IQdG Hc feEH qfGC Mf
: qdc B IQdG Hc GPEG h
B
4 a 2 2 a = 2 a(2 a 1)
B = (a 2 + 3)(2 a 1) 2 a(2 a 1)
B = (2 a 1)[(a 2 + 3) 2 a ]
B = (2 a 1)(a 2 2 a + 3)
J
zh y h xh b
B = b( 3a 2 1) + 9 a 2 3
A = (2 a + 2 )(y 5 ) 25 + 10 y
D = (x 1)(2 z 1) ( 4 z 2 )(x 5 )
C = 3x + 6 + 7(x + 2 )2
75
B = xy x y + 1
A = ax ay + 3bx 3by
`` ` ` jQ`` ` ` `
G x dH I IQY YCG - 1 5
G e dM c G Gg MG - 2
7
5
( x = 6 (CG : ddG
x = (
x=
ABCD
Y a dH Y h dG dG eCJ 1
[BC] dG W
[BD] dG W
[DC] e B dG J H a L
dG G T Me x dH MG -CG
e c MG g b MG -
ddG G
jOY x h a M ddG JQdG NG 6
f jc
x=
16
3
( ,
x=8
(CG
2x + 1 -CG
6
a
2
2a
+
1
1
2a -
B=
+
3
5
2
A = 3x - 1 +
f qjc OGYCG
(x +1)(x 3)
-CG
(3a + 1)(a 5) -
(t 1)(t2 + t + 1) -
3
5
x2
x + 4 -O
4
3
a + 1 (2a + 4) -
2
)(
GS b ihe Y h GS a MCG Y 3
? GS 5 H e c Y j c @
? GS 10 H gQYCG g e @
f qjc GOY x f 4
dM c Y G dG x dH MG
: j e eGY AGL EG qa 8
ddG G e
D = 15a 35b + 10 (CG
7 Ud fh 3 x OdG f - CG
B = 15x3 - 21x2 (
K UG fh xOd 5f -
C = 3x2 6xy + 15x ( 10 UG fh x OdG e 3 f -
4
A = 3(x 2) 3(2x + 1) (O
76
H = xy + 22-11x - 2y
G = ab - 15 + 3a - 5b
: qdG qdG f
10
d d dH I IQY YCG - 1
Me d d dH I IQY YCG - 2
x +2
77
.Fb HG qG CG KCG
12
13
LQdG e OG
MGh GP hCG
QdG HG
1197 S GM dfCG dh dG MCG H dG Y HCG jdG AV g
SdG hdG X Jf Y YCG QdG HG j .1248 S eO Jh
KCG KHC ch ,SGh OH UGNh JdG SQO ,kLfEG AdG cCG eh
''jZCGh jhOCG GO eG'' Hc qV , e GN dG GH dG dG
300 eh ,eh GMh Jf H AGhO 1400) jhOCG e c Od se kMhT
H kHc Nh Fe e cCG) dDe Y kGe (UG QHG e jL AGhO
(kffj Hc hY
d qdG qHdG qG
N H e a dH bG
dG j qM dG j
UQG gGHEG
78
Sj dG Ie c cCG -
1
3
+ =
5
5
12 3
=
5
= 2
5
7 x ... = 4
2 x = 3 y H f jc GOY y h x
2x
3
1
y
5
3
2
1
x+
5
3
3 y
5
9
-
-O
3 y
1
2
27 y
h
h
1
2
-CG
18x
2x+
qWCGh SCG
1 f
X
XX
X
X
jRGe Ge qc HG IQdG
RGdG Gg Y x dH Y - 1
? RGdG j g ,eGZ
2x c c e fCG -
IGh dP Y qY
.iNCG IGh dP Y Y ? RGdG j g ,eGZ 150 qc c e dP H fCG - 3
? x b g e - 4
79
2 f
Ge11`H VY Y dW jj h Ge 61 f e H EG dG j
G Gg Vd l `H ef
G f Y l dH Y - 1
zGe 61 hj G f{ dG G Y IGh Y - 2
VdG j CG g - 3
? G GH g e - 4
.G e jdG jg He e q - 5
? Ge 100 ? Ge 30 ? Ge
15
3 f
c OY
h BC = 4 x + 12 h AC = 7 x - 19h AB = 2 x + 1 M ABCG f
6<x<25 M
5x = 20 j 7 x - 19 = 2 x + 1 qCG H - CG -
H x OdG b SG -
? [AC] h [AB] dG jj CG g -
. C FdG b dG je ABC G d x OdG Y HG -CG - 2
? [BC] h [AB] dG jj CG g -
? 124 cm hj qCG Y GPEG G Gg OHCG g e - 3
7 x - 19 = 2 x + 1
f e Hd VJ HdG fCG
2 l = 50 ; 2 l + 11 = 61 ;
7 x - 19 = 4 x + 2
; 7 x - 19 = 2x - 1 ; 13 x = 130
ax=b
dOG
G j x
dOd hCG dG j ax
dOd dG dG j b
80
J
ax=bf e Hc EG x + 1 = 4 x 1 HdG qM - CG 2
x + 1 = 4 x 1 dOG Q qM -
2
2t + 3 dOG f 3t + 1 + t 1 =
2
4
f
e
Hc
E
G
dOG
g
Hc qM - CG
at = b
1
2
dOG g Q qM -
HG VCG RGe f - 3
jGhRh YVCG bCG Y HG
1 H ae j
IMGh eSG Y B , O , A jd dG dG
BON = 3 MON h MON = 2 AOM h
BON h MON h AOM Y HG
G
AOM jhGdG d x
MON = 2 x
`H ef
MON = 2 AOM j c G Lf
9x = 180
x = 180 = 20
9
j
j
81
G e dEG UJ e He e dG
2 H ae j
e JYb e RGe T Y V
. 48h 30 dH GH
AG e Gd 18 a Vh
? VG Gg AG JQG g e
G
h `H
AG JQG EG ef
: g AG M
V = 48 x 30 x h
V = 1440h cm3
18000 cm3
h=
18000
1440
CG Gd
g AG M qCG h
1440h = 18000 jd GPEG
= 12,5 hj qdH VG AG JQG Ea dH h
18
3 H ae j
G
3(x + 3)
j
.ffO 5 a e GQhCG 6 h ffO10 a e bQh 18 h GQjO 20 a e GQhCG 3 jd dHh
G e dEG qUJ e He e qcCqdG BG Y
x=3
t(3t + 5) = 0
(2 x 5 )(x 1)(1 2 x ) = 0
: ddG OG Q M
(2x + 3)(x 1) = 0 .CG
x2 - x = 0
.O
f
.f c OY x M A = (3x 2)(2x 5) + 6 x - 4 IQdG d
A = (3x 2)(2x 3) G H
A=0 dOG Q M
GP hCG ILQqdG e OG
83
J
: eGY AGL EG dqdG GQdG qa -CG
C = y2 3y (y 2) (y 3) ; B = t(t + 1) + 2t + 2 ; A = 8x 2 + (x 1)(4x 1)
C=0
;
B=0
;
A = 0 ddG OG Q qM -
3
5
4
Y qf
4
5
(H ae) 1 dCe
jQCG c Y eJ 5 LCG d FGQCH I VY Yb EG edG e L NO
eJ 3 j ,jQCG c Y eJ 4 LCG d h GZT fe 12 YdG H j
.Sd fe e
? edG OY g e
qG
x `H FGQCG Od ef
5x - 12
2 dCe
S 12 Y Mh S 40 Y HG d S 62 Y LQ
jhe jY j S S 75S j CG b{ : M h H LdG b
zd
? b a g g
3 dCe
10
4 dCe
cT EG T qJ ffEG GTd
dc JeN hCG Y VY
ffO 6 dG GTEG e H YdG JJ ,YS G AfG Hh K f ffCG Y QHEG YS 5 .YS d jQjO
: dc JeN fdG Y VY
GQjO 18 dG GTEG e (QHEG Yd S j hO) Aj c QHEG d YS 7 g jT QHEG YS e c GPEG fCG cdG g e YS 15 g jT QHEG YS e c GPEG fCG cdG g e Y jhe GTEG de a J dG ffEG Y QHEG YS OY g e .cdG Jg
(H ae) 5 dC e
qG
.Y f qdG ''HqjEGh HgP'' YqdG q v `Hh jG H UdG ad d `H ef
2d g HqjEGh HgP YG qG aG
d
30
d
20
2d
v
d
d
+
20
30
60
60 60
5d = 60 ja qdHh
v
2d
5
60 j
=
2
v
5v = 120 CG (aqdG AGL hj SdG AGL)
6 dCe
e) ddG fG e jGH qfCG Y GPEG SG OdG fN qc V qK dG hG M
.HdG fH jOLG jOdG g OY qc (dG EG QdG
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
35
7 dC e
.NBG W V gMCG Wh JQG f d FM AH AdG qY e ja qoc
IJdG f Y h jdG H qdG ADg TG
.dG FG e GAL GhCa qdG qc TG qhCG dG
CG qdG e NBG dGh cCa dG FG AH qCG qdG OY f dG dG
.dG FG e AL AH
.dG FG AH qCa a eY fG NCGh ddG dG
? qd G OdG g e
8 dCe
.dG e OY Ld
. H f h gOY f hCG dG cCG
,H f h J e f dG dG cCG
.H qjCG dP H d j h H f h J e f ddG dG cCG K
? dG OY g e
85
`` ` ` jQ`` ` ` `
bSG .VjQ Y g DIOPHANTE 6
1 `H dW H hJ .Y e 1 dW
,
12
6
1 h GS LGhR H TYh Y e
7
.WCG hO Y e
e f j CG QdG AT W CG qK
HG Iah H DIOPHANTE J .HCG TY
? DIOPHANTE TY S c .GS 4 `H
: ddG OG Q qM 1
1
x 1 2
x+
= (
2
3
7
2x + 1
x
=3
5
(CG
t +1
t 1 1
2
=
5
3
5
2y 7 y 2
y +1
= y 3
3
2
5
5
7
(
(O
Od jc Hc Y HG 2
132 ee h H
SQe cG ged MQ d 3
cGQ 56 `d j c H aM jOGYEG
aG OY.cGQ 44 `d EG j Hh
.iNCG aG OY 4 `H j IdG
Y GPEG U c e aG OY g e
YG c qCGh 624 MdG cQG OY CG
qFGHG SQ b eJ QYCG 8
? de
. S 208 hj
dG f d dG Gg eJ qc
e qc Y jj KEG .KK qEG (GqdH) Y K aO h IJ RL T iTG
4
Y H qS qj NBGh FeR qS Y S
.bCG KK
.FeR qS
dG K : hCG dG b
? dG Gg eJ OY g e
G G N : dG dG b
? e MGh qc qS g e
GQjO 132 : NCGh ddG dG b
qG iMEG dG GTG e 9
IdG RL K g e
a cG OY h QjO 50 `H Qqj dG
. 700
.FL EG e M 5
OY qCG qG MU M FMEG SGQO H
Qj`H J qc Y 20 `H jj cG W 52 H W 76 H AL h W 58 H AL
.GTG e jRJ c .jJ j G e
?NqdG f j qdG dG QGe g e a G c J d jCGG Y
? jhe
(U OY g QjdH dG QGe)
86
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
87
VYCa K qK SSh HQ h
ec dG e K d gh
14
ee S e K jgCa
IOjR Y b b bh
.VqJ EG d b GPh
YCG eY jY HCGh
? HCG g MU Y e gGgCGh gh dG GdG OY g e
SqdG
j c j e j c dG YEG g G
jH
88
SqdG
SCG
iNCG Jh
IQSJ 1
? SCG jCG .30 m/s YS
70 km/h YS
QjqdH qdG
GZdH RdG
100 m
SqdG
SCG
1 f
15
10
1,5
QjqdH UCG dG
16
10
QjqdH UCG dG
QjqdH qdG b
qdG LqdG
3
20
QjqdH UCG dG
QjqdH qdG b
qdG f
c OY U
3
25
QjqdH UCG dG
QjqdH qdG b
qdG f
c OY U
15%
qd qjhCG qdG
12%
qd qjhCG qdG
89
20
15
10
1,5
0,760
16
10
? HK J f YG jLqdG CG
0, 480 0, 420 1, 200 1, 920 3
12
qGC Mf
=
=
=
=
=
4
10
16
25
100
KCG e Se 1,920h
.d jhCG dG J 12%h SdG eY j 3 OdG
25
2 f
10
60 50 30
20
d YG aG
CGh qdG hG fG (1
40 30 20
10
60 50 30
20
edH d YG aG
d
t
? Se t h d jqG qCG g (2
:dqdG f HQCG Y qYh qdG G fG (3
M(10,20) ; N(20,30) ; P(30,50) ; Q (40,60)
CGh qdG hG fG (1
40 30 20
10
15
edH d YG aG
d
t
? Se t h d jqG qCG g (2
90
d
t
HK H
. 40h 30h 20h 10 OGYCG e GdG Y GOW Se 60h 45h 30h 15 OGYCG -2
. 15 = 30 = 45 = 60 = 3 j
10 20 30 40 2
hG -3
40
30
20
10
60
45
30
15
OW SJ hL g
: dG hG f eY H
x
a'
b'
c'
d'
......
......
SqdG
.d d jc OGYCG
y a b b d
= = = = = ... jd c GPEG
x a' b' c d'
CG j dP Ea
OW SJ hL hG - 1
..., d' , c' , b' , a' OGYCG e GOW Se ..., d , c , b , a OGYCG - 2
GOW Se yh x jG - 3
G UCG O dG e e g (O, I, J) e xdH y `d dG SdG - 4
J
? INCG d SdG eGY geh SdG hGL ge ddG hGG H e 1
dqdG hG
7.5
qdG hG
4.5
12
10.5 17.5 15
18
15
qhCG hG
21
80
12
20
32
60
15
24
. SdG eY OM SJ dM d dH (2
4OY dG SdG
2OY dG SdG
3OY dG SdG
ddG dG f
(O, I, J)
1OY dG SdG
G G
. G Gg SQG .O dG e e G J dG g G KCG
.M
10
`H h
3,5
`H ef h R YT jFGO Ub f
: dG hG CGh fCG-CG-
14
12,25
H R qdG
H P G
qHG H S MG
? SdG eY g e dc fc EG ? GOW Se R h P jG CG g-
? SdG eY g e dc fc EG ? GOW Se Rh S jG CG g -
qH ae jQ
SJ hL dG hG d aOdG Y HG (1
3
a+3
92
SJ hL HdG hG (1
3 h 2 j OdG e GOW Se a+3 h a GOdG j
a a + 3 j
=
2
3
2a + 6 = 3a j
a = 6 j
hG j dG g h
3
g SqdG eYh
h 14b GOdG (GC -1
3
14 b 10 + b
=
7
3
j 3h 7 e GOW Se
b + 10
14 b 10 + b
=
7
3
2b =
b + 10
3
SqdG
j
6b = b + 10 j
5b = 10 j
b = 2 j
4;3;7
OGYCG e GOW Se
c+2 ; 10 + b ; 14b
OGYCG ( -2
14 b 10 + b c + 2
=
=
7
3
2
10 + b c + 2 14 b 10 + b
=
=
3
4
7
3
10 + b c + 2
=
3
4
10 + b c + 2
=
3
4
b=2
j
j
IGhG H b VY GPG
jd j
12 c + 2
=
3
4
4 h 3 , 7 OGYCG e GOW Se c + 2
16 = c + 2
c = 14
h 10 + b , 14b OGYCG J dH
c = 14
28 12 16
( =
=
= 4)
4
3
4
93
b=2
c GPEG
c + 2 = 16 ; 10 + b = 12 ; 14 b = 28 Ea dG g h
4 h 3 , 7 OGYCG e GOW Se 16h 12 , 28 OGYCGh
G
1
(SqdG HGqdG) f
ddG OdG SdG hGL J Gh fG
2 0,25
...... 7,5
....... -21
6
14
2,5
3,2
......
5
2
6
5
.....
J
.CGh hG Gg fG .GZdH fRh M QjdH YH S qdG hG qj 1
2
12,500
3,750
5,5
3,5
8,750
GZdH RdG
QjqdH qdG
100 km d jdG e Gd 8
IQS J 2
? jdG e Gd 26 `H J dG aG g e .1
? 420 km d eRdG jdG c g e .2
.H G dG e Se H Hf j 3
.ddG VdG HdG W OMh ddG QdG eCJ
hCG qVdG
100C
fqdG qVdG
dqdG qVdG
d Vj dG IQGG LQO e Se H jM OY Oj 4
IQGM LQO 76,55cm dWh 20C IQGM LQO 76,40cm dW c GPEG
? 200C IQGM LQO b dW g a
94
2 f
d d f jc OGYCG k h
a, b, c, d
M dG SdG hL f
b-d
b+d
ka
a-c
a+c
SqdG
j
j
j
a c
=
b d
a c
=
b d
a c
=
b d
CG
b+dh dh b OGYCG e Se a + c h c h a
b-d h dh b OGYCG e Se a - c
kb h d h b
OGYCG @
h c h a OGYCG @
OGYCG e Se k a h c h a OGYCG @
. k d dG dG dG OdG c e
J
.CGh qdG SqdG hL fG
1
3
a b+ c
2
4
2a-3b-5c
a+b+c
2
xy
3
9,50
x-y+z
13,50
.GQb
81
Gh dG hG fG
1,50 GZdH QhdG
QdH fEG
27
600
135
68 H h ee H QdG j 3 Od jc Hc L
7
95
h x = 7 M yh x jOY Y HG
11x - 13y =9
qH ae jQ
112
eeh H j
3
11
Od jc Hc L
hCG jqdG : qG
H b h a jOY OjEG g G
a +b =112 h a = 3
a b
=
3 11
a b
a+b
= =
3 11 3 + 11
j
j
b 11
a 3
=
b 11
a b
=
3 11
dHh
b = 88 CG
b
=8
11
h a = 24 CG
a
=8
3
24
88
fqdG jqdG : qG
H x OY OjEG g G
3x +11x = 112
3
3x 8 24
=
=
11 11x 8 88
Ea dHh x = 8 j
3xx
h 113 = 11
xx
: qG
KdG WCG H c h b h a `H ef
a b
c
j da QYCG e Se HG CG
= =
5 11 14
a b
c
a+b+c
84 14
= =
=
=
=
GPEG
5 11 14 5 + 11 + 14 30 5
a = 14
b=
154
=
5
O 30,800
a 14
=
5 5
5b = 11 x 14 = 154
5 c = 196
j b
c=
jd j PEG
14
11 5
c 14
=
14 5
=
h
h
196
= 39,200
5
j
: j c HLEG U e dG
a + b + c = 14 + 30,800 + 39,200 = 84 ( CG
14, 11, 5 QYCG e GOW Se 39,200, 30,800 , 14 dG (
14 30, 800 39, 200
=
=
5
11
14
CG
HG TCG
SqdG
1 f
. ABC e SQG
AM = 3AB M M dG [AB) G f Y SQG
AN = 3AC M N dG [AC)G f Y SQG
AM AN MN
=
=
= 3 CG (1
AB
AC
BC
ABC G P'`H h AMN G P `H ef (2
P
= 3 CG KCG
P'
eYh h ABC G VCG e Se h AMN G VCG CG f
3 hj SdG
1 hj SdG eYh AMN G VCG e Se ABC G VCG CG c
3
CG dG g f
3 g HdG eYh ABC d He AMN G @ - 1
( 3 g dG eYh ABC d J g AMN G hCG)
g HdG eY h AMN d He ABC G @ - 2
( g dG eYh AMN d J g ABC G) hCG
1
3
1
3
He
97
ABC h AMN G @
-3
2 f
A Fb ABC e SQCG
A d dH B dG IXe M dG HG
C d dH B dG IWe N
dG HG
?HdG eY ge ABC d He MBN G CG SG
G M(1
MBN G Meh JdG Y S h P `H ef(2
ABC G Meh JdG Y S' h P' `H efh
. S' dH S MCGh P' dH P MCG
MN
=2
AC
qeY H
NBG VCG e JqdG Y Se MGdG VCG fc GPEG He qfCG qe Y f
MN MP NP j ABCqd He MNP qG @
=
=
AB
AC BC
AB BC CD DA qEa IJKL YHqd He ABCD YHqdG c GPEG @
=
=
=
IJ
JK
KL
LI
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.jGhdG
f K C h B h A fc GPEG G e f O d
GdG Y JGXe C' h B' h A' h G e
B'A'C' jhGdG g BAC jhGdG IXe qEa O EG dH
B'A'C' = BAC h
J
BC = 4 cm h ACB = 40h ABC = 60M ABC G HG (CG
I EG dH BIXe D dG HG [AC] e I dG d (
. BAC MCG
EG dH BAD h ABC h BAC : ddG jGhdG e qc IXe g e (
DCM MCG qK [BC]EG J h [BC) EG J M f qY (O
h XOY SCGdH HG jhGdG f 2
? O EG dH [OY)h [OX) e c Xe g e -CG
O EG dH XOY jhGdG Xe g e -
? J GPe
XOY' MCG XOY + X'OY' = 90 c GPEG -
X'OY'
136
.SGqc Y HG qdG fG 3
GXe S h R h Q h P qdG HG
. BqdG EG qdH Eh Dh Ch AqdG
.QPB h RSA jGhqdG b MCG
IFGO IXe
f
[II']
dGh dG f d JFGO
( )
cG XqdG
HG dG
SGc Y dG fCG .1
e f M d .2
.O EG dH M IXe M' dG HG (CG
'EG J M' qCG KCG (
' e f N' d
N' dG J H N dG HG (CG .3
O EG dH N IXe
EG J N qCG KCG (
( ')
'h
I'
f d
'
J
IFGO SQCG 1
IXe ' IFGdG SQCG
I gce
.dM qc
dqdG dG
O ( )
137
f EG dH
fqdG dG
hCG dG
I =O
O ( ),I O
: Sj dG VqY h j e fCG
.................... g O EG dH I dG IXe
............. g D EG dH ( )IFGdG IXe
............ g D' EG dH ( ') IFGdG IXe
........... g O EG dH ( ) IFGdG IXe
MG Y aG
f
( ')h ( ') HG qK SGc Y HG SdG fG
O EG dH GdG Y ( )h ( ) JXe
( ') h ( ) Me H Qb
. ( ')h Me Qb qK
EG dH GXe h Sg T
.MG f d PEG He g O f
.MG Y aj cG XdG
J
M A jhGdG Fb ABC e SQCG 1
.A EG dH GdG Y C hB dG JXe E h D dG HG
ABE h ADC h ADE G VCG Qb
? ABC G Me g e
. BCDE YHdG Me SG
AC = 5 cm h AB = 3 cm
138
qSg TCG XJ ce
f
.SGc Y F dG fCG (CG
G dG g O EG dH B dG IXe qCG M
EG J dG
iNCG dG Y J MG f qCG g (
? O EG dH JGXeh
O EG dH JGXe HGh F Y iNCG f qY (
? J GPe (O
cG XqdG
Sg T XJ ce O f q
O dG EG dH Xe e dG Gg fG GPEG
J
.OqM ? XJ ce d qdG g e : dqdG TCG H e
(4)
139
(8)
(3)
(7)
(2)
(1)
(5)
OY H ae j
qG
q CG .1
.(NP) G g
D Y OY (MM') PEG D EG dH M dG IXe M' jd .2
`d RGe (MM') dH D Y OY (NN')PEG D EG dH N dG IXe N' h
(NN')
.(NN') `d RGe (MM') PEG (NP) G g O EG dH (MM') G Xe jd .3
dHh (NP)`d RGe (NN') PEG (NP) h (NN') G e qc RGj (MM') G
.IMGh eSG Y P h N' h N dG
(MM') G Xe qEa O EG dH M' h M JXe P h N
OY H ae j
A e IQGh O gce dG
.1
.2
.3
.4
qG
(OA)Y OY (AB)PEG A jhGdG Fb OAB G jd .1
EG J A qdGh
IFGdG T CG
OA g (AB)G Y O dG H dHh
IFGd SG g (AB) PEG
A dG
(SdG EG fG)
140
. [BD] dG e A j A EG dH B IXe D dG jd .3
A' qEa G Y aj cG XdG qCG f h O EG dH A `d IXe A' qCG
[B'D'] e
. dP qd .A' dG IFGd S (A'B') G qGC Mf .4
B'A'O = 90 PEG B'A'O g O EG dH g Xe h BAO = 90 jd
. (OA') Y OY (A'B') CG CG
Ea dHh ( IFGdG T OA ) OA' = OAPEG O EG dH JXe A' h A dG
IFGdG EG J A' q
. A' dG IFGd S (A'B') G PEG
qdGh XdG
cG XqdG
f
OI = OJ = 1cm h G e (O,I,J) M dG SdG M
MG dG Vj c C h B h A dG d
J
I
141
3 1
P(- ,- ) dG qY
2
2 2
(OJ) EG dH JXe
O EG dH C h A h B dG GXe OqM(CG (4
(O,I) dH JXe Ua h C h A h B
O
dG e f qc Ua EG dH MJ GPe (
EG dH JXe JJ h HS IQcG dG e f qc JJ dc h O EG
5
5
H(2,- ) h G(-2, ) dG qY (
2
2
.O EG dH JXe
oj (O J) Y OY (O I) M (O, I, J) f KK c
.iG Gee e
G UCG qoJ O dG
.UGdG Q qoj (OI) G
.JdG Q qoj (OJ) G
.KGMEG GQ g (OJ) h (OI) G
jdG OGYCG e (x,y) hR qd
CGfh M(x,y) f h G e M IMh f f
(x,y) KGMEG GP M dG
. G e (O, I, J) c GPEG
: qEa M dG KGMEG (x,y) dG hdG c GPEGh
JKGMEG , M' dG g (OI) EG dH JXe (-x,y) JKGMEG , M'' dG g (OJ)EGdH JXe JKGMEG , M''' dG g O dG EG dH JXe (x,-y)
(-x,-y)
J
OI=OJ M G e (O, I, J) d
C (2,4) h B (-3,2)h A (1,3)dG h
dG e qc qKGMEG Y HG (CG
(OI) Qd
qdG GXe C"h B"h A" qdG e qc qKGMEG Y HG (
(OJ) Qd
. OEG dH Ch Bh A dG GXe KGMEG Y HG (
? J GPe (O
142
OY H ae j
.G e (O,I,J) d
.qdG je AOB qG qCG qHB. (2,-3)h A (2,3)qdG qY (CG
.JKGMEG OqM . O qd qdH A qdG IXe C qdG f (
.Fb ABC qG qCG qH
.e jABCD YHqdG H D qdG qKGMEG OqM(
qG
cG XqdG
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
Cx
-3
UMCG
.G e f O d
IXe M'f J O Y f M
e O fc GPEG O EG dH M d
. [MM']
dG g O EG dH O dG IXe
.f O
.d RGe e g ce XH e Xe
G e f O h e (AB) c GPEG
G g O EG qdH (AB) Xe qEa
Y B h A JXe B'h A'M (A'B')
. O EG qdH GqdG
e f g ce XH e f Xe
e f O h e f[AB) c GPEG
B h A JXe B' h A' M G
[AB) Xe qEa O EG qdH GqdG Y
. [A'B') G f g O EG dH
e b g ce XH e b Xe
d je
f B h A h G e fO
Y B h A JXe B' h A'h
IXe qEa GPEGO qdG EG qdH GqdG
jdh [A'B'] dG g O EG qdH [AB]
. A'B' = AB
dG Y aj cG XdG
C'
B'
eSG Y aj cG XdG
O
A'
144
UMCG
G Y aj cG XdG
dH e b e Xe
dG J Xe e g O f EG
jGhqdG Y aj cG XqdG
.G e f O d
C' h B' h A' h f K C h B h A
. O f EG qdH GqdG Y JGXe
h B'A'C'jhGqdG g BAC jGhqdG IXe qEa
cG XqdG
BAC = B'A'C'
145
. IFGqdG T f dh
MG Y aj cG XdG
EG dH GXe h qSg T
.MG f dh He g O f
.MG Y aj cG XqdG
G e T XJ ce g O f
qdH f dG g Xe qCG j
.O EG
Gee (OJ)h (OI) M G e(O,I,J) c GPEG
: qEa MqdG qKGMEG (x,y)dG hqdG c GPEGh
M' qdG g (OI) EG qdH JXe (x,-y) JqKGMEG
M'' qdG g (OJ) EG qdH JXe (-x,y) JqKGMEG
M''' qdG g O qdG EG qdH JXe (-x,-y) JqKGMEG
B'C'A' h B'A'C'
`
`
`
`
j
Q`
`
`
`
`
jhGdG e qc b g e
.2
A'B'C' h
.HGL qY
.HGL qY ? B'C' dG g e .3
.G e f
A EG qdH B h C JXe A' dG HG qK SGc Y dG SQCG .1
qdH C' qdG IXe C'' qdG HG (
C' h B' h
(AB) EG qdH GdG Y C h B h A GXe
B'C" = BC qCG H (
. O EG
B' h C'qdG HG qKABC qe SQCG (CG
146
-3
-2
-1
-1
3
x
-2
G
x
-3
cG XqdG
? XJ ce qdG qd g
14
2,5
2,5
2,5
147
(O, I, J) qG
MCG qG h QH dhW dG dG q 20
gOGJQG bGe g C h B h A dG h IdG Qe
' h jRGe e SQG
16
.JKGMCG OqM(CG HG qK ' e B f h e A f qY (CG .1
.2
Y C h B h A dGh (O,I,J) qG fCG(
. [AB] dG e I dG
.SGc
I EG dH ' Xe qCG qH(
g e .OGJQG Y qbJ IdG qCG Vd ( D f h A `d d e C f qY (CG .3
: dqdG qdG qKGMEG
. [CD] dG e J h B `d d ' e
HdG OGJQG be D . J EG dH ' Xe qCG qH (
15 OY OGJQG be E - G j e q ce XJ e c .4
? ' EG
38 OY OGJQG be F 158 OY OGJQG be G h G M qdG dG qeCJ 17
.HGL e XJ ce OM qK jRGe
HQCG ANCG Y HG
20
ce A dG qCG h Y dG dG
.XJ
148
cG XqdG
: qJGh eG J qXhCG
qdG geoGebra qdG SGH cG XqdG M fCG
.ffG Y http : //www.geogebra.at bG e
ABCDYHqdG SQG .1
O qS h G e f qY .2
O EG dH D h C h B h A dG GXe CfCG .3
A'B'C'D'YHdG CfCG .4
? O dG EG dH MJ GPe .IQCdG SGH A dG jH b
? MJ GPe .A dG jH b h TdG Y [AA'] dG W XCG
?[AA'] EG dH O dG q GPe
?O EG dH d IXe G e f LJ g ABCD
.
YHdG QNO dG qY.5
? O EG dH d IXe G e f LJ g .ABCD YHdG NGOO dG qY .6
149
WJ Y UG jGhqdG
e e jRGe e
s`nG Y
e e dG c e H kY c ,QHH dh G gGHEG H Y g
.cGh OJQG LQO EG b e AdG dEG Uh e Y S a .Y
AfEH bdG e dG dEG Y dG gh ,dG dOG qM e hCG a
ch jMh a e dGh jdG Y J .AdG GLCG cM S UdG
Y e Jh ,Qeh e e c h Uh fh Sh GAGbh eh
dG kY c,kSf kW ch.mej ahG Yha NG Y dG
kahe c a c kYh ,eSEG Zh eSEG ,jMh H kaQY
,HGh G SbEG GQOe e j e T :HdH fJ e.feR
.1123 Y J .e Feh ,SG dSQ ,YHQ ,G Ge
d qdG qHdG qG
qdG qG gh qhGC g
e qc AdG e H
qG
qdG YT b CGdG
IqM d LG g GPEa
e WJ Y UG jGhqdG
e e jRGe
SCG
xAu = yAv = 90 M HG dG M
e e jRGe e WJ Y UG jGhqdG
? SCGdH He
(Ax)//(tt') h [AB]
e I M HG dG M 3
.e qc eCG CN hCG U `H LCG qK
tBy'
t'By'
t'
t ' By
g I EG dH
g I EG dH
g I EG dH
jhGdG IXe
xAy jhGdG IXe
xAy jhGdG IXe
xAy
xAy
151
t'By'
qWCGh SCG
G f e NGO jGhR -Ke jGhR -NGO dOe jGhR
Y d Wb eh (uv) e (zt) h (xy) ddG dG G e dM qc
. B h A dG GdG
.G f e qNGO jhGR g
J
[AC] h[AB]j e (xy)
h e
ABC M HG dG M
Jh I
dG GdG Y
(CG
(
G EG G f e NGO jGhR cPCG (
152
e e jRGe e WJ Y UG jGhqdG
(CG
(BC) `d RGG h Ae QG (xy) G HG (
?
ABC
hj e jGhR bCG
J
. B h A jhGdG MCG e T ABCD (CG 1
153
e T
YHdG M HG dG M (
.jRGe (ER) h (JS) G h
IRE G jGhR bCG MCG
ROSE
MCG qK HG dG qeCJ 2
h O = 2 x C M COQ G f 3
.G Gg jGhR bCG C dH cCG
. Q h O h C MCG
CO = 5cm qCGh Y G Gg SQCG
Q =3xC
q YHQ .ABCD HG dG
Sj cCG qK j e SGc Y fCG
360
154
J
ACB = 50 h ABC = 70h BC = 5cm M ABC
e SQCG (CG
CAD = 50 h ACD = 60M ACD G ABC G QN HG (
.jRGe (BC) h (AD) G qCG qH (
A
e e jRGe e WJ Y UG jGhqdG
KG jGhqdG
155
1 f
J
D'h D
.jRGe
EFG = 30
G M HG dG qeCJ 1
.dG je ABC G qCG qH
[EH]
JYb
EFGH e T HG (CG
FGH h FEH MCG (
? W g e (
jRGe e ' h M dG dG qeCJ 3
hO SG f H dG jGhdG bCG OM qK
.G SG
2 f
(yy')h (xx')e HG dG q
(zz') G h
zBy' = zAx' = 40M d Wb
3 f
e (yy')h (xx') jd HG dG
zAx = zBy M d Wb (zz')h
zBy = x'Az' qCG qH (1
jRGe (yy')h (xx') G qCG SG (2
d Wb h e D' h D d
jRGe D' h D qEa EG dH Ke jhGR jJ GPEG
156
xJ
e IJK h ABC M HG dG qeCJ 1
.jRGe (IK)h (AC) G qCG qH
e e jRGe e WJ Y UG jGhqdG
. HG dG M 2
? (zt) h (xy) d dG VdG g e
157
M HG dG qeCJ 3
VCG je
(AB) G e qd dG VdG g e
? (DE) h (AC) Gh (CD) h
CDE h ABC
OY qH ae j
: qG
hCG jqdG
(xx') `d RGG h P e QG G (zz') d - 1
.d Wb (AP)h jRGe (zz')h (xx')G jd
dH h NGO dOe zPA h x'AP jhGdG PEG
(1) x'AP = zPA
(BP)h jRGe (zz') h (yy') G jd dc
J eY VdG SQOCG - 2
OY qH ae j
C = 80
B = 30
: qG
jdG SdG (1
[AB] G b SQ qfC eqG G ah ITe G Gg AH (2
C jhGdG SQ M BC dG jd d d B jhGdG h
A = 70 qCG f eh 180hj e jGhR bCG qCG f
ABC G SQ dG g h B = 30 h A = 70h AB = 5cm jd PEG (3
158
UMCG
e e jRGe e WJ Y UG jGhqdG
e jhGR g
uBt h uAyjhGdG
(uv) G EG dH
159
UMCG
160
`` ` ` jQ`` ` ` `
M qdG dG M 1
(AH) (BC) h
qee jhGR cPCG (CG
je Z h ee jhGR cPCG (
NGO dOe jhGR cPCG (
(xy) // (BC)
e e jRGe e WJ Y UG jGhqdG
QR = 4cm
h PQ = 3cm M[RS] h
. Q = 130h P = 108 h
jGhdG SH S h R MCG (
.NGO dOG h eG
[Ox)//[Pz)
jRGe e
xOy = x'Az' qCG qH
M qdG dG M 5
[Oy)//[Pt) h
xOy = zPt qCG qH
h (xy) M qdG dG M 3
jCG jRGe (fg) h (su) h jRGe
.cCG qK SGqc Y dG hG fG
(zt)
: qdG dG qeCJ 6
(AB) d dG VdG g e
? (DC)h
e qNGO jhGR
161
uCi
M MNP e SQCG (1 11
.RST e SQCG (CG .1 7
e E dG qY h P = 55 h N = 70 jhGdG e [Rz) G f HG (
E dG (ST) j qdG SRT
PE = 3cm M[MP]
RGGh E e QG G HG -CG (2 `d RGG h T e QG (xy)G HG (
F (MN)j qdG (NP) `d
F (RS) j qdG (RE)
T jhGR F h E MCG -
SRE = RFTh RTF = ERT qCG qH (CG .2
NPEF G
? RFT G W g e (
NP = 7cm
h BAx MCG
162
e e jRGe e WJ Y UG jGhqdG
b dG je UVW e SQCG (1 14
e . OPQR VCG RGe SQCG 18
U FdG
E (PQ) j POR jhGdG
SQG K [UV] dG Y A f Y (2
. PE = QR CG H
j (VW) `d RGG h A e QG G
B (UW)
EFGH VCG RGe SQCG 19
UAB G B h A jhGdG Qb -CG (3
. HEG = 35 h FGH = 70 M
? UAB G W PEG g e -
? EHG G W g e
UVW G Ge dG f CG )
EFG e SQG (1
20
(VCG je
j H I h H dG HG (2
.VCG jRGe EFIG h EFGH YHdG
T Fb Z RST e SQG - CG (1 15
? EFIH YHdG W g e (3
.[RA] YJQG SQG K RST = 54 M
H [RT] e B dG qY -
21
(xy)//(zt) M qdG dG qeCJ (CG
RAB = 36
CN hCG GH LCG qK dG hG fCG
.dP Y ?jRGe (AB) h (RS) CG g (2
ddG MGbG e GbG qc Y
jhGdG b MCG qK qdG dG qeCJ 16
ACD h BAC
. ABCD YHdG W SG
= tDE
163
K 120 b
. [Oz) e
Y B fh [Oz) Y A f Y (2
OA = OB M [Oy)
.jRGe (AB) h (OX) qCG H
jhGdG e WJ f I f (3
d J I CG H FHG.h FGH
. GIH MCG . (Fx)
H h G e GQOdG YJQG (4
MCG . J dG Wj
. GJH
qdG dG qeCJ (
jRGe d h D
jRGe x' h
x = 48
je dqdGG G e qe c CG qH
OEF h CNE h BMF : dG
K OPL e SQG 25
L h P jhGdG e ENS = 30 M ENS e SQCG - CG (1 22
[PX) : `d RGG h O e QG G
.ESN = 50 h
[Ly) `d RGG Gh D (PL) j
. I (SN)j SEN jhGdG e
. E (PL) j O e QG h
N e QG (xy) G SQCG -
DE hj OPL G CG qH
. (EI) d RGGh
[Ly) h [Px)
OXY jhGR SQ
.MG b
(jJ b YCG) jhGdG J b g e
EG hO dP RE jW cPGh
.G
ENy h SNx
SEN
d F e QOqdG JQG
. KFx MCG
164
qG jJ
goR H
e FHBG S Y iL .`g 507 S TEH doh , Ghe HCG H H HCG g
,G M a ,dG MdG EG dG hDdG fG .OCGh dG
Qh.dG W FSQ EG dCJ e cj h .dP MCG K ,HdG L
H ,Mh dG M JGREG Y J gR H H HCG IT CG EG IQTEG
bh ,eG e a c dG IG JTe S ,T Y UN IQH
Te dh .Yh e HOCG jd a aH ,dG dG aK EG ,J
`g 595 S J. Gh G fG dG (bdG jCG) QG
d qdG qHdG qG
qqdH dG f eh
HZ fqdG NDJ dh
bT MCG
165
qG jJ
SCG
.HG qdG fCG .1 1
? (BC) EG qdH A qdG IXe A' qdG HG (CG
AC = A'C h AB = A'B qCG qH (
BAC = BA'C qCG qH (
IMGh eSG Y D h E h F qdG : jd HG qdG .2
(FG)//(DC) h (UG)//(FC) h
EFG = FDC h FEG = DFC CG qH (CG
EGF = FCD qCG qH (
qWCGh SCG
1 f
qe qT Qh Y SQCG
. 6cm h 4cmh3cm OHCG
qqdG QdG SGH q
SQ qdG qG HJ e
EFG h ABC qG e qc e
.dqdG
He qe g je qe
. FGh
BC K EG h AC qK EF
h AB VCG Qb (3
. G h C qK F h B qK E h A jGhqdG Qb (4
? He ABC h MNP qG qCG g (5
e
iNCG If g e qc qCG a E qdG Y A qdG J EFG h ABC qG
jhGqdG Jh NBG f g e qc qCG jCG a [EF] qdG Y [AB]qdG j c
.iNCG If g e qc qCG dc a EFG jGhqdG YABC
qG jJ
.SGqc Y HG SqdG fG 1
GqdG Y N h M h L GXe N'h M'h L'qdG HG (CG
. G EG qdH
L'M'N' h LMN qG CG qqdG QdG SGH q (
.je
.Y LQN O fh ABC qe SQCG(1 2
qdH C h B h A qdG GXe C'h B' h A' qdG HG(2
.O EG
.e e je A'B'C'h ABC G VCG qCG KCG(3
.e e je A'B'C'h ABC qG jGhR qCG KCG(4
A'B'C' h ABC qG qCG qqdG QdG SGH q (5
.He
.ce O qdG dh ABCD VCG RGe SQCG (CG
.je COD h AOB qG qCG q (
.je CDA h ABC qG qCG q (
qG jd hCG dG
f
(1
M
q
e
q
T
Qh
Y
SQC
G
MNP
MN = 3cm
= 70 h M
= 25 h
N
qdG qG Y j SQ qdG G qCG q (2
.FeR MCG SQ
(3
EFG qe HG SqdG q
h B
= F h BC = FG M ABC qe SQCG (CG
C = G
.je EFG h ABC qG qCG q ( (4
? J GPe
167
V jb GPEG qe jj : hCG dG
V gMCG d JQhG jhGqdGh
.qdG d JQhG jhqGdGh
J
[Oz) e e A fh40 b XOY jhGR SQCG (CG
. OAC = OAB =60 M C qdG [Oy)Y HGh B f [Ox) Y HG (
: H ae j
hO
: G
d OFDh OBE qG (1
(qNGO dOe jhGR)
( [DB] e O ) OB = OD
OE = OF qEa rdHh qG jd ihCG dG M je ODF h OEB qG PEG
.[EF]e g O qdG qEa IMGh eSG Y F h E h O qCG h
(qNGO dOe) OBG = ODH d ODH h OBG qG (2
(SCGqdH He jhGR) BOG = DOH h
( [EF] e O ) OB = OD h
OG = OHqdHh G jd hCG dG M je ODHh OBG qG PEG
.[HG]e g O qdG qEa IMGh eSG Y H h G h O qdG qCG h
OBE = ODF (SCGdH He jhGR) EOB = DOF
168
qG jd fqdG dG
f
(1
M
q
e
q
T
Qh
Y
SQC
G
ABC
AB = 4cm
qdG qG qCG q qK . BAC = 40 h AC = 3cm h
.FeR MCG SQ qdG qG Y j SQ
qe HG SqdG q (2
= E h MP = EGh MN = EF M MNP qe SQoG (CG
M
.je MNP h EFG qG qCG q (
? J GPe (
EFG
V jb GPEG qe jj : fqdG dG
V gMCG H IQG jhGqdGh
.qdG H IQG jhGqdGh
J
qFqdG qb qdG je ABC qe SQoG (CG 1
. AM = AN H N f [AC] Yh M f [AB] Y qY (
CM = BN qCG SG . AMC h ANB qG Qb (
A
169
h C f
[Oy) Yh B h A
f[Ox) Y qY qK
xOy
: qG jd dqdG dG
f
AB = 3cm M ABC
(1
(2
jb GPEG Fb qe jj : dqdG dG
KqdG VCG gMCG KqdG VCG
.e e qdG
J
G j [BD] d RGGh C e qQG G . ABCD VCG RGe SQoG (CG 1
E qdG (AD)
. DBCE YHqdG W g e (
. ABD h DCE qG jJ SG (
.HG qdG qeCJ 2
.je AIJ h BIJ qG qCG qH (
AJB jhGqdG qeh AIB jGhqdG qe SG (
HG qdG M
d je jhGRh V AOC qG (CG
.UdG g OqM .BOC qG jhGRh
.HGL qY ? je qe BOCh AOC g (
170
Fb qe jJ dM
hCG dG 1 f
qG jJ
jb GPEG Fb qe jj : hCG dG
IqOM jhGRh JdG gMCG IqOM jhGRh JdG
.qdG
J
. A qFqdG qb qdG je ABC qe SQCG ( CG
.[CC'] h [BB'] YJQG SQCG (
BB'=CC' qCG SG qK je qe OqMh SqdG qeCJ (
fqdG dG
2 f
171
jb GPEG Fb qe jj : fqdG dG
Fb Vh JdG gMCG a Fb Vh JdG
qdG
J
e C h [Ax) e f B d . xAy Fb jhGR SQCG (CG 1
.[Ax) Y OdGh B e qQG G SQCG (
.[Ay) Y OdGh C e qQG ' G SQCG (
je qe OqMh SqdG qeCJ . M f j ' h G (O
. xAy jGhqdG e g [AM) G f qCG SG (
.CAM jGhqdG b g e (h
AB = AC
[Ay)
ATB
TA = TB qCG qH (CG .2
(OT) qCG SG (
H ae j
GqdG Y qjOdG G K h H qdGh
h A `d
DH = BK qCG qH
172
qG
: jd ABCD VCG RGe
d Wb (AB)Gh (BC)`d RGe (AD)
(1) (Ke jhGR) CBK = DAB PEG
ADH h BADjGhqdG PEG d Wb (AD) Gh jRGe (DC) h (AB) G
(2) BAD = ADH qdHh qNGO dOe
CBK = ADH f (2) h (1) e
RGe ABCD qC (je GJdG) AD = CB jd CBK h ADH FdG qG
DH = BK Y jq je CBK h ADH qEa qdHhCBK = ADHh VCG
dG jG qG
1 f
qFqdG qb qdG je qe ABC qdG SdG
[BC] e
qG jJ
qdGh
ACH h ABH qG Qb
: qCG SG
[BC] G d OdG qSG g (AH) (CG
.BAC jhGqdG qe g[AH) (
.B = C (
J
I e qQG G . A
173
2 f
.
qb qdG je
h AIB qG jJ KCG
. A qFqdG
-2
J
A qFqdG qb qdG je qe ABC
HG qdG
(EF) // (BC) h (AC) // (OF) h (AB) // (OF) h
.qdG je AMNqG qCG qH -1
. CNF h BME qG jQb -2
.qdG je OEF qG qCG SCG -3
VCG jG qG
1 f
ABC qe SQCG
bh je VCG je qe jGhR
. 60 e qc
J
h B = 60M A jGhqdG Fb ABC qe SQCG (CG
. A EG qdH B qdG IXe D qdG f (
.YVCG MCG W SGh VCG je BCD qG qCG qH
AB = 3cm
174
. xAy
qG jJ
V Y dG f J f fc GPEG
.jGhqdG J qe EG J a jhGR
3 f
g ce f qe jGhR qe WJ
.qH WG IFGqdG ce
I
C
B
J
O qd d [Ox) e f qYh xOy e Z jhGR SQCG
B h A GqdG Y (Oy)h (Ox) Y qjOdG G .OA = OBH [Oy) e B fh
. M f Wj
xOy jhGqd qe g [OM) qCG KCG (CG
.jhGR qe Ad jW SqdG Gg e SG (
175
UMCG
YVCG qe g je qe
e je gjGhRh e e je
. e
h V jb GPEG e jj : hCG dG
h V gMCG d JQhG jhGdG
.dG d JQhG jhGdG
V jb GPG e jj : fdG dG
V gMG H IQG jhGdGh
.dG H IQG jhGdGh
FdG qG jJ
P
N
jb GPEG Fb e jj : hCG dG
IOM jhGR h JdG gMCG IOM jhGR h JdG
.dG
jb GPEG Fb e jj : fdG dG
Fb V h JdG gMCG Fb V h JdG
.dG
176
UMCG
qdG je qe IYdG jhGR
.je
qG jJ
177
Y dG f jhGR qe e f qc J
.jhGqdG J V
a jhGR V Y dG jhe f fc GPEG
.jhGdG J qe EG J
g ce f qe jGhR qe WJ
.qH WG IFGqdG ce
`` ` ` jQ`` ` ` `
[AB] e I
Y J h I dG h VCG RGe
[AB] h [AD] dGe GdG
.je JAI h FDI G qCG qH .1
. FI = IJ = JE qCG SG .2
E
178
qG jJ
AG = DC
qHe
qCG qH
G M qdG SdG M 14
je MNP h
. z h y h x OGYCG L
M
7-z
E
2x-1
2z+1
2y
x+1
N
F
y+3
M qdG SdG M 15
ACK h ABH G Qb .1
BK = CH h BH = CK CG SG .2
AB = AC
179
b dG je MNP e SQCG .1 16
(MP) j MNP jhGdG e . M FdG
h qHe ABCDM qdG SdG qeCJ 20 (MN) j MPN jhGdG eh A
. B
dG IFGd S (DM) G
qCG SGh NPB h NPA G Qb .2
. [AB]gb
MA = MB
(BC)h (OM) G WJ f g R
I Wj (PB) h (NA)G .3
je OMD hOAD G qCG qH (CG .1
. MIB h MIA G Qb
DM = DC qCG SG (
.dG je CMR G qCG qH .2 .AIB jhGdG e g [IM) qCG SG .4
b dG je ROIe SQCG .1 17
M[OI]j ORI jhGdG qe . R FdG
. M h R `d Ije [RM] eQ f SQCG .2
.dG je OQI G qCG qH
M qCGh OQI jhGqdG qe [QM) qCG qH .3
. [OI] e
ce O d ABCD VCG RGe SQCG 18
e LOT M qdG dG M .1 21 Y D `d OdG G E dG dh.
.LM = LN h LO = LT h (AC) YB `d OdG G F dGh (AC)
qCG SG LTM h LON G Qb .2 .je CBF h ADE G qCG qH .1
. [EF] e O qdG qCG SG .2
LMT = LNO
(ON) G WJ f g I dG .3
RGe (AC) M qdG dG M .1 19
. (TM) h
BAC = 90 h BD = AC h `d
. IMO = INT h MO = TN qCG qH(CG
. = BC qCG qH .2
AD
SG . ITN h IOM G Qb(
[AB] e I d .3
. IM = IN CG
. BDI h ACI G Qb (CG
. MIN jhGdG e [IL) qCG SG(
.[CD] e g I qCG SG (
x
180
qG jJ
SG K MIF h LNM qG Qb (
.LE = IF CG
181
VCG qYHQ
V'G YHQ
SCG
YHQ g VC'G RGe
He V qc a iRGj
VCG YHQ
Gee GdG
je GdG G Wj GdG
qHG
G
qG
VC'G RGe
.[AC] G b eI dG qYhABCD VC'G RGe SQG (CG
(AB) G Xe SG ? I EG dH A dG IXe g e (
(BC) G Xe SG ? I EG dH C dG IXe g e (
. I EG dH B dG IXe SG (O
GdG VC'G RGe
AD=BC h AB=CD CG qH (
e Wj ? ABCDV'G RGe XJ ce g dG qCG qH (h
I
V qc VC'G RGe
je He
: VC'G RGe
qde jhGR qc .ee
He JhGR qc .je
183
(5)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
15mm
6mm
4mm
30mm
184
qWCGh SCG
VC'G RGe -I
1 f
B
(C)
(C)
Wj Gb q YHQ
.V'G RGe g e
D
2 f
B
VCG YHQ
He V qc a jj q YHQ
.V'G RGe g
C
J
M HG SqdG M 1
? ABCD YHqdG W ge
AB=AC=CD h (AB)//(CD)
VC'G RGe
185
ABCD M HG SdG M
.CN=AQ h BM=DP h
.BNMh DPQ K CPN h AMQ G Qb (CG
MAPC YHdG W qK ? MNPQYHdG W SG (
.f WJ (NQ) h (MP) h (AC) G qCG SG (
3 f
M
O
je h jRGe V d q YHQ
.V'G RGe g
P
xJ
P
BCFE h ABCD
A
M HG SdG M' 2
.VCG jRGe
.jRGe (AE)h (DF) qCG qH
F
C
Oh I
dG qY qK
e SQG (CG
.GdG Y [AC] h [AB] e
.O EG dH I dG IXe N dG HG (
. ANCI YHdG W g e (
. OI OqM qK BINC YHdG W SG (O
186
.dG g dG b IMh
d ADC h ABC Gh AD=3.2 jd HG SdG
.4 qHG dH bh MG f
.AB=CD h (AB)//(CD) qCG SG qK BC OqM
4 f
= Ph q MNPQ M HG SqdG M
=Q
hM
N
h 2M
+ 2Q
MCG (1
2 P + 2 N
iNCG Mf e P h N h Mf e Q h
VCG YHQ
HG jGhR q YHQ
VC'G RGe g je
xJ
B
40
30
J
40
30
(D)
E
(D)
55
55
124
55
H
1
G
2
187
qH ae j
.B (GH) jh
q CG qH (
OA=O'B CG qH . F EG dH O IXe O'dG SQCG (
: qG
SdG REG (CG
(
(G M) (EG)`d RGe (BF) jd
(GB) `d RGe (EF) PEG VC'G RGe EFGH
VC'G RGe EFBG YHdG dHh
(G M) (EG) `d RGe (AF) jd
(EH) `d RGe(GF) PEG VC'G RGe EFGH
(EA) `d RGe (GF) CG
VC'G RGe AFGE YHdG dHh
FB=EG PEG VC'G RGe EFBG
AF=EG
Wjh je Gb q YHQ
e g e
xJ
(C)
A
E
I
e AH jf.1
.HdG G ah IJL e SQG (CG
. K dG AH cCG (
= 30h MP=4,5cm M MNOP e HG .2
NMO
VCG YHQ
.
ABCD
qH ae j
qCG `q`f CG `jf . [BC] `J`dG `e I `dG `q`Y . A `Fb ABC `e `SQG (CG (1
. IA=IB=IC
? ABDC YHdG W g e I d dH A IXe D d (
IA=IB=IC qCG SG (
JM=JR=JSq [RS] dG e J dG fc GPEG MRS e :j e qf CG jf (2
. M Fb MRS G qEa
.e J dG qY qK [RS]e b SQG (CG
JM=JR=JS M S h R `d d M f SQG (
.HGL qY ? MRS G W g e (
189
: qG
SdG (CG (1
[BC] e I dG ABDC YHdG jd (
C
[AD] e I PEG I EG dH JXe D h A qCG fh
jhGdG d VC'G RGe ABDC YHdG dHh
Fb BAC
.e a PEG
. I e Wjh je GdG ABDC G jd (
dG IFGdG EG J Dh C h B h A dG dHh IA=IB=IC=ID PEG
. I gce
.SdG M( h (CG (2
J
S
(
[MM']e J PEG J EG dH M dG IXe M' d
[RS] e J dG
M
(e Wj GdG) VC'G RGe RMSM' PEG
RS=MM' PEG JR=JS=JM=JM' jd
qCG f eh e g RMSM' YHdG dHh
jhGdG
.Fb MRS Gh Fb RMS
2 f
.
. O e Gee [MI] h [RE]M HG SqdG M
. IE h IR K ME h MR Qb (CG
. RI h RM Qb (
. MEIR YHdG W SG (
I
B
Wj h Gee Gb q YHQ
qe g e
.qe g Gee Gb V'G RGe
190
xJ
Y[AC] h [BC] h[AB] eK h J hI dGh VC'G je ABC e SQG (CG 1
GdG
.je CJKh AIK G qCG qH (
. BIKJ YHdG W SG (
.e B h A f qYh O gce IFGO SQG (CG 2
. (AB) G EG dH O IXe O' dG qY (
.HGL qY ? OAO'B YHdG W g e (
M I h A f qY 3
. 28cm h I ce e ABCD d D h C h B dG HG qK
IA=5cm
2 f
AB=AD
VCG YHQ
je de V d VC'G RGe
qe g
xJ
. [BC] Y M f qY qK AFdG qb dG je ABC e SQG (CG 1
RGGh M e qQG Gh D (AB) j (AC) `d RGGh M e qQG G
. E (AC) j (AB) `d
DM=DB qCG qH (
.(BM) Y OY (DF) qCG qH . F(ME) j (AC) `d RGGh B e qQG G (
191
.
QMN
3 f
xJ
.O gce IFGO SQG (CG 1
= 90 M B h A f Y qY (
AOB
. AOBD YHdG W g e .D dG Wj B h A IFGd SG (
. W OqM K G M G YHdG SQG ddG 'G e dM qc 2
.PQ=QRh (SQ ) (PR )h PR=SQ M PQRS YHdG (1)
= 45h IFGdG f Gb [FH] h [EG] M EFGH YHdG (2)
.GEF
.dG jeh Fb RDC h COR G M CORD YHdG (3)
E
192
qLeOEG Fe
A
1 dCe
AB<AC M A Fb ABC e HG SdG q
. A e QOdG JQG [AH]h
VCG YHQ
B IXe E
2 dCe
193
. AE=AB CG qH .1
(AD) h (BF) G . A EG dH E IXe F dG d .2
I f Wj
C
.[BF] e I qCG qH
.(HB) `d RGe (AF) qCG qH . I EG dH A dG IXe H d .3
1
EB CGh VC'G RGe AEBH YHdG qCG qH .4
2
(AB) Y D d jOdG G Nh M dG d .5
. =
AI
.GdG Y (AC) h
. (BC) Y A d OdG d A' `H ef
. ABD G Me jH MG (CG
. ACD G Me jH MG (
DB AB qCG SG (
=
DC
AC
4 dCe
B
A jhGdG Fb ABC
e HG SdG q
.ACFG h ABDE qHeh
.SGc Y SdG fCG (CG .1
C
.IMGh eSG Y F h D h A dG qCG qH (
(BC) Y OdGh A e qQG G .2
. M (GE) h H (BC) j
jhGdG IXe g e (CG
(DF) EG dH ABC
F
.dG je AME h AMG G e qc qCG qH (
[EG] e M qCG SG (
.K Wj (FG)h (DE) G .3
.e AEKG YHdG qCG qH (CG
.IMGh f WJ (GF) h (DE) h (AH) G qCG SG (
(BC) Y F `d OdG G N h (BC) Y D `d OdG G P d .4
.CFN h ACH G qK BDP h ABH G Qb (CG
BC=PD+NF qCG qH (
194
UMCG
A
VC'G RGe
B
VCG YHQ
q YHQ
g e Wj Gb
VC'G RGe
C
B
q YHQ
RGe g je HG jGhR
VC'G
C
q YHQ
g He V qc a jj
VC'G RGe
C
D
B
195
.e Wj GdG
ee qde jhGR qc
.je He JhGR qch
.je He V qc
q YHQ
g je jRGe V d
VC'G RGe
C
je
GdG e
.e Wjh
Wj Gb q YHQ qc
e g je h e
D
B
Wj Gb q YHQ
qe g Geeh e
D
B
de V d VC'G RGe
qe g jeh
196
VCG YHQ
197
dh je YVCG q YHQ
qHe g Fb jhGR
de V d e
qHe g je
`` ` ` jQ`` ` ` `
ce EFGH VC'G RGe d 6
= 25 M
= 65h HEF
OFE
EF=5cm h
VC'G RGe qK OEF G SQCG (CG
. EFGH
MCG (
G W SG qK FOE
. OEF
2cm
D
cm
2.5
B
E
M HG SqdG M 1
VCG RGe DEFG
DF h IE h ID OHCG OqM
GE h
F
D
A
B
P
C
TC h RT MCG
= 20
IER
IE=2.2cm (2
h IEC
h ICT
h ET h IR MCG
IRE
IT h
TE
= 40
RIT
RC=8cm (3
h IR h IC h IE MCG
h IRE
IRT
h
TIC
T
40
45
M HG SqdG M 5
VCG RGe TSRU
jGhqdG bCG OqM
SUR
h
h TUS
h SRU
TUR
R
198
: M HG SdG M' 13
AB=4cm ``M `````e ABCD ``d 9
. (BC) `d RGe G AD=3cm h
. (AB) `d RGe (DE) G M [AB] Y E f qY qK dG SQCG (CG
. (AC) `d RGe (DF) G YHqdG H F qdG qYh . DE=6cm
.CE=BF qCG qH
.VCG RGe CDEF
.
VC'G RGe Me MG (
CDEF
(CF) Y OdGh D e QG G (
. DH MG . H dG j
F
B
D
C
`f q`Y (
AM=CN H [CD] e
.[MN] e O dG qCG qH (
VCG YHQ
N `fh [AB] e M
AC=2,4cm MO ce ABCD qe HG 10
. BD=6,6cm h
[OA] e GdG Y J h I dG qY
[OC] h
. ABCD VCG RGe HG (CG 15 ? MJ GPe .IBJDh ABCD Me MCG
: H F h E h N h M dG qY (
[AB] ``e G``dG ``Y N h M
. [DC] h
O ``dGh IJKL `VC'G RG``e `SQCG (CG 11
. M EG dH N IXe E dG
. [IK] e
. N EG dH M IXe F dG
1
Y jOdG 2 h 1 G SQCG (
(AN) h (MC) G qCG qH (
j . L h J e GdG Y jqQGh (IK)
.jRGe
.B (IJ) j 2h A (KL)
.BEDF YHdG W SG (O
. [AB] e O dG qCG qH (
. IBKA YHdG W SG (O
M ABCD VCG RGe HG (CG 16
. AK=IB qCG qH
J Wj ABC
SGh BJC h AID G Qb (
AC=d h AB=a M He ABCD d 12
. ID=JB qCG
. 2a 2 = d 2 qCG qH (CG
. IC=JA qCG qH (
AC=10 qCG `Y GPEG ``Me ```SG (
. AICJ YHdG W SG (O
.dH
199
. (MP)EG dH GdG Y
dH (NQ) G Xe g e (
? (MP) EG
.e ENFQ YHdG qCG SG (O
`e `dM q`c ABCD `q`G `HG
: ddG 'G
AB=5,4cm h AC=8,2cm (CG
24,8cm hj h AC=9,4cm (
= 48h AB=6,4cm (
BCD
cG f d C'h C JFGO SQG (1
8cm h 6cm GdG Y YTh A
e [GH] Gbh C e [EF] Gb SQG (2
. (GH ) (EF ) H C'
e ? EGFH YHdG W g e
? Me g
. D dG (BC) G j
.(AB) `d RGGh D e QG G SQCG
.E (AC) j
. ED h EA Qb
Qb . BF=AE M [AB] e dG F d
.EF h BD
22
dM c I ce EFGH e HG 18
: ddG G e
= 55 ( , EG=8cm h EH=5cm (G
HFG
= 110h EG=8cm ( , EF=10cm h
EIF
= 126 ( , EGH
= 35h EF=6cm (O
EIF
23
, IH=5cmh , EF=8cm (h ,HG=9cm h
EF =
2
EG
3
(R
. ABCD e SQCG (1 26
: M D' h C' h B' h A' dG HG (2
D EG dH A dG IXeA'
A EG dH B dG IXe B'
B EG dH C dG IXe C'
C EG dH D dG IXe D'
.VC'G RGe A'B'C'D'YHdG qCG qH (3
ABCD G Me VCG `N g A'B'C'D' `YHdG `Me qCG qH (4
= 60 h AB=AC h 21cm
BAC
VCG YHQ
hj ABC e SQG (1 27
IXe Fh A d dH GdG Y C h B `dG `JXe E h D `f (CG (2
. (BC) d dH A dG
.BCDE h ABFC YHdG W OM
.Y G dG jGhR e jhGR c b MG (
.Gee [AB] h [CD] e jbh I gce IFGO SQG 28
? ACBD YHdG W g e
I D h A D H I hA f Y K D
e SQG (1 29
.YVCG MCG e f Ah d XJ Q D j H I ce He HG (2
I
201
ABCD j H D h Ch B dG HG qK Ih A f qY (CG 30
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224
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225
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226
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227
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228
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229
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232