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.GqL e GP IGG J
3 h
.SG Y dh qdG Y IGG Vh jo
4 h
: Me
.n G eN EG q LQG UdG MCG aVEG Oq DJ @
.eN Xh Ga EG q LQG UdG MCG gEG Oq Dj @

: q q dG fCG - 4
.(39) dG
q e jGH fCG SGq H q q dG fCG oCG

: q J jQ - 5

hCq G jq dG @

q FHc WN dBG
q FHdG WG dBG e IG eG FXh d - CG
(38) U XdG qdG IGOCH dP e hG EGh jH bCG
5 SQdG - ShQdG c

37

G
6

TdG

7
1

WG dBG
4

FHdG Qq dG

dG
Wq G

XdG eQ

XdG eQ EG e SG fG dCq Gh SGq c Y fCG

qFQ Xh
q J Xh
XdG
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

38

```````````eG ```````````FXh

dhqdG

5 SQdG - ShQdG c

.WG dBG e IG eG FXh ZH bCG -

XdG

q YCGh SGq c Y fCG

eq dG

```````````eG ```````````FXh

1 Qh
2 Qh
1 h
2 h
3 h
4 h
5 h

: qdG jq dG @
''FHc Y e''`d
XdG q dG IGOCG SQ SGq c Y fCG - 1
q
:g SG Y nH G UdG qCG Y ,qCG qK
.dG ;FHdG Qq dG ; (IQGG ,HWq dG) qdG eGdG ; dG ; G
.n G e IG eG FXh ZH bCG - 2

5 SQdG - ShQdG c

39

FHc Y q e
Qq dG
FHdG

dG
eGdG
q qdG
UG

.G LM q d n G Ljo .''eG FXh'' `H q J eN Y d G q j : EG eG FXh q J ..n G Lho LCG e qdyG gh : q FQ FXh @

.iNCG FXdG q H : q J FXh @
.''XdG q dG IGOCG'' SH eG FXh Oq oJ -

40

```````````eG ```````````FXh

dG

5 SQdG - ShQdG c

QG

OGG
6 OY SQdG

G Or GG

? G Oq GG g e
? Oq GG q UN EG q JCG c
? G Oq GG q UN q gCG g e
6 SQdG - ShQdG c

41

G Or GG

6 OY SQdG

SG q dG - 1

(50) dH
fCG SGq H SG q dG CG
q

: AJCG - 2

.fEH j e q c g IOG @
.gZh Gh dG e q Fja FH IOG q J @
: M K IOG LJ CG @
...SdGh Gh jG e U ...HhGh jdGh AG e FS ... cCGh AGdG e RZ hCG QH :jQe M IOG dM q J @
.IQGG LQO .dG
q LQO -

: eq CJCG - 3

.U G OGG EG q JCGh dq dG QdH

n G eq CJCG
q
.AGg YqH jJ Ge 1- 3

IOG
edCG FN e
T SH
T SH

SEG
G
aCG dG drfCG
OdG dG dfCG
42

OG`````````````````````````G

? qKCJ GPh ? LJ c ? IOq G g e

bq dG
1
2
3

6 SQdG - ShQdG c

OG`````````````````````````G

Ge 2- 3

SEG

IOq G
gq dG
PdG
(UCG Sq dG) Sq dG FN
PdG

Icq dG
aGq dG GQqdG
GG qc
IHEG

bq dG
1
2
3
4

qdG GhCG H 3- 3
dG W fBG : hCq G G

IOG

SEG

bqdG

IOG

(SH) cH SdG e 4
edCG
edCG
AdG 5 (SH) cH
(SH) cH AdG e 6
edCG
6 SQdG - ShQdG c 43

SEG

bqdG

QdG 1
QdG e 2
Sc 3

IOG

SEG

QqH
AdG
(SH) cH AdG e

SEG

bq dG

IOG

3
4

q e edCG
(SH) cH

bqdG

QdG 1
QdG e 2

G GhOCG H 4- 3

IOG
N e Pa
SH

SEG
qS
ae

QqH

SCc

OG`````````````````````````G

.Qb : qdG G

SEG
bq dG
bq dG
IOq G
b IGOCG 1
5 hdH e Pa
edCG N qdG aQ IGOCG 2
6
cjEG ITah e 3
7
N qdG e 4
44

6 SQdG - ShQdG c

OG`````````````````````````G

b 5- 3

IOG
hdH e Pa
SqdG N
e Pa

SEG
bq dG
JG 4
de d 5
ZGH 6

SEG
bq dG
G 1
Pa
SqdG N G Ve 2
Sq dG N
MdG
3
q

r dG
q q dG 6- 3
IOG

IOG
SEG
bq dG
IOq G
Sf HfCG Uh b 5
e Pa
Sq dG N
q M 6
e Pa
Sq dG N
Uh fe
7 Pah SH
q
e
6 SQdG - ShQdG c 45

SEG
bq dG
ZGH 1
q dG W 2
HGQ 3
VM IOGS 4

IOG
SEG bq dG
FN e SH
e
4
Sq dG
FHc
FN e SH
f
5
SqdG qFHc
FN e SH
FM oZ 6
Sq dG

IOG
SH

SEG bq dG
Y 1

FN e SH HQ IGOCG
2
SqdG FHc
SH + Sf

SCG 3

eq Y GhOCG 8- 3

46

OG`````````````````````````G

q FHdG GhOCG H 7- 3

6 SQdG - ShQdG c

IOG

SEG

bqdG

Pah N Y GhOCG 4
SH
HfCG 5

IqOG

SH
Pa
e

SEG

bqdG

AYh 1
jq hj f HY 2
HdG Y 3

OG`````````````````````````G

: SG - 3
.OGG e Ic YGfCG G U f
: g G Oq GG q gCG
PdG - 1
gq dG - 2
FNh Sq dG - 3
FNh edCG - 4
SdG - 5
G - 6
QqdG - 7
.q J FXh EG d n G G Oq GG NG

: G OGG J - 4
q pfp e Zh q pfp e : EG Oq GG q UCG 1- 4

: IQqdGG
q qeCJCG

.G Zh G e Oq Ge e fe
q IQdG
q UY qCG : MCG
? qpfpe Zh qpfpe EG OGG qUCG c : AJCG (CG
(51) dH
fCG SGH hCq G q dG q dG CG
q
.FHdG Qq d bf OGe g q pfpG OGG : SG
6 SQdG - ShQdG c

47

jq jM Zh jq jM Oq Ge EG q fG Oq GG q UCG 2 - 4

eh jM g e e qfe Oq Ge e fe
q GG UY qCG : MCG
.jM Z g e
? jq jM Z Oq Geh jq jM Oq Ge EG q fp p G OGG q UCG c : AJCG (CG
(52) dH
fCG SGq H qdG q dG q dG CG
q
.jq jM Oq Ge g G HL dG OGG : SG
dHdG e SG b jq jM Z iNCG Oq GG H g : Me
.G e dc YJ qdGh
.Pah gR EG jq jG Oq GG q UCG 3- 4
qjjG Oq GG GSG qc

48

OG`````````````````````````G

: GG eq CJCG

6 SQdG - ShQdG c

OG`````````````````````````G

: jq jG dG g eq CJCG

.jJ LQG qdG f dh IcCe dG S qCG : MCG

? jq jG OGG q UCG c : AJCG (CG
(54) dH
fCG SGq H dqdG q dG q dG CG
q

UG
.OeQ fd jq jM IOq e PdG
cGO OeQ fd jq jM IOq e gq dG
.jq jG Z OG q UCG 4- 4

: dG g qeCJCG

. fGdCGh jq jM Z Oq Ge e fG
g qCG : MCG
q
6 SQdG - ShQdG c

49

? jq jG Z Oq GG EG q JCG c
(56) dH
fCG SGq H HGq dG qdG qdG CG
q

UG

.qe Oq G JQU : `Me

Sq dG e j q e IOq e

edCG e j qe IOq e

: Oq Gd jq QGG q bq dG - 5

OG`````````````````````````G

q H MCG fd jM Z e g : Sq dG
UCG fd jq jM Z Oe g : Sq dG FN
a
q HCG fd jM Z e g : edCG
.cGO a
q fd jq jM Z Oe g : edCG FN

. qdG fBG eq CJCG

hCG SCG , Oq Ge e U
o bh XdG H eJ fBG : MCG
(cjEG IOq e) fqdG SCGh (edCG IOq e)
50 6 SQdG - ShQdG c

? IQGd OG q bf YS q JCG c : AJCG (CG

(57) dH
fCG SGq H eG q dG q dG CG
q
.NBG EG e e J IQGG q bf : SG
.PdG q K Sq dG FNh edCG j IQGG d dY IQb d Sq dG

: q q dG fCG - 6

OG`````````````````````````G

: qH ae f 1- 6
.SG fG (*) edG VH q dG hG J CG
GdCG
iNCG

OeQ
cGO

dG
UCG

HCG

OeQ

a HCG H MCG

IOq G
*
PdG
*
edCG
*
Sq dG
*
gq dG
SdG
(58) dG
q e jGH fCG SGq H q q dG fCG CG 2 - 6

: q dG jq dG SGq H CG

-7

.d SG q UH Oq GG HQCG
q UG

OGG

FHdG Qq q d RY

edCG

qH MCG fd

SqdG

jM Z

PdG

G e Yj

QqdG

G e Yj

UG
.dGG dH
hG fCG
q
6 SQdG - ShQdG c

51

SG
K dBG ,Ge
BG cg
....q fe
SG c
cg
h GQq dG
jq jG q dG
q dG q dG
q dGh
...FHdG

qdG
OeQ
cGO

LQO
Z
Z
jq jM
fe
QfG
jq jM
q fe q
(q jJ)
1150 e

1350 EG

fqG
qFqdG

OGG

f + jM
e b
HdG

gq dG

f + jM
e Gq L b
HdG

PdG

OeQ

1400

q H MCG

1080

SdG

660

edCG

FGdG q dG
HCG
FHdGh
q dG FShh q a
...IQq dGh

HCG SdG
SG c
qT OdG
c
120

Yq dG
GdCG jJ
AdG IQ
e
KCG YUh UCG j
...G q dG EG
GhOCG YU
kIOY
700
GhCG ,HG
qT
...aGq dGh qdG

q Fc OGe SdG
e Le GfCG)

hdG

(Ic

QTCG

JQGdG eQ

QqdG

52

OG`````````````````````````G

UG

6 SQdG - ShQdG c

OG`````````````````````````G

? J g
b S 4000 e fEG aY qdyG OG hCq G g Sq dG qCG .jJ OG
dqdG JG JCj gh GQfG OG cCG g edCG qCG .7,6 % H q VQCG Id fG
q UdG e
H HGq dG JG JCj q VQCG IdG jG QfG qCG q dG IG SG OG cCG gh 4,7 % H edCG
.K NQCGh
1 e f CG H qd q Hb OG cCG g gqdG qCG .Hq e ec 1 M bQh gqdG e c

6 SQdG - ShQdG c

53

7 OY SQdG

J RL qq dG

? qq dG Xh EG q JCG c
? qq dG UY EG q JCG c
? q FHdG FG EG q JCG c

7 SQdG - ShQdG c

55

QG

q q dG FXdG

J RL qq dG

7 OY SQdG

SG q dG - 1

q FHdG ILCG g eq CJCG - 2

.qJ qdG GhOCG q JCG - CG

RJ

cY Qe

Z dBG
H Y q RL
K dBG

e IQS

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

(64) dH
SG q dG fCG SGq H CG
q

: SCG
.qqdG H q jh ,qdH UG
Qq q dG Y dG
q
q Y ILCG g J - 1
.NBG EG RL e qq dG UY J - 2
56 7 SQdG - ShQdG c

MCGh q LCG - 3
.dqdG qFHdG GQGq dG CG @

MCG
: hCG HqdG

. HdGG g G AVCG -

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

FHc e

AJCG
. ? G J qq dG SCG g -

4,5 V jq QH

qdG Y

qdG Y

: dqdG Hq dG

: MCG - CG

: fdG HqdG

: MCG - GC

qd GY hCG Hq d VCG qd GY hCG Hq d VCG .''YdG

q Qq dG'' q j
.WdG q j
: AJCG -

: AJCG -

f ? IQGq dG qq dG SCG g
.f ? IQGq dG qq dG SCG g
.Qq dG Y dG Y G oj .WdG TCG eY G jo dG
q GfG Y G j - .WdG dM J Y G j .Y

: SCG
(dqdGh fqdG) Hq dG qq dG GY .qFHdG IQGq dG qqdG fhO e SSCG Y g qqdG Y 7 SQdG - ShQdG c 57

qq dG Xh jJ - 4
: H q UY - 5

qfhdEG Md Wb

FM Wb
IQd Wb

S Wb

FM Wb

WGdG e P H
FM Wb

S Wb

q fhdEG Md Wb

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

Qq q dG Qh dG
q CG ,a hCG q FHdG IQGq dG Z g qq dG Y Xh
.Qhe Y hCG FHdG

QGQRCG e P H
FM Qq R

q fhdEG Md Qq R
58

7 SQdG - ShQdG c

: qq dG UY ReQ - 6
: Req dG d eCG
G
SEG
q

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

G
eQ
q

G
IQU
q

WdG

ZdG
q Qq q dG

: SCG

Sq dG q q dG j q Y Y q e IM
q e q J d g Req dG
.qG qfdG

7 SQdG - ShQdG c

: q FHdG FG - 7
: qeCJCG

59

.ebQCG q Y g qc Y iQCG .q FHdG FG Y bQCG g q J : e -

.(3 A; 250V ) : g (59 U ) 1 OY qq dG d q FHdG FG
: q
Rh j h (qJqdG) SG L : 250V
.dSG Y qq dG Y q j qdyG idG Qq q qdG Iq T : 3A

: q J `fCG - 8
(65) dG
q e jGH fCG SGq H q q dG fCG CG

: q J jQ - 9

: hCq G jqdG
.q SdG GhOCG e SGq c Y ZdG
q Qq q dG eQh WdG eQ SQ YCG

WdG eQ

ZdG
q qRdG eQ

(.........................)
(.........................)
(.........................)

: qdG jqdG
: ( hCG f) `H qCGh SGq c Y jq dG Hc YCG
.G Aj qFHc IQGO Me WdG j eY .q FHdG IQGq dG qj WdG .e WdG j eY FHdG Qq q dG q 60

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

: MCG -

7 SQdG - ShQdG c

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

: q Ud SG e eCG - 10

FHc qN

FGdG
q qN

LG qY e

K dBG

qjhj WGN dBG

IdG W dBG

UG

Xh q FHdG IQGq dG UY e SSCG Y g qq dG Y .IQGq dG g a hCG Z qq dG

.q FHc FN q Y q d ...ZdG
q Qq q dGh WdG H e qq dG UY e GfCG IY g .NBG EG RL e qq dG UY J -

? J g

,IQGG LQO q hCG jJ Y IGG fe

q H e qCG
Gq M IQGG LQO J eY q FJ FHdG Qq q dG b e qjo
.q e j bh q e
7 SQdG - ShQdG c

61

8 OY SQdG

q FHdG jq dG
J RL
? jq dG Xh EG q JCG c
b RL SCG c
? qJq dG hCG FHdG G
? q FHdG FG EG q JCG c
? q FHdG jq dG QOe g e

8 SQdG - ShQdG c

63

QG

q q dG FXdG

J RL q FHdG jq dG 8 OY SQdG
SG dG - 1

LGQq q dG fe EG qJG

? dP c

fCG H SG q dG CG

eq CJCG - 2

AJ
LGQq O GP ej qdG
FGMG e Zq dH AJ
.IAVEG e Y

,e Aj d
.NBG RL ej LqGQO

fH qcj U qde aVEH

MG j Xh dG
.eRdG q FHdG bqdH

q q dG H

Sh g g
? iNCG

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

(72) dH
q

qjQH f CG ,f
.MG J

64

8 SQdG - ShQdG c

J LGqQqd qFHdG IQGqdG PEG

.jrdG

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

... f

: SCG

jq dG Qe) jq Q qH hCG qd dUr en fc GPEG qEG MG J

.(q FHdG

: jq dG Xh - 3
.qjQhdG
q b qdH IQGq dG OhJ
q a qFHdG IQGq dG SSCGh qg Y jqdG

(73) dG
q e jGH fCG SGq H 1 OY q dG q dG CG - 4
: jq dG QOe - 5

: Iq G jq dG - CG
:
q G OdG qj qFc IO Hc b Sj
e AYh e e
q
q G OdG
a ddG
q dG eCG G Od LG dG gh Sq dG e AZ RQdG aW
.AYdG
. 1,5 V b (qJJ) FHc L d OdG G OdG qEG
jN Y
q T q N
1,5V L OY
1,5V L OY
(Cellule solaire) .dG G e
(R 6)

TCGh MCG

8 SQdG - ShQdG c

65

.SG G e
(R 14)

12 v jq QH
(M 10)

Jg qjQH

4,5 v jq QH
(3 R 12)

qjQH
9v
(6 F 22)

.H dUG IYCG e Y a jq Qd q dH eq CG

: SCG
.dS bh Le b d Iq G jqdG QOe qc .q FHc bW EG q FdG b qdG
q .M M iNCG EG jQ qH e dG
q J .H dUG IYCG OY M jq Q qdG (qJq dG hCG) L j e q FHdG ILCG qJ e Mh SG M jq Q qdG QNG j .b qd SG
: IOOq G jq dG -
: FHdG qdG

FGg qFHc bW qde

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

: jQdG -

jq OY LGQq d FHc qde

66

8 SQdG - ShQdG c

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

: Req dG - 6

qFHc bW dJ q qde

: Req dG hL - CG
qde

jq Q qH

q L OY
eq dG

IQdG
q
(eCG)

(57) dH
(fqdG) Hq dH UG
q FHdG IQGq dG SGq H SQCG : J -
q
q
.ShQq dG c e

: q FHdG FG - 7

.dSG M jq dG R q FHdG FG J
dd e q e (qJH) hCG H Rd H Y qdG RL j :e
.(
q G e L OH J
q L R6 OY : e IYCG Y hCG) dG
e Y J Lh dd .qFHdG b qd cCG cSG qa jOGq dG eCG
.(R14 f e qaL IYCG 6 : e) G Se
qaL IYCG
q
8 SQdG - ShQdG c 67

jOGQ RL

AZ

R6 G IU qaL IYCG

qaL IYCG
R14 G Se
q

: (qJq dG) hCG G b RL - 8

.''ddG'' : (qJq dG) hCG FHdG G b RL q j '' (Volt) ddG'' : (qJqdG) hCG FHdG G IMh ''V '' : (qJq dG) hCG FHdG G IMh eQ ' : `H q fdG Sq dG d en jo V
: HEG ddG RL - CG

(L) IAGdG
(IHEG dEG J qdG jQq dG OY)

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

H Y q RL

(E) qdG
q

(IHEG hCG) TDq G

(C) GQdG

(C) GQdG

(qG QqqdG SG Y)

(OOq G Qq q dG SG Y)
q G
68

8 SQdG - ShQdG c

: bq dG G -
TdG
q
(C) GQdG

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

(C) GQdG

(OOq G Qq q dG SG Y)

(qG QqqdG SG Y)
q G

L M QdG QNG j
H (qJq dG) hCG FHdG Qq q dG
qG hCG jqdG Qe W
.IQGq dH
? HEG ddG SCG c -

QWEG NGO IHEG q J dSG Y (qJq dG) hCG (V) FHdG G d RL g

.SG dG e Se Qq e qS eCGh
: j c HEG ddG RL J J
. (30V) SG dG e cCG QY QNG (-) ddG
q dGh (+)LG dG SG .(e hCG OOq e) G SH FHdG Qq dG UN
QNG q
.dG IAGb qS QNG -

(qJq dG) hCG FHdG G b jd

: dqdG IYdG qWCG G W H
C
U=

x L
E

8 SQdG - ShQdG c

69

: j c FHdG G b dS bq dG G J j
H XdG QNG (V) QY eCG q G
SG QdG QNG .(20 V e)
LG dG SG .(COM) ddG
q dGh (V)
FHdG G IAGb .TdG
q Y ITe
.(11^82 V e )

: SCG
.jqdG Qe e hCG qG e RGqdH HEG hCG bq dG ddG qcoj

: SG - 9
,jOGq dG : e b qdH dG q FHdG ILCG H jhd jQ qdG J .qFHc SCG Ta ,qfhdG dCG ,qJdG
q qjQdG UGbCG Qb
J a q fhdG jq hdG YdGh
q IdG
q q fhdG GhOCd q dH eq CG
.qFq dG jQ qdG e d jQ qdG e NBG Yf

q FHc SCG Ta

qJdG
q qjQqdG UGbCG Qb

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

? FHdG G b bq dG G SCG c -O

q JdG
q WTCG
q e h jOGQ
70

8 SQdG - ShQdG c

? J g

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

jq hdG YdG J dG qaG jG e IMGh q N qCG

.S N W VQCG e q e e jd ac
.jG g N dG jM LJ
: e b qdH q dG q FHdG ILCG jhd IOOq G q FHdG GqdG J -

e IQqS

RJ

qFHc Z dBG

: LGQq d qFHc IQGO fe

q FHc qde - 1
eeCG Sfa - 2
N Sfa - 3
q FHc SCG - 4
qdG HQ UY - 5

:q J fCG - 10
. (75) dG
q e jGH fCG SGq H q q dG fCG CG

8 SQdG - ShQdG c

71

. HG e iNCGh jQ qdG e Y jd
: Uh
q d j GPe @
? 12v GP jQ qH 6v GP Me - CG
? 4,5v GP jQ qH 6v GP Me -
? 6v GP jQ qH 6v GP Me -
? J f MC jW aCG g e @
? SCG GPe @

UG
. b qdH q FHdG IQGq dG jq dG RL Oh
q jo :b jJ RL d .(dS bh Le b) :G Qq d q dH
.jJ RL hH FHc RL J -

? J g
bh eM fd e H q FHc q N U jo qfCG
. qe fR h Sf
.NGH IQdG LC fqdG Y VCG CG hO fqdG b JYe fq dGh Sq dG b SZCG .NGH SJ
q
H N NH TCSh H dG CG Y q fG dG H qdjo dG Qq dG
.d

72

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

:q J j - 11

8 SQdG - ShQdG c

9 OY SQdG

J RL jG

? jG Y Xh EG q JCG c
? q FHdG FG EG q JCG c
? jG UY GfCG EG q JCG c
? q FHdG Iq dG
q b RL SCG c
9 SQdG - ShQdG c

73

QG

q q dG FXdG

J RL jG

9 OY SQdG
SG q dG - 1
MCGh eq CJCG - 2
q J bG fc H
...TG Y qj H PEG dG
q

Gg qj GP QOCG d
? RG

J CG j
.AHdG
q

...CG qJG q FHdG IQGq dGh RG J H

H Jj qdG qFH dG IQGq dG .qe q dG q RL
fq e MCG jJ q j CG j .dG UE IQGqdG

j dG dG dG Gg g e
? J

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

(82) dH
fCG SGq H SG q dG CG
q

: MCG
.IdG
q g q H Jj qdG q FHdG IQGq dG j dG dG dG
74

9 SQdG - ShQdG c

: IdG
q Xh LCG - 3

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

Qq q dG Iq T Q qdG fQG Y gQfH q FH dG IQGq dG IdG

q
.FHdG
: Y f dP j CG jo
.bdG f q FHdG q G e jdG SG 1 q dG fCG SGq H CG
(83) dH
q
(qdGh q G L DhJ Y hCG) G Qd Le JQG 2 q dG fCG SGq H CG
(84) dH
q
.IQe IQGO hM 3 q dG fCG SGq H CG
.(85) dH
q

: eq dG - 4

IdG
q eQ - CG
IdG
q
dG
jM R qG eQ

9 SQdG - ShQdG c

IdG
q eM

J j -
.jGY GQOEG e IQGq dG SQ qCGh SGq c Y fC

75

q FHdG FG - 5

1 bQ : IdG

2 bQ : IdG

380 v : G

380 v : G
32 A : Iq dG
q

q
20 A : Iq dG

3 bQ : IdG
15A - 65 V

5 bQ : IdG
1A - 250 V

4 bQ : IdG
2A - 250 V

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

qeCJCG

: MCG
: gh IOq qFHc FN jM Y qd
.IdG
q SG dM Rh j qdG g : (qJq dG) hCG GSG L
.IdG
q q J dG idG Iq dG
q gh : SG Qq J Iq T
76 9 SQdG - ShQdG c

SG - 6

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

.dG e gZh qdG qFHdG ILCGh qFHdG dG

q j IdG
q J .SG H M e
q e q dG Sq dG q -

OGqdG

bGdG WdG

Iq e GH q q de q FHc ILCG
IQGq dG e a q d FHdG Qq q d idG Iq dG
q M
.IQGq dG G RG M IdG
q QNG qj -

: GdG
q d UGe - 7

SCd OCG G
Qq q d idG IdG
qG
(A) FHdG
(mm2)

GSG L

(mm) OHCG

(V)

1,5

dG
6,3

qdG
23

1,5

10

8,6

23

2,5

16

10,3

25,8

2,5

20

8,5

31,5

25

10,3

31,5

32

10,3

38

250V

. (NF) UGe M
9 SQdG - ShQdG c

77

? J g

bGdG WdG

: FHdG Qq q dG Iq T b RL - 8
.e eCH q FHdG Iq dG
q b RL q j ''eCG'' FHdG Iq dG
q IMh "A" q FHdG IdG
q IMh eQ -

HEG eeCG RL

bQ e RL

: HEG eeCG SCG c @

.(I) FHdG QqqdG Iq T d RL g HEG eeCG
Se Qq e qS eCG (Rd q eeCG LGdG) QWEG NGO IHEG q J dSG Y
.SG dG e
(L) IAGdG
SG dG
IHEG

(E) qdG

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

NBG H jCG q q FHdG IQGq dG qCG

q fq dG cdG
q qaJ qdG bGdG WdG gh
.OGq dG e RdGh AHd

.IQGq dH FHdG Qq q dG Iq T M QdG QNG j

78

9 SQdG - ShQdG c

GQY Iq Y Iq dG
q b RL (...100 ; 30) S Iq Yh
.(~ ) OOq e hCG (-) q e Qq J Iq T d jo CG eeCd : `H q fdG Sq dG eeCG R ejo -

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

(1A ; 3 A ; 300mA ; 100 mA ; 10 mA)

.q FHdG IQGq dG UY e q dH eeCG qcjo -

: dq dG IYdG J j SG Iq dG
q b jd I=

q FHdG FG

x L

RG SEG
jJ IMh
(IdG)
q jM Y
(eeCG) qFHdG IdG
q b RL
Wb
FHc e

6V - 2A
250V - 0,3A
C = 300mA
250V - 3A
6V - 0,15A

9 SQdG - ShQdG c

C
E

79

bq dG
1
2
3
4
5

? bq dG eeCG SCG c @ @

(C) GQdG

q G

(qG QqqdG SG Y)

(A)

LG dG

(C) GQdG

(OOq G Qq q dG SG Y)
(COM)

.(0,2A

ddG
q dG

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

TdG
q

: e) RG TT Y Qq q dG Iq T b ITe CGbCG @
80

9 SQdG - ShQdG c

: q J fCG - 9
(86) dG
q e jGH fCG SGq H q q dG fCG CG

: J j - 10

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

.SGq c Y qCGh qFHdG IQGq dG qeCJCG - CG

q FHdG FG

RG SCG
jq QH
q FHdG Iq dG
q b RL
FHc e
FHc Wb

4,5V

HEG eeCG
4,5V -0,15A

250V - 2A

9 SQdG - ShQdG c

81

bq dG
1
2
3
4

UG
Zh QW JQG Y gQfH q FHdG IQGq dG IdG
q
.FHdG Qq q dG Iq T Nh OY
.IQGq dG FHdGG Qq dG Iq T M IdG
q QNG q j
.q FHdG FN jM RL q d
.eeCG RH q FHc IQGO Qq dG Iq T SJ
.q FHdG IQGq dG UY e q dH eeCG qcj

82

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

? eeCG RL QWEG j qS e c -
........................................................................................................................................
.LQq J e eeCG TDq e dEG j e qdG
q Y CGbCG -
........................... jQJ 100 qS Y hCG IAGdG @
........................... jQJ 30 qS Y fqdG IAGdG @
...................................................... ? G QdG g e - O
? eeCG RL b HQ YCG d j GPe - `g
........................................................................................................................................
? IQGq dG g FHdG QqqdG Iq T b g e - h
........................................................................................................................................
? q IQGq dG g g - Q
........................................................................................................................................

9 SQdG - ShQdG c

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

? fCG e

Qe jQfCG eCG
Jac TG fa ah Fjah VjQ Y
.q edGh q FHdG ejq dG

9 SQdG - ShQdG c

(1836 - 1775) (AMPERE ANDRE MARIE)

83

q q dG FXdG

QG

10 OY SQdG

J RL q G
Xh EG q JCG c
? q G
EG q JCG c
? q G GfCG
EG q JCG c
? q FHdG FG
b R L SCG c
? q G ehe
10 SQdG - ShQdG c

85

J RL q G

10 OY SQdG

SG q dG - 1

(92 ) dH
q q dG fCG SGq H SG q dG CG
q
q JCG - CG
: Y d qFHdG ILCG d FHdG QqqdG j
eG
cG
IQfEG
IQGG

RG

FHc e

aJ RL

T
q

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

q FHdG ILCG g eq CJCG - 2

RJ

.iNCG bW EG dh
FHdG bdG ILCG g J : MCG -
q
.H ILCG g q J
86 10 SQdG - ShQdG c

q G Xh - 3

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

. G a Zj iNCG bW EG q FHdG b qdG q G j

q
:e
.IQfEG EG q FHdG bdG : q FHdG HG - CG
: H e HG e GfCG Iq Y g
f e

ObG e

Ldg e

.qgJ e

.(93) dH
1 q dG fCG SGH CG
q
ehG qUH qJ qfhdEG hCG qFHc fe
q g : qFHdG ehG -
.FHdG Qq d
: GfCG Iq ``Y EG q FHdG ehG J
LG M Iqe ehe

10 SQdG - ShQdG c

87

qfHc ehe

(S) HK ehe

FHc W RL

aJ RL

220V - 1500 W

220V - 1200 W

: qfHdG ehG @
.IQGdG L hCG FHdG Qq dG Iq d q e b Y G g e dG (R) H hG ehe EG Qj .cg Y g qdG eMCG GdCG M ehG g b Oq oJ (Omga)c fj M , geQh (OHM) hCG g q FHdG ehG IMh :Yeh AGLCG IMd :dhGG hCG AGLCG /CG
hCG G @
1 m = 0,001 = 10-3

hCG hG @
1 = 10-6

:dhGG hCG Ye /
hCG dG @

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

: dG ehG @
.jq QGM bW EG q FHdG b qdG j g e dG .gOq oJ dG IQdGh ,SGQq J L : q FHdG FN ...fq dGh aqdG ILCG J -

1 k = 1000 = 103

hCG G @
1 M = 1000000 = 106

88

10 SQdG - ShQdG c

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

qdG GG

hCq G GG

dqdG GG

HGq dG GG

(GdCG ReQ h fyG)

HGq dG GG
1%
2%

5%
10 %

ddG GG
(dG eY)

1
10
1000
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
0,1
0,01

qdG GG

hCq G GG

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

qdG
OSCG
H
MCG
JH
UCG
NCG
QRCG
H
OeQ
HCG
gP
a
d H

10 SQdG - ShQdG c

89

.M M hG gOq j qdG IQdG QGe ae

2W

1W

0,5 W

0,25 W

IQdG

IQdG
q

hdG SG cCG g ehG e q dG Gg qEG

(96) dH
2 qdG fCG SGq H CG q
Iq G ehG @
() q e he

(j) q e he

FHdG Qq dG Iq T d ehG b j CG G q G hG ujo .FHc IQGO L hCG

e e) jG g IqG ehG e IOq e GfCG g : J -

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

25 W

...HG hCG (dG J

90

10 SQdG - ShQdG c

.FHdG Qq dG IT qd Gq e ehe SCG

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

q
FHc

qjQ qH
qe he

.(96 ) dH 3 qdG fCG SGq H CG

IQfEG EG q FHdG bdG j ( DEL FdG fG FK ) q G dG
q -
.jq dG IQTEd J V

qe eY
OfCG
Ofc
QRCG

: SG L
30mA : Qq dG Iq T

4,5V

NCG

UCG

MCG

e U
(5 b)

qdG
q IQU

2,1V : SG L 2,1V: SG L 1,6V : SG L

10 SQdG - ShQdG c

20mA

91

: Qq dG Iq T

20mA : Qq dG Iq T

qFHdG FG
d
q
10mA : Qq dG Iq T

.fd M q G d
q q FHdG FG J .e FHc e
q q G dG
q .OJdG Y G edG q J .qG dG
q j IQGdG bGh ehe Uoj -

.(98) dH
4 q dG fCG SGH CG
q
: G edG GfCG H

.q fe bW EG q FHdG b qdG j : FHdG G -O

.gqaj qdG IQdGh SG Qq J L : g q FHdG FN WCG d FHc
(e QqJ)

K dB FHc
(OOe QqJ)

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

MCG

.(98) dH
5 q dG fCG SGH CG
q
92

10 SQdG - ShQdG c

:Req dG - 4
q e he e U

he

SEG

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

IQdG
q

eq dG

: FHdG G ehe b RL - 5
?bdG hCG SCG c

TdG
q
(C) GQdG

q G
LG dG
(COM) ddG
q dG

. (2 K

: j c hCG Rc dS bq dG G RL J j
()GQY eCG q G H (hCG) XdG QNCG e) SG QdG QNCG ,GQY Iq Y hCG RL (COM) ddG
q dGh () LG dG SG : `H fdG SdG hCG R en j -

10 SQdG - ShQdG c

93

(0^820 K : e) RG TT Y ehG b ITe CGbCG @

:q J fCG - 6
(99) dG
q e jGH fCG SGq H q q dG fCG CG

:J jQ -7

:hCq G jq dG
.qSdG GhOCG e SGq c Y hG SQ YCG - CG
.SG GdCH eMCG dCG ,hG ehe b Y GOYG -
dCq G
hG ehe b
47 K 5%

: qdG jqdG @@
. fG
q bCGh q SdG GhOCG e SGq c Y hG SQ YCG - CG
: GdCG ReQ hH e Sj CG -

94

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

.j c hCG RL b H FHdG Qq dG Y a H q G ncjo -

10 SQdG - ShQdG c

```````````q dG ```````````FXdG

UG
.iNCG bW EG q FHdG b qdG jd q G oJ
.q G e GfCG Iq Y g
.q FHdG FN q e d
.hCG RH q G ehe b SoJ
.q FHdG QqdGh IQGq dG Y a H qG W H hCG qcoj

? J g

gq J e

UdG
G IQdGG
100W
20w
OY
1
1
TG Iq e
YS 15000
YS 15000
TG Iq e GW SG
1500KWh
300KWh
gqdG e e qbCG qFHdG bdG iObG G j : MCG
.ObG H So Gd .Ge H

10 SQdG - ShQdG c

ObG e

95

11OYOYSQdG
SQdG

q dG Sq dG

? q dG Sq dG g e
? Sq dG GfCG g e
? OHCG KK fH SQ CG c

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

97

QG

q G Sq dH UGq dG

q dG Sq dG

11 OY SQdG

(108) dH
fCG SGq H SG q dG CG
q

: q dG Sq dG jJ -2

(110) dH
fCG SGq H 1 q dG CG
q
cqdG hCG BGh Gq Gh dG TCG Y H J g qdG Sq dG :jqdG
Y q e q SSCG YGb Y Jj gh ; Xd FGOCG q c dch YU q ch
eG IAGd H q dG H ej q M d J
q YGdG g , q Y
.Sq dG SGH Y q dG hCG Sq dG e G

:Sq dG GfCG -3

dGq dG d OHCG q KqdG Sq dG - 1

.dG GJ e M n G hCG dG M J e OHCG KqdG Sq dG q

98

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

: SG q dG -1

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

dGdG d qG Sq dG - 2

RGHEG H OHCG KK SH IYeh qJe G b J e qG Sq dG q

.FGLCG cJh dTG qc
dGq dG dG e (2) d jdG Sq dG - 3

bO H SdGh dG
q a Rjh IMGh d be Iq Y Y jq dG Sq dG j
.dG H

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

99

dG a qbJ ,SG q Vh gh b eH n G edG

q Sq dG q j
.fh
q oJh
100

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

dGq dG d edG
q Sq dG - 4

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

: q SSCG YGdG H - 4

SdG
A1

840

SG

1188

A0

A0
A3

594

840

A1

420

594

A2

297

420

A3

210

297

A4

A2
210

420

840

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

: SG -1
Y q eh IM
q e Se EG j q dG Sq dG Y f dG QdG Se
:JBc

A4
29
7
59
4
11
88

(111) dH
fCG SGq H 2 q dG CG
q
G - 2
(111 ) dH
fCG SGq H 3 q dG CG
q
Me

Sq dG

G SG
q e S qN

Jq e hj q dG qG S
bq dG G S
q e bQ qN
jJ 2 = qG W
jJ 1 = qG H dG

qe bQ qN

.j 10 = jdG qG W
jJ 1 =qG H dG

bQ qN

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

101

IY Y MGh CGbCGh 1 : 10 = qS Sq dG fH hL cCG

: Sq dG jW eQh fdG hL - 4
n Gh Sq dG FN H H Vo
s J mfH hH ajo h QWEG NGO Sq dG o jo
dGq dG d edG
.((100) dH
q
q Sq dG : e) Sf dG
Sq dG QWEG
G fe
q

G SG

fdG hL

Sq dG qS

fhG
q

bQdG W

dGdG
q dG

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

dG
q -3
(112 ) dH
fCG SGq H 4 q dG CG
q
:q q dG Sq dG o r oJ
( 1:1 = qS e) G Sd jhe Sq dG Sb j eY M qH *
( 2:1 = qS e) G SdG e cCG Sq dG Sb j eY J qH *
( 1: 5 = qS e) G SdG e UCG Sq dG Sb j eY J qH *
](1200)G SdG Y (120)Sq dG Sb[ 120 :1200 = IQdG
q SQ qS
12 :120 = 1 :10

SqdG jW eQ
102

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

(Ql e) OHCG KK l SQ

q aGZJa IQU
53

45

E
B

37

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

: OHCG KqdG Sq dG - 5
.SCGh MCG q K OHCG KqdG Sq dGh IQdG
q eq CJCG
(QTe T) jdG Y - 1

G
D

C
16

.dG e Lh 3 OHCG KdG Sq dG Rj : MCG

.jq OYh q aCG q G SdH n Sp Qo (ABCD) : eeCG LdG
qG SQo h G SdH jOdG qG n Sp Qo (BFGC) : dG LdG
.q aCG G e LQO 45 jhGR fe
q G dG e UCG H FG
FG qG SQh G SdH aCG qG SQ(EFBA) : dG LdG
.q aCG G e LQO 45 jhGR fe
q G dG e UCG H

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

103

(GSCG T) q dGe - 2
q aGZJa IQU

,(2) GSCG o fLh (1) qG dG Lh OHCG KdG Sq dG Rj : MCG

.q G SdH SQo : (1) eeCG LdG
.aCG qG e q e jhGR fe
q G qdG e UCG H SQo : (2) fG
: SCG - 3
:j j OHCG KdG Sq dG jH MCG Sd
e j CG j M dG a RJ SQ RE :(Xq dG e)q dG G - CG
dP
q oa jOY SCG EG hCG YCG EGh aCG Ij hCG SdG Y LQN XqdG
:q dG hG eq f f gqJG HQCG

fGSCG

G RGe

eq dG

q dG G

dG dG

104

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

(Ql e) OHCG KK l SQ

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

fGSCG

G RGe

eq dG

q dG G

dG
q dG

dG QdG

dG
q QdG

: eeCG LdG -
Sq dG H CGf dG LdG g .G H Sjh JSb q J : dG fGL J
q dG LhCG gh : IYG LhCG -
. q G JSH SJ jq OdG VCG q c .jRGe H Sjh q j dG VCG RGJ .qG SdG e qbCG SH jRGe FG G SoJ -

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

105

 fL Ld FG G c qfJ dG jhGdG gh :G Gr pSG

r jhGR (aCG qG e 600 hCG 450 hCG 300 IOY J).Sq dG
dG OdG gh : (FG G GWCG J eY hCG) (K) G GSG eY f H) Sq dG FG G Sb Y d VCG OHCG Hf
. (0,7 > K > 0,5) jJ G dG r Kh
Ye fL Lh
L eeCG Lh
Fe qN

G GSG jhGR
aCG yN

: q e dG
q Y SQ : e
.He 9 V c W
Gh eeCG LdG - 1
(EFGH)h (ABCD)

.q J q M JSb
fG LhCG - 2

A
B

(BFGC - AEFB)
(AEHD - DHGC)

SQ a FG G
.qG OHCG e UCG GWCH
(Hq e 9 e q bCG)
106

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

: f YGdG g GM

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

dq dG dG iMEG q f CG SQh FG G jGhR jd :Me

.jGhdG e f .dG
q qHe qf -

f (600) Sch IG

f (450) Sch IG

(113h 112 ) dH
fCG SGq H 6h 5 q dG o CG - 4
q
11 SQdG - ShQdG c

107

.bGGh dG GhOCG

-6

.qG H hCG qH LQq e jq OY b IGOCG IG

HEG Yj CG
.SdG j Y

q dG cT q L qJG
.q dG Y dG hCG

dGdG dG - 2
q dG ZH

dGdG dG J (CG

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

LQq G IG - 1

LQq eIe
qfQh

.(dP e qbO cCHh e qG o H )qbH GWCG d IGOCG g dGq dG dG

108

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

SG jW (
p IG rU
p H SdG CGfh qdG H b jf dG dG t oJ
q fQdG rUh

dG

? dGq dG dH bCG GPe (

b e NGq dG eh ; dG
q b e QG e OHCG b e q dGq dG o dG
.qdG b b hCG dG
(G b) dG
q b

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

(qdG b) NGO b

109

IG Y b

1/10 q fQh

Ie

10 EG
q e q e 9 qfQdG W

fQh

e AL q c W a je AGLCG
(qe 0^9)qe 9/10
? SdG CGbCG c
:e
: IG Y q fQdG U b CGbCG qe 3
j dG qG q fQdG Y q JCG .IG N iMEH
H fQdG Y LQdG OY MCG : IG qH j dG qGh dG
LQO 4
( 3^4) 4 Ua 3 : SdG CGbCG -

?SdG qU e qcCJCG c
(d) q fQdG qN j (b)IG qH
.qe 7 = W (b)h (a)H : dG (LQO4 (d)h )(c)) H 0,9 x 4 = 3,6 mm
(ab) - (cd) = SdG j 7 - 3,6 = 3,4 mm
qe 3^4 = jdG H dG 110

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

q fQdG (O
.qG e q bCH LQq e a q fQdG eq CG qH LQq e dGdG dG Ie

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

: qdY qbH dGR b (`g

1/50 fQH dGR b

:bQ dGR b

(115 )dH
fCG SGq H 7 q dG CG (h
q
jGhq dG e - 3
.MCG qe H jGhq dG d IGOCG g jGhq dG e : J (CG
Qe IFGO f

dG ZH
Ie

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

111

SG qc (

LQO 45 = (2) dG h (1) dG

q H jGhq dG

112

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

jGhq dG GNBG Yf

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

jq QTG TCd OHCG KqdG Sq dG - 7

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

:dG jq QTG TCG H - 1

iG

Iq G

G RGe

dG

FG dG
q

dG
q

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

.(116 )dH
fCG SGq H 8 q dG CG -2
q
iG
q QdG K -3
.bQdG Y qdG e G Sf .dH Y fh qdG e IG f f K bQdG e qG fG q f .IG fL e d Y

113

G RG OHCG KqdG Sq dG REG MGe - 4

C

G
H
B
A

F
E

qe 55 = dG
qe 40 = VdG
qe 20 = dG
q

AD = `dG
AB = V`dG
AE = ````dG
q

Sq dG
B

.G Sb YCG

GhOCGh dG
C

OdG

G e QNCG
eeCG LdG
ABCD : OHCG KdG Sq d
(S aCG AD j CG Y)

eeCG LdG SQCG

ABCD
55 =W
40 =VY
bh IG :GhOCG
UUq dG

114

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

Sq dG

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

GhOCGh dG
G

OdG

dG G QNCG
dG QdG
eYh 45 jhGH
K = 0,7 GSG
: FG G SQCG
q N H AE - BF - CG
.dG
q qHe e jb
0,7 x 20 = 14 mm

bh Ie :GhOCG
.dG
q Heh UUq dG
FG G SQCG hCG
qSdG GhOCG SH
Ie :GhOCG
LQO 45 Sch
.UUdG
bh
q

G GWCG HQCG
jq OYh q aCG
EF - FG

bh Ie :GhOCG
.UUk dG
OHCG KdG Sq dG fG

E
A

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

115

Sq dG REG MGe
-1SdH dG M SH CGf : LQG
(dG)
q * (G OHCG) = SqdG OHCG

e RGe
eeCG LdG SQCG 40 = W
60 = JQG
FG G SQCG 56 = 80 * 0,7 : W
56 = dG
: SCG Sch IG
. FG G GWCG HQCG -

116

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

J j
Qe IQU q f
KK SQ dG
q Y CG
UH QG Gd OHCG
:ddG
: Sq d eeCG LdG .dG
q G
450
dG qJG K = 0,7 1:10 = Sq dG qS -

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

-2: jdG H SQCG MC aMCS dG AG

Iq M Y
20 = (od)
:FG G
dh = cg = bf = ae

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

25 x 0,7 = 17,5
17,5 = G W

117

-3IFGq dG G MCG dG AG jL e SQCG fK Iq M Y MC aMCS

20 = (hm)
:FG G
17,5 = W

dt = av = 10 x 0,7 = 7
7 = W

-5IFGdG G MCG KdG Sq dG Y MCG Qd FdG OHCG

S H SQ YCG -

118

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

-4IFGdG G MCG jdG jCGG jL e SQCG T Y MC aMCS

5 = (au) = (sd)
:FG G

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

(122) dG
q e jGH fCG SGq H 12 - 11 - 10 - 9 fCG CG - 4

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

q fGSCG TCd OHCG KdG Sq dG - 8

:dG q fGSCG TCG H
-1
o
qdG

Aq dG

fGSCG

QfG

hG

dG
q

(137) dH
fCG SGq H 13 q dG CG - 2
q
.fGSCd OHCG KdG Sq dG REG MGe - 3

````b

```W

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

119

GhOCGh dG

qe 30 = dG
qe 60 = dG

K = 0,7. h

300 jhGH

(dG dG)

O2

O1

bdG

:qdc SdG YCG

Lc fGSCG Lh QNCG
.OHCG KdG Sq d eeCG

:eeCG LdG SQCG

15 = H IFGO
QcdG :GhOCG
UUq dG bh

jhGRh FG G qJG QNCG

:GSEG eYh GSG

fGSCG Q SQCG
ce e bfG ( O1 O2 )
Hh 30jhGH IFGq dG
UCG qdG K hj
40 = ( 2/3 ) X 60

120

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

Sq dG

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

O2

O1

O2

O1

:GhOCG
Ie QcH UUq dG b 600 Sc -

G LdG SQCG
bQ qH fGSCd
(15H IFGO)
QcH :GhOCG
UUq dG bh

fGSCG fL SQCG
Se qH
.JFGdG e
:SdG f
( O1
( O1

O2
O2

) (ab)
) (cd)

bhIe :GhOCG
600 Sch UUq dG

121

Sq dG fG
OHCG KdG
J j
H M IQU q f
KK SQ dG Y CG
UH G d OHCG
:ddG
:Sq d eeCG LdG .dG
q G
600
dG qJG K = 0,7 .1 :2 = Sq dG qS -

O2

O1

60

Sq dG REG MGe
-1SdH fGSCG SQCG .d LQG
= Sq dG OHCG
(dG)
q * (G OHCG)
eeCG LdG 40 = b
0
60 ``H Fe :fGSCG Q O1 O2 = 40 x 0,7 = 28 W

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

e FG AG SQCG
S qHfGSCG
GAG CGh q e
. qe bQ H SQCG hCG
:GhOCG
QcH .UUq dG b -

28 = (O1 O2)
122

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

-2e S dG AG SQCG Y hCq G T gh fGSCG

Sq d eeCG LdG
(450 x 10)

O2

10 x (1 : 2) = 5 qdG

O1

dH
q qKCJ jhGq dG
450 x 5 `H T SQCG
O1 c IFGO 30 = b

O3

(O1 O3) = 5 X 0,7 = 3,5

3,5 = (O1 O2)
O3 c fK IFGO -

40 b

O2
O4

O3
O1

-3H IFGdG G MCG

hCq G dG
q SQ
Y dG dG
q SQCG :d G LdG
(O2) c IFGO 30 = b
(O4 O2) = 5 x 0,7 = 3,5

3,5 = (O4 O2)

(O4) c fK IFGO -

40 b

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

123

O2
O4

O3
O1

O1

H IFGdG G MCG
qdG dG SQ
VCG Sf CG )
( qe H q G
dG NCG AG SQCG
K : dG e S
SQCG e qdG SQCG
(O2 )h(O1)H fGSCG

-5IFGdG G MCG
.qdG SQ H
:FdG OHCG KdG Sq dG
RGHEG hH OHCG KK SQ
.q G VCG

(139) dG
q e jGH fCG SGq H 16 - 15 - 14 fCG CG -4

124

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

-4-

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

hdG QH dG - 9
1
2
3
4

QG
: e QG j
dG - 1
OGq G - 2
G - 3
(IdG)QG
-4
q
g Y IdG
q cJ Y
L
q e fSCG J QG
.eCG EG

dG qY
HdG eH dG q J .dG Ie Y
dG dH G eCG idG dH dG eCG EG Le QG SCG .eCG
Oq G H QG VCG .d
qbfG cH dG qj QG aO H e
.dG Y q Lh
.a eCG EG aO Y b QG Y VCG -

IG ee

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

125

OG d QG

.``````````qdG - 10

hM i

SCGdG

jq dG

Wb q M
G SCGQ
H G L j
q
fhG jq G

hM i
G L

G GfCG - 2
OG e

fSG e

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

```````````````````G :dG IGOCG -1

G e

126

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

.qdG ````````````dBG - 3

ee

IcQ
Gh G
G
G

IH
S

eG

H dBG Y G GQhO YS q J
.JdG Y dG
q qVh
11 SQdG - ShQdG c

127

G IdG qdG dBG eM

G IdG qdG dBG

: qdG q Y - 5
qdG REG MGe

dG cT

LQq e Ie

dG (1
(A S dG) q dG e j - CG
.q dG cTh IG SH
SH qdG e (hCq G N) SQ (
.q dG cTh SdG
dH dG e SQ EG (
.jdG H dG e dG fd

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

dG qdG dBG

AZ hP Sc

128

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

be

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

dG (2
SG G G Vh (CG
.dG S e Gee
bH G V (
.eH dG J (3
M SG G QNG (4
dG qdG bh dG IOe
.S
.H G J (5
.HdG J (6
.SG G qdG REG (7
G fGQhO AKCG G jj H eq J Hh b IFGO
.e HK dG q J
cM q g(Mc)dG cM G H j q fGQhO
cM g (Ma)jq dG cM .G q J
:jG YGb - 6

e q c fh dG c eRdG GhOCG qf .QGH eh dBG GN j CG

.H e OLh Y e q dG .d qG qdG e qcCdG .d qG qdG e qcCdG .qdG AKCG dH G .VdG HG AGJQG q f .dG HQ AGJQG q f .je hH jdG dG qf 129

SCGq dG j :IPNo - 2

jdG j :GRdG - 1

dG RL j :J Ie - 4

dG j :GQ qf - 3

jG FSh SG :e - 6

GWCGh G j:dG Ac - 5
130

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

.OGG e jbdGh jG FSh H - 11

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

. TC OHCG KdG Sq dG - 12

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

.fGSCGh jQTe H qcG TCG H - 1

e
v

fU

ZH

be

IcQ

l n
r pe

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

.J jQ - 13
1 bQ jdG
fe d IQU q f
KK SQ dG Y CG
UH dG d OHCG
:ddG
G :Sq d eeCG LdG .dG
q
0
dG qJG 60
K = 0,7 .1:1 = Sq dG qS 131

Sq dG REG MGe

G RGe SQCG d qLQG SdH

eeCG LdG SQCG 80 = W
40 = JQG
FG G SQCG 20 x 0,7 = 14 : W
14 = dG
:SCG 600 Sch IG
G GWCG HQCG FG

-2jCG fG Y Iq G SQCG

132

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

60

-1-

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

-3-

H IFGq dG G MCG hCG Iq G SQ

Y fdG Iq G SQCG
CG fG

-4H IFGq dG G MCG fqdG Iq G SQ

(O1 ) IFGq dG ce Oq MCG (O1 O2 ) G
600 ``H Fe
14 = W
(O2) IFGq dG ce Oq MCG JFGq dG SQCG -

133

e G AG MCG dG
fG Y dG
q SQCG jCG
10 = (ma1)
10 = (ma2)

-6H IFGq dG G MCG hCq G dG

q SQ
fG Y dG
q SQCG dG
q Sb H CG
hCq G

134

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

-5-

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

-7-

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

H IFGq dG G MCG qdG dG

q SQ
fG Y G SQCG :dG
q
30 = (uv)
fL q c e 15 )
(XdG dH
(vg) = (ug)
g

-8IFGq dG G MCG .S H Sq dG YCG .d FqdG Sq dG

135

-1SdH fGSCG SQCG

:d LQG
(O1O2)W 80 X 0,7 = 56
45

56 = (O1O2)
`H Fe
450
30 = JFGq dG b -

136

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

2 bQ jdG
fGSCG d IQU q f
SQ dG Y CG
dG d OHCG KK
UH fGSCG
:ddG
:Sq d eeCG LdG .dG
q G
dG qJG 450
K = 0,7 .1:1 = Sq dG qS -

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

-2-

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

IFGq dG G MCG hCq G Sq dH

:AdG SQCG (O1O2) W

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

15 X 0,7 = 10,5

10,5 = (O1O3)
03 c 30 H IFG
20 H fK IFGO
(O2) c 20 H IFGO
e Se qN 20 H JFGq dG
-3eeCG LdG Y iG SQCG
:fGSCd
5 ``H GYeh jRGe N (dc)h (ab) IFGqdG e Wj
qjOY SCG eh YCG e 2,5
O1 ``d dH
iG H Lj (O4)cG
(O1O4) qdG
5 X 0,7 = 3,5

3,5 = (O1O4)
e bfG FG G SQCG dh ch bh a
O4 c 30 H IFGq dG SQCG FG H IFGqdG WJ
b qJCGh (ef) G SQCG .Sq dG Y iG
137

-5d OHCG KqdG Sq dG

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

-4IFGq dG G MCG S H Sq dG YEG -

(147) dG
q e jGH fCG SGq H 20 h 19 h 18 h 17 fCG CG - 2
138

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

UG
q e YGb EG J dG H UGJ Sh g dG Sq dG
.Y Y
:q dG Sq dG GfCG q gCG e
.OHCG KdG Sq dG qG Sq dG edG
q Sq dG .jq dG Sq dG dG e (LhCG KK) fGL KK OHCG KdG Sq dG q j
. f gG HQCH Xq dG e M
dG dG dG
q dG dG QdG dG
q QdG .q M SH SJ a q G LdG
: Me
J q H OjEG e SG SH Q
q q dG f qe
.Yf c e q dBG Sq dH

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

139

acG bh dG FdG Sq dG fdG FY H e qCG

OdG IQM Cf jCG hdG AGU 1927 GM
.Oe 500 EG 300 S GM e (NAZCA)eGdG
e VQCG Y SdG Zh q SdG Sq dG g q
400 H Y hdG H He ec 500 e cCG M
gh OdG G e c 50h (pd) UY e ec
IFdG SH VQCG S Y c JQyH EG VJ
. OG hCG
fhMh e N e Y g Sq dG g
fGd iNCGh VCG je eh aeh
.fEGh GGh
EG GRe AT Y Sq dG H dG (NAZCA) Og OGQCG
M H qM K
q dGh AGG NG Gd dG q M
.JGP Sq dG REG jW
(les lignes de NAZCA)

cRf N

140

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

? J g

11 SQdG - ShQdG c

12 OY SQdG

FHdG dG Sq dG
? FHdG dG Sq dG g e
? q G SdG GfCG g e
? RedG GfCG g e
? dG ILCG SCG c

12 SQdG - ShQdG c

141

QG

q G Sq dH UGq dG

12 OY SQdG

FHdG dG Sq dG

(160 ) dH
fCG SGq H SG q dG CG
q

dG - 2

.dq dG Sq dG eq CJCG
FHc H SQ

(Wb eQ)
e FHc SQ

J SQ

Wd OHCG KK SQ

Wd jJ SQ

MCG - CG
. q dG Sq dG Y FHdG dG Sq dG j
FGOCG q c dch YU q ch dG H gG j q dG Sq dG a
.Xd
Xh a Vj qfEGh IQGdG UY f hCG H qj a FHdG dG Sq dG qeCG
.jq eQ jH RG
:SCG -
Y q dG RedG g J h ,ReH FHdG dG Sq dG IQGq dG UY soJ
Rd LQG dG
q
142

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

: SG q dG - 1

12 SQdG - ShQdG c

: FHdG dG Sq dG jJ - 3

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

q e q c q j hCG q FHdG IQGdG AGOCG Vj

q H J g FHdG dG Sq dG
.fG HQ hCG SCG
IAGd H a q dG H ej jq eQ d d
q eG Req dG MJ
q bh
.q FHdG q fdG Sq dG

: Sq dG GfCG - 4

qFHc IQGd IQU

q FHc IQGd q e H SQ -CG

: IQGd fG ILCG ReQ
(FHc N) jdG Qe

IQTEG e

IU
Wb

(Y ) qFHc IQGd H SQ -

qFHc IQGd Y

12 SQdG - ShQdG c

143

.I Qe SQ G
SqdG Y cqdG IQGO SQ Y
SCG SQ e q H QG
.ceCG ILCGh
G eQ
WdG eQ
gOYh SCG eQ

( qN ) FHc IQGd H SQ -O
. J VH IQGdG J qc Y (N ) dG SqdG aj
.f
q qG bGG EG qdG qG qdG

: SSCG YGdG H - 5
G - GC
: FHdG dG Sq dG G G q gCG
qG SG

Sq dG

qG SG

FHdG dG SQ

q e qN

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

Qe SQ Y cq dG IQGd H SQ -

S WJ
HQ hCG Uh hH
144

12 SQdG - ShQdG c

qG SG

Sq dG

qG SG

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

qJG e S WJ
(dG H FHc HQ)
NBG Y S J
dG FHc HQ)
(FdG dH q G

q e qN
2

d SQ

hCG

Iqe hCG qd Hb Uh
HK Uh

.fe qJG SQ

========================================================== =======

VQCG S SQ

qe bQ qN
bQ qN

q FHdG ILCG ReQ hL -

Me

RG eQ

RG IQU

RG SG

G L
1^5 V eY hj

FHc qN
(L OY)

(jN H)

jQH
(jN Y)

12 SQdG - ShQdG c

(Y) jJ Qe

145

RG eQ

RG IQU

RG SG

OLh Y (E) M q j
G eQ fL EG
IAVEG e Y

Wb

e
qj QqdG Y dG
q Y
qFHdG IQGqdG Z

(UGh) ZV qQR

q j Qq dG Y dG
q Y
qFHdG IQGqdG a

(Ua) ZV qQR
jMY

e Z e

he

q e he

146

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

Me

12 SQdG - ShQdG c

Me

RG eQ

RG IQU

RG SG

FHc q

e e

e U

e e

qfQ SL

d G j
QqdG L aqdG hCG
OOq G FHdG
AC (hG)

FHc
q

``````G `````Sq dH ``````UGdG

OLh Y (-)eq dG q j G CH (M) G

.e QH j
Ea (~) eqdG Gg OLh Y he QH j G

dG qe

e QJ Gqde
bW qde
he QJ Gde

12 SQdG - ShQdG c

( 162 h 161) dH
fCG SGq H 2 h 1 WqdG CG q

147

dG ILCG ReQ hL -
RG eQ

RG IQU

RG SG

RL j
Iq T d eeCG
FHdG QqdG

eeCG

RL j
L d ddG
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FOUCHER.
- Technologie niveau2 : un projet technique: un minuteur. Edition FOUCHER.
- Cours de dessin industriel par R.MACHERET Tome2. Edition DUNOD.
- GUIDE INTERACTIF des sciences et technologie industrielles, par Jean-louis FANCHON - NATAN/HER 1999
- Fabrications mcaniques (Technologie2, par R.BUTIN et M.PINOT). Edition FOUCHER - 1981
- Guide de dessinateur. Par A. Chevalier
- Catalogue PIERRON.
- Catalogue JEULIN.
- Livre Dessin Technique (Electricit).

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- Encarta 2006 Encyclopdie

- LOGICIEL Corel Draw.12 Fr
- Logiciel CLIPARTS
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- http://www.fr.bestgraph.com
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- http://www.valenciennes.fr
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