You are on page 1of 40

Sadrzaj

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8 (/(.75,A1( (1(5*,-(


%HRJUDG 9RMYRGH 6WHSH 

7HKQLaNDSUHSRUXNDEU
,]ERULSRODJDZHHQHUJHWVNLKNDEORYD
XHOHNWURGLVWULEXWLYQLPPUHCDPD
N9N9N9L
LN9
,9L]GDZH
VHSWHPEDU

2YLP SUHVWDMH GD YDCL WHKQLaND SUHSRUXND EU RG RNWREUD JRGLQH

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

,='$9$A ,RJ L]GDZD QRYHPEDU  

326/2912 8'58#(:( (/(.752',675,%8&,-( 65%,-(

,='$9$A ,,RJ L]GDZD GHFHPEDU  

326/2912 8'58#(:( (/(.752',675,%8&,-( 65%,-(

,='$9$A ,,,RJ L]GDZD RNWREDU  

326/2912 8'58#(:( (/(.752',675,%8&,-( 65%,-(

,='$9$A ,9RJ L]GDZD VHSWHPEDU  

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8 (/(.75,A1(


(1(5*,-(

7HKQLaNR XUH_HZH
7RPLVODY %RMNRYL`
.RUHNWXUD
7RPLVODY %RMNRYL`
5DaXQDUVND REUDGD FUWHCD 9ODGLPLU .UVWL` L %LTDQD 6WRMDQRYL`
>WDPSD
067 *DML` %HRJUDG
7LUDC
 SULPHUDND

1DSRPHQH X] ,9R L]GDZH 73


,9R

L]GDZH 73 MH UDaXQDUVNL REUD_HQR L SULSUHPTHQR ]D NRPSDNW


GLVN 3R VDGUCDMX RYR L]GDZH VH UD]OLNXMH RG ,,,RJ L]GDZD RG RNWREUD
 JRGLQH SR WRPH ^WR MH

XEDaHQR QRYR SRJODYTH 


XQHWH L]PHQH L GRSXQH EU
GHWDTQLMH REUD_HQD SRJODYTD   L 
LVSUDYTHQH XRaHQH ^WDPSDUVNH JUH^NH
L]PHZHQL QHNL GHORYL NRML VH SR]LYDMX QD SRMHGLQH VWDQGDUGH NDR
L WDaNH GUXJLK SUHSRUXND NRMH VX X PH_XYUHPHQX L]PHZHQH
XQHWH WHUPLQROR^NH L GUXJH L]PHQH X VNODGX VD QRYLP
VWDQGDUGLPD L GLVWULEXWLYQRP SUDNVRP

.RG SR]LYDZD QD QHNX WHKQLaNX SUHSRUXNX (' 6UELMH WUHED NRULVWLWL


QDMQRYLMH L]GDZH RGJRYDUDMX`H SUHSRUXNH
5DGQD JUXSD ]D L]UDGX 73
VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

,] DUKLYH
1D RVQRYX SUHGORJD 5DGQH JUXSH .RPLVLMD ]D WHKQLaND SLWDZD SUL 3R
VORYQRP XGUXCHZX HOHNWURGLVWULEXFLMH 6UELMH XVYDMD
7(+1,A.8 35(3258.8 EU 
,]ERU L SRODJDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD
X HOHNWURGLVWULEXWLYQLP PUHCDPD
 N9  N9  N9

,,,H

L  N9

L]GDZH

3UHGORCHQD UH^HZD VX X VNODGX VD YDCH`LP SURSLVLPD L VWDQGDUGLPD L


]DGRYRTDYDMX ]DKWHYH VLJXUQRVWL IXQNFLRQDOQRVWL L HNRQRPLaQRVWL

AODQRYL 7HKQLaNRJ VDYHWD


















-RYDQ 0LOL` (OHNWURGLVWULEXFLMD %HRJUDG


GU 'UDJXWLQ 6WDQRMHYL` (OHNWURGLVWULEXFLMD %HRJUDG
5RGRTXE 0DUNRYL` (OHNWURVUELMD .UDTHYR
%UDQH 1LMHPaHYL` (OHNWUR^XPDGLMD .UDJXMHYDF
0LRGUDJ 3DYNRYL` (OHNWURWLPRN =DMHaDU
0LORMH -H]GLPLURYL` (OHNWURGLVWULEXFLMD 8CLFH
PU -RVLI 6SLUL` (OHNWURGLVWULEXFLMD /HVNRYDF
6WDQL^D 7DVL` (OHNWURGLVWULEXFLMD 9UDZH
=RUDQ 0DQaL` (OHNWURGLVWULEXFLMD 3LURW
=ODWNR *DYUDQ (OHNWURPRUDYD 3RCDUHYDF
3DQWD *UNRYL` (OHNWURNRVPHW 3UL^WLQD
/XND *HRUJLMHYL` (OHNWURYRMYRGLQD 1RYL 6DG
7RPLVODY %RMNRYL` (36'LUHNFLMD ]D GLVWULEXFLMX %HRJUDG
)HGRUD /RQaDUHYL` (36'LUHNFLMD ]D GLVWULEXFLMX %HRJUDG
.UVWR #LCL` (36'LUHNFLMD ]D GLVWULEXFLMX %HRJUDG

AODQRYL 5DGQH JUXSH









%RULVODY /DOHYL` (OHNWURGLVWULEXFLMD %HRJUDG


=RUDQ 'DQL` (OHNWURYRMYRGLQD 1RYL 6DG
%REDQ 0LODQRYL` (OHNWUR^XPDGLMD .UDJXMHYDF
PU #LYNR 'REURVDYTHYL` )DEULND NDEORYD 6YHWR]DUHYR
PU 0LURVODY 3DYORYL` )DEULND NDEORYD =DMHaDU
7RPLVODY %RMNRYL` (36'LUHNFLMD ]D GLVWULEXFLMX %HRJUDG

RNWREDU 

VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

1D RVQRYX SUHGORJD 5DGQH JUXSH 7HKQLaNL VDYHW (36  'LUHNFLMD ]D GL


VWULEXFLMX HOHNWULaQH HQHUJLMH 6UELMH MH QD RP VDVWDQNX NRML MH RGU
CDQ  JRGLQH X 6XUGXOLFL GRQHR RGOXNX XVYDMD VH

7(+1,A.$35(3258.$EU
,]ERULSRODJDZHHQHUJHWVNLKNDEORYD
XHOHNWURGLVWULEXWLYQLPPUHCDPD
N9N9N9LN9
,9 L]GDZH

3UHGORCHQD UH^HZD VX X VNODGX VD YDCH`LP SURSLVLPD L VWDQGDUGLPD L


]DGRYRTDYDMX ]DKWHYH VLJXUQRVWL IXQNFLRQDOQRVWL L HNRQRPLaQRVWL

AODQRYL 7HKQLaNRJ VDYHWD



















PU 0LODGLQ 7DQDVNRYL` 3UHGVHGQLN 7HKQLaNRJ VDYHWD (OHNWUR


GLVWULEXFLMD %HRJUDG
GU -RVLI 6SLUL` (OHNWURGLVWULEXFLMD /HVNRYDF
PU =RUDQ 5LVWDQRYL` (OHNWURYRMYRGLQD 1RYL 6DG
'UDJDQ %DONRVNL (36 %HRJUDG
0LORVDY )LOLSRYL` (OHNWURVUELMD .UDTHYR
0LRGUDJ 3DYNRYL` (OHNWURWLPRN =DMHaDU
0LRGUDJ 0LTNRYL` (OHNWURGLVWULEXFLMD 9UDZH
0LRGUDJ 6LPL` (OHNWURGLVWULEXFLMD %HRJUDG
0LRGUDJ $Q_HONRYL` (OHNWURNRVPHW 3UL^WLQD
0LRGUDJ 5LVWL` (OHNWURPRUDYD 3RCDUHYDF
0LWDU $OHNVL` (OHNWUR^XPDGLMD .UDJXMHYDF
'UDJRTXE =GUDYNRYL` (OHNWURGLVWULEXFLMD 1L^
#DUNR 0L`LQ (OHNWURYRMYRGLQD 1RYL 6DG
$OHNVDQGDU 3HWURYL` (OHNWURVUELMD 9DTHYR
)HGRUD /RQaDUHYL` (36'LUHNFLMD ]D GLVWULEXFLMX %HRJUDG
6ORERGDQ .XMRYL` (36'LUHNFLMD ]D GLVWULEXFLMX %HRJUDG

AODQRYL 5DGQH JUXSH









GU 6WRMDQ 1LNRODMHYL` (OHNWURGLVWULEXFLMD %HRJUDG


=YRQNR 0LWURYL` )DEULND NDEORYD -DJRGLQD
+DQD $OEDKDUL #LJUDL 1RYNDEO 1RYL 6DG
%UDQLVODY 6WHYDQRYL` (OHNWURVUELMD -DJRGLQD
$OHNVDQGDU 0RJLQ (OHNWURYRMYRGLQD 1RYL 6DG
7RPLVODY %RMNRYL` (36  'LUHNFLMD ]D GLVWULEXFLMX

VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

 236(* 9$#(:$ , 1$0(1$


 2YD SUHSRUXND VH RGQRVL QD L]ERU L SRODJDZH SRG]HPQLK HQHU
JHWVNLK NDEORYD NRML VH NRULVWH X HOHNWURGLVWULEXWLYQLP PUHCDPD
6UELMH QD]LYQLK QDSRQD  N9  N9  N9 L  N9
2YD SUHSRUXND VH QH RGQRVL QD NRQVWUXNFLMH NDEORYD SRVHEQH QDPHQH
NDR QD NDEORYH RWSRUQH SUHPD JRUHZX UXGDUVNH NDEORYH NDR L QD
VLJQDOQH NDEORYH
,]ERU L SRODJDZH QDG]HPQLK HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD VDPRQRVH`L ND
EORYVNL VQRSRYL YU^L VH SUHPD 73 (' 6UELMH
 2YD SUHSRUXND MH XVDJOD^HQD VD YDCH`LP WHKQLaNLP SURSLVLPD L
VWDQGDUGLPD NDR L VD WHKQLaNLP SUHSRUXNDPD (' 6UELMH
 2YD SUHSRUXND WUHED GD
RGUHGL RVQRYQH XVORYH X NRMLPD WUHED GD UDGL HQHUJHWVNL NDEO
L]YU^L WLSL]DFLMX RVQRYQLK NRQVWUXNFLMD HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD SR
QDSRQVNLP QLYRLPD NRMH QDMYL^H RGJRYDUDMX XVORYLPD UDGD L
HNVSORDWDFLMH HOHNWURGLVWULEXWLYQLK PUHCD
L]YU^L WLSL]DFLMX SUHVHND SURYRGQLND L HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH
SUHSRUXaL RVQRYQH QDaLQH SRODJDZD HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD NDR L
SRVHEQH XVORYH SRODJDZD X VSHFLMDOQLP XVORYLPD XNU^WDZH VD
SXWHYLPD L CHOH]QLFRP SRODJDZH SUHNR PRVWRYD XNU^WDZH L
SDUDOHOQR YR_HZH VD WHOHNRPXQLNDFLRQLP YRGRYLPD WRSORYRGRP
YRGRYRGRP L GUXJLP NRPXQDOQLP LQVWDODFLMDPD
SUHSRUXaL QDaLQH VSDMDZD SURYRGQLND L L]UDGX NDEORYVNLK VSRM
QLFD L ]DYU^QLFD
SUHSRUXaL LVSLWLYDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD
XWYUGL SURUDaXQ GR]YRTHQLK VWUXMQLK RSWHUH`HZD HQHUJHWVNLK ND
EORYD
SUHSRUXaL QDaLQ NRUL^`HZD HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD NDR X]HPTLYDaD

 7(50,1, , '(),1,&,-(
 .DEO YUVWD HOHNWULaQRJ YRGD NRML VH VDVWRML RG MHGQH LOL YL^H CLOD
L RGJRYDUDMX`LK ]D^WLWQLK VORMHYD
 3URYRGQLN PHWDOQL GHR NDEOD QDPHZHQ SURYR_HZX VWUXMH
 #LOD GHR NDEOD NRML VH VDVWRML RG SURYRGQLND L]RODFLMH L VODERSUR
YRGQLK VORMHYD DNR SRVWRMH
 -H]JUR NDEOD VNXS SRXCHQLK CLOD VD RGJRYDUDMX`RP LVSXQRP DNR
SRVWRML
 ,VSXQD HOHPHQW NDEOD NRMLP VH LVSXZDYD PH_XSURVWRU L]PH_X CLOD
GD EL VH GRELR NUXCQL SUHVHN NDEOD $NR MH LVSXQD QDaLZHQD RG
VODERSURYRGQRJ PDWHULMDOD RQD VOXCL NDR SURYRGQD YH]D L]PH_X
HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH L VODERSURYRGQLK VORMHYD RNR CLOD NDEOD
 3OD^W ]D^WLWQL VORM RG SROLYLQLOKORULGD 39& LOL SROLHWLOHQD
3( NRML ^WLWL HOHPHQWH NDEOD RG YODJH L KHPLMVNLK XWLFDMD D X
PDZRM PHUL L RG PHKDQLaNLK R^WH`HZD
VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

 0HWDOQL SOD^W EH^DYQD FHY RG RORYD LOL DOXPLQLMXPD NRMD VH SR
VWDYTD SUHNR MH]JUD NDEOD VD FLTHP GD ^WLWL L]RODFLMX RG YODJH L
KHPLMVNLK LOL PHKDQLaNLK R^WH`HZD
 $UPDWXUD VORM RG PHWDOQLK WUDND LOL CLFD NRML ^WLWL NDEO RG
SUHNRPHUQLK PHKDQLaNLK QDSUH]DZD L R^WH`HZD NDEOD
 6ODERSURYRGQL VORM HNUDQ NDEOD  VORM NRML VH SRVWDYTD LVSRG L]R
ODFLMH L L]QDG L]RODFLMH L VOXCL ]D UDGLMDOQR REOLNRYDZH L RJUDQL
aHZH HOHNWULaQRJ SRTD
 (OHNWULaQD ]D^WLWD PHWDOQL VORM NRML VOXCL ]D RJUDQLaHZH HOHN
WULaQRJ SRTD ]D RGYR_HZH VWUXMH ]HPTRVSRMD L ]D^WLWX RG LQGLUHN
WQRJ GRGLUD .RG MHGQRCLOQLK NDEORYD HOHNWULaQD ]D^WLWD VH SR
VWDYTD L]QDG VODERSURYRGQRJ VORMD L]RODFLMH GRN NRG WURCLOQLK
NDEORYD RQD PRCH GD VH SRVWDYL SUHNR VYDNH CLOH LOL GD EXGH
]DMHGQLaND ]D VYH CLOH
 .DEORYVNL VQRS SRXCHQL VQRS MHGQRCLOQLK HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD
 1D]QDaHQH NDUDNWHULVWLNH QXPHULaNH YUHGQRVWL YHOLaLQD QDSRQ
VWUXMD LWG NRMH GHILQL^X UDG NDEOD X XVORYLPD NRML VX XWYU_HQL X
VWDQGDUGLPD L VOXCH ]D LVSLWLYDZH L JDUDQFLMX SURL]YR_DaD
 3ROLPHU L]RODFLMD PDWHULMDOL  JUXSD PDWHULMDOD ]D L]RODFLMX ND
EORYD RG SROLYLQLOKORULGD 39&  WHUPRSODVWLaQRJ SROLHWLOHQD
3( L XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD 83( 

 7(+1,A., 32'$&, , 32*216., 86/29,


 (QHUJHWVNL NDEO WUHED GD EXGH NRQVWUXLVDQ SURL]YHGHQ L LVSLWDQ X
VNODGX VD SUL]QDWLP VYHWVNLP GRVWLJQX`LPD L VOHGH`LP VWDQGDUGLPD
-86 1& .DEORYL VD L]RODFLMRP RG LPSUHJQLVDQRJ SDSLUD L
PHWDOQLP SOD^WRP ]D QD]LYQH QDSRQH GR  N9
-86 1& ,VSLWLYDZH NDEORYD VD L]RODFLMRP RG LPSUHJQL
VDQRJ SDSLUD L PHWDOQLP SOD^WRP ]D QD]LYQH QDSRQH GR  N9
-86 1& .DEORYL VD L]RODFLMRP RG WHUPRSODVWLaQLK PDVD QD
ED]L SROLYLQLOKORULGD VD SOD^WRP RG SROLYLQLOKORULGD LOL
WHUPRSODVWLaQRJ SROLHWLOHQD ]D QDSRQH GR  N9
-86 1& ,VSLWLYDZH NDEORYD VD L]RODFLMRP RG WHUPRSOD
VWLaQLK PDVD QD ED]L SROLYLQLOKORULGD VD SOD^WRP RG SROLYL
QLOKORULGD LOL WHUPRSODVWLaQRJ SROLHWLOHQD ]D QDSRQH GR  N9
-86 1& .DEORYL VD L]RODFLMRP RG WHUPRSODVWLaQRJ LOL
XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD VD SOD^WRP RG WHUPRSODVWLaQLK LOL HOD
VWRPHUQLK PDVD ]D QD]LYQH QDSRQH RG  N9 GR  N9
-86 1& ,VSLWLYDZH NDEORYD VD L]RODFLMRP RG WHUPRSOD
VWLaQRJ LOL XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD VD SOD^WRP RG WHUPRSODVWLa
QLK LOL HODVWRPHUQLK PDVD ]D QD]LYQH QDSRQH RG  N9 GR  N9
-86 ,(&  (QHUJHWVNL NDEORYL VD HNVWUXGRYDQLP SXQLP GLH
OHNWULNRP ]D QD]LYQH QDSRQH RG  N9 GR  N9

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

 (QHUJHWVNL NDEO `H UDGLWL X QRUPDOQLP XVORYLPD


QDMYL^D WHPSHUDWXUD YD]GXKD  R&
QDMQLCD WHPSHUDWXUD YD]GXKD  R&
VUHGZD JRGL^ZD WHPSHUDWXUD YD]GXKD  R& L WOD  R&
 (QHUJHWVNL NDEO `H UDGLWL X GLVWULEXWLYQRM PUHCL X NRMRM QDMYL^L
SRJRQVNL QDSRQ L]QRVL
 N9 X PUHCL QD]LYQRJ QDSRQD  N9
 N9 X PUHCL QD]LYQRJ QDSRQD  N9
 N9 X PUHCL QD]LYQRJ QDSRQD  N9
 8]HPTHZD QHXWUDOQLK WDaDND GLVWULEXWLYQLK PUHCD  N9  N9
L  N9 L]YRGH VH SUHPD 73 (' 6UELMH
D 1HXWUDOQD WDaND PUHCH  N9 L  N9 MH L]RORYDQD LOL X]HPTHQD
SUHNR QLVNRRPVNH LPSHGDQVH
E 1HXWUDOQD WDaND PUHCH  N9 MH X]HPTHQD SUHNR QLVNRRPVNH LPSH
GDQVH
 8 GLVWULEXWLYQLP PUHCDPD 6UELMH WLSL]LUDQH VX VOHGH`H YUHG

QRVWL PDNVLPDOQLK GR]YRTHQLK WURID]QLK VLPHWULaQLK VWUXMD


VQDJD NUDWNLK VSRMHYD L ]HPTRVSRMD
PUHCD  N9  N$  09$ 
PUHCD  N9  N$  09$ 
PUHCD  N9  N$  09$ 
7LSVND YUHGQRVW VWUXMH ]HPTRVSRMD X X]HPTHQLP PUHCDPD  N9
 N9 L  N9 MH  $ 8 PUHCL  N9 L  N9 VWUXMD ]HPTRVSRMD PRCH
GD EXGH L YH`D RG 

$

DOL QDMYL^H 

73 

 9UHPH WUDMDZD NUDWNRJ VSRMD L]QRVL QDMYL^H


 V X PUHCL  N9 L  N9
 V X PUHCL  N9

9UHPH WUDMDZD ]HPTRVSRMD W]  SUHPD 73D L]QRVL


D X L]RORYDQLP PUHCDPD  N9 L  N9
W]  V DNR YUHGQRVW XNXSQH NDSDFLWLYQH VWUXMH ]HPTRVSRMD SUHOD]L
 $
W]  K DNR YUHGQRVW XNXSQH NDSDFLWLYQH VWUXMH ]HPTRVSRMD QH
SUHOD]L  $
E X X]HPTHQLP PUHCDPD  N9  N9 L  N9
W]  V X PUHCL  N9 L  N9
W]  V X PUHCL  N9



VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

 ,=%25 .$%/29$ 1,6.2* 1$321$  N9


 8 PUHCL QLVNRJ QDSRQD SUHSRUXaXMH VH SULPHQD GYD RVQRYQD WLSD
NDEOD QD]QDaHQRJ QDSRQD  N9 VO 
D 7LS 33$6- -86 1& 
7R MH aHWYRURCLOQL NDEO VD MHGQRCLaQLP VHNWRUVNLP DOXPLQLMXPVNLP
SURYRGQLFLPD 6ROLGDO  39& L]RODFLMRP LVSXQRP RG JXPH LOL 39&D
L 39& SOD^WRP
E 7LS ;3$6- -86 1& 
7R MH aHWYRURCLOQL NDEO VD MHGQRCLaQLP VHNWRUVNLP DOXPLQLMXPVNLP
SURYRGQLFLPD L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD 83(  LVSXQRP
RG JXPH LOL 39&D L 39& SOD^WRP 2YDM WLS NDEOD LPD SUHGQRVWL QD
GHOX NRQ]XPD VD YHOLNRP JXVWLQRP RSWHUH`HZD NDR L QD PHVWLPD VD
YHOLNLP WHUPLaNLP QDSUH]DZLPD NDEOD SRODJDZH YL^H NDEORYD X
LVWL URY SRODJDZH X WOR YHOLNH VSHFLILaQH WRSORWQH RWSRUQRVWL
SRODJDZH X EOL]LQL WRSORYRGD LWG 

39& LOL 83( L]RODFLMD


39&  39& SOD^W

 DOXPLQLMXPVNL MHGQRCLaQL VHNWRUVNL SURYRGQLN 


 LVSXQD RG JXPH LOL

6O 1LVNRQDSRQVNL NDEO  N9


 1D PHVWLPD JGH VH RaHNXMX SRYH`DQD PHKDQLaND QDSUH]DZD NDR JUD
GLOL^WD SURYL]RULMXPL QH]D^WL`HQL UHJDOL L]ORCHQL PRJX`LP XGD
ULPD LWG SUHSRUXaXMH VH SULPHQD NDEOD VD DUPDWXURP RG GYH aHOLa
QH WUDNH WLS 33$6- LOL ;3$6- D QD PHVWLPD VD L]X]HWQLP
PHKDQLaNLP QDSUH]DZLPD NDR ]D YHUWLNDOQR SRODJDZH X GXCLQL
SUHNR  P QD NOL]L^WLPD LWG SUHSRUXaXMH VH NDEO VD DUPDWXURP RG
aHOLaQLK CLFD WLS 33$6- LOL ;3$6-
 'R]YRTHQD MH SULPHQD L RGJRYDUDMX`LK NRQVWUXNFLMD VD YL^HCLaQLP
DOXPLQLMXPVNLP SURYRGQLFLPD QD SULPHU 33$6 ;3$6 LWG
 2EHOHCDYDZH CLOD HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD L]YRGL VH QD VOHGH`L QDaLQ
GYH CLOH ID]QLK SURYRGQLND FUQR
MHGQD CLOD ID]QRJ SURYRGQLND VPH_H
CLOD QHXWUDOQRJ SURYRGQLND VYHWORSODYR

8 GLVWULEXWLYQLP PUHCDPD MH ]DEUDZHQD SULPHQD NDEORYD NRG


NRMLK MH MHGQD RG CLOD REHOHCHQD CXWR]HOHQRP ERMRP

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

 ,=%25 .$%/29$  N9


 8 PUHCL

 N9 SUHSRUXaXMH VH SULPHQD GYD RVQRYQD WLSD NDEOD


QD]QDaHQRJ QDSRQD  N9

D 7LS 132 $6 -86 1& 


7R MH WURCLOQL NDEO VD VHNWRUVNLP DOXPLQLMXPVNLP SURYRGQLFLPD L
L]RODFLMRP RG QDURaLWR LPSUHJQLVDQRJ SDSLUD SROXaYUVWL NRPSDXQG 
VD RORYQLP SOD^WRP DUPDWXURP RG GYH aHOLaQH WUDNH L DQWLNRUR
]LYQRP ]D^WLWRP RG VORMHYD MXWH L ELWXPHQD VOD

 DOXPLQLMXPVNL VHNWRUVNL SURYRGQLN  L]RODFLMD CLOH RG QDURaLWR LP


SUHJQLVDQRJ SDSLUD

13   SRMDVQD L]RODFLMD  RORYQL SOD^W

 LPSUHJQLVDQL SDSLU LOL MXWD  aHOLaQD DUPDWXUD  LPSUHJQLVDQD MXWD

6OD 7URCLOQL NDEO  N9 VD SDSLUQRP L]RODFLMRP 132 $6


E 7LS ;+( $ -86 1& 
7R MH MHGQRCLOQL NDEO WUL NDEOD SRMHGLQDaQR LOL SRXCHQL X VQRSX
VD DOXPLQLMXPVNLP RNUXJOLP SURYRGQLNRP L L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ
SROLHWLOHQD 83(  VD VODERSURYRGQLP VORMHP LVSRG L L]QDG L]ROD
FLMH VD HOHNWULaQRP ]D^WLWRP RG EDNDUQLK CLFD L WUDND VD VODER
SURYRGQRP EXEUH`RP WUDNRP LVSRG L L]QDG HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH VD
DOXPLQLMXPVNRP SROLPHU WUDNRP L VSRTD^ZLP SROLHWLOHQVNLP SOD^
WRP YLVRNH JXVWLQH VOE

 DOXPLQLMXPVNL SURYRGQLN  VODERSURYRGQL VORM SURYRGQLND  L]RODFLMD

RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD  VODERSURYRGQL VORM L]RODFLMH  VODERSUR


YRGQD EXEUH`D WUDND  HOHNWULaQD ]D^WLWD RG EDNDUQLK CLFD L WUDNH
 L]RODFLRQD EXEUH`D WUDND  DOXPLQLMXPVND SROLPHU WUDND 

3( SOD^W

6OE -HGQRCLOQL 61 NDEO VD 83( L]RODFLMRP ;+( $


VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

 .DEORYVNL SULNTXaFL 

N9 QD HQHUJHWVNH WUDQVIRUPDWRUH EH]


RE]LUD QD RGQRV WUDQVIRUPDFLMH L QD]QDaHQH VQDJH L]YRGH VH
MHGQRCLOQLP NDEORYLPD VD L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOH
QD WLS ;+( $ ;+3  LWG

 ,=%25 .$%/29$  N9


 8 PUHCL

 N9 SUHSRUXaXMH VH SULPHQD GYD RVQRYQD WLSD NDEOD


QD]QDaHQRJ QDSRQD  N9

D 7LS ;+( $ -86 1& 


7R MH MHGQRCLOQL NDEO WUL NDEOD SRMHGLQDaQR LOL SRXCHQL X VQRSX
VD DOXPLQLMXPVNLP RNUXJOLP SURYRGQLNRP L L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ
SROLHWLOHQD 83(  VD VODERSURYRGQLP VORMHP LVSRG L L]QDG L]ROD
FLMH VD HOHNWULaQRP ]D^WLWRP RG EDNDUQLK CLFD L WUDND VD VODER
SURYRGQRP EXEUH`RP WUDNRP LVSRG L L]QDG HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH VD
DOXPLQLMXPVNRP SROLPHU WUDNRP L VSRTD^ZLP SROLHWLOHQVNLP SOD^
WRP YLVRNH JXVWLQH VOE

=D L]RODFLMX NDEOD  N9 WLSD ;+(


SRVWXSND VXYRJ XPUHCDYDZD

$

SUHSRUXaXMH VH SULPHQD

E 7LS 13+2 $ -86 1& 


7R MH WURCLOQL NDEO VD DOXPLQLMXPVNLP RNUXJOLP SURYRGQLFLPD L
L]RODFLMRP RG QDURaLWR LPSUHJQLVDQRJ SDSLUD SROXaYUVWL NRPSDXQG 
VD VODERSURYRGQLP VORMHP LVSRG L L]QDG L]RODFLMH VD RORYQLP SOD
^WRP DUPDWXURP RG GYH aHOLaQH WUDNH L DQWLNRUR]LYQRP ]D^WLWRP
RG VORMHYD MXWH L ELWXPHQD VOE

 DOXPLQLMXPVNL RNUXJOL SURYRGQLN  VODERSURYRGQL VORM SURYRGQLND

13   VODERSURYRGQL VORM
  SRMDVQD L]RODFLMD  RORYQL SOD^W  LPSUHJQLVDQL SDSLU LOL

 L]RODFLMD RG QDURaLWR LSUHJQLVDQRJ SDSLUD


L]RODFLMH

MXWD  aHOLaQD DUPDWXUD  LPSUHJQLVDQD MXWD

6OE 7URCLOQL NDEO  N9 VD SDSLUQRP L]RODFLMRP 13+2 $


 .DEORYVNL SULNTXaFL 

N9 QD HQHUJHWVNH WUDQVIRUPDWRUH EH]


RE]LUD QD RGQRV WUDQVIRUPDFLMH L QD]QDaHQH VQDJH L]YRGH VH
MHGQRCLOQLP NDEORYLPD VD L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOH
QD WLS ;+( $ ;+3  LWG

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

 ,=%25 .$%/29$  N9


 8 PUHCL

 N9 SUHSRUXaXMH VH SULPHQD GYD RVQRYQD WLSD NDEOD


QD]QDaHQRJ QDSRQD  N9

D 7LS ;+( $ -86 1& 


7R MH MHGQRCLOQL NDEO WUL NDEOD SRMHGLQDaQR LOL SRXCHQL X VQRSX
VD DOXPLQLMXPVNLP RNUXJOLP SURYRGQLNRP L L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ
SROLHWLOHQD 83(  VD VODERSURYRGQLP VORMHP LVSRG L L]QDG L]ROD
FLMH VD HOHNWULaQRP ]D^WLWRP RG EDNDUQLK CLFD L WUDND VD VODER
SURYRGQRP EXEUH`RP WUDNRP LVSRG HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH L L]RODFLR
QRP EXEUH`RP WUDNRP YRGR]DSWLYQL VORM L]QDG HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH
VD DOXPLQLMXPVNRP SROLPHU WUDNRP L VSRTD^ZLP SROLHWLOHQVNLP
SOD^WRP YLVRNH JXVWLQH VOE

=D L]RODFLMX NDEOD  N9 WLSD ;+( $ REDYH]QD MH SULPHQD SR


VWXSND VXYRJ XPUHCDYDZD

E 7LS 13+$ $ -86 1& 


7R MH MHGQRCLOQL NDEO VD DOXPLQLMXPVNLP SURYRGQLNRP L L]RODFLMRP
RG QDURaLWR LPSUHJQLVDQRJ SDSLUD SROXaYUVW NRPSDXQG  VD SROXSUR
YRGQLP VORMHP LVSRG L L]QDG L]RODFLMH VD SOD^WRP RG EH^DYQH DOX
PLQLMXPVNH FHYL L VSRTD^ZLP SROLHWLOHQVNLP SOD^WRP YLVRNH JX
VWLQH VOE

 DOXPLQLMXPVNL RNUXJOL SURYRGQLN  VODERSURYRGQL VORM SURYRGQLND

13   VODERSURYRGQL VORM
  DOXPLQLMXPVNL SOD^W  3( SOD^W

 L]RODFLMD RG QDURaLWR LSUHJQLVDQRJ SDSLUD


L]RODFLMH

6OE -HGQRCLOQL NDEO  N9 VD SDSLUQRP L]RODFLMRP 13+$ $


 =D QDVWDYTDZH GHRQLFD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD L]YHGHQRJ WURCLOQLP WUR
RORYQLP NDEORP VD L]RODFLMRP RG LPSUHJLVDQRJ SDSLUD WLSD ,3=2 
13=2 $ LWG PRCH GD VH NRULVWL WURRORYQL NDEO WLSD 13=2 $
 .DEORYVNL SULNTXaFL 

N9 QD HQHUJHWVNH WUDQVIRUPDWRUH EH]


RE]LUD QD RGQRV WUDQVIRUPDFLMH L QD]QDaHQH VQDJH L]YRGH VH
MHGQRCLOQLP NDEORYLPD VD L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOH
QD WLS ;+( $ ;+3  LWG

VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

 7,3,=$&,-$ 35(6(.$ 35292'1,.$ , (/(.75,A1( =$>7,7(


 =D JODYQH QDSRMQH YRGRYH GLVWULEXWLYQLK PUHCD 

N9  N9  N9

L  N9 SUHSRUXaXMH VH SULPHQD SURYRGQLND VOHGH`LK SUHVHND





 PP $O  PP $O  PP $O  PP $O

7LSVNL SUHVHN SURYRGQLND ]D JODYQH QDSRMQH YRGRYH JUDGVNLK


PUHCD MH  PP $O 0H_XWLP ]D SUYH GHRQLFH YRGRYD   N9 L]
76   N9 ]ERJ QHSRYRTQLK XVORYD SRODJDZD YHOLNL EURM ND
EORYD X LVWRP URYX  SUHSRUXaXMH VH SUHVHN SURYRGQLND  PP $O
 3UHVHN HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH VUHGZHQDSRQVNLK NDEORYD VD L]ROD
FLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD ;+( $ L]QRVL
 PP &X ]D SUHVHNH SURYRGQLND $O LOL &X PDZH RG  PP
 PP &X ]D SUHVHNH SURYRGQLND $O LOL &X  PP L YH`H

 35(3258.( =$ 32/$*$:( (1(5*(76.,+ .$%/29$


 (QHUJHWVNL NDEORYL VH SRODCX X ]HPTX YRGX X NDQDOH QD UHJDOH
QD VWXERYH SUHNR PRVWRYD LWG
 7UDVD NDEOD VH ELUD WDNR GD LVSXZDYD RSWLPDOQH WHKQLaNH L HNR
QRPVNH XVORYH
7UDVD PRUD GD EXGH XVNOD_HQD VD WUDVDPD GUXJLK SRG]HPQLK LQVWDOD
FLMD YRGRYRGD NDQDOL]DFLMH WHOHIRQD WRSORYRGD JDVRYRGD LWG
 =ERJ RJUDQLaHQRJ SURVWRUD X XUEDQL]RYDQLP QDVHTLPD ]D SRODJDZH

SRMHGLQLK SRG]HPQLK LQVWDODFLMD SUHSRUXaXMH VH SRGHOD UDVSROR


CLYRJ SURVWRUD QD ]RQH

1D VO GDW MH SULPHU SRGHOH SH^DaNRJ WURWRDUD QD ]RQH

 >LULQD SRMHGLQLK ]RQD ]DYLVL RG UDVSRORCLYRJ SURVWRUD $NR MH RYDM


SURVWRU PDOL WDGD PDJLVWUDOQH LQVWDODFLMH YRGRYRGD L WRSORYRGD D
SR SRWUHEL L GUXJH LQVWDODFLMH PRJX GD VH SRODCX X NRORYR]
8RELaDMHQD ^LULQD ]RQH ]D HQHUJHWVNH NDEORYH L]QRVL  P GRN
^LULQH ]RQD ]D RVWDOH LQVWDODFLMH ]DYLVH RG NDSDFLWHWD WLK LQVWD
ODFLMD L UDVSRORCLYRJ SURVWRUD
 3UHSRUXaXMH VH GD VH ]D VPH^WDM SRMHGLQLK LQVWDODFLMD RGUHGL ]RQD VD
REH VWUDQH XOLFH
 8 RNYLUX UDVSRORCLYH ]RQH HQHUJHWVNL NDEORYL VH UDVSRUH_XMX SR
^LULQL L GXELQL 3RODJDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD SDUDOHOQR VD ]LGRP
LOL WHPHTHP ]JUDGH YU^L VH QD UDVWRMDZX RG QDMPDZH  P
 (QHUJHWVNL NDEO VH SRODCH UXaQR LOL SULPHQRP PHKDQL]DFLMH
9XaHZH NDEOD YU^L VH SRPR`X ]DWH]QH aDUDSH LOL ]DWH]QH VWH]DTNH
YH]DQH ]D SURYRGQLNH LOL ]D DUPDWXUX RG aHOLaQLK CLFD
1LMH GR]YRTHQR YXaHZH NDEOD PRWRUQLP YR]LORP YXaHZH NDEOD SR
]HPTL L XSUHGDZH NDEOD
3UL SRODJDZX PRUDMX GD VH LVSXQH ]DKWHYL R GR]YRTHQLP SROXSUHaQL
FLPD VDYLMDZD SUHPD WDEHOL  L R GR]YRTHQLP YXaQLP VLODPD SUHPD
WDEHOL 


7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

 ]RQD ]D HQHUJHWVNH NDEORYH


 ]RQD ]D JDV
9  ]RQD ]D YRGRYRG
7  ]RQD ]D WHOHIRQVNH NDEORYH
-2  ]RQD ]D MDYQR RVYHWTHZH
.0  ]RQD NRQWDNWQH PUHCH

6O 3RGHOD SH^DaNRJ WURWRDUD QD ]RQH


 3ROXSUHaQLFL VDYLMDZD HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD QH VPHMX GD EXGX PDZL
RG GDWLK X WDEHOL  ,]X]HWQR YUHGQRVWL GR]YRTHQLK SROXSUHaQLND
VDYLMDZD L] WDEHOH  PRJX GD VH VPDZH ]D RNR  DNR VH VDYLMDZH
L]YRGL ^DEORQLPD QD SULPHU SUL XYRGX X NDEORYVNX ]DYU^QLFX 
7DEHOD  'R]YRTHQL SROXSUHaQLFL VDYLMDZD HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD
1D]QDaHQL QDSRQ
NDEOD [ 8R8Q ]
 N9

 N9  N9

L
'
'

 N9

7LS NDEOD

'R]YRTHQL SROXSUHa
QLN VDYLMDZD [mm]

33$6- 33$6-

'

;3$6 ;3$6

'

132 $6 13=2 $


;+( $
13+$

'

'

'

VSRTD^ZL SUHaQLN YL^HCLOQRJ NDEOD [mm]


 VSRTD^ZL SUHaQLN MHGQRCLOQRJ NDEOD [mm]

VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

 8 WDEHOL  GDWH VX GR]YRTHQH YXaQH VLOH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD X


]DYLVQRVWL RG QDaLQD YXaHZD
7DEHOD  'R]YRTHQH YXaQH VLOH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD
'R] YXaQD
VLOD [N]

1DaLQ YXaHZD NDEOD

7LS NDEOD

3UHNR ]DWH]QH
aDUDSH

;3$6 ;3$6 ;+( $

33$6- 33$6132 $6 13+2 $


13+$ 13=2$

3UHNR
SURYRGQLND NDEOD

VYL WLSRYL NDEORYD

3UHNR aHO DUPDWXUH

33$6- ;3$6-

 '




'

6$O
6&X
 6a




VSRTD^ZL SUHaQLN NDEOD [mm]


2
6$O  XNXSDQ SUHVHN $O SURYRGQLND ]D NRMH VH YXaH NDEO [mm ]
2
6&X  XNXSDQ SUHVHN &X SURYRGQLND ]D NRMH VH YXaH NDEO [mm ]
2
6a  SUHVHN aHOLaQH DUPDWXUH ]D NRMX VH YXaH NDEO [mm ]
'

 =DWH]QD YXaQD VLOD NRQWUROL^H VH SRPR`X GLQDPRPHWUD D YLWOR


PRUD GD LPD RVLJXUDa JUDQLaQLN NRML SUHNLGD YXaHZH X VOXaDMX SUH
NRUDaHZD GR]YRTHQH YXaQH VLOH =D VPDZHZH YXaQH VLOH NRULVWH VH
NDEORYVNH UROQH NRMH VH SRVWDYTDMX QD UDVWRMDZD RG  P GR  P
 1DMQLCD WHPSHUDWXUD RNROLQH SUL NRMRM MH GR]YRTHQR SRODJDZH
HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD L]QRVL

R
 &

]D SDSLUQH NDEORYH 132 $6 LWG L NDEORYH VD 39&


L]RODFLMRP LLOL 39& SOD^WRP 33$6- ;+3  LWG 
R& ]D NDEORYH VD 83( L]RODFLMRP L 3( SOD^WRP ;+( $
LWG 

7ROHUL^H VH SDG WHPSHUDWXUH L LVSRG GDWLK YUHGQRVWL X WUDMDZX RG


QDMYL^H  aDVD SRQR`QL PUD]HYL WRNRP  aDVD SUH SRODJDZD NDEOD
$NR QH PRCH GD VH L]EHJQH SRODJDZH NDEOD NDGD VX WHPSHUDWXUH RNR
OLQH LVSRG SUHGKRGQR QDYHGHQLK YUHGQRVWL WDGD NDEO SUH SRODJD
ZD WUHED GD VH ]DJUHMH GUCDZHP X WRSORM SURVWRULML LOL ]DJUHYDZHP
RGJRYDUDMX`LP JUHMQLP WHOLPD RGQRVQR SURSX^WDZHP HOHNWULaQH
VWUXMH NUR] SURYRGQLNH
=DJUHMDQ NDEO WUHED ^WR EUCH GD VH WUDQVSRUWXMH L SRORCL
3UL ]DJUHYDZX NDEOD QD NDOHPX SURSX^WDZHP HOHNWULaQH VWUXMH
PRUD GD VH NRQWUROL^H WHPSHUDWXUD SOD^WD VSRTD^ZHJ UHGD NDEOD
NRMD QH VPH GD EXGH L]QDG R& DNR MH WHPSHUDWXUD YD]GXKD LVSRG
R& RGQRVQR L]QDG R& DNR MH WHPSHUDWXUD YD]GXKD L]QDG R&
 3RVOH SRODJDZD NDEOD D NRG GLUHNWQRJ SRODJDZD X ]HPTX SUH

SRWSXQRJ ]DWUSDYDZD NDEOD WUHED GD VH L]YU^L QDSRQVNR LVSL


WLYDZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD SUHPD WDaNL  L GD VH VQLPL WUDVD
NDEORYVNRJ YRGD

 .UDMHYL SRORCHQRJ NDEOD VH REHOHCDYDMX SRPR`X SORaLFD QD NR


MLPD VH QDOD]H RVQRYQL SRGDFL R NDEOX L R]QDND SULNTXaND 1LMH GR
]YRTHQR SRVWDYTDZH RYH SORaLFH QD CLOX NDEOD



7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

 2EDYH]QR MH YR_HZH NDWDVWUD NDEORYVNLK YRGRYD QD JUDILaNRP


SODQX VD SRVHEQR R]QDaHQLP PHVWLPD XNU^WDZD VD GUXJLP NDEOR
YLPD L SRG]HPQLP LQVWDODFLMDPD VSRMQLP PHVWLPD WDaQLP GXCLQDPD
NDEORYD L WUDVD VD XQHWLP RVQRYQLP SRGDFLPD R NDEORYVNRM ND
QDOL]DFLML PHVWR GXCLQD EURM FHYL EURM UH]HUYQLK FHYL LWG



',5(.712 32/$*$:( (1(5*(76.,+ .$%/29$ 8 =(048

 3UHSRUXaXMH VH GLUHNWQR SRODJDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD X


]HPTX X NDEORYVNL URY aLMH GLPHQ]LMH ]DYLVH RG QD]QDaHQRJ QDSRQD
NDEOD YUVWH WOD NDR L RG EURMD NDEORYD NRML VH SRODCX X LVWL URY
 1RUPDOQD GXELQD URYD X NRML VH SRODCH NDEO L]QRVL
 P ]D NDEORYH  N9
 P GR  P ]D NDEORYD  N9  N9 L  N9
2GVWXSDZD VX GR]YRTHQD QD PDZLP GXCLQDPD SUL XNU^WDZLPD VD
GUXJLP NDEORYLPD L LQVWDODFLMDPD NDR L X VOXaDMHYLPD QHSRYRTQLK
XVORYD SRODJDZD QD SULPHU NDPHQLWR WOR  7DNR_H PRUD GD VH
XYDCL L SODQLUDQD NRWD WHUHQD
$NR VH ]ERJ UD]QLK SUHSUHND L LQVWDODFLMD NDEO SRODCH QD PDZX
GXELQX WUHED GD VH SUHGYLGL GRGDWQD ]D^WLWD NDEOD RG PHKDQLaNLK
R^WH`HZD SULPHQRP ]D^WLWQLK FHYL EHWRQVNLK NDEORYLFD LWG
 .DEO VH SRODCH WDNR GD EXGH X VUHGLQL VORMD SRVWHTLFH GHETL
QH  P NRMD VH VWDYTD QD GQR NDEORYVNRJ URYD VO 

=D QDELMDZH VORMD SRVWHTLFH NRULVWH VH LVNTXaLYR UXaQL


QDELMDaL
=D SRVWHTLFX VH NRULVWL PH^DYLQD SHVND L ^TXQND NRML LPDMX
GREUH NDUDNWHULVWLNH RGYR_HZD WRSORWH YLVRN VDGUCDM NYDUFD
JUDQXODFLMH GR 

PP

QD SULPHU SHVDN 0RUDYDF 

=D SRVWHTLFX PRCH GD VH NRULVWL L VLWQR]UQDVWD ]HPTD L]

RWNRSD LOL GRSUHPTHQD  SRG XVORYRP GD QH VDGUCL JUD_HYLQVNL


^XW NDPHZH EODWR LOL ]HPTX ]DJD_HQX KHPLNDOLMDPD

8 VOXaDMX WH^NLK XVORYD RGYR_HZD WRSORWH L RSDVQRVWL RG LVX


^LYDZD WOD QD SULPHU SUL SRODJDZX YL^H NDEORYD X LVWL URY QD
L]OD]X L] 76 SUL XNU^WDZX VD WRSORYRGRP LWG  NRULVWH VH SRVWH
TLFH RG VSHFLMDOQLK PH^DYLQD QD SULPHU PH^DYLQD ^TXQND L

SHVND 0RUDYFD VD GRGDWNRP GR  POHYHQRJ NUHaZDND PH^DYLQD


SHVND L FHPHQWD LWG
 .DEORYVNL URY VH NRSD NDR RWYRUHQL URY
6DPR X VOXaDMX XNU^WDZD NDEOD VD WUDPYDMVNRP LOL CHOH]QLaNRP
SUXJRP NDR L VD SXWHP LOL XOLFRP NDGD QH VPH GD VH RPHWD VDR
EUD`DM EX^L VH RWYRU ]D FHY NUR] NRMX VH SURYODaL NDEO 8 XUEDQLP
QDVHTLPD RYL UDGRYL PRUDMX GD VH YU^H YHRPD SDCTLYR ]ERJ PRJX`
QRVWL R^WH`HZD GUXJLK LQVWDODFLMD
 .DEO VH SRODCH YLMXJDYR WDNR GD MH GXCLQD NDEOD QDMYL^H  YH`D
RG GXCLQH WUDVH
 ,VNRSDQ NDEORYVNL URY PRUD GD EXGH YLGTLYR REHOHCHQ UDGL
VLJXUQRVWL SH^DND L YR]LOD 8OD]L X NX`H L SRVORYQH SURVWRULMH
WUHED GD LPDMX RGJRYDUDMX`D SUHPR^`HZD
VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$



(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

 =DWUSDYDZH NDEORYVNRJ URYD YU^L VH ]HPTRP L] RWNRSD LOL


GRSUHPTHQRP ]HPTRP X VORMHYLPD RG SR  P SUL aHPX ]D SUYL
VORM NRML VH VWDYTD L]QDG SRVWHTLFH WUHED GD VH NRULVWL VLWQR
]UQDVWD ]HPTD 6ORMHYL ]HPTH L]QDG SRVWHTLFH SRMHGLQDaQR VH
QDELMDMX PHKDQLaNLP QDELMDaLPD
1DMPDZD ]ELMHQRVW ]HPTH X URYX WUHED GD EXGH  -86 8% 

D QD UHJXOLVDQLP SRYU^LQDPD

0,8

0,3

0,4

0,8

0,7

0,2

 3UL ]DWUSDYDZX NDEORYVNRJ URYD L]QDG NDEOD GXC FHOH WUDVH
WUHED GD VH SRVWDYH SODVWLaQH XSR]RUDYDMX`H WUDNH
3UHSRUXaXMH VH VOHGH`L UDVSRUHG XSR]RUDYDMX`LK WUDND
D 3UL SRODJDZX NDEOD QD UHJXOLVDQLP SRYU^LQDPD SRVWDYTD VH MHGQD
XSR]RUDYDMX`D WUDND QD  P L]QDG NDEOD VOD 
E 3UL SRODJDZX NDEOD QD QHUHJXOLVDQLP SRYU^LQDPD SRVWDYTDMX VH
GYH XSR]RUDYDMX`H WUDNH RG NRMLK MH SUYD QD  P D GUXJD QD RNR 
P L]QDG NDEOD VOE 

E QD QHUHJXOLVDQLP SRYU^LQDPD

 XSR]RUDYDMX`D WUDND  ]HPTD QDELMHQD X VORMHYLPD  NDEO


 SRVWHTLFD

6O 'LUHNWQR SRODJDZH NDEOD X ]HPTX

0,7

0,5

0,8

Y $NR VH X LVWL URY SRODCH YL^H NDEORYD WDGD EURM XSR]RUDYDMX`LK


WUDND L ZLKRY PH_XVREQL UD]PDN WUHED GD VH RGDEHUH WDNR GD VYL
NDEORYL EXGX SRNULYHQL RYLP WUDNDPD VOY 

 61 NDEO  SRVWHTLFD  ]HPTD QDELMHQD X VORMHYLPD


 XSR]RUDYDMX`D WUDND  11 NDEORYL  RSHND

6OY 'LUHNWQR SRODJDZH YL^H NDEORYD X LVWL URY




7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

3ODVWLaQD XSR]RUDYDMX`D WUDND MH FUYHQH ERMH VD XWLVQXWLP XSR]R

UHZHP GD VH LVSRG WUDNH QDOD]L HQHUJHWVNL NDEO >LULQD WUDNH


WUHED GD EXGH RNR  P D NYDOLWHW PDWHULMDOD WUHED GD JDUDQWXMH
YHN WUDMDZD WUDNH RG  JRGLQD
=D SUHOD] LVSRG SXWD X XUEDQL]RYDQLP QDVHTLPD XPHVWR NDEORYVNH
NDQDOL]DFLMH SRJODYTH  PRCH GD VH NRULVWL GLUHNWQR SRODJDZH
NDEORYD X ]HPTX VO  X URY GXELQH  P SRVWDYTD VH SRVWH
TLFD NDEOD SUHPD WDaNL  L]QDG NRMH VH SRVWDYTDMX DUPLUDQR
EHWRQVNH SORaH VORM ]HPTH LVSXQD L VORM PU^DYRJ EHWRQD 0%

0,5



1,4

0,2

6
5

0,5

4
3

0,2

0,5

 NDEO  SRVWHTLFD  DUPLUDQREHWRQVND SORaD  VORM ]HPTH LVSXQD 


 XSR]RUDYDMX`D WUDND  EHWRP

0%   WDPSRQ SXWD

6O 'LUHNWQR SRODJDZH NDEOD LVSRG SXWD




3RVOH SRODJDZD L]UDGH NDEORYVNLK VSRMQLFD L ]DYU^QLFD


QDSRQVNRJ LVSLWLYDZD NRPSOHWQRJ NDEORYVNRJ YRGD L ]DWUSDYDZD
NDEORYVND WUDVD VH GRYRGL X SUYRELWQR VWDZH SODQLUD VH
]HPTD RGYR]L VH VXYL^QD ]HPTD L PDWHULMDO SRSUDYTDMX VH L
DVIDOWLUDMX VDREUD`DMQLFH

VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$



(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8



73

.$%/296.$ .$1$/,=$&,-$

 .DEORYVND NDQDOL]DFLMD VH NRULVWL QD SUHOD]LPD LVSRG NRORYR]D


XOLFD SXWHYD WUDPYDMVNLK NRORVHND CHOH]QLaNLK SUXJD NROVNLK
SUROD]D ]D XYR_HZH NDEORYD X 76    N9 73D  NUR] GYR
UL^WD ]JUDGD NDGD QH PRJX GD VH SRVWLJQX GR]YRTHQD RGVWRMDZD
NDEOD X RGQRVX QD GUXJH SRG]HPQH LQVWDODFLMH LWG
 .DEORYVND NDQDOL]DFLMD VH L]UD_XMH RG SODVWLaQLK FHYL DOL MH
GR]YRTHQD L SULPHQD SUHIDEULNRYDQLK EHWRQVNLK HOHPHQDWD ND
EORYLFD  ,]QDG FHYL SRVWDYTDMX VH XSR]RUDYDMX`H WUDNH
1D VO SULND]DQ MH SULPHU L]YR_HZD NDEORYVNH NDQDOL]DFLMH NR
UL^`HZHP  SODVWLaQLK FHYL

10

f_j_ m >cm]

10

10

6O 3ULPHU L]YR_HZD NDEORYVNH NDQDOL]DFLMH


 0LQLPDOQL XQXWUD^ZL SUHaQLN FHYL PRUD GD EXGH QDMPDZH 
SXWD YH`L RG VSRTD^ZHJ SUHaQLND NDEOD WURCLOQRJ RGQRVQR VQRSD
WUL MHGQRCLOQD NDEOD  8QXWUD^ZL ]LG FHYL PRUD GD EXGH JODGDN
$NR VH FHYL QDVWDYTDMX WDGD SUR^LUHQL CHQVNL NUDM FHYL PRUD
GD EXGH YLGTLY D NDEO VH REDYH]QR SURYODaL VD WRJ NUDMD


.DGD VH NRULVWH SODVWLaQH FHYL YH`LK GXCLQD SUHNR  P  WUHED GD


VH XYDCL VWUXMQL NRUHNFLRQL IDNWRU NF ]ERJ RWHCDQLK XVORYD
RGYR_HZD WRSORWH NRML ]D SUDNWLaQH SURUDaXQH LPD YUHGQRVWL
NF  DNR VH X FHYL QDOD]L YL^HCLOQL NDEO WLSD ;3$6-
132 $6 LWG
NF  DNR VH X FHYL QDOD]L VQRS WUL MHGQRCLOQD NDEOD WLSD
;+( $ 13+$ $ LWG



3UHSRUXaXMH VH SRVWDYTDZH FHYL X QDMYL^H GYD QLYRD VO  RVLP


QD L]OD]X L] 76   N9 NRML VH SRVHEQR SURMHNWXMH



$NR VH X NDEORYVNX NDQDOL]DFLMX SRODCX NDEORYL UD]OLaLWLK QDSRQ


VNLK QLYRD WDGD VH NDEORYL QLCLK QDSRQD SRODCX X YL^L QLYR NDQD
OL]DFLMH .DEORYL NRML VH SRODCX UDQLMH ]DX]LPDMX QDMQLCH RWYRUH
X NDQDOL]DFLML



2WYRU FHYL NRMD VH QH NRULVWL WUHED GD VH ]DWYRUL SODVWLaQLP aHSRP


LOL QD VOLaDQ QDaLQ



7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8



73

.$%/296.2 2.12 >$+7

 .DEORYVNR RNQR VH NRULVWL QD PHVWX SURPHQH SUDYFD LOL QLYRD


NDEORYVNH NDQDOL]DFLMH NDR L QD SUDYRM GHRQLFL NDEORYVNH NDQDOL
]DFLMH NRMD MH GXCD RG  P
 .DEORYVNR RNQR VH L]YRGL X WURWRDUX D L]X]HWQR L X NRORYR]X
XOLFH


.DEORYVNR RNQR ]DMHGQR VD SRNORSFHP PRUD VWDWLaNL GD SRGQHVH


VYD RSWHUH`HZD NRMD VH MDYTDMX QD PHVWX XJUDGZH

 9HOLaLQD NDEORYVNRJ RNQD ]DYLVL RG EURMD NDEORYD XVORYD UDGD X


RNQX GR]YRTHQRJ SROXSUHaQLND VDYLMDZD NDEORYD LWG
0LQLPDOQL XOD]QL RWYRU SRNULYHQ SRNORSFHP RG OLYHQRJ JYRC_D
WUHED GD L]QRVL  P [  P 1D GQX RNQD WUHED GD EXGH GUH
QDCQL RWYRU %RaQL ]LGRYL RNQD PRJX GD EXGX RG EHWRQD LOL RSHND
1D VO SULND]DQ MH SULPHU L]YR_HZD NDEORYVNRJ RNQD

Eb\_gb ihNehiZp

180

20

65/65

25

180

25

65

25

10 10

25

25

180

65

25

180

25

6O 3ULPHU L]YR_HZD NDEORYVNRJ RNQD


VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$



(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8



73

35,%/,#$9$:( , 8.5>7$:( (1(5*(76.,+ ,


7(/(.2081,.$&,21,+ .$%/29$

 'R]YRTHQR MH SDUDOHOQR YR_HZH HQHUJHWVNRJ L WHOHNRPXQLNDFL


RQRJ NDEOD QD PH_XVREQRP UD]PDNX RG QDMPDZH -86 1& 
 P ]D NDEORYH  N9  N9 L  N9
 P ]D NDEORYH  N9
 8NU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ L WHOHNRPXQLNDFLRQRJ NDEOD YU^L VH QD
UD]PDNX RG QDMPDZH  P 8JDR XNU^WDZD WUHED GD EXGH
X QDVHTHQLP PHVWLPD QDMPDZH R SR PRJX`VWYX ^WR EOLCH R
YDQ QDVHTHQLK PHVWD QDMPDZH R
(QHUJHWVNL NDEO VH SR SUDYLOX SRVWDYTD LVSRG WHOHNRPXQLNDFL
RQRJ NDEOD


8NROLNR QH PRJX GD VH SRVWLJQX UD]PDFL SUHPD WDaNDPD  L 


QD WLP PHVWLPD VH HQHUJHWVNL NDEO SURYODaL NUR] ]D^WLWQX FHY DOL
L WDGD UD]PDN QH VPH GD EXGH PDZL RG  P



5D]PDFL L XJORYL XNU^WDZD SUHPD WDaNDPD   L  VH QH


RGQRVH QD RSWLaNH NDEORYH DOL L WDGD UD]PDN QH VPH GD EXGH PDZL
RG  P

 7HOHNRPXQLNDFLRQL NDEORYL NRML VOXCH LVNTXaLYR ]D SRWUHEH

HOHNWURGLVWULEXFLMH PRJX GD VH SRODCX X LVWL URY VD HQHUJHW


VNLP NDEORYLPD QD QDMPDZHP UD]PDNX NRML VH SURUDaXQRP SRNDCH
]DGRYRTDYDMX`L DOL QH PDZHP RG  P

3UL SRODJDZX HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD  N9 SUHSRUXaXMH VH SRODJDZH


X LVWL URY L WHOHNRPXQLNDFLRQRJ NDEOD ]D SRWUHEH GDTLQVNRJ
XSUDYTDZD WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNLK VWDQLFD NRMH SRYH]XMH NDEO



7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8



73

35,%/,#$9$:( , 8.5>7$:( (1(5*(76.,+ .$%/29$ 6$


#(/(=1,A.20 , 75$09$-6.20 358*20

 1D PHVWX XNU^WDZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD VD CHOH]QLaNRP SUXJRP


NDEO VH SRODCH X EHWRQVNL NDQDO RGQRVQR X EHWRQVNX LOL SODVWLaQX
FHY XYXaHQX X KRUL]RQWDOQR L]EX^HQ RWYRU QDVLSD WDNR GD MH PRJX`D
]DPHQD NDEOD EH] UDVNRSDYDZD GRZHJ VWURMD SUXJH
 8NU^WDZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD VD CHOH]QLaNRP LOL WUDPYDMVNRP
SUXJRP WUHED GD VH L]YHGH SRG SUDYLP XJORP L WDNR GD NDEO EXGH
QDMPDZH  P LVSRG JRUZH LYLFH ^LQH 0HVWR XNU^WDZD WUHED YLG
TLYR GD VH REHOHCL R]QDNDPD RG EHWRQD SODVWLNH LWG
1D VO GDW MH SULPHU XNU^WDZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD VD CHOH]QLaNRP
SUXJRP

p_\ 100 mm

200

fbg 1m

200

p_\ 100 mm

mihahjZ\Zm_
ljZd_

fbg 1 m

mihahjZ\Zm_
ljZd_

100

100

6O 3ULPHU XNU^WDZD HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD VD CHOH]QLaNRP


SUXJRP
 .RG SDUDOHOQRJ YR_HZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD VD WUDPYDMVNRP SUX
JRP LOL QHNLP GUXJLP SUXCQLP SRVWURMHZHP QD MHGQRVPHUQL SRJRQ
WUHED GD VH X]PH X RE]LU QHJDWLYDQ XWLFDM MHGQRVPHUQLK OXWDMX`LK
VWUXMD QD NDEO 8 YH]L RYRJ SUREOHPD WUHED VDUD_LYDWL VD YODVQL
FLPD RYLK SRVWURMHZD UDGL SULPHQH RGJRYDUDMX`H HILNDVQH ]D^WLWH
1DaHOQR WUHED GD VH SUHGX]PX VOHGH`H PHUH
REH]EHGLWL SRX]GDQX JDOYDQVNX YH]X ^LQD WUDPYDMVNH SUXJH
RGQRVQR SUXCQRJ SRVWURMHZD QD MHGQRVPHUQL SRJRQ L ^WR ERTX
L]RORYDQRVW ^LQD X RGQRVX QD ]HPTX
SULPHQLWL EDU MHGQX RG VOHGH`LK PHUD
NRULVWLWL NDEO VD L]RORYDQLP SOD^WRP 33$6- ;+( $
13+$ $ LWG 
REH]EHGLWL XGDTHZH NDEOD RG ^LQH RG QDMPDZH  P
NDEO SRORCLWL NUR] SODVWLaQX FHY

VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$



(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8



73

35,%/,#$9$:( , 8.5>7$:( (1(5*(76.,+ .$%/29$ 6$


&(9,0$ 92'292'$ , .$1$/,=$&,-(

 1LMH GR]YRTHQR SDUDOHOQR YR_HZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD LVSRG


LOL L]QDG YRGRYRGQLK L NDQDOL]DFLRQLK FHYL
 +RUL]RQWDOQL UD]PDN HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD RG YRGRYRGQH LOL NDQD

OL]DFLRQH FHYL WUHED GD L]QRVL QDMPDZH  P ]D NDEORYH


RGQRVQR QDMPDZH  P ]D RVWDOH NDEORYH

 N9

 3UL XNU^WDZX HQHUJHWVNL NDEO PRCH GD EXGH SRORCHQ LVSRG

LOL L]QDG YRGRYRGQH LOL NDQDOL]DFLRQH FHYL QD UDVWRMDZX RG


QDMPDZH  P ]D NDEORYH  N9 RGQRVQR QDMPDZH  P ]D RVWDOH
NDEORYH



8NROLNR QH PRJX GD VH SRVWLJQX UD]PDFL SUHPD WDaNDPD  L 


QD WLP PHVWLPD HQHUJHWVNL NDEO VH SURYODaL NUR] ]D^WLWQX FHY

 1D PHVWLPD SDUDOHOQRJ YR_HZD LOL XNU^WDZD HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD

VD YRGRYRGQRP LOL NDQDOL]DFLRQRP FHYL URY VH NRSD UXaQR EH]


XSRWUHEH PHKDQL]DFLMH 



35,%/,#$9$:( , 8.5>7$:( (1(5*(76.,+ .$%/29$ 6$


723/292'20

 1LMH GR]YRTHQR SDUDOHOQR YR_HZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD LVSRG


LOL L]QDG WRSORYRGD
 3UL XNU^WDZX HQHUJHWVNL NDEO VH PRQWLUD L]QDG WRSORYRGD D
L]X]HWQR L LVSRG WRSORYRGD VO 
,]PH_X HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD L WRSORYRGD VH SUL XNU^WDZX SRVWDYTD
WRSORWQD L]RODFLMD RG SROLXUHWDQD SHQX^DYRJ EHWRQD LWG
 +RUL]RQWDOQL UD]PDN HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD RG VSRTQH LYLFH NDQD
OD ]D WRSORYRG VO WUHED GD L]QRVL QDMPDZH D
 P ]D
NDEORYH  N9 RGQRVQR QDMPDZH D  P ]D RVWDOH NDEORYH


8NROLNR QH PRJX GD VH SRVWLJQX QDMPDZL UD]PDFL L] WDaNH  SUL


PHZXMX VH GRGDWQH ]D^WLWQH PHUH NRMLPD VH REH]EH_XMH GD WHPSH
UDWXUQL XWLFDM WRSORYRGD QD NDEO QH EXGH YH`L RG R& NDR
SRMDaDQD L]RODFLMD L]PH_X WRSORYRGD L HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD
SULPHQD NDEORYD VD L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD ;3
$6- ;+( $ 
SULPHQD PHWDOQLK HNUDQD L]PH_X NDEOD L WRSORYRGD VO 
SULPHQD SRVWHTLFH RG VSHFLMDOQLK PH^DYLQD ]D ]DWUSDYDZH
WRSORYRGD L NDEOD QD SULPHU PH^DYLQD ^TXQND L SHVND
0RUDYFD VD GRGDWNRP GR  POHYHQRJ NUHaZDND PH^DYLQD
SHVND L FHPHQWD LWG



3UL XNU^WDZX L SDUDOHOQRP YR_HZX HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD ]D MDYQR


RVYHWTHZH L WRSORYRGD WUHED GD VH RVWYDUL UD]PDN RG QDMPDZH
 P



7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

6O 8NU^WDZH L SDUDOHOQR YR_HZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD VD


WRSORYRGRP


vr u} e

mest o
 NDEO  PHWDOQH FHYL  WRSORYRG  XSR]RUDYDMX`D WUDND

6O  3ULPHQD PHWDOQLK HNUDQD L]PH_X NDEOD L WRSORYRGD


VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$



(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8



73

35,%/,#$9$:( , 8.5>7$:( (1(5*(76.,+ .$%/29$ 6$


*$6292'20

 1LMH GR]YRTHQR SDUDOHOQR YR_HZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD LVSRG


LOL L]QDG JDVRYRGD
 5D]PDN L]PH_X HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD L JDVRYRGD SUL XNU^WDZX L

SDUDOHOQRP YR_HZX WUHED GD EXGH QDMPDZH


 P X QDVHTHQLP PHVWLPD
 P L]YDQ QDVHTHQLK PHVWD

5D]PDFL PRJX GD VH VPDZH GR  P DNR VH NDEO SRORCL X ]D^WLWQX


FHY GXCLQH QDMPDZH  P VD REH VWUDQH PHVWD XNU^WDZD LOL FHORP
GXCLQRP SDUDOHOQRJ YR_HZD



0(?862%12 35,%/,#$9$:( , 8.5>7$:( (1(5*(76.,+


.$%/29$
0H_XVREQL UD]PDN HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD YL^HCLOQLK RGQRVQR
NDEORYVNRJ VQRSD WUL MHGQRCLOQD NDEOD X LVWRP URYX RGUH_XMH VH QD

RVQRYX VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD DOL QH VPH GD EXGH PDZL RG  P SUL


SDUDOHOQRP YR_HZX RGQRVQR  P SUL XNU^WDZX
'D VH REH]EHGL GD VH X URYX NDEORYL PH_XVREQR QH GRGLUXMX L]PH_X
NDEORYD PRCH FHORP GXCLQRP WUDVH GD VH SRVWDYL QL] RSHND NRMH VH
PRQWLUDMX QDVDWLFH QD PH_XVREQRP UD]PDNX RG  P



8.5>7$:( (1(5*(76.2* .$%/$ 6$ 387(0 ,=9$1 1$6(4$

 8NU^WDZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD VD SXWHP L]YDQ QDVHTD YU^L VH WDNR


^WR VH NDEO SRODCH X EHWRQVNL NDQDO RGQRVQR X EHWRQVNX LOL
SODVWLaQX FHY XYXaHQX X KRUL]RQWDOQR L]EX^HQ RWYRU WDNR GD MH
PRJX`D ]DPHQD NDEOD EH] UDVNRSDYDZD SXWD
9HUWLNDOQL UD]PDN L]PH_X JRUZH LYLFH NDEORYVNH NDQDOL]DFLMH L
SRYU^LQH SXWD WUHED GD L]QRVL QDMPDZH  P VO 
XS
XSR]R
R]RU
UDY DM
DMX`H
X`H
WUDN
UDNHH

XS
XSR]R
R]RU
UDY DM
DMX`H
X`H
WUDN
UDNHH

FHY 

6O  8NU^WDZH NDEOD VD SXWHP L]YDQ QDVHTD


 5D]PDN NDEORYVNRJ YRGD RG SXWD L]YDQ QDVHTD SUL SDUDOHOQRP
YR_HZX RGQRVQR SULEOLCDYDZX L]QRVL
]D DXWRSXW L SXW ,RJ UHGD QDMPDZH  P ]D SDUDOHOQR YR_HZH L
QDMPDZH  P ]D SULEOLCDYDZH
]D SXWHYH L]QDG ,RJ UHGD QDMPDZH  P ]D SDUDOHOQR YR_HZH L
QDMPDZH  P ]D SULEOLCDYDZH



7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8



73

8.5>7$:( (1(5*(76.2* .$%/$ 6$ 92'272.20

 8NU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD VD YRGRWRNRP UHND NDQDO LWG


L]YRGL VH SRODJDZHP SUHNR PRVWRYD SRJODYTH  
,]X]HWQR XNU^WDZH VD YRGRWRNRP PRCH GD VH L]YHGH SRODJDZHP
NDEOD QD GQR LOL LVSRG GQD YRGRWRND
 3RODJDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD QD GQR YRGRWRND L]YRGL VH QD PHVWX
JGH MH EU]LQD YRGH QDMPDZD L JGH QH SRVWRML PRJX`QRVW YH`HJ RGURQD
]HPTH LOL QDVLSDZD PXTD
.DEORYL ]D RYR SRODJDZH PRUDMX GD EXGX SRMDaDQL DUPDWXURP RG aH
OLaQLK CLFD QD SULPHU NDEO WLSD ;+( $
 3RODJDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD LVSRG GQD YRGRWRND L]YRGL VH SUR
YODaHZHP NUR] FHY QD GXELQL RG QDMPDZH  P LVSRG GQD YRGRWRND



32/$*$:( (1(5*(76.,+ .$%/29$ 35(.2 026729$

 =D SRODJDZH SUHNR PRVWRYD SUHSRUXaXMH VH NRUL^`HZH NDEORYD

VD SROLPHUQRP L]RODFLMRP L SROLPHUQLP SOD^WRP ;3$6


;+( $ LWG 
=D SRODJDZH VUHGZHQDSRQVNLK NDEORYD SUHNR PRVWRYD VD LQWHQ
]LYQLP YLEUDFLMDPD SUHSRUXaXMH VH NRUL^`HZH WURCLOQLK ND
EORYD WLSD ;+( $ 7R MH NDEO NRML VH VDVWRML RG WUL SRXCHQD

MHGQRCLOQD NDEOD ;+( $ NRML MH DUPLUDQ VD RNUXJORP SRFLQNR


YDQRP CLFRP L ]D^WL`HQ SROLHWLOHQVNLP SOD^WRP


=D SRODJDZH SUHNR PRVWRYD GR]YRTHQR MH NRUL^`HZH SDSLUQLK NDE


ORYD VD DOXPLQLMXPVNLP SOD^WRP WLSD 13+$ $

1LMH GR]YRTHQR SRODJDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD VD RORYQLP


SOD^WRP 132 $6 LWG SUHNR aHOLaQRUH^HWNDVWLK PRVWRYD

 3UHSRUXaXMH VH SRODJDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD LVSRG SH^DaNLK


VWD]D X NDQDOLPD LOL FHYLPD 2YL NDQDOL FHYL QH VPHMX GD VOXCH
]D RGYRG DWPRVIHUVNH YRGH D PRUD GD EXGH RPRJX`HQR SULURGQR
KOD_HZH NDEORYD .RG YH`HJ PRVWD MH XRELaDMHQR GD VH X ZHJRYRM
XQXWUD^ZRVWL SUHGYLGL SRVHEDQ WXQHO VD NRQ]RODPD LOL LVSXVWLPD
]D QR^HZH NDEORYD
'R]YRTHQR MH L VORERGQR SRODJDZH SR NRQVWUXNFLML PRVWD DNR VX
HQHUJHWVNL NDEORYL QHSULVWXSDaQL QHVWUXaQLP OLFLPD L DNR VX
]D^WL`HQL RG GLUHNWQRJ ]UDaHZD VXQFD


6YXGD JGH MH WR PRJX`H HQHUJHWVNH NDEORYH WUHED SRODJDWL EH]


VSRMQLFD QD PRVWX 3UHSRUXaXMH VH GD NDEORYVNH VSRMQLFH EXGX

XGDTHQH QDMPDZH  P RG NUDMHYD PRVWD


$NR MH SRVWDYTDZH VSRMQLFH QD PRVWX L]QX_HQR UH^HZH VSRMQLFX
WUHED PRQWLUDWL QD QRVH`L VWXE LOL QD QHNR GUXJR VWDELOQR PHVWR


7UHED L]EHJDYDWL SRODJDZH NDEORYD SUHNR GUYHQLK PRVWRYD 8 VX


SURWQRP NDEORYVNL YRG VH SRODCH NUR] SODVWLaQX LOL PHWDOQX FHY



1D PHVWLPD SUHOD]D HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD VD aHOLaQH NRQVWUXNFLMH


PRVWD QD REDOQH RVORQFH PRVWD NDR L QD SUHOD]LPD SUHNR GLODWD
FLRQLK GHORYD PRVWD WUHED SUHGYLGHWL RGJRYDUDMX`X UH]HUYX NDEOD

VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$



(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8



73

32/$*$:( -('12#,/1,+ (1(5*(76.,+ .$%/29$

 3UHSRUXaXMH VH SRODJDZH MHGQRCLOQLK NDEORYD ;+( $ 13+$


$ LWG X WURXJODVWRP VQRSX VOD  1D NUD`LP GHRQLFDPD
GR]YRTHQR MH L SRODJDZH X KRUL]RQWDOQRM UDYQL QD PH_XVREQRP
UD]PDNX RG D  P VOE 
6QRS VH IRUPLUD SURYODaHZHP NDEORYD NUR] RGJRYDUDMX`X PDWULFX
SUL RGPRWDYDZX VD WUL NDOHPD )RUPLUDQL VQRS VH QD VYDNLK  P GR
 P RPRWDYD REXMPLFRP VDPROHSTLYRP WUDNRP LWG

a
D X WURXJODVWRP VQRSX

E X KRUL]RQWDOQRM UDYQL

6O 3RODJDZH MHGQRCLOQLK NDEORYD




'R]YRTHQR MH SRMHGLQDaQR SURYODaHZH MHGQRCLOQRJ NDEOD NUR] FHY


RG QHIHURPDJQHWQRJ PDWHULMDOD SRG XVORYRP GD FHY QLMH GXCD RG
 P

.UR] aHOLaQX FHY GR]YRTHQR MH SURYODaHZH VQRSD NRML aLQH


MHGQRCLOQL NDEORYL VYH WUL ID]H
 =D SULaYU^`LYDZH MHGQRCLOQLK NDEORYD PRJX GD VH NRULVWH
VDPR REXMPLFH RG QHIHURPDJQHWQRJ PDWHULMDOD EDNDU DOXPLQL
MXP SODVWLND LWG 
 1D RED NUDMD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD WUHED JDOYDQVNL GD VH SRYHCX

PHWDOQL SOD^WRYL LOL HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH VYD WUL MHGQRCLOQD


NDEOD L GD VH X]HPTL RYDM VSRM

,]X]HWQR DNR 83( NDEO  N9 L  N9 ;+( $ LWG SRYH]XMH 76


VD VDPR MHGQRP 76    N9 D SURUDaXQRP LOL PH
UHZHP VH GRNDCH GD SRVWRML RSDVQRVW RG L]QR^HZD SRWHQFLMDOD L]
76   N9 WDGD HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH 83( NDEORYD PRJX GD
RVWDQX L]RORYDQH X RGQRVX QD X]HPTHZH 76   N9 YLGL SR
JODYTH  X 73 
  N9



7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8



73

.$%/296., 35,%25

 .DEORYVNL SULERU VOXCL ]D ]DWYDUDZH NUDMHYD NDEOD UDGL VSUHaD


YDZD SURGRUD YODJH ^WR VH RVWYDUXMH SRPR`X NDEORYVNLK ]DYU^QLFD
JODYD ]D XQXWUD^ZX L VSRTD^ZX PRQWDCX L NDEORYVNLK VSRMQLFD

3UHSRUXaXMH VH NRUL^`HZH WRSORVNXSTDMX`HJ L KODGQRVNXSTDMX


`HJ NDEORYVNRJ SULERUD
3URL]YR_Da RGQRVQR LVSRUXaLODF HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD REDYH]DQ MH GD
REH]EHGL FHORNXSDQ PDWHULMDO DODW L SULERU ]D L]UDGX NDEORYVNLK
VSRMQLFD L ]DYU^QLFD NDR L GD L]GD GHWDTQD XSXWVWYD ]D ZLKRYX
PRQWDCX

 =D VSDMDZH SURYRGQLND SUHSRUXaXMH VH SRVWXSDN SUHVRYDZD -86

DOL MH GR]YRTHQR NRUL^`HZH L VSHFLMDOQLK VWH]DTNL


VD ]DYUWZLPD
1) 

 6WH]DTNH VD ]DYUWZLPD NRULVWH VH X UDaYDVWLP VSRMQLFDPD 7 LOL


< SULNTXaFL  NDR L ]D SULNTXaHZH NUDMHYD HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD
QLVNRJ QDSRQD QD VDELUQLFH UD]YRGQH WDEOH WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNH VWD
QLFH 73D LOL NDEORYVNH SULNTXaQH NXWLMH 'RGDWDN  73 
3RYH]LYDZH RGYRMQRJ NDEOD X UDaYDVWRM VSRMQLFL L]YRGL VH EH] SUH
VHFDZD SURYRGQLND JODYQRJ YRGD


=D VYDNL WLS SUHVH LOL VWH]DTNH VD ]DYUWZLPD NDR L ]D FHORNXSDQ


PDWHULMDO ]D SUHVRYDZH PRUD GD VH REH]EHGL DWHVW RYOD^`HQH
QH]DYLVQH LQVWLWXFLMH

 =D QLVNRQDSRQVNH NDEORYH

33$6- ;3$6 LWG VH NRULVWH


NDEORYVNH VSRMQLFH L ]DYU^QLFH RG WRSORVNXSTDMX`LK LOL
KODGQRVNXSTDMX`LK HOHPHQDWD LOL VD QDOLYQLP VLVWHPLPD RG
HSRNVLGD LOL SROLXUHWDQD

 =D VUHGZHQDSRQVNH NDEORYH ;+(

$ 132 $6 LWG SUHSRUX


aXMH VH NRUL^HZH NDEORYVNLK VSRMQLFD L ]DYU^QLFD RG WRSOR
VNXSTDMX`LK KODGQRVNXSTDMX`LK LOL SUHIDEULNRYDQLK HOHPH
QDWD

=D NDEORYH VD SDSLUQRP L]RODFLMRP 132 $6 LWG GR]YRTHQR MH


NRUL^`HZH L NODVLaQRJ NDEORYVNRJ SULERUD

 .DEORYVNH VSRMQLFH L ]DYU^QLFH WUHED GD PRQWLUDMX VWUXaQR


REXaHQL UDGQLFL NRML VWULNWQR SULPHZXMX VYD XSXWVWYD L ]DKWHYH
SURL]YR_DaD SRVHEQR X YH]L WHKQROR^NH aLVWR`H QHSUHNLGQRVWL
HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH VODERSURYRGQLK VORMHYD L SOD^WD VUHGZHQD
SRQVNLK NDEORYD LWG
 .DEORYVND ]DYU^QLFD VUHGZHQDSRQVNRJ NDEOD PRUD GD SRVHGXMH
SULERU VWH]DTND SOHWHQLFD ]D X]HPTHZH LWG ]D MHGQRVWDYQR
SULNTXaHZH PHWDOQRJ SOD^WD L DUPDWXUH RGQRVQR HOHNWULaQH ]D^
WLWH NDEOD QD X]HPTLYDa WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNH VWDQLFH LOL VWXED
.DEORYVND VSRMQLFD VH SRVHEQR QH X]HPTXMH QH]DYLVQR RG WRJD GD
OL MH RG L]RODFLRQRJ PDWHULMDOD LOL PHWDOQD


.RG L]UDGH NDEORYVNH ]DYU^QLFH REDYH]QD MH SULPHQD X]GXCQR ]DS


WLYHQLK VWRSLFD SDSXaLFD 

VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$



(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8




1D VO GDWL VX SULPHUL L]YR_HZD NDEORYVNRJ SULERUD L WR

VOD WRSORVNXSTDMX`D VSRMQLFD ]D 11 83( LOL 39& NDEO


VOE WRSORVNXSTDMX`D ]DYU^QLFD ]D VSRTD^ZX PRQWDCX ]D

73

VUHGZHQDSRQVNL MHGQRCLOQL 83( NDEO


VOY WRSORVNXSTDMX`D VSRMQLFD ]D VUHGZHQDSRQVNL MHGQR
CLOQL 83( NDEO


 VSRTD^ZL SOD^W NDEOD  CLOD NDEOD  VSRMQD aDXUD ]D SUHVRYDZH


 WRSORVNXSTDMX`D FHY ]D CLOX NDEOD  VSRTD^ZD WRSORVNXSTDMX`D FHY

6OD 7RSORVNXSTDMX`D NDEORYVND VSRMQLFD ]D 11 NDEO





.DEO


/PLQ

[m]



 N9



 N9



PLQ

 N9

NDEORYVND SDSXaD

JXPHQD WUDND ]D LVSXQX L ]DSWLYDZH

L]RODFLRQL aODQFL

GYRVORMQD NRPSR]LWQD WRSORVNXSTDMX`D FHY

PDUDPLFD ]D UHJXODFLMX SRTD

L]RODFLMD NDEOD
VODERSURYRGQL VORM

EDNDUQL HNUDQ ]D X]HPTHZH


VSRTD^ZL SOD^W NDEOD

6OE 7RSORVNXSTDMX`D NDEORYVND


]DYU^QLFD ]D 61 NDEO









7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$





VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8




  

 

73


 VSRTD^ZL SOD^W NDEOD  EDNDUQL HNUDQ  VODERSURYRGQL VORM  PDUDPLFD ]D


UHJXODFLMX HOHNWULaQRJ SRTD  GYRVORMQD NRPSR]LWQD WRSORVNXSTDMX`D FHY
 EDNDUQD PUHCDVWD WUDND  L]RODFLMD NDEOD  VODERSURYRGQD WUDND  VSRMQH
aDXUH ]D SUHVRYDZH  VSRTD^ZD ]D^WLWQD WRSORVNXSTDMX`D FHY

6OY 7RSORVNXSTDMX`D NDEORYVND VSRMQLFD ]D 61 NDEO




,63,7,9$:( (1(5*(76.,+ .$%/29$ , .$%/296.2*


35,%25$

 ,VSLWLYDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD VD SDSLUQRP L]RODFLMRP 132


$6 13+2 $ 13+$ $ LWG YU^L VH SUHPD -86 1&



,VSLWLYDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD VD L]RODFLMRP RG SROLPHUQLK


PDWHULMDOD ;3$6- 33$6 ;+( $ LWG YU^L VH SUHPD -86
1& -86 1&

-86 ,(& 

,VSLWLYDZH NDEOD L NDEORYVNRJ SULERUD YU^L VH NDR REDYH]QR


NRPDGQR LVSLWLYDZH LVSLWLYDZH WLSD VSHFLMDOQR SRVHEQR
LVSLWLYDZH L SULMHPQR LVSLWLYDZH
.DEORYL L NDEORYVNL SULERU PRUDMX GD SRVHGXMX DWHVW RYOD^`H
QH QH]DYLVQH LQVWLWXFLMH
 2EDYH]QR NRPDGQR LVSLWLYDZH MH LVSLWLYDZH NRMH VH YU^L QD
VYDNRM SURL]YHGHQRM GXCLQL NDEOD LOL VYDNRP HOHPHQWX NDEORYVNRJ
SULERUD D REXKYDWD
PHUHZH HOHNWULaQH RWSRUQRVWL SURYRGQLND -86 1& 
REDYH]QD QDSRQVND LVSLWLYDZD WDEHOH  L 
PHUHZH IDNWRUD GLHOHNWULaQLK JXELWDND ]D SDSLUQH NDEORYH QD
]QDaHQRJ QDSRQD  N9 L  N9 13+2 $ 13=2 $ 
LVSLWLYDZH SDUFLMDOQLK SUDCZHZD ]D VUHGZHQDSRQVNH NDEORYH
VD SROLPHUQRP L]RODFLMRP ;+( $ LWG 
 6SHFLMDOQD LVSLWLYDZD VH YU^H GD EL VH SURYHULOR GD OL NDEO
LVSXZDYD ]DKWHYH VWDQGDUGD SR NRMHP MH SURL]YHGHQ VWYDU VX SRVHE
QRJ GRJRYRUD L]PH_X SURL]YR_DaD L NRULVQLND D REXKYDWDMX
SURYHUX NRQVWUXNFLMH GLPHQ]LMD SURYRGQLND L]RODFLMH L ]D
^WLWQLK VORMHYD
QDSRQVNR LVSLWLYDZH ]D VUHGZHQDSRQVNH NDEORYH L WR
aHWYRURaDVRYQR ]D NDEORYH VD SROLPHUQRP L]RODFLMRP VD WUR
VWUXNRP YUHGQR^`X ID]QRJ QDSRQD
 PLQXWQR ]D SDSLUQH NDEORYH VD YUHGQRVWLPD QDL]PHQLaQLK
MHGQRVPHUQLK LVSLWQLK QDSRQD XYH`DQH ]D  SXWD  SXWD X
RGQRVX QD YUHGQRVWL GDWH X WDEHOL 
 ,VSLWLYDZH WLSD MH LVSLWLYDZH NRMH YU^L SURL]YR_Da QD QRYRP
WLSX NDEOD VSRMQLFH LOL ]DYU^QLFH NDR SUHGVWDYQLNX GUXJLK LVWLK
LOL VOLaQLK WLSRYD
VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$



(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

,VSLWLYDZH WLSD SR SUDYLOX VH QH YU^L DNR SURL]YR_Da NDEOD LOL


NDEORYVNRJ SULERUD SULORCL DWHVW R RYRP LVSLWLYDZX QD SUHG
VWDYQLNX WRJ WLSD
 3ULMHPQR LVSLWLYDZH MH LVSLWLYDZH NRMH VH REDYTD X SULVXVWYX
NRULVQLND NXSFD L SR SUDYLOX REXKYDWD ]DKWHYH REDYH]QRJ LVSLWL
YDZD D SR GRJRYRUX L ]DKWHYH VSHFLMDOQLK LVSLWLYDZD
3ULMHPQR LVSLWLYDZH VH L]YRGL QD QDMPDZH  XNXSQH GXCLQH NDE
OD LOL QD VSRUD]XPQR XWYU_HQRP EURMX VSRMQLFD LOL ]DYU^QLFD
 1DSRQVNR LVSLWLYDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD VD SDSLUQRP L]RODFL
MRP 132 $6 13+2 $ 13+$ $ LWG VH YU^L MHGQRVPHUQLP
LOL QDL]PHQLaQLP QDSRQRP DOL VH SUHSRUXaXMH LVSLWLYDZH MHGQR
VPHUQLP QDSRQRP
,VSLWQL QDSRQ VH SULNTXaXMH L]PH_X MHGQH CLOH L PHWDOQRJ SOD^WD
SUL aHPX VH NRG WURCLOQRJ NDEOD SUHRVWDOH GYH CLOH YH]XMX ]D
PHWDOQL SOD^W 9UHGQRVWL LVSLWQLK QDSRQD GDWH VX X WDEHOL 
7DEHOD  ,VSLWQL QDSRQL SDSLUQLK NDEORYD
1D]QDaHQL QDSRQ NDEOD

[ Uo/U ]

,VSLWQL QDSRQ [kV]


1DL]PHQLaQL
-HGQRVPHUQL

 N9





 N9





 N9





7UDMDZH LVSLWLYDZD 5 min


 1DSRQVNR LVSLWLYDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD

VD L]RODFLMRP RG
SROLPHUQLK PDWHULMDOD ;3$6- 33$6 ;+( $ LWG YU^L
VH QDL]PHQLaQLP QDSRQRP NRG VUHGZHQDSRQVNLK NDEORYD L QD
L]PHQLaQLP LOL MHGQRVPHUQLP QDSRQRP NRG QLVNRQDSRQVNLK
NDEORYD
9UHGQRVWL LVSLWQLK QDSRQD L GXCLQH WUDMDZD LVSLWLYDZD GDWH VX X
WDEHOL  ,VSLWQL QDSRQ VH SULNTXaXMH L]PH_X CLOH L HOHNWULaQH
]D^WLWH NRG VUHGZHQDSRQVNLK NDEORYD RGQRVQR L]PH_X MHGQH CLOH
L SUHRVWDOLK CLOD YH]DQLK QD NUDWNR PH_XVREQR L VD ]HPTRP
7DEHOD  ,VSLWQL QDSRQL 39& L
1D]QDaHQL QDSRQ
NDEOD

83(

NDEORYD

,VSLWQL QDSRQL 39& L


1DL]PHQLaQL

NDEORYD [kV]
-HGQRVPHUQL

83(

[ Uo/U ]

[ 5 min ]

[ 24 h ]

[ 15 min ]

 N9







 N9





 N9





 N9





 1DSRQVNR LVSLWLYDZH SOD^WD VUHGZHQDSRQVNRJ NDEOD YU^L VH


DNR MH SOD^W L]UD_HQ RG 39&D LOL SROLHWLOHQD
,VSLWLYDZH VH YU^L MHGQRVPHUQLP QDSRQRP NRML VH SULNTXaXMH L]PH
_X HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH LOL DUPDWXUH LOL PHWDOQRJ SOD^WD L ]HPTH
9LVLQD MHGQRVPHUQRJ LVSLWQRJ QDSRQD L]QRVL  N9
9UHPH LVSLWLYDZD SOD^WD NDEOD L]QRVL  PLQ


7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

 3RVOH SRODJDZD VSDMDZD L ]DYU^DYDZD NDEOD YU^L VH QDSRQVNR


LVSLWLYDZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD 1DSRQVNR LVSLWLYDZH YU^L VH L
SRVOH RSUDYNH VUHGZHQDSRQVNRJ NDEOD
1DSRQVNR LVSLWLYDZH SRVOH SRODJDZD YU^L VH SUHPD WDaNL  ]D
132 NDEORYH L WDaNL  ]D 83( NDEORYH
,VSLWLYDZH 39& NDEORYD  N9 SRVOH SRODJDZD YU^L VH QD
L]PHQLaQLP QDSRQRP  N9 LOL MHGQRVPHUQLP QDSRQRP  N9 9UHPH
LVSLWLYDZD L]QRVL  PLQ



'2=924(12 6758-12 237(5(@(:( (1(5*(76.2* .$%/$

 6WUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD WUHED GD EXGH RJUDQLaHQR


WDNR GD WRSORWD SURL]YHGHQD X NDEOX EXGH RGYHGHQD X RNROLQX L GD
VH QH SUHNRUDaL PDNVLPDOQD GR]YRTHQD WHPSHUDWXUD SURYRGQLND X
QRUPDOQRP SRJRQX L X NUDWNRP VSRMX
 'R]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD UDaXQD VH SUHPD
L]UD]X
,GR]

= N RS N W N W NEN ,QG

JGH MH
,GR] GR]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD X DPSHULPD $ 
NRS VDaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYVNRJ
YRGD RG IDNWRUD RSWHUH`HZD P L L]QRVL NRS  ]D VWDOQR
LQGXVWULMVNR RSWHUH`HZH IDNWRU RSWHUH`HZD P  L NRS 
]D SURPHQTLYR GLVWULEXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH IDNWRU RSWHUH
`HZD P  
NW

VDaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYVNRJ


YRGD RG WHPSHUDWXUH WOD W QD GXELQL SRODJDZD NDEOD L X RSVHJX
R& W R& UDaXQD VH SUHPD L]UD]X
N W

NW

NEN

,QG



=  +  ( W ) 

VDaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYVNRJ

YRGD RG VSHFLILaQH WRSORWQH RWSRUQRVWL WOD W L GRELMD VH L]


WDEHOH 
VDaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYVNRJ
YRGD RG EURMD SRORCHQLK YRGRYD EN X URYX L PH_XVREQRJ XGDTHZD
NDEORYVNLK YRGRYD D L GRELMD VH L] WDEHOH 
QD]QDaHQD YUHGQRVW GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORY
VNRJ YRGD X DPSHULPD $  NRMX GDMH SURL]YR_Da NDEOD  ]D SUDN
WLaQH SURUDaXQH PRJX GD VH NRULVWH SRGDFL L] WDEHOD D L
E ]D UHIHUHQWQH XVORYH NRML VX GDWL X LVWLP WDEHODPD
WHPSHUDWXUD WOD W R& VSHFLILaQD WRSORWQD RWSRUQRVW WOD
W =  .P: GXELQD SRODJDZD K  P K  P ]D NDEO  N9 
GLVWULEXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH NRS   MHGDQ NDEORYVNL YRG X URYX

=D RGUH_HQL WLS HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD L UD]OLaLWH XVORYH SRODJDZD X


QD^LP VWDQGDUGLPD VX GDWH YUHGQRVWL VDaLQLRFD NRUHNFLRQLK IDN
WRUD NW NW L NEN 9UHGQRVWL RYLK VDaLQLODFD VX SUHNR L]UD]D L

VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$



(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

WDEHOD X WDaNL  SULODJR_HQH ]D SUDNWLaQH SURUDaXQH WDNR GD VH


GRELMDMX YUHGQRVWL VD QDMYH`RP JUH^NRP RG  
3URPHQD GXELQH SRODJDZD NDEOD LOL JHRPHWULMVNLK NDUDNWHULVWLND
NDEOD LPDMX UHODWLYQR PDOL XWLFDM QD GR]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH
`HZH NDEOD
 )DNWRU RSWHUH`HZD P MH RGQRV VUHGZHJ L PDNVLPDOQRJ RSWHUH`HZD
L L]QRVL P
 ]D VWDOQR LQGXVWULMVNR RSWHUH`HZH GRN ]D SUR
PHQTLYR GLVWULEXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH L]QRVL RNR P
 L WR
SULEOLCQR RGJRYDUD GQHYQRP GLMDJUDPX RSWHUH`HZD VD FLNOLaQLP
VPHZLYDZHP PDNVLPDOQRJ RSWHUH`HZD X WUDMDZX RG  VDWL VD RSWH
UH`HZHP X YLVLQL  PDNVLPDOQRJ RSWHUH`HZD X QDUHGQLK  VDWL
 6SHFLILaQD WRSORWQD RWSRUQRVW WOD W ]DYLVL RG YUVWH WOD
^TXQDN SHVDN ]HPTD L] RWNRSD LWG L VDGUCDMD YODJH X WOX X WRNX
JRGLQH 8 YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^ZHJ RSWHUH`HZD GLVWULEXWLYQRJ
NRQ]XPD ]LPVNL SHULRG UDaXQD VH VD QRUPDOQRP YODCQR^`X WOD
LVSRG VORERGQLK L DVIDOWLUDQLK SRYU^LQD X NRMLPD VH QDOD]L NDEO
WDNR GD VH ]D SUDNWLaQH SURUDaXQH L SURVHaQH XVORYH UDGD GLVWUL
EXWLYQH PUHCH L SRODJDZD X VNODGX VD RYRP SUHSRUXNRP PRCH GD
XVYRML W  .P: NW   RVLP ]D GRPLQDQWQR SHVNRYLWR WOR NDGD
PRCH GD VH XVYRML W

 .P:

L WDGD MH NW



 .DGD VH X LVWL URY SRODCH YHOLNL EURM HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD QD


SULPHU QD L]OD]X L] 76 ; N9 L 76 ; N9 YUHGQRVW VDaLQLRFD
NEN WDEHOD  PRCH GD EXGH YHRPD PDOD L SUHQRVQD PR` NDEORYD
]QDWQR XPDZHQD 7DNYL VOXaDMHYL WUHED SRVHEQR GD VH DQDOL]LUDMX
3UREOHP VH UH^DYD
XVYDMDZHP YH`HJ SUHVHND SURYRGQLND YRGD WDaND  
SULPHQRP NDEORYD VD L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD WLSD
;3$6- ;+( $ LWG
SULPHQRP SRVWHTLFH RG VSHFLMDOQLK PH^DYLQD QD SULPHU PH^D
YLQD ^TXQND L SHVND 0RUDYFD VD GRGDWNRP GR  POHYHQRJ
NUHaZDND PH^DYLQD SHVND L FHPHQWD LWG
 5DVSRUHG NDEORYD SUL SRODJDZX X LVWL URY PRCH GD EXGH X MHGQRP
QLYRX LOL X GYD QLYRD SDNHW NDEORYD  .RUHNFLRQL IDNWRUL X RED
RYD VOXaDMD VX SULEOLCQR MHGQDNL ]D MHGQDN EURM NDEORYD X URYX =DWR
VH SRODJDZH X GYD QLYRD SUHSRUXaXMH WDPR JGH MH SURVWRU ]D VPH^WDM
NDEORYD PDOL L JGH SRVWRMH XVORYL ]D SRX]GDQR RWNULYDZH NYDUD X
NDEOX L ZHJRYX RSUDYNX
 'R]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH NDEOD X ]LPVNRP SHULRGX ,GR]=
YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^ZHJ RSWHUH`HZD GLVWULEXWLYQRJ NRQ]XPD 
RGQRVQR X OHWZHP SHULRGX ,GR]/ ]D SURVHaQH NDUDNWHULVWLNH WOD
W =  .P:  MHGDQ NDEO X URYX L RVWDOH XVORYH NRML VX NDUDNWHUL
VWLaQL ]D NRQ]XPQR SRGUXaMH 6UELMH UDaXQDMX VH L] RGQRVD
,GR]=



,QG L ,GR]/

,QG

 ,GR]=

JGH MH ,QG QD]QDaHQD YUHGQRVW GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEOD


aLMH YUHGQRVWL VX GDWH X WDEHODPD D L E


7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

6DaLQLRFL SURPHQH GR]YRTHQLK VWUXMD HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD

6DaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD RG


WHPSHUDWXUH WOD W
N W

=  +  ( W )

7DEHOD  6DaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDE


ORYVNRJ YRGD RG VSHFLILaQH WRSORWQH RWSRUQRVWL WOD W

W [Km/W]















132















83( 39&















NW

7DEHOD  6DaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD


NDEORYVNRJ YRGD RG EURMD EN NDEORYD SRORCHQLK X URYX
%URM NDEORYD X
URYX EN
D

NEN
D

=  P
=  P



































PH_XVREQR XGDTHZH NDEORYVNLK YRGRYD X URYX

7DEHOD D 1D]QDaHQH YUHGQRVWL GR]YRTHQLK VWUXMQLK RSWHUH`HZD


11 NDEORYD ]D SURPHQTLYR GLVWULEXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH
1D]QDaHQL
SUHVHN
NDEOD

1D]QDaHQD YUHGQRVW GR]YRTHQH VWUXMH Ind [ A ]


39&

NDEO

83(

NDEO

[mm ]

&X

$O

&X

$O





























W =



 &

W =  .P: NRS

 K

=  P EN

7DEHOD E 1D]QDaHQH YUHGQRVWL GR]YRTHQLK VWUXMQLK RSWHUH`HZD


61 NDEORYD ]D SURPHQTLYR GLVWULEXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH
1D]QDaHQL
SUHVHN
NDEOD

1D]QDaHQD YUHGQRVW GR]YRTHQH VWUXMH Ind [ A ]


132

83(
 N9

 N9

NDEO

&X

$O

&X

$O

&X

$O

&X

$O

[

















[

















[



W = & W =  .P: EN  NRS 
K =  P K =  P ]D NDEO  N9











83(

 N9

[mm ]

132

 N9

NDEO

 N9

 N9

NDEO WURCLOQL 132 $6 13=2  $ LWG


NDEO WUL MHGQRCLOQD X VQRSX ;+( $ LWG

VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$



(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

3ULPHU 3URUDaXQ GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEOD

.RMX VQDJX X QD^LP XVORYLPD PRJX GD SUHQHVX SRMHGLQDaQR SRORCHQL


HQHUJHWVNL NDEORYL QD WHULWRULML VWDURJ %HRJUDGD L 1RYRJ %HRJUDGD
D XRaL 1RYH JRGLQH YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^ZHJ RSWHUH`HZD NRQ]XPD 
E X OHWZLP PHVHFLPD"
Y 2GDEUDWL 11 NDEORYH NRMLP WUHED SUHQHWL PDNVLPDOQX UDVSRORCLYX
VQDJX (7D X 76 ; N9 LQVWDOLVDQH VQDJH  N9$
5H^HZH

D 3URVHaQD GQHYQD WHPSHUDWXUD WOD XRaL 1RYH JRGLQH L]QRVL W

R
 &

^WR
RGJRYDUD REDYTHQLP GXJRJRGL^ZLP PHUHZLPD QD GXELQDPD NRMH VX SUL
EOLCQH GXELQDPD SRODJDZD HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD  P GR  P  SD VDaL
QLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD RG WHP
SHUDWXUH WOD W L]QRVL
N W

=  +  ( W ) =  +  (  ) = 

6SHFLILaQD WRSORWQD RWSRUQRVW WOD W ]DYLVL RG YUVWH WOD ^TXQDN


SHVDN ]HPTD L] RWNRSD LWG L VDGUCDMD YODJH X WOX X WRNX JRGLQH 8
]LPVNLP PHVHFLPD NDGD MH L PDNVLPDOQR RSWHUH`HZH GLVWULEXWLYQRJ
NRQ]XPD UDaXQD VH VD QRUPDOQRP YODCQR^`X WOD ^WR MH SRYRTQR VD
VWDQRYL^WD GR]YRTHQLK VWUXMQLK RSWHUH`HZD
8 VWDURP GHOX %HRJUDGD W VH NUH`H RG W  .P: GR W  .P: SD
SUHPD WDEHOL  VDaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQH VWUXMH L]QRVL NWV%

GR NWV%  =D GDTL SURUDaXQ XVYRMDPR NWV%



  ^WR PRCH GD VH
NRULVWL L NDR SURVHaQD JRGL^ZD YUHGQRVW ]D WHULWRULMX 6UELMH 6SHFL
ILaQD WRSORWQD RWSRUQRVW WOD ]D 1RYL %HRJUDG SHVDN VH NUH`H W 
.P: X YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^ZHJ RSWHUH`HZD GLVWULEXWLYQRJ NRQ
]XPD ]LPL  GR W  .P: OHWL SD SUHPD WDEHOL  GRELMDPR VDaL
QLODF NW1%  ]LPL L NW1%  OHWL
1D]QDaHQH YUHGQRVWL GR]YRTHQLK VWUXMQLK RSWHUH`HZD ,QG ]D SURPHQTLYR
GLVWULEXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH NRS  L P  GDWH VX X WDEHODPD 
GRN ]D VWDOQR LQGXVWULMVNR RSWHUH`HZH RGJRYDUDMX`H YUHGQRVWL L] WLK
WDEHOD WUHED SRPQRCLWL IDNWRURP NRS  P  
3UHPD WRPH GR]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD ]D GLVWUL
EXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH X ]LPVNRP SHULRGX QD WHULWRULML VWDURJ %HRJUDGD
WR MH L SURVHN ]D WHULWRULMX 6UELMH ,GR]=V% L 1RYRJ %HRJUDGD ,GR]=1% EL`H


,GR]=V%

= N RS N W NWV% N EN ,QG =     ,QG =  ,QG

,GR]=1%

= N RS N W NW1% NEN ,QG =     ,QG =  ,QG

1D SULPHU NDEO 132 $6  N9 [


SURVHaQR GD VH RSWHUHWL WDEHOD E 
,GR]=V%



,QG






PP $O

XRaL 1RYH JRGLQH PRCH

 $  09$

GRN EL X XVORYLPD OR^H VSHFLILaQH WRSORWQH RWSRUQRVWL WOD QRUPDOQR


YODCDQ SHVDN WOR LVSRG DVIDOWLUDQLK LOL VORERGQLK SRYU^LQD QD WHUL
WRULML 1RYRJ %HRJUDGD PRJDR GD VH RSWHUHWL VD


7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8


,GR]=1%

 ,QG





73

 $  09$ 

8 WDEHOL 3UD GDMX VH UH]XOWDWL SURUDaXQD GR]YRTHQLK VWUXMQLK


RSWHUH`HZD VQDJD NDEORYD X YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^ZHJ RSWHUH
 ,QG  ]D
`HZD GLVWULEXWLYQRJ NRQ]XPD  ]LPVNL SHULRG ,GR]=

NDEORYH VD DOXPLQLMXPVNLP SURYRGQLFLPD NRML VH ]D SURVHaQH NDUDNWH


ULVWLNH WOD W =  .P: NRULVWH X GLVWULEXWLYQLP PUHCDPD 6UELMH

8 VOXaDMX QDSDMDZD SRWUR^DaD VD VWDOQLP RSWHUH`HZHP LQGXVWULMD 


YUHGQRVWL L] WDEHOH 3UD WUHED SRPQRCLWL IDNWRURP NRS 

7DEHOD 3UD 'R]YRTHQD VWUXMQD RSWHUH`HZD VQDJH NDEORYD VD $O


SURYRGQLFLPD X ]LPVNRP SHULRGX FRV 
,]RODFLMD
NDEOD

3UHVHN $O
SURYRGQLND
2

[mm ]

39&

132

83(

GR]YRTHQD VWUXMD  GR]YRTHQD VQDJD


 N9

 N9

 N9

 N9

[A] [kW*]

[A] [MVA]

[A] [MVA]

[A] [MVA]




 



 

 



 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 

 



 

 

 

 



 

 

 

 

W = R& W =  .P: K =  P GR  P EN

 NRS

GLVWULEXWLYQL NRQ]XP

E 1D RVQRYX REDYTHQLK PHUHZD XVYDMDPR GD VUHGZD GQHYQD WHPSHUDWXUD


WOD X OHWZHP SHULRGX L]QRVL W R& SD VDaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ
VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD RG WHPSHUDWXUH WOD W L]QRVL NW 
GRN VDaLQLRFL NW NEN L NRS LPDMX YUHGQRVWL GDWH SRG D 
3UHPD WRPH GR]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD X OHWZHP
SHULRGX QD WHULWRULML VWDURJ %HRJUDGD WR MH L SURVHN ]D WHULWRULMX
6UELMH ,GR]/V% L 1RYRJ %HRJUDGD ,GR]/1% EL`H
,GR]/V%

= N RS N W N WV% NEN ,QG =     ,QG = ,QG  ,GR]=V%

,GR]/1%

= N RS N W N W1% N EN ,QG =     ,QG =  ,QG  ,GR]=1%

1D SULPHU NDEO 132 $6 


SURVHaQR GD VH RSWHUHWL ,GR]/V%


N9 [ PP $O

,QG

X OHWZLP PHVHFLPD PRCH

 $  09$

GRN EL X XVORYLPD OR^H VSHFLILaQH WRSORWQH RWSRUQRVWL WOD VXY SHVDN


OHWL WHULWRULMD 1RYRJ %HRJUDGD PRJDR GD VH RSWHUHWL
,GR]/1%



,QG





 $  09$ 

3UHPD WRPH ]D SURVHaQH NDUDNWHULVWLNH WOD W =

 .P:

QR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH NDEOD X OHWZHP SHULRGX MH ,GR]/


L] WDEHOD D L  E
VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

,QG

GR]YRTH
L GRELMD VH



(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

Y 'R]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH (7D X YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^


ZHJ RSWHUH`HZD GLVWULEXWLYQRJ NRQ]XPD  ]LPVNL SHULRG ,GR](7 L]QRVL

YLGL 'RGDWDN 9 73 


,GR](7



,Q





 N9$

8 76 ; N9 LPD  L]YRGD 11 73D  SD VYDNL NDEO WUHED GD SUHQHVH X


 $ X VLVWHPX QDSDMDZD
SURVHNX RNR  N9$ RGQRVQR VWUXMX ,
[ 9 LOL ,
 $ X VLVWHPX QDSDMDZD [ 9 ,] WDEHOH
3UD VH YLGL GD RYH VWUXMH PRJX SRMHGLQDaQR GD SUHQHVX L 39& NDEORYL
SUHVHND  PP $O 0H_XWLP ]ERJ SRODJDZD YL^H NDEORYD X LVWL URY QD
L]OD]X L] 76 GDTX DQDOL]X `HPR L]YHVWL ]D 39& L 83( NDEORYH WLSVNRJ
SUHVHND  PP $O 2YD DQDOL]D `H SRND]DWL WDEHOD 3UY GD SUHVHN
SURYRGQLND  PP $ RPRJX`DYD GD VH PDNVLPDOQD VQDJD (7D PRCH GD
L]QHVH L] 76 L SRG QDMWHCLP UHDOQLP XVORYLPD DNR EL VH VYLK  11
NDEORYD SRORCLOR X LVWL URY EN  NEN  ,GR]=  $ > I1). 0H_XWLP
YUHGQRVWL QD]QDaHQLK VWUXMD 19 RVLJXUDaD VH ELUDMX SUHPD GR]YRTHQLP
VWUXMDPD YRGD WDNR GD VX VWYRUHQL XVORYL GD VH SUHNR RYLK YRGRYD
GHOLPLaQR UH]HUYLUDMX L SRWUR^DaL VXVHGQLK 76
.DR LOXVWUDFLMX QDYRGLPR SULPHU NDGD VH NDEORYL SR L]ODVNX L] 76
JUDQDMX X GYD VPHUD WDNR GD MH X LVWRP URYX EN  NDEOD ^WR EL PRJOR GD
VH WUHWLUD L NDR WLSVNR UH^HZH ,] WDEHOH  GRELMDPR GD VDaLQLODF
NEN L]QRVL QDMPDZH NEN
 WDNR GD GR]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH ,GR]=
VYDNRJ RG  NDEOD X URYX X RGQRVX QD RGJRYDUDMX`H GR]YRTHQR VWUXMQR
RSWHUH`HZH SRMHGLQDaQR SRORCHQRJ NDEOD ,GR]= NRMH VPR SURUDaXQDOL SRG
D  WDEHOD 3UD ]D NDEO SUHVHND  PP $O L]QRVL QDMPDZH
,GR]=

NEN ,GR]=





 $

]D

39&

NDEO L ,GR]=

 $

]D

83(

NDEO

19 RVLJXUDa PRCH WUDMQR GD SUHQRVL VWUXMX aLMD MH YUHGQRVW QDMPDZH 


YH`D RG QD]QDaHQH VWUXMH 0H_XWLP SR^WR NRG SRODJDZD  NDEOD X LVWL
URY PRCH UHDOQR GD VH REH]EHGL UD]PDN L]PH_X NDEORYD YH`L RG  FP ^WR
EL GDOR YUHGQRVW VDaLQLRFD NEN QH^WR YH`X RG  L ]DWR X RED VOXaDMD
ELUDPR 19 RVLJXUDa ,QR  $ $NR EL KWHOL GD VH ]ERJ ]DKWHYD UH]HUYL
UDZD SRWUR^DaD VXVHGQLK 76 XSRWUHEH 19 RVLJXUDaL ,QR  $ QD L]OD]X
L] 76 WUHED GD NRULVWLPR 83( NDEORYH L SRVWHTLFX RG VSHFLMDOQLK PH^D
YLQD QD SULPHU PH^DYLQD ^TXQND L SHVND 0RUDYFD VD GRGDWNRP GR
 POHYHQRJ NUHaZDND PH^DYLQD SHVND L FHPHQWD LWG 
5H]XOWDWL SURUDaXQD GDWL VX X WDEHOL 3UY =D UD]OLaLWH XVORYH
UDVSOHWD 11 NDEORYD EURM NDEORYD EN X URYX  NRUL^`HZHP VWDQGDUGQH
NDEORYVNH SRVWHTLFH WVW  .P: NW  LOL SRVWHTLFH RG VSHFLMDOQLK
 .P: NW
  X WDEHOL VH GDMX YUHGQRVWL GR]YR
PH^DYLQD WVS
THQLK VWUXMQLK RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYD ,GR]= X YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^ZHJ
RSWHUH`HZD NDR L RGJRYDUDMX`H YUHGQRVWL QD]QDaHQLK VWUXMD WRSTLYLK
XPHWDND 19 RVLJXUDaD ,QR X UDVNORSQRP EORNX 11 X 76
5H]XOWDWL SURUDaXQD L L]YHGHQD DQDOL]D RPRJX`DYDMX L GD ]DNTXaLPR GD

VD VWDQRYL^WD WHUPLaNLK QDSUH]DZD PDNVLPDOQR JRGL^ZH MHGQRYUH


PHQR RSWHUH`HZH (7D VQDJH  N9$ PRCH GD VH L]QHVH L] 76 L VD 
NDEORYVNLK YRGRYD VYDNL NDEO EL SUHQHR X SURVHNX RNR  N9$ RGQRVQR
VWUXMX



,

 $

X VLVWHPX QDSDMDZD

[ 9

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

LOL

,

 $

X VLVWHPX

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

QDSDMDZD [ 9 $NR SR_HPR RG UHDOQH SUHWSRVWDYNH GD VH SR


L]ODVNX L] 76 NDEORYVNL YRGRYL JUDQDMX EDU X GYD VPHUD VD SR  YRGD X
LVWRP URYX YLGL VH GD MH XYHN ,GR]= ! ,
1D RVQRYX SUHGKRGQLK SURUDaXQD L DQDOL]H PRJOL EL GD L]YXaHPR VOHGH`H
]DNTXaNH NDR WLSVNR UH^HZH ]D L]YR_HZH UDVSOHWD 11 NDEORYVNLK
YRGRYD L] 76 ; N9 VQDJH  N9$ SUHSRUXaXMH VH NRUL^`HZH
83( NDEORYD ;3$6- SUHVHND [   PP
SRVWHTLFH RG VSHFLMDOQLK PH^DYLQD RG 76 GR PHVWD JUDQDZD NDEORY
VNLK WUDVD X YL^H SUDYDFD
19 RVLJXUDaD VD SDWURQLPD WRSTLYLK XPHWDND QDMYL^H ,QR  $
7DEHOD 3UY ,]ERU 19 RVLJXUDaD X 76 ;
EN

39&

NEN

WVW

NDEO

WVS

N9

VQDJH 

83(


WVW

NDEO

WVS



,GR]= [A]
,QR [A]



,GR]= [A]
,QR [A]



,GR]= [A]
,QR [A]



,GR]= [A]
,QR [A]



,GR]= [A]
,QR [A]



,GR]= [A]
,QR [A]

















VHSWHPEDU 

















































































7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

N9$



(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8



73

75$163257 , 2'027$9$:( (1(5*(76.,+ .$%/29$



(QHUJHWVNL NDEORYL VH WUDQVSRUWXMX QD NDOHPRYLPD ,]X]HWQR NUD`L


NRPDGL NDEORYD PRJX GD VH WUDQVSRUWXMX X QDPRWDQLP NRWXULPD SRG
XVORYRP GD VH QH SUHNRUDaH GR]YRTHQL SROXSUHaQLFL VDYLMDZD
WDaND  



=D LVWRYDU NDEOD NRULVWL VH GL]DOLFD YLTX^NDU UDPSD LWG



.DOHP NDEOD PRUD GD VH SRVWDYL X YHUWLNDODQ SRORCDM NRULVWH`L


RGJRYDUDMX`H SRGPHWDaH L GD VH RVLJXUD RG VSRQWDQRJ SRNUHWDZD



.RWUTDZH GUYHQLK NDOHPRYD QLMH GR]YRTHQR RVLP QD NUD`LP GHRQL


FDPD QD SULPHU SUL LVWRYDUX  .RWUTDZH MH GR]YRTHQR VDPR X
SUDYFX VWUHOLFH QD VSRTD^ZRM VWUDQL NDOHPD





=D RGPRWDYDZH NDOHP WUHED GD VH SRGLJQH QD aYUVWL VWDODN

.DEO VH RGPRWDYD UDYQRPHUQLP SRYODaHZHP VD JRUZH VWUDQH


WDNR GD MH VPHU RGPRWDYDZD VXSURWDQ RG VPHUD VWUHOLFH QD VSR
TD^ZRM VWUDQL NDOHPD
(1(5*(76., .$%/29, , 352%/(0$7,.$ 8=(04(:$

 .DEO VD SURYRGQLP SOD^WRP WLS 132 $6 13=2 $


$ LWG
QHSRVUHGQR GHOXMH NDR X]HPTLYDa D X GLVWULEXWLYQLP PUHCDPD
QDMaH^`H VH MDYTD X GYD VOXaDMD
NUDWDN NDEO QD SULPHU SULNTXaDN QD QDG]HPQX YLVRNRQDSRQVNX
PUHCX 
GXJDaDN NDEO NRML UDGL X UD]JUDQDWRM NDEORYVNRM VUHGZHQD
SRQVNRM PUHCL JUDGVNL NRQ]XP 
.UDWDN NDEO X VPLVOX X]HPTHZD SRQD^D VH NDR WUDNDVWL X]HP
TLYDa aLMD RWSRUQRVW UDVSURVWLUDZD ]D SURVHaQH YUHGQRVWL SUH
VHND NDEORYD NRML VH NRULVWH X GLVWULEXWLYQRM PUHCL L GXELQX
SRODJDZD NDEOD RNR  P VH UDaXQD SUHPD L]UD]X
5NN



OQ  / N
/N

'XCLQD GR NRMH VH NDEO X VPLVOX X]HPTHZD SRQD^D NDR NUDWDN


SURUDaXQDYD VH SUHPD L]UD]X
/N



$NR WUDQVIRUPDWRUVND VWDQLFD    N9 UDGL X UD]JUDQDWRM


NDEORYVNRM YLVRNRQDSRQVNRM PUHCL JUDGVNL NRQ]XP  NDEO SULNTX
aHQ QD WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNX VWDQLFX VH SRQD^D NDR GXJDaDN NDEO X
VPLVOX X]HPTHZD L LPD VWDOQX YUHGQRVW RWSRUQRVWL UDVSURVWL
UDZD NRMD VH UDaXQD SUHPD L]UD]X
5N



8 RYRM WDaNL R]QDNH X GDWLP L]UD]LPD LPDMX ]QDaHZH


5NN
RWSRUQRVW UDVSURVWLUDZD NUDWNRJ NDEOD NDR X]HPTLYDaD X
RPLPD 

VSHFLILaQD HOHNWULaQD RWSRUQRVW WOD X RPPHWULPD P 



7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$

VHSWHPEDU 

(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8


/N

5N

73

GHR XNXSQH GXCLQH NUDWNRJ NDEOD NRML MH X QHSRVUHGQRP


NRQWDNWX VD WORP D QDOD]L VH L]YDQ SRYU^LQH NRMX ]DKYDWD
X]HPTLYDa WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNH VWDQLFH X PHWULPD P 
RWSRUQRVW UDVSURVWLUDZD GXJDaNRJ NDEOD NDR X]HPTLYDaD X
RPLPD 

 .DEO VD QHSURYRGQLP SOD^WRP WLS ;+( $ ;+3  LWG SR
VUHGQR GHOXMH NDR X]HPTLYDa MHU SRPR`X HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH SRYH
]XMH X]HPTLYDaH VXVHGQLK WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNLK VWDQLFD
$NR WUDQVIRUPDWRUVND VWDQLFD    N9 UDGL X UD]JUDQDWRM
YLVRNRQDSRQVNRM PUHCL JUDGVNL NRQ]XP  VYDND WUDQVIRUPDWRUVND
VWDQLFD SRYH]DQD MH VD YL^H WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNLK VWDQLFD WDNR GD VX
SUHNR HOHNWULaQLK ]D^WLWD JDOYDQVNL SRYH]DQL L X]HPTLYDaL WLK
WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNLK VWDQLFD
9UHGQRVW RWSRUQRVWL UDVSURVWLUDZD NDEOD 5N NDR X]HPTLYDaD X
WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNRM VWDQLFL NDGD NDEO SRYH]XMH GYH LOL YL^H VX
VHGQLK WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNLK VWDQLFD SUL  P L]QRVL SUL
EOLCQR
5N   DNR NDEORYVNL YRG SRYH]XMH WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNH VWDQLFH
VD X]HPTLYDaLPD RWSRUQRVWL UDVSURVWLUDZD  GR  
5N   DNR NDEORYVNL YRG SRYH]XMH WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNH VWDQLFH
VD X]HPTLYDaLPD RWSRUQRVWL UDVSURVWLUDZD RNR  
'D EL VH XUDaXQDR HIHNDW VPDZHZD LPSHGDQVH VLVWHPD X]HPTHZD
WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNH VWDQLFH ]ERJ XWLFDMD X]HPTLYDaD VXVHGQLK WUDQV
IRUPDWRUVNLK VWDQLFD GXC aLWDYRJ NDEORYVNRJ YRGD PRUD GD

EXGH REH]EH_HQD SRX]GDQD JDOYDQVND YH]D HOHNWULaQLK ]D^WLWD


VXVHGQLK GHRQLFD YRGD QD NDEORYVNLP VSRMQLFDPD ]DYU^QLFDPD L X
WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNLP VWDQLFDPD
*DOYDQVND YH]D HOHNWULaQLK ]D^WLWD VH SURYHUDYD SRVOH ]DYU^H
QH PRQWDCH NDEORYVNH VSRMQLFH LOL ]DYU^QLFH D X WRNX HNVSORDWD
FLMH QDMPDZH MHGDQSXW X  JRGLQD



'HWDTQR R HIHNWLPD NDEORYD NDR X]HPTLYDaLPD L R SUREOHPX


L]QR^HZD SRWHQFLMDOD L] 76   N9 YLGL X 73 L .RPHQWDUX
73

/LWHUDWXUD

 -XJRVORYHQVNL VWDQGDUGL R HQHUJHWVNLP NDEORYLPD


 =ERUQLFL UDGRYD VD VLPSR]LMXPD R HQHUJHWVNLP NDEORYLPD 6WXGLMVNRJ
NRPLWHWD  -8.2 &,*5(
 %RULVODY /DOHYL` (OHNWURHQHUJHWVNL NDEORYL 
 3URVSHNWL GRPD`LK SURL]YR_DaD NDEORYD
 7HKQLaNH SUHSRUXNH (' 6UELMH

VHSWHPEDU 

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$



(36  ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8

73

6$'5#$5
EU






























6WU
2SVHJ YDCHZD L QDPHQD
7HUPLQL L GHILQLFLMH
7HKQLaNL SRGDFL L SRJRQVNL XVORYL
,]ERU NDEORYD QLVNRJ QDSRQD  N9
,]ERU NDEORYD  N9
,]ERU NDEORYD  N9
,]ERU NDEORYD  N9
7LSL]DFLMD SUHVHND SURYRGQLND L HOHNWULaQH ]D>WLWH
3UHSRUXNH ]DSRODJDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD
'LUHNWQR SRODJDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD X ]HPTX
.DEORYVND NDQDOL]DFLMD
.DEORYVNR RNQR ^DKW
3ULEOLCDYDZH L XNU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNLK L 7. NDEORYD
3ULEOLCDYDZH L XNU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD VD
CHOH]QLaNRP L WUDPYDMVNRP SUXJRP
3ULEOLCDYDZH L XNU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD VD
FHYLPD YRGRYRGD L NDQDOL]DFLMH
3ULEOLCDYDZH L XNU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD VD
WRSORYRGRP
3ULEOLCDYDZH L XNU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD VD
JDVRYRGRP
0H_XVREQR SULEOLCDYDZH L XNU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNLK
NDEORYD
8NU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD VD SXWHP L]YDQ QDVHTD
8NU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD VD YRGRWRNRP
3RODJDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD SUHNR PRVWRYD
3RODJDZH MHGQRCLOQLK HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD
.DEORYVNL SULERU
,VSLWLYDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD L NDEORYVNRJ SULERUD
'R]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD
7UDQVSRUW L RGPRWDYDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD
(QHUJHWVNL NDEORYL L SUREOHPDWLND X]HPTHZD

7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$





























VHSWHPEDU 

You might also like