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    Number Theory by the famous Chinese mathematician Hua Luogen.

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    Number Theory by the famous Chinese mathematician Hua Luogen.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    7 views671 pages

    数论导引

    Uploaded by

    majouno
    Number Theory by the famous Chinese mathematician Hua Luogen.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 671
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RCSB bala A, ARSE PIR EPP A 1 A FG SAREE TR A A RA AVERSA. TERR SRI, ERPFE AIR SEAR AD SRR RIE”, PAR, “RAAT HRTF LH A EO AE, ada AB SOR BESS, HEE REA TA a ORR, RE A a a eT ST — Beh A eH AF 5 EMG AS AB Hit — A EB BPE REN BDI a PA ta ACE BS PORE PRE ET hh ACR AE EME AY IF, SAL RASA WM LSAT A TTR. SRS, BBA AA OF IE LAE OAR 5 FR ES HE 0 A ALBEE RBA NG ii TEA STR RNASE, RADE IS Oy AE | SULA AT Bt, EA ART RDS, ERE AIOE, , SEE RAEN HS, MR: AS, SLA EAD ERAAMES ES. BORN WTR LITRE A ABH, BAS AOE” F GRAS, ERIKROGRR RIE), UAL CRRA HEARS A EATEN), MUSA EPR AAR A, RA aie ESE — A HE fe, BERR SAR REE PLE RAE Aa LE IO MESS, LEEDS TAHOE MALI, PROTEGE p(n) ZANE, AEA A ARORA p(n) FABRA TEE, FERRO RE LUEE log p(n) ZAR SALAM. ABA A FUSTAR Tauberian HET LUG p(n) LAMA (i EARTH A OZR ZAR Re EFT DORI p(n) SJR BARK, ERES RAL GERD RT ST AEE, ABLES TATE. EASA AHR T BRC RAR BD. AOR ARERR RYT OCR. AL, RS ATRIP AEE, BSS — He —— BY Ep SE A SS 8 —— ASE IES FB FCAT EY AE HY Ae — Re A PRT A, BA LAO TAN EAT TAR HR ele, ACE GR) REE RAB AREA, ALG Wa en Sik 9 Fe) BE AT Ae $9.2, 912.14, $12.15, $17.9 POPLAR, A LEB Hh 9 BLA AG Ee Ly ALO Wise. FY Ee A SO. FERRE SERS HRP, PEM I RAD RE: BRR, ETC RA, Rei, SURE, HILARTE MME FRG 1953 SE BAAS IEEE BA, WR ARKT MMOS LH. FERRE RIDER ER AOC HT) SPRUM RRM MES. EOLA RRR Ee eae SRB » AK Ge HER RAZR TBE A, PEP, ARMA T MUG, HLHRET AAS. SSRIS SR, CDMA NANRE. ABET RS BA LB BOOHER, Wah — AEC AT ERE MOPAR, A EPO RRA ARAM HERAT T RE A. ADRS Ny, PU A A aE A BABA ATRL RA A AY, MR CME aE URAC IE, # ER 1956 9 A, toe eR RR ABW ARM F EH 5.3 FR —Herp $5 EM 3, ARLE. FEL 2. 5. 3. RIE $5 LL 3, MRT. La] PARR @ LAAMER, (a) a LHR: Cay Ha HEIRS SELMER ZEAE, OF min (@-La], [a] + 1 — a). (ay by oy 6) BARE ay By omy ZHRABES Lay bye] BIER AS RL. ab Ro BRAM b; ath Ro BRAM 4. Pilla % pla 1H ptttta. & (mod m) Rab BH m LAB: ab (modm) AH a— b FH m ZABRE, Te Ree, Zameen bans [Tae R Sia HR 4 om LIAB, (G) # Lecencte 798, deans 91; (2) 8 Jacobi A, Zea LA SHE M6: A 2=0 WL (mods) BIRR, m> 0, (2) Fea Kronecker FH, RAAT 83. ind on LARR, ARIE 68. BF REK f(a) ZAR. ARK, 0,0, ~ LRERMAER 41. 0) Kn LAMA F OBR: 06) Hn LAK TAIT, max (ay by 05 6) BE os bey © HERO LIBS min (a yy 6) BRIE RR ‘Ts FAR s HOBAR, Y BOR Euler HR, (a,b, €) REAM ax? + bey + ey WIPE SI. Gen toy ta 2) ODM is 2 ey my ESE, IS AB RRA AM A,B Lett, 264 RR a Bi A LEH: BSA MA DB RARE BBR A 2M, NCO) HAE Me LH, IIE $9. (ay) RRC an, aa, ~ RAMA ATA 1, SRE 86, DERE 5, SANE 912. Lao aig 5 ax) Ba gE eg gy BOATS Be = Cay ay 5 an) FAS (HESS (a) =a $a po bal) ACKER a ZRF N(@) ala nal BB a 2h, iy 4 ta) BE Oy oy le LAGE; A = A(R(O)) FEAR ROD AZ AIS I ONIERL, REMI AHE $3, 54, Pm) ZH BAH $3. lis LERMMH $2. Ge) 2IEH SLATER 93. Gm) LAELIATE $1. a) LERARBAR SL. O(n) LERABAR §1. A(o) ZAI AT 31. Ain) ZERABAR §1. XG) ZEARABLK 82. pn) LIES ARE $2. Me) ZERNMAT $1. Ve) LMR ARAR 1. 6) LRAT ATE 61. GQ) LRAT AR 61. oR) LARUE 55. NA) LERABTAR 86. MA) LEMAR TAR $6. co-S AL 18 Riemann ¢ BRE 0, eg(f(e)) = He, SC, X) = Bi xeDeriorm aeH, OD = SCL, 2). S(n, m) = Sa mm, (n,m) = 1, 4 Gauss He SCa 1D) = Z eat). ABI FSH RE AE TEA aT HEE FZ a A mm SRL TM SERIE PRCT ILA FER SMT ee SOK ERI BV DATEL AAEM ae Mersenne #3 Fermat MOR HR TSE eR BLS SRA LAR Fa RR sete Mites Za eee rem ~ PS I 1 Be Pm) Zita le Bee PERT MTT SARL ATE BH Wolstenholme 58+ RRR SH Euler $5 Net aysEaRR Tene HERR ER- vil STA eR ZR Jacobi 73%: Ir te BU ee amc BERS MSR Mele oe Fat -~ RRR ET RRL 6S, RTM AZ EE SUNITA > LR BA p LRM SAE, tt wee REIL Fermat ale ~ MC ZL E-ALERT RE UeSumen sz Bertrand Dea 2 mete YeGpnnen sR n LRAT AAR: RZ BR PERL MIN oor ERNE ORIN Mobius SAE Ast Mobius #848 - viii 100 103 108 at 12 us us 17 8 2 5 “NA sito OR st 32 83 sa 85 $6 87 38 89 fu st ett BNR Soe AERT OIG AR ABA RR PSMA Farey BUBIGMIT --~ Brnorpanon BSSTRAYT Reals AINA MET ~ Banorpanon 5S RAEEZMRIA ses QB oe cnrnrststsnntnenennenenanniie Dirichlet #8 Lambert 428% = i HRT RINE Fie RL FR Gauss 4 ROLE fate Hives SI RSEME AA wisn Se (B2taxtb wen > (AS BOR SoRRLS AR SAL A a A HH WF RCI Jacobi BRR SRL AR pln) tet Ppa FEE rrr ig AO aS FUE vee BEE )) Zeman 124 7 135 137 140 M45 149 153 159 162 164 164 166 172 17s 178 185 186 190 193 196 202 202 203 204 209 2 24 220 226 232 234 234 82 83 “4 $5 $6 87 $8 B+ st 82 83 st $5 $6 7 58 59 $10 sit $2 ete st 82 83 “4 $5 $6 87 $8 89 s10 RD sa $2 43 Riemann € arm Tauber 2898 ove esssenne ERE Selberg IRAs RENAE, Dirichlet se + WEE SRA RE BB HRB anne aL ae cE Hurwitz 25 ML AOL ‘pe Legendre 4B fe FE DIRIE BAR Poll Aa UeGoimes 2m Xnvwa BGM 29 (mod 1) 2— Be i WE ax? + bay + ey RIE ies em Fermat $id Mapxon i. . MGR OTP Hes w AS sem - SE GE, 236 239 242 313 318, 320 322 326 334 334 336 339 s4 5 56 87 58 59 s10 sit siz 513, sit $15 HE fy mod q #1 OBR, Be Bike Kd) 2g ea ALP By AIR RETR: AIR pmo Pell AREOLA BPE Siegel 523% aaah te eR al - ERAT RAR 2 A THE mt ARR Si ABH AS. SER aie I ROM LRM Ee FSET. (er eB oe TORE RAYE nsec RGN SoHE SH Bea SOA 3aL 343 348 350 352 353 356 356 357 361 364 366 372 372 373, 376 377 382 383 387 388, 389 390, 393, 398 398 404 410 a 416 419 420 25 429 RR si 82 83 +4 $5 56 87 58 $9 BAR st 82 3 “4 $5 $6 s7 $8 $9 s10 sit $12 $B sis $35 516 si7 18 BP st 82 33 s4 35 36 ppadic BE ae pasate RRMA ARBRE SRE IER AML SiH RUBLE Pradic ARR « BEAL FEB TH FURR osc Rett santa URL EE mM FaeeOR ett ate ear mR Bea BiB LRH IB Mersenne ROLBIERML Lucas $k HE RR PERE TELE SER oe Liouville 2 AMRIT ‘RRR EEE. Roth j21ZNH Thue RLM ¢ Ligh 435 438 440 442 443 446 350 452 456 458 458 460 462 470 474 476 481 483 484 489 490 492 499 501 503, 529 529 531 533, 553 555 558 87m 2k + 561 $8 Hilbert #088 sostcncaencnnes + 563 $9 Tempcona 2a88 . 566 SHAW Waring [MLR Prouhet-Tarry HBG o--+ 569 sR sonnei 569 82g) 8 GW) ZR . se see 368 $3 Cauchy $209 verererennn . s7L 84 PGR S74 5S -REAZE AINE, 578 co 580 $7 Prouket-Tarry [N8H- 582 a 586 SV--IUR Unmpenman yf 588 s1 588 82 fo 589 $3 TompaGax-LUanpembman FSB vee 592 54 Selberg 7A$s% scsenenaensnee 503, 35 ToapxGax-Lanpeabman Za" --- 599 $6 Waring-Hilbert 25 rcanens ener 603 87 Waring-Hilbert 2SmQ§fQ05 --scccsescetaseesnseecnseesserecceeomsete 605: RIA RUOREIAY er eetereceee seceesteenseeeeteeenses 609 $1 SAAS Z HR 609 $2 Minkowski zien 8 . 612 83 Sakti os s4 os 5 617 $6 BRIERE neon 69 $7 Minkowski Wax . 620 $8 SRO Tt soon 27 $9 UeGorapen =FE--- 629 S10 deft Rie LAT 631 sil 1A] ieee 634 . 639 ” enon Ft BS —- ¥ Bee 2H - FEARED , OME DR, HT AL ayes Peo Raya RM. REL A AVTERED—RE (EME 5.3), WRITE $1. SR. A RORIT 1,2,3,-- 2 RE 21,0, 1, 2,0 TT. AC PAREET TERM, MPR RRS FH, BE, AOR, TTR: “EMERG BLE Ms, BY DO EE EAE Bra BWR. MERU [a] RAZR «HK. li BI=3, vz) > ea= Ho BEB [a] CS « LARC MATER: [a] 0, AAT 1, [x] = o<¢-[Z] <1, o o0), LATA BER g Ber Oe otr, o SEER oc; o AM 6 HGR, 6 BM o SAR. bla RZ, MRL 1ja, lO. BME a0 H ~ ala. BM bte BOR b HEIR a. Haxbe, iii b REI a LI 1, Ml 6 HB o LIRR. WPS SRI, MMR AS a sie a= BM Ho+0, c#0, a 1) # dla, ld, BN elas 2) # bla, BI belacs 3) Held, cle, RUSHERS m,n, # cldm ten, EBS Ho Eo MAAR, A 1< (sl [a] + [a + 6] + [8]. $2. RMRMNOM. CARED =m: | 3 | H-e ee oD 3 CG) 1, RA EARRE 1 BIER; Gi) p, WHIBRR 1 BR p BEAR. MEL, p TH Be RE IAM: iii) n, ARLE. HEALER, FS LEA RRL.) BOMAUA SHR (prime), B=MBRE BWA (composite number). HF AIDA p FORM. 2 FARRER RAR IMR; FRE MRK SAR. MAA 2 ZAR BRAK. 2B 1. #1 ZARRET OMAR, WE: An BRR, A. A on FRR, TT 9; RIOR, HEH 13, 50 gy WHR. Ar n=qim, l my > im > >. BEER TIBIA 2, HR LUA =a de SE aus ae RR, ELLE, Per: 10725 = 31-54. 111- 138, HO 1 RRL ARE m= pit pm Pet, a> 0, a2 > 05, > 0, PLS Pr << Pe. HREB n HDR DR eR, BRAS Met, BOTAN SAA eR” TE 95 RRS $3. EM. RHLHPRMS 2,3,5,7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31,37, 41, 43, + EN AEA RS N ZAOIR IRN, ASTIN Eratosthenes 5G REE. Bn SN, ii n HRB, n BARAK VN ZRII. RAT RAR N LHR: 4 & a a at 2,3, 4,5, 64% RRBs: Gi) 4,6, 8, 10, - Ope 2? ae —en Re Gi) 9,15, 21, 27, Oni 3 teen 3 AONB Gi) 25, 35, 55, 65, ON 5? Ret 5 UME RES MTZ AHS VN LRM MATRA, PORES N SET, UE KH RRC OR DE CTT, PRL IMEREAS Lehmer JER: List of prime numbers from 1 to 10,006,721, Carnegie Institution, Washington 165 (1914). Lehmer EA RAMR: Factor table for the first ten millions, Camegie Institution, Washington 105 (1909). RANE Al 39 SLATE RE 27 —1 = 1701, 41183, 46046, 92317, 31687, 30371, 58841, 05727. i 180 7 —1)?-+4 SAL —1 79 SLATER. BRMBL, HMA AM RR 27 — 1, Sk 687 fr. 257 — 1 = 231, 58417, 84746, 32390, 84714, 19700, 17375, 81570, 65399, 69331, 28112, 80789, 15168, 01582, 62592, 79871. HTSAAZAMLA RK, TARE MAS. SAE TG A BR De FA BE APP HMR HU, AKPRATRHR (639 R $16.15), 22H 5,000 UA SRMRMERH RZ A. $4. BRS, HM (modulus) HOMMMAHS— kw. WAL, om Kon EHP om tn BAR, RAO SHR. te MRO RL AA REAR POT HS THAT CZAR, ERE: z£e1 1) FETE AAT 0; 2) A a, } TERI BY am + bn TFRR, m, m BAER, “? eee ge Ce 5 OD AMER @, WO =o — a ER, 2) Ha CR, A 20a ta, 3a= eta, -, ma HEME, AR nb OREM. ARIES 2 EMR a Kb, MUPEATE An am + on ZR — HE, He SO Tes BBS. RLM ER RT, YE: A 4 PA ERR, ISR de HR, FRR on TEM TOIE @ LAGRL,MEM 11, HOMER g Br OE ° qtr, 1er bi, SULA pi Be TAR tytn ae aa FEB p, LGM TMA ARTA. TALE os lose gy. ay = 1? 99 fone 324-136 “4+ "9810 SRLTpg = *> si . 196 logio 2 = 59 + 5a + 86 — 3c — 8d + 4e. SEB 2, 6, ¢,d,¢ BIH logo 3 RK logy 41; BAIL ELOR logge 2 BAR HL, LSE PEEL AYE, (ELS log. 10 = 2.3025850930.) 56 RARARR RAR. BL. fr a,b BIEBER, 9), pe OTEK a 20, B20, Ba max (a, 6, =, R,1)) MEM, HEEB @, By RL ABBAS N — max (a, 6,~*, ky 1). Pe EHA 1 BNF, DGFT aS - 2B. [apse sae] = a1 ++ ay (ar, a2) Cnmt dn)" (ay 5 25 5) 3+ (ar yo pag), MOTHS. MTA: ees ay 54) = 299 oy 35 @3)-F > [tents de] “Eas ay ag] oo ayy * ag] “PO YS: $6 -LARRG 1, 2 REL 7.3 74 Mar — “RHEIN (principle ‘of duality) 60 ( ) $e ] APPL. BR, We a,b, Ryd PERM KR 1,2, n Ra, bd FRCL BR, a ie B eee ot i $8. —RREARLM, EM 44 Asa: REL HE az tby=n 5ST x, y AACS (a, 6) | ne RR2 #4) =1, Bx, wm ‘ ax tbysn @ ZORA LEDER J 1) RPT IS santo, HSHE OSM +, JEM (1) REAR, ea Yo at ae tby=n . ar, + by =m a(e ~ %) + 2 — yo) = 0. BH (a, 4) te aly—yo. y=yo—ae, a Bayt be EABEARA (1) 3 aR. BS. WM @,4)=1,4>0,6>0. RAM ab—a—b SRW BR ax + by(x > 0, yS0) LIB, 1h ab —a— b PHBRARIEIE. a REE 2 ATS n= art by LLB oth, y=y—ae 2. PRs Re Ry MAM. Te Khiph 0 ab —a—b— (4-1) b= a, @ é sotbe>—1, : ik : sot be D0. RE sartby, xD0, yS0, si w= (tet ts. ‘ | HG, 4) =1, & Gt, G+, It a yt1ba, x+1d5. a ~- ab= (e+ at (y+ 1) b> 20d. SERA AB. DELGADO: Ha > 0,6 >0, (a, 4) = 1. Wl ab —-a—b BRK RMORBE HE ox + by (xO, y RO) FH, EMER SIR: or a, 6,¢ MS IEMBL, A G, b,c) = 1, RRAZMR A HH ax + by + cx (D0, yO, 20) SHA, ve7F RR * BML Hero, s>0, 8 Gd) = 1, MAE ! artby=n zaman zim [4] x [2] +1. (BAR: HA [a] — [8] = (a — B] & [a] +1.) PM2 Mei s,¢ HRA EGR, A G@,6) =e) =(,a) =1. RRALBMZ AT { bex + cay + abz, eP0, yR0, 20 { RH. (if: 2abe — ab — be — ca). * BM3 RM et 2yt3e—n, 220, y>0, 2 >0 SMB, Le ee B UigaR: Hh RS a=s)0 RMA x” LORRI ATR] (aw: rae _ FAs MH MRA; WH A=; = ae. eT 9, I AE ARAL 2 GRE®). $9. 58% (perfect number), BBL Hols) Bn SHARMA, F w= py p, pitt ai a(n) = ER Pi pA, OR Say, OS, l, Ite, ‘Sj EB 2, Bua 2 = o(e) = Ft ow), cd Sut Ma Baty BB e LAM. HG ou) Bu MSR. iw RO PRR OM ow SHR, JES LREA BB 1, MM o(m) = a(n) = m + mn WH: SEE: 284 sri | oxen wo [tee | oamese BM 2. RE: H- EMMA AR (RASTA) ZA RU RRL AH RCE A, BC TERRI $10. Mersenne $i Fermat St. RUA G5EA RAPHE, HRCI LR AE, LL, BARS MM In 2 — 1 RE ZAR, BERMSRRC7ZATAR Mersenne 9, Ai— Mersenne ENA —(BHEAR. ALZVAVAUBIB Mersenne ROAEE , TAS MCG LER M1 Ha > 1, A ot —1 BHM, Al = 2, Bm BHR. Wi a> 2, Mi @—1)| 1), a — 1 FER, Bo=2 a= ki, WW 24-1) | 1) ie 2° — 1 REAM, FEES 2 — 1 mane A, fr Tl BUR Merenne Me, ETAL: ap P=2, 3,5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 61, 89, 107, 127, 521, 607, 1279, 2203, 2281 BEM, SSR, ONE TAR, OE BES RT EL SL Merscnne BATAULUERK ABTA Fermar We, HREM ALAA, BAB. RM 2 HI +1 BRA m= 2. Fm N-GAF 4, & m=ar, BI WHS QV += tN GEM ED, WA<2+1< 2+ 1, 27 +1 HERR, fi Fye= 2" +1, BEES Fermat Re, RAVFLAB Ferma Stab Fo=3, Fy =5, Fy = 17, Fy = 257, Fy = 655373 ABH. AUR, Format SHBUAL Fe MASSER. 1H Euler io 1732 sett Fs = 2" +1= 641 x 6700417. Fermat 25MM 3E 7 HH, Ake: “641 | Fy" TPR: Sr a= 2, b= 5, Al o— se =3, Ltab—o=1+36=2. +1 = Qa +1 = (tab) +1 = (1 + adda t1— ast, BEADS 1+ ab BRMEBR, iMG 1 + ab = 24 +54 = 641. SER TEI Format BCLEER, MUO: 2=6,7,8,9, 11, 12, 18; 23, 36, 38, 73, FP, SHRM, HORT MLE RRL, BSAA F. REE, AT NOE, tk Format tM RBARLE, PLARMIM “Fermar BiMATA BBSRC HE” HR, Gauss HEH: FF, BHR AUE F. MEARE EM, ee Fermat SC 1596 RC PL, 2 SEITE. LE SPRAY IME, 51, MRAP RAS AAR. EBL & p BHM. KH onl ep LRM SRR EAA RARE, a Rr n= 1e2 (p= 1)+ PHD 2p (PHD poe aphose vets [5] mp 2rmatsts [3] mo zeae, ase, REL & ()- adr eR HH HAA FLEES (a] ~ [8] = [a—B] m [a—B] +1. @ SEO (BEAM BL 8.1 RAUL). demi, (2) hp ZH KE =(Fl-[el- le D- th (1) Wi favtst DO. Bl, # n= 1000, p=3, Bi [2002] = 22s. [2902] = [22] = an, [209] = 7, [2992] = a2, [2m] = 4, fame] =. ie 10001 3 ARRAS 333+ 111 + 37+ 124+4+1= 498, 1. sR 100001 7 ZRH. em. oR (1000) as ae, B38. Brtste +e=n, Bl B-REeMR ZT MH Ww a! rhsterel MR, KAMAE on IRL, TT max(r, 2, 18) 2. fe) = atx. HRMS (0) <0 AIG) =@+IP-# Gt te= =(Deve (erent RPL ES p CHB CHM 11.3), PLO MLA, f(D) S p ZR DAL ARA, 12) Bp ZAR ES. ee f(x) SMM p ZR, He B RMR, Me a? — 2 = —[(—2)* — (—2)], EMMI. BH 1. HREM 2 R32 SS MRIE. BM 2. BH n(et1) (ntl) B 6 ZR. BA3. Fm Rn Bik EMMH, mth (mtn) (mta-2) DRE ERR (EESTI, te EEA. BW BH kRSTR, NMS + 1 RR, ES BRUGES BR, SHS. Hi(—-)=— fe), AM f@) 4BGSHR, MHS IR ee a({)ta(T) + rae). FoR aay os tm BM, M6 Hs) =f), Wie) ABBR, MMS RAL ae Bk em eo OM 19 went) tes CT tte Geta): FEE ay, - 5 aoe TOMER. $13. SatZIR. RB & ele) BAe) HOBAMSH 2G) sat toto, a0, MG) = baa bot boy be #0, & B(#) A(t) = Crem att" +o + ce aN y+ 5 40) Ems o** seo) oy bo) = 1 TARR, B P| Comms 5 0) B 1 Gry dees) » Pt ae, Pl mre be41), pt by eT A t= Sah SEPER oy b, ZIM p ZR. A op tad, tpt cay te Pt (Cin 5 Co), PERERA. RCE ARR AEMEER CClems °5 60). RE. & (@) R-AMEKSER, SATA a(x) B Ale) 0) = 2(#) A(z). SU f(x) PRL ALA MATL (reducible). ARH, AU ANZ AR AY Sh ARR HT Ht, (irreducible). ! A. P-2 Rast BBA; WG 3+ Be +4 TH, ITS PRB Ge + 2)(e +2). HEHE 2 (Gauss), f(x) B-BARMS AR. Bf He) = g(2) ACs), FEE g(x), AC) BOARS HR, A —ABERE y He roe Ve) FAG) ’ AAEM, . HE: FR te) SAMLRAD ARE 1. HOM M RN M g(x) = a2! + + a9, BS @ RE: NAG) = be a™ b+ bo, iS BERS MN GG) = cree 2 boot coe ARE REM 1 MN = (ertms "5 €0) = (ars 440) (bes ** 2 Bo) « BI ye(s) Be TaCe) arm. ~ 32 3 (Eisenstein), fir 18) = eye to beg BRM S A, BH pt cn ple (OSio, m>0, SR aj Be by BAMERE. HA co = ay bo BK P| coy 4M p| ao Bt p| bow BE Pl do, BUEH p* + aobo = co FAG pt bo. K als) ZURWORARTS p ZAM, ARM B p | co. HATE Pl Gor sar), ptm, Lara. i 6p = dyby bo + aby He pte. Hr 5b, (mod m), au etaSbth, «-s=b—-h (modm), Bz @a;==5b, (modm). HES THR RR, HERRERA: m | a(a — 6) + B(a, — 61) = aa; — bb, EM 2 WBA: ERA A,B, OPER o Kd, frat b (RK a—b, BK ob) HRRMAMB C. WC HN A,B AM, RHR RA. URED A, B PARR AME CH, ATT REM CM AB 2H, UC=A+B RZ, Me, THER A-BR AB. EM 2 ATT HERS “BHR m ZAR, BRE”. RR ET OB, Gilda 3-2 = 1-2, 2=2 (mod 4), 11 331 (mod 4), HAARLEM: RES. bd (mod m) ©=d (mod m) B (em) = 1, si . a=b (mod m). eo G@—d)etb(e—4)=ac—bd=0 (mod m) hid ml G@—de. WT leeds 4 x om el 48 (ey m) = 1, a mla—b. PLO REE m SHRI Ba A+0=4, A-O=0. OAT BUA m BRR 1 AROS, BIR. AT=A, UB EM 3 RA eh AB=AC AOE B= C. 1B A ERR m BES CEA O A Rm 3H ISL EN CLR, m HI), SATA B= C. oI m SIRE py KUBR O LIL, SCHAAR m TLS. de “RRR PAPAL RRO IR St ALATPRRERE, ARABLA OB. $3. MBPURER (reduced residue system). PGA A ARE om ES A ROR mm THR, BOUIN AM me TSK, AL A Sm TS, EM 2.3, BAM HERE B/ A. PRIA A fe T/A. Bibi: (mod 5) (mod 6) 2|sjsis|s T (mod 7) | 6 yoy ey “fo jal ri4 1 Re xX” Sar “AR” EB. & O(m) AR m HRZMM. Be P(m) BH Euler WR. ER m ERLE PER RE Brey dete» Boe we H HERR R MARR. Alin: PAV=1, PR)=1, P3)=2, PG) =2 BF. BE P(m) ALATA: AA m BR m HRS ERR. Am = p BHR, AM P(e) = p— 1 2B. = Bt, 25°) Betws BHA, KR (Rm) = 1, BY har, Rar, Ram) KAR. WE! MIRA (hai m) = 1. BA R—-M m LHL, A hos =hoy (mod m), Bl (CR, m) = 1, AAR ay a; (mod m), RRA. AER 2 CHoler). (Rm) = 1, BU Ree (mod m). i: hem 1 Be om) a — (mod m). Xe) TT a) BR (m, av) = 1, A RO S1 (mod m). Ht m= py CF Format Ses (58H 1.12.4) SH p Rk MINTER o AAMT a@=a (mod). $4. p? OUWRRR 2-1 — 1 Be BMS. Wh 1828 Se Abel EM SATII p BBR 0 @=1 (mod p*) BH? Jacobi H: HF p< 37, HHKALMAB 3. p=29, a=14 p=, p=37, a= 18. SHAK Fermat JCM WPA , WW Ay ZEKE, BAS Fermat FAST) MARL EM, fp BRM. BHMM x,y, = a ee 2e1=31 (mod p*) q@ 3e 1 (modp*). @ BSAA (1) 2k (2) LIKI p ARLE, AS ATE I, 1 (mod #*), Ba A: Fermat M RMRALIE Fermat SBE Fermae MEATAS— Fermat MR — Fermat AR—If Fermat ZARIS—9e Fermat MR, ASN Format ABADI LCR, SR RAS 3H Fermat RB 1 Ha Kb p LH Fermat M,MWRREN @ qp=akb, pta. ieee a =a, Sb (mod ps ik wt =atb (modp*). @) Hqp=atb, pt gq, i a= (Fb+ gS Fe (mode). ent @ £50 (mode). EUARA (3) FRE a kb 0 (mod p*), 675 FIR. 2 3 11 & Ferma fH, MRL, oH LARA PHT (nod py 923,447. Boe mM tH 2 3 = 243=1 (mod 11%), 3 (mod 11), 2 3. 2 M8 1093 & Fermat fit, WH: & p= 1093, my 3? = 2187 =2p +1, ie . 34S4p4+1 (mod p*)5 @ 2M = 16384 = 15p — 11, —330p +121 (mod p*), > 37-29 = — 2970p + 1089 (mod p*) = 2069p —4 =31l0p—4 (mod p*), 37-287 = 2170p — 28 =—16p—28 (mod p*). ie + 32.7 —4p—7 (mod p). ARBRE 30621867 (— 4p — 7 S—7-4p- 7-7 (mod p*), . - 34-2 =—4p—1 (mod p*). ©) Hh (4) RG) fe age (mod?) , tk " (med p*) - - i M4 3 FE 1093 ZX Fermat fi, WE 3-H Fermat MH 37 WKAR. AAR, — 1 2S Fermat f° ¥—1=2p, icra EH 1 CURT. 28 me ia a vt EBS. Hh 100 SHR MARA) A) #, GB: 2 3 HA Verma AM, 2, 3” 2-3" TRAEAD Fermat MF, HMR 1 dL Ferma MR. SES OE 1 RR AAR: 253-1 5=243, s2+3, BH243, 19= 243, 2 129 =243, BL= 243, 37 SDE 4: AT =23—1, 5352-3 1,59 » 6L=2-3, 6) =F, B= B+, 9=-2+3, BI=2+I, BO= P43, 97 = 2434, BE Lehmer JORMA p< 253, 747, 889 PW — AHS 47 om m®-'1 (mod p*). BEX Permat FRAN 75 HE. $5. p(m) Zetia. RB 1. HF (mm) = 1c Bom Z-RAM, © Dm BE SUR WU me! + m'x mm! LHR HR: HS mm! {RE me! + me he ma! + m'x= my" + m'y (mod mm’), a mx! =my' — (modm’), mix=m'y (mod m)- a (m, m') (mod »') y (modm). vasa 2. FF (mm) = 1, x Bom LAUER, 2 SB om! HOR SRA me’ + m'x 5B mmm! 2s BBP 1) mx! + mo’ BE ram! TR, BRR EH ORR p OE P| (mm!, mx! + m'x). MLE gpl. BW pln'e. IS Cm m!) = 1, be ptm’, ED pla. BD pl(m, 2), BEART. 2) AU mm! HARE « 8h Boek mM & 29 mal m'x, (am) = (ym) = 1 ZUM (mod mm’), HEME 1 APR x Ro! HE ma’ +m! (mod mm’). SPHERE (x, m) = (x, m') = 1. HE (em) =a #1, (a, m) = (ma! + m! x, m) = (m! 2, m) = (xm) = de Le FERRET. EEFTUREBA C(x’, m’) = 1. 3) POEHE 1 HS ELAERATZ Io mx! + m'x ZRH. PREM, Fee ELE: RB 3. (m, m') =1, Bl P(mm') = p(m) P(m'). BD P(m) R—AUERE. RULE HH ARR A ZATE, CNT ARR. A m MSR matt enc

    1, Bl d QR o, RII. tut (mt) Bee ow HERE (2) RM x, «48 atta | BT (2) ZIRT BR m, fom tlhs Cato, nt @-D> WARM TOI (1) RL ae: RB 1. FH (a, m) 4, BH m) ME AIRRZAR, mod m. 7ARPRE am. REL MRE ath bate Fb=0 (mod m) ABIR (10s 0) ZB FEDS PES Cars 5ae, m) 1b. SRV RISER BHA om RR) may soy any mm) EH 1 EM = 1 OR, TAA, Cais das m) =a Gayo dats m) = dry Al Gi, ae) ae 1 fa Guin +60 (moddy), 0S %, 3. UL Ro Oe 1 (mod #*) BW (mod 9”). et GD EHD HOD) He HP te ter, GO) a far=@-)! a . @ 1D) @-2)-@-—@-D)Se#'-1 (mode), @ ie , PI Gets 6902) ) RD) Fhe we = py BU (HDs pr Pb spa ties a PPP PPS oon oh peg Pm bya Oe p> 3, See (3) RF fxd (mod), a Alot panty . meen aot een ty (aod #9) mua, Bo. 3 = kB & $1. 2B Euler Wet. Bel Rm BAR 1 SMR. BE (m,n) = 1, HF » (mod m) Hie, KARR, mod m. ARREARS TOM, Bn AB m 2 m LOREM. SHS me DR LBRABIA: BURA, — BUI RAA RR, Bl. 12,48 7 ZORBMR; 3, 5,6 BORA. HEH 2 (Legendre ARE). BR p WAM 2 CHR. pt. G)-{b 21 Bens. HARUARLAE: B m S "(mod p) Be ptm, iil @-@): BBL fh p> 2. KR (mod ) HAE (e—) MTR, BAG 1 wa ARIERR, Y, Foy - SRI AAAIR, mad p. ae ed (mod p) @ 4M ESO, OSH = Aa (1) ska (mod?) Me 1<*2, a(S))=C nie, WAL, HW pHl (mod 4), A — 1 BORMGR, mod p, iF p=sZ (mod 4), i) —1 FE=ACKIRE, mod p. SERS a? + 1 ZAHRA = 1 (mod 4), HM 2 (Cass BI). H p>2, ptm WF(p—1) AR oot 1)? — (mod). mtn FD (mod?) ZANTE m BH Fp, G Pl. p=7,n=10, fl (-1)". mM . eae = *k Mf a 10, 20, 3 3,6,2 (mod 7), seas > Lie m=, wim (YP) = — 1. 2. p= ll, 2=2, BW 2,4, 6, 8, 10 (mod 11) ue (A)=-% +5 C= EQ 1) =m) INARI» Hs +5 bm RARRZAM F 0 Hs Tl ‘Tv ko= (Coll aT — (modp)- a) pb Wee 1 RAC 1) LM Meo, BR p—b, BE LPC) ZN fo Se—1) HR, PARES RARE at pb OR, Hath=p MTs Ry ant yn=0(modp), 1<2< FG), 1<72, wi ® =(-ie, WHA p= 1, (mod 8), HI 2 BIA, mod py A P= L 3 (mod 8), BI 2 BAAR, mod p. Xefth a? — 2 LRMF = 4 1 (mod 8), aa. BF n> 0, Ant 3, Bm + 7 BAIR 2009 — 1 = Moss FERRE. HA UEREO LUE HOTS Mersenne REZ AH: 23|Mu, 47|Mzy, 167|Mss, 263|Mia1. 359|M 179, 383|Mini» 479|Maao, $3. Hatem, 503| Mast - RM 1. t p>2,¢>2 BIRR A peg A ©) = Cpie-piten, Rat, 8 (mod 4), RU TARR ii Sus kA ft 8 P (moda), 4 (mod) PHAR, AAT, RAR, A HSM SR PRES ABBY Gauss AWE (Law of reciprocity). Gauss #9068) Legendre LAME, 1H Legendre Bie Be Rk: He MMO ACHE Hie PAL, Pe Gauss LAR “aA”, 2 Kummer, Eisenstein, Hilbert, Artin, Furtwingler SAR ZOTE, BOR, WRB, Gauss KER PPE , EDA BG AA EA , ei HTT AEE EME i: MER = 2 ZINE, WIRE p#q RHR. B12, BI m= la (mod 2). em & ves een = 4% [4s] 4) (pen (ey BY acy B (2)-cor=cn cy mie : "Sun £)=(-9 , oon tegen ven = (44)+ 5 (4) BY (a) ¢y B als O@-- : seem —1 45> (mod2), 2+ [41- AEE, se FBI: al. 2 +S E- i free oie arto oo(ods): Gens) Ge) oo Ge.) EAH EA Fle LS MERON AEE RR), RE Sab LBS (x,y), BU x9 yp =0. L.. No. -_ BSe so *k A te 6 OOF ols, aly. TOMER ALA, Sener zamena CF? St SAAT LS Ae ‘SU. WHKEZE ATER ‘= 1 eA a. PIA, RIA 3 BOAR IER p (> 3). PATE a, 3)2(2)-yF G)-Qeoo*. a p=1 (mod 3), @- # (mod 3); cof 1 # (mod 4) 5 -1, # (mod4) - i RF Ey @-{ 1, M8 pS£1 (modi2), 7. -1 H pSLS (mod i2). A 2 RAS HARKMRLHM (#5), wumsem (3)=(6) a G=1 QcoF-, Y-G--u Ger Sa 1, # p=41 (mods), @-{_7 ‘& ps42 coat’), 3. RY 10 BIAKRL HR p. 46 & Hl 2 RRP EA @y-{7 # Lt 3&9 £13 (mod 40), ’ -1, M pSA7, +1, 417,419 (mod4o). Pl 4. aR eS — 1457 (mod 2389) TIMES? Hk 2389 WKB p RZ, 1457 = 31x 47, eh )=.@-@)-@)-: @-@-@G Oo" --G )@)= -G )@)=- Hida (53437) = - 1, ennai eastacran. wun. @ (3)=1, & = waa @ (Gs =~» MH 3. HB pS Al RW £5 (mod 24), a(S) # pSAT M41 (mod 24), (8) = -1, SA, SRPMS, DLE, MORAL, SERRE, LIER ANE HE A A. WAZ AMATI, SORA, MUR ER OTM MATT AR USAR, NWR. ap CB EPRI 2=n (mode) ZR WAEDAE, 18H p=3 (mod 4) sk p=S (mod 8), BAMREAE: 1) p=3 (mod 4), w(E)=1, abe (mod p), co (akesn en abe ASF RR, nO wORUUBI®. BS) =, te ake ie nee RK nte-n=—4 HUSRAT nl = (gteenyr ay Hatesk, Gleoyps—, cd (ons) =e 3) p=1 (mod 8), HE ToBRREZ HR. (mod 8), SR 2 = — 1 REM, fh Wilson EHH (6-24) @—1) (mode) (1) =02-Fe-nse(Ge-n)) (mod p). (mod P) « (mod p) (mod 9) « (mod p) « (mod P) (mod p). p ROACKRE, SEA AMBRE, OER ME BIER REREAD " (mod p) Bantey A, EAMES HE O 2, RIS AIERIOR my, my my BBL oy, 02, at pySm, at pySmy (mod ¢) 2M. i (mode), Hl py +n he LORI, MIEBAR, ty REESE y =o, (mod ce) HRRAL ¢ BS, ARAB RET RE TAPE RECA ERIE & 48 x wm 8 FH wl. Om (mod 127). SEMR EAE = W7y+73, sey ei eat (=[!27]) cm, Me=3,m 73 + 12772 (mod 3) , (mod 3), SF: 2, 3,5, 6,8,9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26,27, 29, 30. FER = 5, m= 2, m= 3, ARS W27y + 73=2, 3 (mod 5), FH 0, =2, 920 (mod 5), SSN E: 3, 6,8, 9, 11, 14, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 29. BR ¢ = 7, my = 3, m2 = 5, my = 6. DRT By 127 y +733, 5,6 (mod 7), a y + 3 3,5,6 (mod 7) 5 y 02,3 (mod 7) « Sie 6, 8, 11, 18, 26, 29 ARTEL, RARER, He 73-48 x 127 = 1089 = 33%, BERR 433 (modi27). EER: AOBURRE, WELRR o He’, MUA ce’, ALBEE &, Ml) 20 TALK, DARE I Gauss AAT, tlt “REL, Ra CER I PEE” 4h. 55. SRA CR. ML H1>0, ptm A p> 2, HMA — poe oy ees zm 1+ (2). p= 2, Bl RE is 2N-& + 1) = 1, Bee 2)1=2, We 3 (mod 4), RA AR RATER; 3) 1>2, i WR SE 1 (mod 8), BAA TU RRAER. ee RN CAR: 1) Seabalen; 2) x53 (mod 4) GRR, s7=1 (mod 4) AAP + 1 (mod 4), KORE Ea 3) RTM, Bx BGM, PLB 2+1. A R41? = RAFI 41 = 3 AGED +151 (moda). WA nFE1 (mod 8), MATABAM. PiU n= 1 (mod 8), = 3, MAR: 1, 3,5, 7. 21> 3, AN TARR: Go Be atu (mod 2-1), sil 42-26 =P+2-16 — (mod2!). b= AT 5 A a + 2-76 TMB 2! SRE, ie = n(mod 2) hae MEE, Be xy BS, x2 WEA, Be] — 2S (ay — x2) Gt :) 0 + (aod 2), By — aay a1 + 2 AMBRE, te HT 1580 (mod 2-4) AB 5H, WES Rep anp aR, ER, BAIEH «, RARE, Hes #1 x, (mod 21) We xy = — x, (mod 2"), Bl xp = bay + R21 (RHO WD, Ba? (mod 2) BSAVUM, MH kay kay +27) HOS REPU, Hoth a REN ORE, p> 2, TO I= 1, Hee BM, meee 2.9.3 AES Sp, SRR, BAT UML ME— BR m BLO AMZ MR: $6, Jacobi 752, ACI m AUER. | RB. m ZEROS 50 x im a Bt m= it Pes Sep HERPREAL, A Gn, m) = 1, ERR Cm)“ BG) BET Jacobi FH. wisa: (4) = 1. a Gem = 1, (2) =. mesvoneest: (2) = 1, aeRitewn mms eEn (mod m) HM. SPA EAL UE: BL MEM), A m Rm! BEG. @O# »=p' (mod m) R (n, m) = 1, . (2+). Gi) & (a, m) = (a, m') = 1, a OG)-Ger)- (Gi) Ge, m) = Cn’, m) = 1, BD OG )-G: = 2 G) =p, Sid in ste efy (nod 2) RERURMER, MEHEN GR « Ro HT el 2 (mod 2) (80 (#1) (1) =0 (med4)). (1) BT (mod 2) « enh esa, 2B 3 (2)=¢- nies, WE: SLI Mee (1) aS wn _ wl, Pot 5 =a > (mod 2), ent. RRA Hm Rn ROEM, H (m,n) =1, A G))-co* i: m= Te = Me a OG)-Ga@)arg)-m@@)- =I Cn? Fey (ewe (1) 3X). . Legendre FFS2 iM ADAP GLE RADE BG IRE, TT Jacobi FRAIE, eka A Jacobi FRTURARALLS, da: (8 443" =-(& )= “Ge (4) - Ge "383, 383 383 3) Gir G2 - (8): G)= Ga)=1 WORE 4 HIRI m, m' BELG, RS, ES. & mn BAM, (om) =1. H m,n BRAK, A G&GH)=- coe. 52 ARIE MeARZ, Bl, WR =— 286 (mod 4272943) AMR? Pee 4272943 AIRE, p HE. FAR CF) at (Gan (Gane CF)-HMOH--G): ») dlkar AT tk: 4272943 = 29880 X 143 + 103* 143 =2 x 103 — 63 103 =2 X 63 — 23 63 =2 X 23-4 17% 23=2x17—11 i7=2x11—5* MWs2xS4+1 (RAPER © PRR), tk CP)-cor- to (=289) = 1. enpemeest HTM, Gauss SPR JERS 1493405, $7. SER, Rp AM, that MTR tan (mod 9). EBL Ma #51 (mod P) a RRS (hp 1). 53 *”_ WD) d= (hp 1), RMR os Be skte(p-t) =a. Hud at = Go GP). RAL (YR 1 (modp) @) MR, BR UR, 2) wh 1) FY Smdune REO (2) A @ RED, SA 2.9.1 Bde (2) sR ZAR dK x11 (mod p) ZARB p— 1. AAEM 29.1, ae a1 ZAR RIE p— 1 — a, he (2) REM a. REM, 2B 2 =e Sn (mod p), etn WOME BRAT Che p — 1) ARR LAR AM xo, BU Geta Lae ptt t1=S0 (mode) 1 (mod p) « ease 1 Asem 2. RS. He OM p LMR AR (p—1)/(h, p— 1) AREA, WE! EL 2 LAAT Ch, p — 1) RRL IER ARAM, mod p. MIM p — 1 RZ BATS (p —1)/ Ch p— 1) Bi. BR, mod p, HAT RR. RE. Hs BOK, |.) =1, WHLEMM OE #1 (moda) HEB bn ZAR A LAB, mod mn. BA HF AHI (imod nm), Bl Im. WE: Reker mma g Ber He 1 magqtr O 2, BU p(p!) BBB. tk m RAB ARRAS RAF, 2 om WAR, m 2% 2p ch 2 ee € 22, il P29 = 2°" TRABRL, I 2p TRARRBA AR, AAT m = 2!, ?, 2e SMT, 2) m=2, # RUSK 0 AS at 1,1 BNR; A= 2, 3 ORR; A I>, =1 (mod 2‘), FAURE: ae a1 2ta, Ay (+24 at th m= 2! (> 2) IRR, 3) fm =p, oh $8 LSE 1 = 1 RIOR, fg 18 p ZUR: HP — 10 (mod p*), BUM r= g; 8 g-'—1=0 (mod p*), OR ete. fasts (mod 2!) . tp)! — 1S — gh tpseo (mod p*). tr KS p AR. . 7 a : GHk St thet! (mode), #0, SA, Aa Gyr Si tke (mod p'*). ene MOD SSL Rpt (mod p'), 122. a) Hr LRU ¢, Ml el(p— De = 0). Wr Bp LHRH (p—Dle es (1) $1 e = p(y) 80 r Op! ZHR. ANm= 29, We Be LRM, Be BHM, ¢ MH 2p LHR; 2 RBM, et of 2p VM. RB2z Hl>2, WS BHR 2 ZR 2% WE tHE: Ha >3, eS 1+ 28 (mod 2*). Baa 3 RMR. FARA, say FoR SL ER mod). te 5°61 (mod 2) ith 58S (mod 21), OS LARA 2%, mod 24, RB HR I> 2, MEHR o, WH 6 acpi» (mod 2') , b>0. WE: 0=1 (mod 4), uvaeal 2, x, o0,-, L>0, te I= I> 2 LHS = 0,12. A m LHR, As + 8 BURA LMRAZ, BD ms nn", (m' m= 1, ir es 58 ee A550 dota) $m! LHRH a= 1 (mod m) TRB); Rér Bryer s bata Bom!” LHI, B= 1 (mod m’), fh 1; QDR mn! mi SHER, HARA P(m'm”), ab, (mod m! m’") , USCA =e, (modm'), =e (mod m””). 2) HEM 1 R 3 Ws: m= p(p>2) ZARA —MERABL; m=2 I> 1) MRT 6 RRA MS, MUER 1), Wes WK. 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2 4079 2-2039 ie ; |) 3821" | 28591 3 4091" yo | mma | a Ban | a | | acka | | 3823 9 | 3559 | 23-593 3 | 3833" > | -” 28 " st geste | agra | | aur os : H * 21931 sj 4133 | 2 i re) tas 3 || 3sa9 y | zane von B11 | 5 || 3907 2307-31 2 a ae } ver aos | a | asaras | as || air 3631 23-5119 aL | jou am | ae a tae | i 37-53 2 4217" PATS ; son ; 3929 2491 3 4219" 2 we | oer |e | vo 23541 | 2 || 3947 21973 2 aL sor 5 3967* 23-661 6 4243, wo | one | rae | «| 0 molt | 25837 2 3989* | 2997 s a x 2 * 3 4259" | 2s! oa | for | same | 5) an 2 |) 4013 | marss 2 coe ; sm | aioe | | S| 2 |e | Bs mi [see | 3 fw | TT - 4 ° 407 4327" 4337" 4539* 440" 4357 4303 4873 ‘p01 4397 4409 4507 4513 4517 4519 4523 4547 et 234179 237403 eam 2382 1087 aeseatt 23727 21093, 25-439 mp4s7 19.29 513-47 2311-67 23537 23813419 25489 2557 22397 257 2363 mas 23-751 2347 m1129 238251 27719 22073 10 4549 4561 407° 4533* 4501 4597 4603 seat 40837 4039 48t3 409 4651" 4957 4663 4673" 4679 sot 4703" am. ams a9 4733 aL 4059 4733" 4087 23379 265549 2aTe1 22979 238517 23385 231359 SST 219-61 29-773 zat 22339 257-67 22351 24559 23787 234197 mpage 25619 234361 23-797 22393 wv 1» MT 2719 2399 2.2399 m3 23401 43 235-723 mas 25487 22353 21347 231943 P3409 22459 2517-29 23759 243491 waa mats 23827 313 2347 S oO SRR ZH Sl. SARCMIE. SEAM MRRRM SR, LL OF RS BK f(x) LAM. BR. SH fe) K els) HI SWK, oe) TUBS. HHS Ate) He) = ee) ACH), HAM Ce) FTMRBR Ge), DL ee) |) Re elt RL. Ug t fe RARARER MURTY @ fits GD) Hile Kelp Mi Re MHA AMAT, Mbr=emrMe ARR AS BR, Git) A fle. gla BY plas Gv) fla. FSA's. fle WH th RUF BS g LIT MR OF <0°s. RB 1. MAST fle) M ols), (x) EBB, UNH BK q(x) Be re) feqetr, BEE 1 = 0 BR Or BG yz) = 0 f=e, h=e (modm), a tkhSeke (modm), th=ge (modm). BEAR MEME (BAG 92.2), . HA m(x), TASTER: MPLS HOTEL n(x) HR, BREAMAL SHRM GR, (iv) AOL IRR ‘8, ca CSR Ae ORT EY. LOR me) BNE RERON a REST ATRL, AE ma) ARAL MERTEN: ARR A Aor LATE RERR EE GR RIE 0), EAE AF fe) FE mx) LAR, MASH a(x) B OCs) HE aCe) f(x) + be) me) = 1. NASH a(x) 1 a(x) f(x) =1 (mod m(x)). eh LH m(x) WARE, RFE O ZR, IEA, ED EE Ue Ss AAS HH a Ly A ROH O LAR OR B HAE, OE A, BPI SHR He) B ee) WATRZMOR: 1@) e@)=1 (mod m(x))- FERAURARZ AE: We mx) = 2 +1. RE -RTLSBR, HE RURAL AS — Me — 9 BK arth. MAL, a +b TURAN MAR, RARAANTRE ERM: ast bb (aye +h) = (at a)et+ GLH). Stat (ae + 8) (are + by) = ays? + (aby + ab) 2 + 55, 3 (ab, + 015) # + 0b; — aa; (mods? +1). FINE, oR (a, 6) —-RRMELA ax + 6 A, RUSCH RTE AR oH: 2) £ Gr, 61) = (@ £6 +h), (8) (ais 81) = (aby + bay, bby — aa). at (ex +6)(—ar+s)Sa+? (mods? +1), PALL (a, 8) 230 (—St tae). WES, RHR oi +o Lm wna, MIUR ITAL TOM, A me) Bw ABT, IORI MORNE 1, SUE AAA IE RIOR IS n, ELAS —IB, HFA (2) 2 aL ARAEL aT Ata : Oy a et bo tae x ty ZOOM, SALT LIEN TOURER ANE oR, 3 BONA ALS RARE OARL RTL mC) BR TAZ ER HR, HHL FR Oy Oy oy BMI, RAAB (6) WHE 14) = Br, He) = Pr, fla) = Bs. SERINE R LINER, n eR ca RET 109) = py OTE) 4g, Gna) (a) * (axa) (ora) (as=as) (oa=a) JHeT5 Lagrange 4 ADR BI 2. BR m(e) Rms) BO KLMMALATE HR, Or his) B hls) BRL, MOAB BITE fl) HE HE) =A) — (mod m(2)), Ke)=AG) — (mod mle)) « 23, REM LOWE. | $4, MRR st, BEAST AL OER RES CR RTE HGR SR LUT Em NZL I CO fg EMAL R T+ @ TFRs | Gi) Af UE TT g SERRE BER, BW fy URAC, | FEEL 1 (iilbort), AE BRARMG A HATHA ISN fay 5 fe FARZIH: A ESR | ETS xa) (=a) =a) + Ps Cea) (aya) * | f= afi tert + oafes | HIE ei ee RRS BEE, | HE 1) AHMET RITZ — AB, Dis NRE ROW AN? AE, 8 EVES Ar, SEMPRE LS i Ha) = ax®+e>, gle) = bam bee, suk Gi) ATS fade", gear BE A A,B 162) #7 kg) P= (0 A) mH | eee ore, ee ee ee 1.43, 59a B ofA —JESRE 2, WL BARES a aM. MeL a oy RAGHU B EAS fy dal b dyetl hoe + dye + dy. 2) 8 A PLAS J, LAMM SOE ale) ole), HE Ames HAS He 3 1@) = a) h@) +r), HE O'r< Sf, Mir =O. HN? A fle) ARAM fhe) LIK, EH ee. # HG) sas bat to tay mE sles 1) Ege dla, ite He) — F108) B-SWR, HAR m. nS EH fa Ge" 1, — 1) = @ 1,2" — 1 (ae — 1) =@t-1"-) 78 « m@ 8 al =G@%-1), . Je a = (mn —m) = (m nad, BBA & (mn) =a, Get 1, at 1) att BE l= (p"— 1, pt — 1), wa eH 3 ATS Gt a1, et Dat. ines 3 LA, I . t=@"-1, #-N=e-1. $7. Martet. REL. Gp R-KM, P(x) B-SHR, HF fle) — thle) B P(x) Zfaky mod py MAE fh He fr SAM p, PCs) MRR, AeAns . fhG) Sh) (mod, P(#)). ida: Ot 3ettet+4xe4+350 — (moddS,2x?— 3). Brenan: D1) SG) (modd p, P(#)) 2) 45 7 Hg SHUR p, p(x) FRR, H o Sf TRI: 3) Bi Re Re MA BAA p, oC) MRR BI fH A ORAS 4) oF 1@) Se), AG) Se) — (moddp, P@)), ou) 1G) £ AG) Se) £ ex) (modd p, (=), 1) A) See) a2) (modd », 9): 5) BR OCs) Mp ZARA o. H-SMRURTASHRE— ataet tas, 0 nm, HIE ew (odd p, o(#)) « SHER po) op” EARLS MK f(x). (f(x))? HFCs?) mod p, & AG)" 1G") = Fe) Codd p, He) « BN X'" SX imodd p, H(x)) ZARB p” MAK p”, HARHT RE. BS. lx) B— 1 RATS, mod p, Wz) | x” — x (mod p), i Ein Bee RR HR 81 WE: ES 2 Ree (x) | Get = 1, x11) (mod p), HEH 6.3 HG) | 1-1 (mod p), d= (n, Ds Whew 4, Te 1O £2 BRS. HH- 2 RATAREARGE, SR. HEM A PF ti i EA Sl. RR, AUIS PRASUOR = ME 98 SFM I An, ca RO NL, BH), 9) =1, AHS aCe) 9H, GI") (mod 9, PD), JU (2) 2% m FAK, modd p, (8), {(s) BORARE OA LAZU DEM? 1 (odd 2 9), ee : GOVE w= 1 (odd 9, PH). . RR RPE G@)Y St (modd p, P(*)) HER p(x) RRB MORR. ARTE 2 75 ph — 1 SAF MTB AR | MSR we aH PO), LGA P(e" — 1) MBAR HRM ph — 1. AMSA BU (modd p. P(e). 4 f(x) Ab — JR, BY (OY, Vea ed BAHASA MRR SIAL, modd p, P(x). AEA RRR Th &-14@) TW HORS HAL th W 83 (StH fe SPFATODLAR) SHS Th (xen — 1 Tae ay @ Peas xe TT en 1 deme TT 38 p* — 1 noprA ot 58 p— 1 SFAAORBEM 9, 91, tas $%. " BE, ROPE RA LAMAR SRL AM S—1 (moddp. P(«)). Sil. #8 #8. A PEDAL 2 A ER DAS ARACEAE iAeraiea:. LAER ARLUTILORE CORARNRITR Zab RR. HERS Mee R. TOR AIARET DULAC B - 1. fo SEIT DL aR, BB ARES COP FEL TE EAA) RU Me SB ‘kr: PAS RRA, AT I RA ES Be STASIS Abel 3H. 2. a RPA DARE, BM ORT Ht, A ee Sha: AMER EAA R RS CA 3. HR PLAS kai TT ee, SAS AR Se ee : i) Ho, EE RR a — 6 URE Eh; - ii) Ba EP r ER PM or TRE E op, L ka: REPAS HOMER ZRH BRST RLS Mf OAR EMRE TRL, i He) G+ 1) + 2¢(@) SABO MI. DULY 9 RATS TI, 4. fo R PUD IMAR TER ERRORS), TSAO UC HL BU Ae Bi. i= Bika: AAA — HE, PLAC, TAHA RH, ERIE LARA ~~ ml ~ 8 « & 8 4 RGR, RRR p RBM p BTA 2 RSG C(x) AL, ANA R ERR RIE p” HIE. EE AGE 0 Hie CRE, fa REICH T ART OI, ER SPB ETS A, S HL RRA Hh 2 HR AE RELIED HG ZTE PE RE RSM TOA RETO RAT, By A RRS, AN AMAR. $1. MBAZE. LMM LMR, REALE FO, THREE ASE: «, 0,0, ~. MEMS OK: Ren GERAIS (x S— AUBURN). BE PG) CR Ce) Boo CM x) LIER, fo) (BK Fe) BER, HAR» (ah «) ZR A, HE \"<4o, RUA «Ke RL, A f-¢ GENT? TRIN, OD ot ABNER © AEM BRAM ot LI AREICHE FLA RTH <= o(e), Ha HERI x = OCekM) = ofc), A log x 75 e° LIMB, LA logy HKALRZ #, Al (log y)* = oy). BD & loge = 0s") (8>0). WRAL, log © LAB ALAN « LAEMTIERHAI hb, SSL log log = HEY log « Bh, 2a1. mH log # -fft< = 2) HT RBM RAMA ERMA A, SS Me Hh HR 89 @) R 101, 103; 3, 55 5, 75 1, 135 17, 195 29, 10016957, 10016 959; -+; 10° + 7, 10° + 95 BEM 2 LRH. RW , eaters 100 000 WA 1224 M, AE 1000 000 HAs 8164 BH. A PARA RCE 1000 000 009 649, 1.000 000 009 651. TORRE FER: ZEA 2 RNAI Bek AR ERR ATA MB. MRAL, EMMA PRAM, ROE MEABS, Lin 5, ls 11, 13, 175 17, 19, 23; ++ 101, 103, 1075 +5 10 014 491, 10 014 493, 10 014 497; --- BBR, IRM, LAT RR p Hp +2, p+ 6 RR. Bt a @) Bs eanti7 BOS n S16 SBRM, RM eon tal HO l. Fe = 0, MA ERMAATARROMAF, MRE a, #0. ARREARS pues pee FRR Cor pv a 9), BR ARR an LHR, AP Pr Pe day) = an eC), cy a) Lt Ary + Ay bom day A —-BURR ABR, Bop, pe BBR Ay Aas de HP —AREE yo e690) F £1, BI gy) A — BTR py pe ENA A. HE gy) = BRR RMA He ot £1 FRE WRIEAT 2m MARR, MSL EON Fe, SM 1, Ruler WRAL, HAE AREER, SO Ue fo: RBs HE PANE Hep PaO RA, Fea EB A (Euler SHESEN). MLE flo) BM, MOTTA EMR w, fn) ZAM, LURE, FF Gn!) = 1, AUR Hon’) = #00) 100"). FR, ORCS RE. wT ASS SO =-Ta +19 +1 +; 4 Sepa @ Wee Eo ele i) ee T+ UO! + GD 4-9 Heft, ; RRM on! WA fon!) = f(n) 10), ERR, ZO=T me BE BE» Ba #4) Ho) = 1), BAS— n HK fin) #0. Hee FL) 1) wee = H@)I q@ Wet, HAR 5. i Wes 92 em ma PO) =TT A+ I) + 1) +~)- oa BME pS ple] 29.) eA, Meme, Dee) TOR wamNeRMRRZ A. Pe) = St) B-H,30 9 BAUME <2 Ko s- E10. a - IS~?@i< ZI. = Bae |S — PCe)| WIA 0, He P(x) +S, FARR BRE | p(n) | , TG + 1) + UD) +> etic 5. 2) Ree Ta + 1) + 11] +) Wehr Pe BL Po) = T+ 1) + OD) Fmd = =D UOi> TUE. “ = Eve Yee. Hh 1) SAAR, AEE, Speen eme 2. some 0) = 2. a EL ewe, sce seta MO-3) & WG-3y ie : RHR KAHL 93 Wo, a EMT AE wed, SRT. AE, o<1— > <1, def: m5. [1(1-}) stem, ML 1. DUDA Gn — 1 oR, OH 2. MEAT ia An #221. ONEE 1, 2, +, m ARR, SE REZ MBER om LICKER, OUARSR A a RARER. 7: VTLS HER: a ® Berea me, 2G) 9, lim ALI, MAEM ALI: Ie LMOT AS 0 HERO wzimmes [=]. se te] ae 2 Zameen. Be Oley r) BORA 2 BURIAL r (ORE 23,5, Be FPR RZ OR, SURE .7.1, BT ae) = b= S [=] += L& Cee ee Hate x2) ales) +r. n@)<2- ELS Tl H(- 2) +r42< cot Pi 2, WY Hn) L gsr) . <6, He Ho) => 4. wb) WCF, Fs fo meh) Rie RCP, PSE ES AY, A Rd BIL a RDO, (ater) < 2k, @ Hr>9, x) <5, HATA Mate, nQ@)=1=2, xGQ)=2=2, xB) =4=2. B12 a 1>0, ise) , ent RGAE) = (2) <2, 2K (HH 1) AQ). @ 5] 1, #1) Qt) = (24) < 244 + Qt) S324, RDO, BRAD Leo Re TBARS RZ ACAI BE RF) QM) <3 42 be + <3, RDO. (s) Hh () & ) a , 1 2k key cg BE Feet <0) <3 Sn BD? LMR ROE wen <2, kBO0. RB0. © 5] 2, pee ol . nO) SnOM) <3 25 <6 Gay SO Ey @ BR pe 1) pte no) > Qty > 12 an 23 HO") 7 3 FG) @ HM n> 2 BH. te $2, 1 x(n) ast se. ge We: Hn >2, mga ftcdepenedef log > Flog REE RMS HR ” 1 1 1 yz boe3 < z + 3 1 1 zr log 2 <= z ec SOUR sm 4.1 SAL 5.1 ASAT ees. $7. Bertrand iS. Bervand (BLA¢2R0 75 UeGunmen eh AA, M1. MEW Sl, Ee R 2x SMA IR, WED) bots 2n)_ (nyt T= sai Hk. RRR MMME: Ho > 5 aR, mean <(*) 10. WA (8) RSE Lie h ZMK, Bo wo fE} mae anf a> ne Dad, Faves TTL 98 wm ie a 51 yf t= 2 Shr HI 5H. OM amar <5. Rit (2) Ky ay < 10. B20, > 5, ie m ‘im bm 2m, Heit Cn)! LHF p R 2p WR, TIMI p A f8R. TE Got)? PMR of ante» RnB 2"), Ge 7saRA OEM.) ARDEP, ( 50 BF (BD Qn > 10 BF), me <@nyen Te TW e< Vin cpctn * 50) 2 < (Qn) AYR) 2H UNE) pha — ymand, 8) (2n)# < 20,» < + 20% = 4000. fn (5) Hea m < 4000 RFT HBB, iM mn > 4000 iF HER p HA n

    , WHER « RBM Gr 4000 (w < 4000 FR, HAIR), liga 20 $e (9p) eV ~ THE 100 em p> phat Rbeuvin > phae-amh . > pieti-w9a0) = 230", ane Th p< (nya, 190 nln) > 282.2 (2m) ~ (2) > “EP REI MAG: eA L SEAL WRAY TT, ELAR Bertrand AHI MER. GRA-AHA, KEATS, BA me AE, HER A Si, RRA AEH (5) corm, $8. Laat NS Ree. RB1L. Heda HF, fx) -RAEARR, WE Pao RA Eo - [ae Pee . % Mlel=4 Wy fli@ a= = [Peas <1®. rE 1 BR T(E) = ¥ log m, HH “ 110) ~ fl tons de | > HIG 4D +11) =o. 210) = E(1@-f" war) +san> > Su@ 1 +1) = 10) >0, & g(a) B-MMM, A 0< a(n) < g() = f@). & am) a(é) SMF PZB a, HO Sa < f(a). FEIREB «+0 FF, fle) 0, Bl ‘ x E10) -[1@ 43m (S1@ - fl 1 ae) = 1 ; =S10- [1 e- fi oer- = In (Si - free =~ [19 e-em CEs -f = 1 =H fi 1) ae tam, 2, f_,0@ -0- 1 a =e < Ki >- [ee -@- EN MEN >-1E-0 ) ni de)= JL, 0-100) ae @-1), 4s BRM RRS HS ER 103 eR. AR Mand, fe) = 2, HAR @ HAS Kuler RLY RE. o aE, @ (@) ®,@),©),(8) PERE AS), RAR LAR, WM 1. Me E> 2 OF log 1 log & OE ed ope tc + o(8£). Sem 2 * é BA 2 MO > 2 AF 1 € log 1 “plop = log log € + es + 0(- 59, Yetswes SBSH, GPL cry cay BABB. REL BFS ARR ME — toge log?) EAE - Die <1) < (= + Sey) W HEME 6.2, 2B oer < opens) Sat BR _log p og Grn 2 * 3, or ry oe ee ost P HASTEN ZL |= ™ EP — tog 181 | “Tee @>3). OH 3. RRM = 1 Plog log p)* 108 ee ee eT A> 1 APUCH AS 1 OPE He DME AOR. $10. n 2RAF OR. fr nn BER, o(n) Rn LMAO, Qn) Rn LEA SAF AER, BIAF m= pt py, al oO) =5 On) =a tote. a on RF, o(n) = O(n) = 1AM 9 BiB 2 VHA TO MYER, Qn) = me 005 Fn DML ARA, = pip p., TTR, w(n)=s@, He a(n) BL O(n) ZR, ABE MEM EX, BEATE Lm: ew 1. Zolo) = sloglogs + ax + oe), @) OCH) = x log loge + ex + fe), ) BEI 1, 6p ALTER. . wD BAN E=TEt- =[El- TF +o@@). HEH 9.2 H 6.2 MPH (2) 2d Zom-=% B= EF]-E1F]+ ZL EME 6.2, TT RM RS Hh SR 109 DisVsre Tits Do 1c y Ht yD HoH). a toe2 fos? ite 5 TLO)= Doo) + | jet. os (ER S 1 1 =p. Ere EG tet )-E5gty ACAD , tA 2 2()= J wl») + x(e + (1) + 0() = # log log x + cre + fe). 2 2. (Hardy-Ramanujan), #01 f(0) #% w(n) W O(n), AIDE — s>0, i | #() — log log » | > (log log n)#+ @ LRM = 1 n AHIREAS o(e), WH (Turin): Bate (log log «)*** ©) Zon (Sa) ZAMIR o(x) EME, Riki Qn) > o(w); eh (2) B (3), EOC) — 0) = 06), Fae O(n) — wn) > Clog log «)* Zn (<2) SiR Cope) "20 TH 110 % HARA fo) = on) LHR ENR. SM» ZAARATH palo Fe a va Sap SHERAMMM), pT WR ol) (Bit, EZ p,q PLL wl) — 1 ABEL eA eo) @O) —D= i= Et]. gs * le] mz, Zeo-Z-O==(S-E+)= S[F]- ELF]: © a ZF s|<2e <*E prow zB Ze Alo Za +0), tit (2) BO) A = w@=2E a + OC¢ log log #)« ” x (2)<2e 0, WA de RWB « LIEMRI GS) Aver, 1 eR MD HS tt © (oC) ~ tog tog #)* > ax(log tog 2). (to) BEBE (9) SOME. HME (5) SRW m (, BY f(m) AARNE, $12, FRAME CRRA. 8S SEMA te -1R 6-1 SHRM. AR RB: a,b HR MUI an + b LBC RIN. HET MBL Dirichlet EIA, IEE ALR, MRE EO: AR a> 0,5 >0. HiMMA— I in on + 6 (n > 0) LIRR, BY _ Dirichler 2 BMEELMEAA, fA AU? PAT me ant b= pi (>) BRR, A nH apy + b= (> md BHR SS. MARTTI an + 6 LIRRIETE. EBL. Gy RD 1. Win ho tL LRA EM i a AS — tS A. FBR xt = 1 LARS eh, a= 0, 1,0 & Fa) = IL @- em), FRAUOR ABE « Bin LHR. wae . *—t= TTF), a Tm — SS eH RS HZ 3 HRM BRERA. BPRARLEROE HRM, RL, AZ ARLE A, BIR. or xt Pyle) GxCx) , He Gale) TSB 2-1 (nik, <<) REL, BIRR 1. tke G(x) 75—-BRM SBR, HEM 1.13.2 HS Fax) RAMS BAK. Se BH 41 SHR Fy(x) Gi) # 0, File) R Gre) BIRKS LER, BLL. Ho Bk CRATE £1 CR x, ARR: (e-1, S54) |e. i te Ly k=nd, Bl +()vttnt(Qytes BARE BL 2. x MA £1 SMB, BY Fale) KR Cle) EDIMAFYH 2 zat. TE: TR p BR (CF), G@)). ele, AiG eH — mo PIFee) (alka <8), a plx*— 1. Hoh plFa(e), 4a stot e|aar- a TE u4 ee 51 »|(e-1, SE). 51—E0 ART. RL ZR: fr x= hy, Bl Py (x) G(x) = xt 1 (mod &). BATES y FAG) # £1, ABA Fy(x) = + 1 ATR, elt EU a Py HB. Fy(x) PESRORAF p, Ha we Ge) AF. WAS, BE —RERA 2, x"321 (mod p). @ a #*=1 (mode). SeEREW Alp — 1. SRR, AMM s Be Qe D=sktee-1). OB n= (he p—1) H = (YS 1 (mod). HER (1) MA. EM p=1 (mod k), OAT ko + 1 SHR. tke SHER. BA, AMIMBin bn + 5 ZI. HER: RY g = 37-57-77 pt + 27, WREMIL a? +? ZHRAF pe (mod 4), B KR 8 & H $1. RRB. 1. NL ERR o, HERR fo) MARR. Bika: UR on TPA RRR, HP Fin: m1, sinn, dn) = = L natty 2M ro) ®, BBA RRB AAA ANH AER: AF (a0) = 1, A : $(28) = f(@) 18). @ HAMA Co, ’) = 1 LIMO, AL, URE REZ FE TER HURT SOA Co) BOBCETERE, pss pr BARIRIAOTI, A 162 22) = 1@D fe), CHAPELS fC) On RAAT ECHL f@) LEAVE, SH fm) Hk PERAK, A HD 2 = FD) GD), FLA fm) Ho BARE Z RLM fm) BARE. BUR, LER ZA BMERR, SSAE RAS AE ER. Al. WR a) { 1, # s=1, o, Honxl BAM, 2. BARE Ex(n) = BARR, 15 116 & Pi. Mobius BARE 1, Bn=1, Bn) = few. Mn BS 7 RRR A, 0, Fn BRULEE. BMH #(1) =1, #@) = — 1, 2G) = — 1, U4) =0, 2) = — 1, HOO) = 1, #7) = — 1, w(8) = 0, 4(9) = 0, w(10) = 1, wl) = —1, + Bea — BUND Re IEE TRL, HA. Euler HR O(a), ARAN n LARTER m HA IAR. hot RARER, (BIE LR, PS. RRR a= 1 GE MEER, (ISA. Wee, on) = = a WA —MULIRE. BAAE o9(0) = a(n). $1 6. von Mangoldt BRE An): log > Hon THR p RIERA, 0, RR. GD AG) = 0, A(2) = 10g2, AG) = log3, ACA) = log 2, ACS) = Ion 5, A(6) = 0, A(7) =log7, A(8) =log2, A(9) = log 3, A(10) Se REAL TR IO, v7. ERE acy=f fi. Bn HME m( > 0) KH, Ay(n) m °, RRR, & AG) =o, A@)=1, AG) =1 4G) =F, 416) =1, AO =o, AWG) = 1, Ai(8) =F, A10) =F, ACO) = 0,--. He RED ARCHES TAT — BARR BR 47 G18. tr p AL ERM. H p'iln, ER Ve(n) = pm. HRT AREER, MERE Voo-tm) < max (V2), Pom) 9. th r(n) R nasty ZAR. LU (57) RON r(n) A BERLIERE. AA (3) =0, 1(9) =4, TY SNARE Se AER, $2. SRBRZ ET. EB 1. — FHA O LAMEDERE f(m) HE 1 HPL ILAS 1. WH HHO) FO, eh 1@) = f@) 10) ga (1) = 1. BBL F elm), s(n) ALAR, BY 1) =F aO4(S)= E e(Geo o EMER. MLA Matte a = 7 HL. WIE (@, 6) = 1, BI Ba Kes) =F a a(-$). fe «= (4,4), o= (6,4), A uw =d, te 1a) = EE elu) (4)- = Dewoa(S) E eeoa(S)= =1@ 1). 523. flo) SRN ZIRE, 1s % a ZrO = TT a-f@)), @) Bu p Bn CRM, HE PREETI eC) = aC) 1), ACW) = 1, 9 2) ALLA EO, SCAT MELA ART i, FLORAL ow = 1 w= pt EH KR. WOM DH. 4. FF 1G) LBTIEA, 1m, m)) #( Lm, 2) = tm) Hn), BEBE [m,n] HEB m, mw ERD IMERE, a: mapiept, bBo, a= neo, Sl . Hm) = (i) 1)» £O) = 107) 10), (om, w) = Chine) egsnerdy, ty) = enter) 19M), at HP) NP) = Kom”) (pm), RE, $3. Mobius RBA. BRL BE - n> 0, HT ErO=Zael-a@={h Beh ‘ane on 0, Be nFxl. SETS ER 2.3 ZAP, WRAR fd) = 1 BBR, RRL HO 0, HH a(n) = O(n"). a Be O SEARLE LMHS 6. HE: om [ot Hen Zam, ay PD 2 = et > ae log? > 4 (atl) clog 2s AH pf >2, Ml pS D>atl a SF BAR M & Hw 125 i yp ott oy td We Wes a2 gt att ati 2 SI Geiieiegz W tar 1. 6 _ E le) = Ft os). RE. aH 1 aya)? BH 2. RHHEBA: @tdtdededtdtdtad x XOlt wath ttt = = Ceays to taya + xays + aye tb asys + eye + xoyr + mays)? + ob Gena — Fay — ays + cays = Baye b c0's — trye F xey7)? + + Gers + tay4 tay aya $57 — Hove — trys + aye)? + + ey = enya tb ayn — 201 = 50 — Key Hote + ays) + (Hays + aye = tay7 + a8 — 8991 — ora bys — et + (eaves — kaye + Raye + ayy 1 sya — Hey, — HyY4 — Baya)? + Gens + xaye + sys — aye xsya + aye — try, — Raya)? + + Cerys — sayz — 396 — ays Hb xsy4 tH xeys + trya — may)? 4 rn > 1, BM (mod 2), wm me BARR @ H 131 ZB ABER wy y OC tym : BRS 2) AAA. Gd) RAM, GC) RAMU RAZ nm RR n= 2 phn ph, a=0 ® 1, (mod). (2) >» #>0, y>0, (yy) =1, Wi eG = 1,2, +>, 5) SUA = 1 (mod 4) ZR. SFIS RE 1) n= ph ZR: BA = 1, Be P + 1=0(mod p), ASH (x, p) EAT opt med p) - SRE y Be 8 Psy (mod p), Be? < pry? < p. HEBER al — y Hh Si ey y HK OL 1, EV PL SELV + +1 ARGH, URE (EVP 1 + 1)? > p BAER, ASAT MIA p IRR, Re al-n=nl—y (mod p) en @-aDl=n—n (mod p), FUNG x, — x, > 0; fi mon0, 0>0, (yo=1, e=—lu (mod p). SUG m= pit ap, TT meal pH = (eu + yo)? + (ee = yu)? = XPEY? (KX >0,¥>0). GG ¥) = 1, BARR, Ble p(X, ¥) A X Sau t yo Bau — Pru Su (1—P) HO (mod p), BEAR AT BB. ‘ Gi) B® ») = 1, eR Xm=SY (mod p41) AR eA XP Xt (mod p**"), a 1+ m=0 (mod p'#!). ASEM 2.9.3, HERR M, te mati. HAR A= 1 2 ATEEAT ATI, ENO. 2) Rasa, e>1,5>1, ,6)=1, RR P=S—1 (mod), Wtet=a u>0, v>0, (v)=1, ole (moda), Pty=s e>0, y>0, (yy) =L y=le (mods). eee 3 nab = (x0 + yu)? + (su — yo)? = XP, (BE eu = yo > 0, SIA xu — yo = ¥, BI, Br aw — yw = — ¥.) Te: @ GY) =L BR p> 1, ol (X,Y), 5 wt yu aps, eum yo = pt, ante 2@ +A) =p tm), y (w? + 07) = p (su — tv). BN = 1, Hoe pl(? + 0), OD ple. MM, pid. HEM (a8) = 1 2 RKE, BAR fe & 133 ¥ (mod m), (HB (eu — yo) (moda), (eu — yx) (mod 8). WS (a, 6) = 1, te xXSly (mod »). 3) MEME, RAHM CX, Y), (X,Y) RARE, BU w= (XX! + YY")? + (XY! — YX)? a XX! + YY! = XX(1+P) (mod), Hes XX'4+-YY =n, XY’ - YX" =0. th XY —yx'=0, 4 6 MEEK IEYD, & x TY estl Ri X>0, X>0, on BAZEMMEZAIM, 222 ZEH: HEM L Be 4 FS sty=n, (a1 RRB AV). it Atyan ZR (ey =d OH Cy) = 2 SMM G+Gy-#- zembczimke, en 4v (Fh). teh ro =4E v4) == VG). Se Ad) = 10 Md BRAMMAME, AB VG) Be Ao) AULA a mr 134 Ee ee t,t mete, 30) WALRUS, MATH » = p! BB, 1) _ 1 = 000), suse, 2m, IE) 2G) EVO EVA EVO = Ob OF , # OF +0+1=1, He (mod 4), TV2t-4241= Bertiamtt, a p=L (mod), ae Dt m, FE) a yr) + FV) = rs # p=? =} 0, # p=3 (mod 4), m+, p=l (mod 4). BAe 8(p") = 1+ X(—) Ho + AO") = 1+0+0+—+0=1, babe t 1-1+ Ltlt-+l=m41, (mod 4), 24m, (mod 4) . aio 2S. CB SHAMPHNLAERLODL—BMK » ZF ZS 1 (mod 4) WARM 9 SAFL = 3 (mod 4) ALAM. RMS. ME s>0, RH r(n) = O(n"). Re he me RR 135 i: AIS rn) S4d(m), ee (HEME 5.2), $8. SBRALRABMDE. . HB 1 (Abel), fr ob, BR, Ean o, A a s > 0 BERR 136 elie. ve Esa Xa) + X(a +1) + Xa +2) +X +3) =0, aT = mm] <1. Ze zm 2 49 - B42 1<2- SEEM 6 MN CAE. Hila: Ze Foie Ae Xn) or es n Zon Tog ts ryt aa SER SEG tan“! SBS. REM 1,2 A, ARLE: A tr <7, BR x EE Se <7 ME. f(x) Bele) . BEDE MPRA ER g(x) HA. fe co | [1 2© ax] < rae nCOI( fle! 2e-F1ec1). RS o'(x) 0, g(x) > 0, BY | fl1@ 2) ee] <2@ per inl He: dR ETA [eee = [ean = = MAD [OKO ae, BAR Me fe ee 7 tie | ff 1 200) de] < prox 1601 (le! + [121 4). PMLA TAI, A, Ha>o, [feel =[0 32 ¢8 gl Lora es: $9. MPSSER. 2B 1. EOawt owe). ew 7.2 Tha Ont ZS, Bo = =4 ZO = eet =4 = wo[5]- HERG UD SMA AD , a EME 8.3 =4 5 x[4]= B+ Zr [3]- a DIM sowr= acter = EO 1. +0VE)= =aaet Ow) : eh — RE B.-« 2 s0[5} HEHE 8.2 TTS D=0We). nr 138 « & 8 4 2 Ae BALA Te 0) salts tree SMH oo LER, EL, UB Ve PRU PDS, MMSAOREA, UEDA EARS ae, ERE L BMIMER = Wy WRT, DARE OG FH. MPU Cu, 0) SEF Hh, SOUTER AS (on, 0) (4 1, 0), (es ODS (oH, +1), to SLE A eee pera (Ve +VTP 2h BRAD eta v2). & AVE VTS Dr) 1, EMR. RAT ARE HBLE THRE — O Hp, TERR C, FE Ml 140 * @ m4 ELLE A, IS AER OLS 0, AFH DIP. SRR EAET DP eb TRONS MEME Cy ESP, A Ni = 0, 0< 4: <1, WADI. weAbnrakEe, AMBER DP WA AP BAR DP AYRE, A DY REET oh, HERR N= 0,41 — 4; DY HET BR N= 1, 1-1 — 49, 8] 2 en Ao (4,6) = >» 00, (y)=1, SRAER mt 142 a a RFCM, Wea, y= 8’, be’ — ad’ =1, HE+8 >On, BR * a HRD A Sy $ $< ber 1 > - y 421 bby? SOR ABRs ecb RB3 I< 4 < 4 oem a” _ ate a eee" dem 2, Bsa abi a=1, ab 6a" =1, Ne a G48) — 8" ota!) 20. OREO, ee. #4RSecenn ta? b+ ZBRAMLA, 2B PREM tA eS 1 1 BG+E)? VOTE)” we et< ow RAS Me B RM : 143 ote oe B48" ~ FGI) ~ FE: ate a a’b—ab! 1 BEY — 0 = Bre) ~ We Fe 7 EBS. ee BWM, AVES, BS oe 0 ruses Ee ie ata oe 1 1 Wort < tn" |e-4]< Pe ee M6 ERIWM 6 7>1, UNM Fe le MT. EWR E BAAR SH le -F @) HG AMID, LIAR feast. ie: Mam € Bim. mE, Sia 9, ehiee fn a ses OAR, ea eS EON, Seria (2) SR, ML NR nays. 8. HER €, LON RRMA ERE SHEE He @) Tr Mt x mm 8 at BRAS WIE, RPA O> AtVS ho< LWVS—D, se 2, wae . PEG VT ot = oo rege FF W)O-F OF) <0, we t-tor>ts—H, bea Lene, ore , (em) = 14> 0, ¢ WHR, LER = = WRN SoG) Seth fe 5-8 (2H), au fml| hth Grr Bax t [el MH m HORNER, BURA s=¥ (420), or oO =4@ ta. um O2,1 JL, BME MBE, AHEM f'"(e) > 0. Bll (100 - 2) <4) 5 > NRE tie 2 EER PY F(x) ABS. Vi AHS ca q ARR, SEEM x, 2) A 1 a P 1 Ples pr R a 22 ene mR R Pi-P2 2 Ape lanl fe PB eve. a-ntic hes +e to p oomme 2, BY R(x) = wx + OCe4 tog 2). FEE SEM ULI ARERR, AURAL, ape 1942 SABO RG) =n et OGE"), MARA HEIN IS ROx) = ne + OCH), EID Rea Li — ER, ARNE LR 22 Hi) EMM OSs CR WAAR MAR, ZH ow =[(G-@)«. Si x 1 1 , (2,10 =f 194+ GW) -G-O)@ — ae" + + 0(0) #0) +f oi" de. i: x, BBM, O2, sl 1,2) =F lon + Cr E + OCG? log *€) US I ARAL EJ He I, O(GE™) TUELLEN O(€) log 72). ALTERNA OC), Eo REM TERR Tam=2 E [E]-wev. Cy Se teeta > Bile A 2 ONAR Ee 8 Ee GM thea Prets2 fora. fPe@rta-F f° G-@)tan 1 ig * a7 td | eter a= . =t- FE {lon 40 ~ tog - 1} = 1 1 =-Gtir Sue 2S baemwer2G-WO)ataverow. — @ ev a BAK & He 153 UAT & s= > {é\. 2A Mt HIVE le Sr SVE] 2-6, sume s-E = f{E}+ ob. wen Severe LOM 3, OA CAVE] 2! fe m, LIV EP et 2-88 $e AD, {E}=ga WEI +0 Ghee 8). WERKE S=LIVE) + 0064 tog? ). ® seit [VE 8-2 (VE) et + OCA), Beh (6), (7) & (8), CORRE, 513. O-48R, \ REARDAN ESE RR A, NTE LEZ, SOBAL AMET AC IUMEOS, TESA I OUR, Le 1 Bee BS ELL, BHI, BAUR ERRATA. ENSERR ZAR EEE ta ROR HAS OO biti OE Rew 12.1% OWA OG). REE ZARA, MEIER e > 0, KIRA TLRE RG) = ae + Oe), ADE AB RAE AZ K, Ky Ky Ky HRRRRRE, HSRC THE RIL, Bn (LAER — eA BE — Rell A ETT AEM, BBL He > 0, ay, a, BRET MEH 0

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