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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    8 views9 pages

    Tarea 2

    Uploaded by

    Frederic Nietzche
    tarea

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 9
    cuapren 2 Graphical Methods for Displaying Data 2.1 INTRODUCTION ‘As stated in Chapter Ite objective ofthis texbook isto lp transport tion enginers—who are in practice, education, or research learn basic satistical techniques. The fist step in any engineering study should be a taphical analysis and inthis text we use the term graphical liberally. For ‘example, consider the map of current speeds from the city of Houston's traffic management center, TRANSTAR, shown in Figure 2. (On this map, the darker the feeway links shaded, the more severe the ‘congestion ion that ink. The darkest shaded links indicate a speed of less ‘than 20 miles per hour As thisimage illustrate, theres severe congestion ‘on the rng road and on the road entering the cy, Conversely, the roads ‘on the outskits ofthe city are relatively clear, and from this information, ‘we can deduce that this probably arash hou. ‘This raw data were obtained from multiple Texas Department of ‘Transportation (TxDOT) Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) sensors located on the trafic network. Data were then compiled by the Houston ‘Traffic Management Center, quantified and displayed graphicaly for the public to use. Maps ofthis type are clealy mach more informative tothe ‘traveling public than listing the links, locations ofthe links, and current speeds na table, as shown in Table 2.1, However, for an engineer who wants the information for other uses, ‘this latter table may be more appropriate, This chapter will introduce the ae 12 ® Transporation Statics and Mirosimultion Spats 0 30-9 FAGURE 21, Houston sped map. (Fom Texas Department of Transportation, With permision) TAOLE2_Teae Tne and Spee Table fom Houston, Texas Ditsce Trl Speed From alle) Time(s) (ap) a eo Kay 20 70 DEOKy Weimer 3 Watheiner —USSPSoubwet 21037 Uss9Souimer Bergen w 1m @ Bees, SouhPotOuk os ‘most common types of graphical techniques used in transportation engi- _cering. It always wise not only to graph the data once, but aso to do, soina numberof diferent ways inorder to attain a grater knowledge of the data, ‘Good plots are crucial to gaining information fom any dataset. This ~ispartcularly true when ether the sample size or the number of variables {na dataset ie large. The common idiom “a picture is worth a thousand CCraphial Methods for Dipaying Data 13 words” is applicable; namely few good plots cam lead to more informs tion than the application of many tests and formulas. Well-chosen plots can help us understand the relationships that underlie the dats In ths chapter we present potting procedures that have long been used by statisticians and transportation professionals. Histograms and scatter plosare eamplesof uch potting procedure. Other plots that we present are used bythe statistical community, but ae not widely used in transpor tation, eg, parallel coordinate plots and contol charts. Finally, we urge creativity in plotting asthe gol of potting should be to communicate » deeper understanding of data and not to limit ourselves toa fixed set of tools. Examples ofthis approach nce transforming the variables our dataset to a mote meaningful sale before we pot. Readers who want + comprehensive reference for exploring data graphically should see Tukey (0977, Additional reading o this topic inclades Leinart and Leinhardt (1580) and Theus and Urbanek (2008) Ii a good ides to use computer software to generate the graphs. The graph in this chapter were generated using the IMP statistical software package (SAS Insite, 2009) Step-by- step algorithms ae given so thatthe user better understands how these plots are constructed. 22 HISTOGRAM ip and the relative frequency ofits values. An example ofa fequency histo tam is shown in Figure22for Houston Automatic Vehicle Identication “cts FCURE22 Histogram ofhighvay spas ia Houston mph. 1 Transporation Sati and Microsiulaion (V1 sped data, We notice rater quickly that typical sped is around 60 miles per hour. Notwithstanding, speeds are considerably dispersed because therearea umber of very show speeds, 0, Slow speedsmay ind ate indents or acide, and thus we gain more insight from the his togram than we would from a able. In addition, this typeof information ‘soften required by US. transportation authorities, For example in det for states to receive federal funding one ofthe requirement isto provide speed distribution data from selected locations and times throughout het ‘etwork.Ifitwas found that give highway had excessive speding then funds may be withheld until the problem is orected—typlaly through Yighter enforcement For this reason, many state DOT have permanent ‘taf dedicated to cllectng and archiving speed data (among other at) throughout their networks in order to meet federal reporting require ‘ents. A ist sep inthis process would bet pot a hisfogram to give a sual cle whether there is excessive speeding. and fo, o wat extent ‘The graphical analysis fr these data continues wel beyond th lsograt, but first we give he steps needed to constrict histogram ‘Step o construct a fequency (relative frequency) histogram areas follows 1, Sort the data from minimum to masimam. 2. Divide the sorted data into k equally spaced groups. Iti best to

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