Meditation has been defined as: "self regulation of attention, in the service of self-inquiry, in the

here and now."[4] The various techniques of meditation can be classified according to their focus.
Some focus on the field or background perception and experience, often referred to as
"mindfulness"; others focus on a preselected specific object, and are called "concentrative"
meditation. There are also techniques that shift between the field and the object.[5]

Bodhidharma practicing zazen.

In mindfulness meditation, the meditator sits comfortably and silently, centering attention by
focusing awareness on an object or process (such as the breath; a sound, such as a mantra, koan
or riddle-like question; a visualization; or an exercise). The meditator is usually encouraged to
maintain an open focus:
... shifting freely from one perception to the next clear your mind of all that bothers you no thoughts that
can distract you from reality or your personal being... No thought, image or sensation is considered an
intrusion. The meditator, with a 'no effort' attitude, is asked to remain in the here and now. Using the
focus as an 'anchor'... brings the subject constantly back to the present, avoiding cognitive analysis or
fantasy regarding the contents of awareness, and increasing tolerance and relaxation of secondary thought
processes.[5]
Concentration meditation is used in many religions and spiritual practices. Whereas in
mindfulness meditation there is an open focus, in concentration meditation the meditator holds
attention on a particular object (e.g., a repetitive prayer) while minimizing distractions; bringing
the mind back to concentrate on the chosen object.
Meditation can be practiced while walking or doing simple repetitive tasks. Walking meditation
helps break down habitual automatic mental categories, "thus regaining the primary nature of
perceptions and events, focusing attention on the process while disregarding its purpose or final
outcome."[5] In a form of meditation using visualization, such as Chinese Qi Gong, the
practitioner concentrates on flows of energy (Qi) in the body, starting in the abdomen and then
circulating through the body, until dispersed.[5] Some meditative traditions, such as yoga or
tantra, are common to several religions.[6]