.

cloze test . cloze test

.
) (adjective, noun, adverb, verb .

.
.
.
.
cloze test .

.

Verbs
1 Even as a young man he had been .... as a future chief executive.
1) equipped
2) perceived
3) submitted

4) maintained

2 There was a notice board job vacancies and information on how to apply for them.
1) imposing
2) monitoring
3) displaying
4) transferring
3 The measures taken should considerably the residents quality of life.
1) insert
2) trigger
3) advocate

4) enhance

4 By completing a task on schedule you may . a feeling of pride in your work.

1) devote
2) derive
3) undergo
4) glance
5 The book was .. by a panel of experts, working in conjunction with the publisher.
1) revealed
2) complied
3) intervened
4) attributed
6 Small businesses often have great difficulty in .. credit from banks.
1) detecting
2) obtaining
3) pursuing

4) depositing

7 Legal requirements state that working hours must not . 42 hours a week.
1) assign
2) exceed
3) utilize
4) undertake
8 Maxwells responsibilities . yours, so you will be sharing some of the work.
1) overlap
2) affect
3) identify
4) coincide
9 The board agreed to . two committees to examine the proposals.
1) distinguish
2) generate
3) establish

4) attribute

10 The schedule isnt final, but we dont many changes.

1) estimate
2) anticipate
3) conduct

4) allocate

11 They . principles of international law to claim ownership of the sunken ship.

1) invoked
2) promoted
3) induced
4) derived
12 The program allows learners to . their own interests as well as do their school work.
1) attain
2) retain
3) display
4) pursue
13 The driver was found guilty on . the speed limit.
1) pursuing
2) enhancing
3) exceeding

4) surpassing

14 The members of the committee will be . on October 25.

1) restoring
2) locating
3) convening

4) accompanying

15 The region needs housing which is strong enough to severe wind and storms.
1) object
2) recline
3) diminish
4) withstand
16 Two decades .. between the completion of the design and the operation of the dam.
1) overlapped
2) intervened
3) transferred
4) overwhelmed
17 It is not possible for human beings to precisely the time of death.
1) elicit
2) enumerate
3) invoke

4) pinpoint


18 Educational standards are . year by year because of lack of funds.
1) preceding
2) overlapping
3) degenerating

4) restricting

19 After doing this project, we will a new project later this year.
1) bear on
2) break up
3) stand out

4) embark on

20 The soil in this part of the world is not rich enough to .. a large population.
1) survive
2) sustain
3) suspend
4) submit
21 After years of research, scholars have finally . this theory to a scholar in ancient Greece.
1) pondered
2) ascribed
3) depicted
4) disclosed
22 They . a 500-year lifespan for a plastic container.
1) alleged
2) survived
3) diverged

4) postulated

23 Short questions are more likely to a response.

1) elicit
2) undergo
3) perceive

4) register

24 Many principles are . in the Declaration of Human Rights.

1) resided
2) embodied
3) proceeded

4) submitted

25 In late October, the prime minister an emergency meeting.

1) associated
2) summoned
3) deduced

4) collaborated

26 The contract between the two companies will . at the end of the year.
1) surrender
2) obstruct
3) expire

4) extinguish

27 An elderly man has . doctors at the hospital by living after he was officially declared dead.
1) confounded
2) conducted
3) converted
4) corresponded
28 What was intended as a peaceful demonstration rapidly . into violence.
1) degenerated
2) agitated
3) preceded
4) discriminated
29 The Democratic Party .. 70 percent of the vote.
1) esteemed
2) garnered
3) obligated

4) assembled

30 Some animals can . very high temperatures.

1) submit
2) detach
3) obstruct

4) withstand

31 Researchers have discovered that up to one half of all children born of alcoholics are genetically
to alcoholism.
1) apprehended
2) discerned
3) predisposed
4) impressed
32 Computers are used to store and later to . information efficiently.
1) retrieve
2) fabricate
3) proceed

4) absorb

33 Birds .. less accurately when the earths magnetic field is disturbed.

1) ponder
2) accompany
3) navigate

4) probe

34 The story of the scientists life is .. in this new biography.

1) revolved
2) reconciled
3) revoked

4) recounted


35 It has been . that dinosaurs became extinct because the Earths climate changed.
1) detested
2) speculated
3) founded
4) fostered
36 The love and support of his family . him during his time in prison and made him feel less desperate there.
1) resolved
2) sustained
3) assumed
4) determined
37 The road . the highway a mile from here- you cant miss the signs for it.
1) intersects
2) interferes
3) intervenes
4) intercepts
38 Make sure you .. that present carefully or it may get damaged in the post.
1) flourish
2) consume
3) wrap
4) dispatch
39 The pattern . from our analysis of the accident data shows that bad roads are responsible for the majority
of accidents.
1) occurring
2) assuming
3) identifying
4) emerging
40 The changes to the national health system will be .. next year; people wont have to worry about long
waiting lists for hospitals anymore.
1) converted
2) intervened
3) accompanied
4) implemented
41 She him into handing over all his savings, and then ran away with all the money.
1) inclined
2) betrayed
3) deceived
4) conceived
42 High winds have . fire-fighters in their efforts to put out the forest.
1) diverted
2) released
3) hindered

4) interfered

43 His mother . him for breaking the vase her mother had given her as a wedding gift.
1) scolded
2) clashed
3) disputed
4) quarreled
44 Governments usually . freedom of movement into and out of the country in time of war.
1) detect
2) induce
3) restrict
4) simulate
45 The government .. that the buildings would not be redeveloped in the historical parts of the town.
1) tackled
2) confronted
3) committed
4) undertook
46 She intends to a medical career, but her father would like her to study law.
1) engage
2) resolve
3) aspire
4) pursue
47 The war would have ended if the enemy planes had not . the cease-fire agreement.
1) violated
2) enforced
3) exceeded
4) attributed
48 The skilled use of make-up in films is essential to .. the actors best features and makes them more
attractive.
1) occur
2) attain
3) encounter
4) enhance
49 She . Several famous experts to back up her argument : we can learn a foreign language well even in old
age.
1) attributed
2) derived
3) invoked
4) deviated
50 A marriage is likely to . If you and your partner are similar in personality.
1) refuse
2) refer
3) pass
4) last


51 He was arrested by the police when he tried to . a gun into the airport.
1) smuggle
2) impose
3) emerge
4) obtain
52 Her new book the essay you re looking for though you might also find it as a separate piece in The
Asian Journal of Sociology.
1) denotes
2) inserts
3) enhances
4) incorporates
53 The airline hopes to deaths in fires by using more fire-resistant materials.
1) survive
2) neglect
3) eliminate
4) correspond
54 It is difficult to these statistics without knowing how they were obtained.
1) derive
2) establish
3) interpret
4) circulate
55 I dont want to her achievements, but she did have a lot of help.
1) collapse
2) estimate
3) encounter

4) diminish

56 My parents have to give a big party for the whole family at the weekend.
1) arranged
2) checked
3) described
4) provided
57 Could you turn down the TV? I have to do these problems today and I am trying to .
1) consult
2) conclude
3) conserve
4) concentrate
58 Exercise improves your body and your mind and enables you to . better in the work place and at home.
1) persuade
2) perform
3) receive
4) retire
59 The presidents of the companies concerned .. the terms of the agreement.
1) intended
2) worked
3) negotiated
4) represented
60 It was decided that the duties of part-timers should be .. .
1) declined
2) reduced
3) required

4) devoted

61 Most accidents could be . if people paid more attention to safety recommendations.

1) avoided
2) forbidden
3) allowed
4) recognized
62 If you . that something is true, you suggest that it is true without actually saying so.
1) contradict
2) consider
3) ignore
4) imply
63 Deep freezing is now a common way of . fruit and vegetables.
1) identifying
2) preserving
3) preventing

4) recovering

64 They didnt finish the project in time though they had .. three weeks to it.
1) adhered
2) supplied
3) allocated
4) regarded
65 Water waves are . by the action of the wind.
1) generated
2) designed
3) delivered

4) encouraged

66 The court . the agreement after months of debate.

1) nullified
2) penetrated
3) vanished

4) inclined

67 This poem is to Shakespeare.

1) proceeded
2) identified

4) attributed

3) estimated


68 After six months of working overtime, she paying off her debts.
1) succeeded in
2) complained to
3) removed from

4) reminded of

69 James didnt have any trouble to the climate in Atlanta because he had grown up in the south.
1) applying
2) adjusting
3) appointing
4) confirming
70 Boiling water . rapidly.
1) evacuates
2) evaporates

3) increases

4) inflates

71 The army is reported to be .. considerable resistance in some remote rural areas.

1) encountering
2) interacting
3) transferring
4) concentrating
72 The news broadcast the rumor that a circus was coming to town.
1) contended
2) induced
3) confirmed

4) inferred

73 She was . hiding the stolen jewelry in her closet.

1) judged
2) resumed
3) maintained

4) detected

74 The accused man was . by the jury.

1) condensed
2) inherited

4) condemned

3) inclined

75 The enemy . before the advance of our soldiers.

1) retreated
2) remarked
3) reproduced

4) regulated

76 The film . their attention completely.

1) absorbed
2) abstained

3) abridged

4) abused

77 He .. his speech with a summary.

1) confessed
2) concluded

3) neglected

4) notified

78 Benevolent graduate . money to the college for the new library.

1) advocated
2) confirmed
3) donated

4) founded

79 Nobody likes him. He is always in other peoples affairs.

1) attempting
2) overlooking
3) stimulating

4) interfering

80 I couldnt concentrate on my homework, because my brother kept .. me with silly questions.

1) interrupting
2) competing
3) involving
4) providing
81 The police officer Mary that the car she was driving had been used in a robbery two weeks ago.
1) described
2) informed
3) explained
4) ordered
82 The actress killed the producer because he had her film contract.
1) determined
2) undergone
3) undertaken

4) terminated

1 .

22 .

2 .

23 .

3 .

24 .

4 .

25 .

5 .

26 .

6 .

27 .

7 .

28 .

8 .

29 .

9 .

30 .

10 .

31 .

11 .

32 .

12 .

33 .

13 .

34 .

14 .

35 .

15 .

36 .

16 .

37 .

17 .

38 .

18 .

39 .

19 .

40 .

20 .

41 .

21 .

42 .

43 .

63 .

44 .

64 .

45 .

65 .

46 .

66 .

47 .

67 .

48 .

68 .

49 .

69 .

50 .

70 .

51 .

71 .

52 .

72 .

53 .

73 .

54 .

74 .

55 .

75 .

56 .

76 .

57 .

77 .

58 .

78 .

59 .

79 .

60 .

80 .

61 .

81 2 .

62 .

82 4 .

Adjectives
1 The philosophers explanation of the theory was rather i.e. difficult to understand.
1) immense
2) distinctive
3) inevitable
4) opaque
2 When people saw picture of killed soldiers on TV, there was a .. reaction against the war.
1) spontaneous
2) comprehensive
3) preoccupied
4) primitive
3 Low inflation is the key to . Economic growth.
1) congruous
2) sustained
3) extravagant

4) well-disposed

4 The degree of punishment should be to the seriousness of the crime.

1) receptive
2) inclined
3) prominent

4) proportional

5 Farmers are still a . Political force in France.

1) prognostic
2) plentiful
3) potent

4) provisional

6 The success of the project is due to the . amount of work that has gone into it.
1) primary
2) leading
3) tremendous
4) celebrated
7 Teachers settled for a 4 % pay rise with effect from last April.
1) foregone
2) preceding
3) retrospective

4) substantial

8 Do you think that these higher than- average temperatures are to global warming.
1) attributable
2) expansive
3) convertible
4) substitutional
9 These chemicals are .. to the environment.
1) exhaustive
2) contrastive

3) detrimental

4) forthcoming

10 Flexibility is .. to creative management.

1) intrinsic
2) compatible

3) forthcoming

4) contemporary

11 The goal of this research is to gather data on the process of first language acquisition.
1) principal
2) successive
3) continual
4) insightful
12 The slight difference in the way men and women are affected by the drug is not really .. .
1) intrinsic
2) contrary
3) predominant
4) significant
13 The victim was able to give the police an . description of her attacker.
1) accurate
2) ultimate
3) identical

4) equivalent

14 Violence is just one of the many problems . in city life.

1) explicit
2) empirical
3) available

4) inherent

15 Roman coins that she showed me were .. to the one I had found in the garden.
1) crucial
2) specific
3) adjacent
4) identical


16 Technology advances could .. lead to even more job losses.
1) randomly
2) inherently
3) ultimately

4) empirically

17 During the last one hundred years, every aspect of life has been westernized.
1) conversely
2) primarily
3) virtually
4) redundantly
18 Symptoms of the illness include a high temperature and a(n) . dry cough.
1) effective
2) persistent
3) respected
4) considerate
19 Anita had a(n) .. arrangement with her brother- each would take care of the others children if the
need arose.
1) adjacent
2) coherent
3) analogous
4) reciprocal
20 Shes not very . In the way she treats her children; they may be punished today for something they were
rewarded for yesterday!
1) dominant
2) restrictive
3) consistent
4) proportional
21 The report suggests that there has only been a (n) . improvement in womens pay over the past few years.
1) ultimate
2) eventual
3) marginal
4) enormous
22 Even though she knew she was wrong, she was . to openly admit it.
1) variable
2) reluctant
3) disobedient

4) submissive

23 Sleep has often thought of as being in some way to death.

1) alike
2) compatible
3) analogous

4) comparative

24 Math is a(n) part of the school curriculum almost anywhere in the world.
1) eventual
2) intrinsic
3) concurrent
4) simultaneous
25 His paintings show . attention to details.
1) inevitable
2) reliable

3) meticulous

4) attractive

26 Her performance was .. affected by the behavior of the crowd and was not satisfactory.
1) secretly
2) sincerely
3) adversely
4) punctually
27 The . export of the Middle East is Petroleum.
1) immense
2) exceeding
3) predominant

4) brilliant

28 The Nobel Prize is one of the most awards that a person can win.
1) prestigious
2) pessimist
3) perfectionist

4) permanent

29 Road accidents are generally caused by driving and not by any factor relating to the roads.
1) Imprudent
2) fragile
3) reckless
4) ingenious
30 The belief that the earth is flat is today regarded as .. .
1) absurd
2) abstract
3) absolute

4) abrupt


31 Because John didnt take good care of himself, it was .. that he would get sick.
1) accidental
2) inevitable
3) measurable
4) typical
32 The police were highly appreciative of the housewifes . courage.
1) impulsive
2) futile
3) intractable

4) indomitable

33 Is the Canadian dollar to the U.S. dollar?

1) invariable
2) potential

4) equivalent

3) unanimous

34 He was found of dangerous driving and forbidden from driving for three years.
1) violent
2) unbalanced
3) guilty
4) independent
35 I posted the letter one month ago. It is very .. that my friend hasnt received it yet.
1) Impossible
2) orderly
3) suitable
4) unlikely
36 . reports said that seven people had died, though this was not confirmed later.
1) initial
2) excessive
3) apparent
4) sufficient
37 My schedule is quite .. . I can arrange to meet you any day next week.
1) flexible
2) accurate
3) arbitrary
4) voluntary
38 Despite differences in background and opinion, their partnership was based on .. respect.
1) virtual
2) neutral
3) mutual
4) rational
39 Ive taught my daughter to be . about giving people our address when she doesnt know them quite
well.
1) wary
2) mutual
3) vital
4) nave
40 I remembered having met her before though I couldnt exactly remember when.
1) vastly
2) urgently
3) stealthy
4) vaguely
41 Wide tree-lined streets are to the towns character; its not possible to imagine the town without
them.
1) precise
2) marginal
3) adjacent
4) intrinsic
42 The more . your notes, the more useful they will be for revision purposes.
1) intact
2) drastic
3) extreme
4) thorough
43 Refer to the footnote on the page; you will find your answer there.
1) Inherent
2) preceding
3) widespread

4) subordinate

44 Students from countries as as Colombia and Lithuania use the new series of books to learn English.
1) diverse
2) apparent
3) external
4) sufficient
45 The majority of students felt .. for teachers help.
1) frank
2) logical
3) grateful

4) beneficial

46 The earthquake was very .

1) avoidable
2) distortable

4) destructive

3) deliberate

1 .

24 .

2 .

25 .

3 .

26 .

4 .

27 .

5 .

28 .

6 .

29 .

7 .

30 .

8 .

31 .

9 .

32 .

10 .

33 4 .

11 .

34 3 .

12 .

35 4 .

13 .

36 1 .

14 .

37 1 .

15 .

38 3 .

16 .

39 1 .

17 .

40 4 .

18 .

41 4 .

19 .

42 4 .

20 .

43 2 .

21 .

44 1 .

22 .

45 3 .

23 .

46 4 .

Nouns
1 This society enjoys cultural despite the fact that it consists of different ethnic backgrounds.
1) conviction
2) homogeneity
3) demonstration
4) erection
2 None of the journalists children showed the slightest .. to follow their father into journalism.
1) extension
2) composition
3) impression
4) inclination
3 It is hard to believe that hunger is a problem despite the of the country.
1) prosperity
2) approximation
3) inspiration

4) advocacy

4 War and illiteracy are two of the greatest to human progress.

1) divergences
2) resolutions
3) impediments

4) phenomena

5 Communication via the internet gives an important .. to international trade.

1) exposure
2) dimension
3) expenditure
4) distribution
6 Lack of childcare facilities can be a major .. for women wishing to work.
1) routine
2) dispute
3) obstacle

4) contraction

7 It is a common . that women are worse drivers than men.

1) impetus
2) essence
3) fallacy

4) amusement

8 The . for using this teaching method is to encourage student confidence.

1) rationale
2) advent
3) authenticity

4) constitution

9 These reports are . to the many hours of research completed by this committee.
1) proximity
2) testimony
3) motion
4) submission
10 The points the author makes are fine, but the whole essay lacks .
1) coherence
2) profile
3) route

4) solidarity

11 The rise in the interest rate had a direct on the companys profits.
1) proportion
2) bearing
3) domain

4) convergence

12 It is some researchers .. that exercise is more important than diet if you want to lose weight.
1) undertaking
2) designation
3) exhibition
4) contention
13 There is no .. on students to take so many subjects in one semester.
1) compulsion
2) momentum
3) impetus

4) affiliation

14 Dogs and wolves are members of the same ..

1) species
2) monsters
3) creatures

4) primates

15 Ive been prescribed iron tablets to make up the .. .

1) fault
2) nutrition
3) deficiency

4) protection


16 Although she is only 20 years old, she has grown great . to stress.
1) potency
2) maturity
3) attribute

4) resilience

17 The school governors have absolute over which students they admit.
1) discretion
2) attendance
3) pragmatism

4) aggression

18 Your success is a . .. to all your hard work.

1) testimony
2) partnership

4) compliment

3) requisite

19 Statistical . can make it difficult to compare data from one year to the next.
1) versions
2) anomalies
3) simulations
4) proportions
20 He felt that graduating from the university was a real .. in his life.
1) enormity
2) milestone
3) coherence

4) orientation

21 They purchased a(n) . of 3000 shares in the company.

1) welfare
2) revenue
3) aggregate

4) quantification

22 The rise in unemployment was just a further .. of the governments incompetence?

1) inclination
2) approximation
3) modification
4) manifestation
23 The countrys most valuable agricultural . include wheat and rice.
1) revenues
2) attributes
3) proportions

4) commodities

24 These changes are a (n) to wide-ranging reforms.

1) preludes
2) allocation
3) schedule

4) implication

25 Honesty is a very attractive character .. .

1) trait
2) prospect
3) conviction

4) outcome

26 U.N. officials have called for extra financial .. to deal with the emergency.
1) resources
2) circumstances
3) parameters
4) initiatives
27 Continued economic growth is a danger to the environmental . of the planet.
1) assurance
2) stability
3) convention
4) conformity
28 The Red Cross organized the . of food and clothing in the disaster area.
1) distribution
2) application
3) integration
4) implementation
29 A high .. of the products tested were found to contain harmful chemicals.
1) contribution
2) proportion
3) dimension
4) resolution
30 In Canada, drug users belong to high-risk insurance. .
1) entities
2) features
3) categories

4) structures

31 The government passed a law to promote the . of blacks into white South African society.
1) integration
2) foundation
3) coordination
4) adaptation

32 Feminists say that the book was written from a male .

1) objective
2) inspection
3) perspective

4) presumption

33 The Highways Department is responsible for the construction and .. of bridges and roads.
1) equipment
2) adjustment
3) manipulation
4) maintenance
34 In exceptional . students may arrange to take examinations at other times.
1) alternatives
2) implications
3) circumstances
4) distributions
35 After a full lasting over 2 years, very little new evidence had come to light.
1) approach
2) exploitation
3) investment
4) investigation
36 A thorough understanding of mathematics is sufficient to explain a wide variety of natural .. .
1) criteria
2) principles
3) phenomena
4) components
37 For centuries housework and shopping have been identified as female .. .
1) targets
2) domains
3) sectors

4) contexts

38 Modern example of this type of weaving for Persian carpets in the region show little . from traditional
patterns.
1) deviation
2) relevance
3) application
4) permanence
39 Despite some doubts by the experts, the .. of this painting to Rembrandt had never been questioned.
1) attribution
2) simulation
3) association
4) specification
40 She has the . of being one of the few people to have received an honorary degree from the university this
year.
1) extraction
2) detection
3) distinction
4) simulation
41 Financial . on the company are preventing them from employing new staff.
1) resolutions
2) deductions
3) approaches
4) constraints
42 The course is essentially theoretical in .. , but youll need some practical work experience before you can
apply for the job.
1) process
2) function
3) orientation
4) exploitation
43 There was widespread over the plan, and the management had finally to revise it.
1) discontent
2) antithesis
3) interaction
4) emergence
44 The audience broke into .. as the old singer slowly climbed the stairs.
1) tribute
2) applause
3) compliment

4) encouragement

45 Many of the residents here are .. of the original settlers emigrating to the area at the end of the 18 th
century.
1) prototypes
2) derivatives
3) procedures
4) descendants

46 Ive made quite a lot of last-minute .. to the article: I think its now ready for publication in the
newspaper.
1) assembly
2) compliment
3) constitution
4) amendment
47 Some institutions still have a strong . against women and employ them if they are forced to.
1) bias
2) restraint
3) morality
4) inclination
48 Students can be expelled at the of the head teacher, and they cannot return to school within a year
after expulsion.
1) foresight
2) judgment
3) alternative
4) discretion
49 You can only come on school trip if your parents give their written .
1) device
2) consent
3) criterion

4) inclination

1 .

23 .

2 4 .

24 .

3 1 .

25 .

4 3 .

26 .

5 2 .

27 .

6 3 .

28 .

7 3 .

29 .

8 1 .

30 .

9 2 .

31 .

10 1 .

32 .

11 2 .

33 .

12 4 .

34 .

13 1 .

35 .

14 .

36 .

15 .

37 .

16 .

38 .

17 .

39 .

18 .

40 .

19 .

41 .

20 .

42 .

21 .

43 .

22 .

44 .

45 .
46 .
47 .
48 .
49 .

Essential Words for Exam

Adjectives
accurate: correct, precise, exact
adjacent: near, close
ample: enough, plenty

apparent: obvious, clear

arbitrary: by chance
beneficial: useful, helpful

brilliant: bright

controversial:
diverse: of different kinds

dizzy: confusing
doubtful: uncertain

drastic: sudden and violent

ecstatic: excited, joyful

equivalent: the same in value

exceeding: extreme, high

fictional: imaginary
fragile: breakable
frank: honest,

futile: useless, fruitless

grateful: thankful

immense: huge, enormous

imprudent: unwise, careless
impulsive: careless, thoughtless

indomitable: unbeatable
inevitable : unavoidable
ingenious: inventive, clever

inherent: intrinsic
initial: first

intact: undamaged
interval: gap, break


intractable: difficult to control or deal with
intrinsic: inherent, essential
invariable: unchanging

marginal:

mediocre: average, ordinary

meticulous: careful

mutual: joint, reciprocal

nave:

neutral: impartial

peripheral:

permanent: enduring, lasting

pessimistic:

preceding: previous
predisposed: likely to do or have something
predominant: noticeable

prestigious: important, significant

primitive: first, original, ancient
rational: logical, reasonable

reckless: careless
reliable: dependable

spontaneous:
subordinate: inferior, lower
sufficient: enough
thorough: complete, perfect

requisite: essential, necessary,

a thorough search
unanimous:
a unanimous decision
vital: essential, important
voluntary:

wary: careful, cautious

widespread: common

Adverbs
adversely: unfavorably
approximately: nearly
confidently: certainly
consequently: as a result

conversely: on the other hand

eventually: finally

punctually: on time
redundantly: not needed
reluctantly: unwillingly
remarkably: noticeably
simultaneously: at the same time, concurrently
sincerely: honestly
subsequently:
temporarily: transiently
urgently:
vaguely: ambiguously
vastly:
virtually: almost, very nearly
primarily: mainly

Noun
acquisition:
appreciation:
aptitude: talent
asset:

assistance: help
astonishment:

attitude:
authority: control, influence, power
who is in authority?
avoidance:
commitment:
compensation:
complaint:

component:
conformity:

conspiracy:
controversy:
convention: custom
coordination:

detection:
disharmony: incongruence
disruption:
dispute:
evolution:

exaggeration:
exhibition:
expansion:

exploitation:
extinction:
implication:
indulgence:
inflation:
inhibition:


illustration:
inferiority:
insight: perception, feeling, sense

integrity: wholeness, completeness

intention:
interaction:

intervention:
interpretation:
investigation:
jealousy:

jeopardy: danger
morality:
orientation:
patience:
priority:

regulation:
repulsion:
reputation:

resistance:
resolution:
restraint:

resurrection:
retaliation:
simulation:
solution:

submission:
superiority:

supervision:
suppression:
survival:

suspension:

tradition: custom
vanity:

vibration:
violation:

Verbs
abridge: shorten, abbreviate
absorb: attract, take in
abstain: refrain, withdraw
abuse: exploit

accompany: go with, go together with

adhere: 1. stick to 2. follow, advocate, obey
adjust: adapt, accustom

. .

advocate: support
affect: influence

agitate: disturb
allege: claim, contend

allocate: assign, allot

anticipate: expect, predict

appoint: select ( )
apprehend: 1. understand

2. arrest . .

arrange: prepare, put in order

ascribe: attribute
aspire: desire

assemble: gather, collect

assume: suppose, presume
assign: 1. allocate 2. appoint . .

associate: relate, have relationship with

attain: obtain, get
attribute: ascribe
betray: to be disloyal

circulate: pass around -

clash: disagree

coincide: occur at the same time, agree , overlap

collaborate: work together
collapse: destroy, to be destroyed
commit: obligate

comply: conform, follow, obey

conceive: imagine


concentrate: focus
condemn: criticize
conduct: 1. do, carry out 2. lead, direct . .

confess: admit, acknowledge

confirm: approve
confound: confuse

confront: face, encounter

conserve: preserve
consult: refer

consume: use, eat

convene: assemble, gather
convert: change, transform
correspond: agree, resemble
deceive: cheat, trick, mislead
deduce: infer
degenerate: worsen, deteriorate
deliver: submit
denote: mean
depict: show, portray
deposit: put (money) in bank
derive: get, gain, obtain
detach: separate from something larger ) (
detect: distinguish, notice
determine: find out, ascertain
detest: hate, dislike
deviate: diverge
devote: allocate, assign
diminish: reduce, decrease
discern: perceive
disclose: reveal
discriminate: distinguish
dispatch: send, post
display: exhibit, show
contend: claim



distinguish: differentiate
diverge: deviate
donate: give (money, etc.), esp. for a good purpose
elicit: extract, bring out
eliminate: remove, omit
embark on/upon: do, carry out
embody: give physical expression to
emerge: appear
encounter: face, meet
enforce: strengthen
enhance: improve, augment
enumerate: name one by one
equip: provide with what is necessary
establish: se up
esteem: respect
estimate: calculate
evacuate: bring out
evaporate: vanish, disappear
exceed: go beyond, surpass
expire: finish, conclude
extinguish: destroy, eradicate ) (
fabricate: construct, make
flourish: succeed, thrive
foster: encourage
garner: gather
generate: create, produce
glance: look, glimpse
hinder: prevent
identify: recognize
implement: carry out
imply: suggest
impose:
impress: affect
dispute: debate, quarrel


incline: tend
incorporate: integrate, include
increase:

induce: persuade, encourage

inflate: fill with air, blow up

inherit:
insert: put in

) ( )intercept: stop (sb or sth moving between two places

interfere: meddle with

interpret: explain, clarify

interrupt: disturb
intersect: cut across

intervene: mediate, come between, interfere

invoke: refer
last: continue

locate: learn the position of

maintain: keep
monitor: control

) ( navigate:
neglect: ignore

negotiate:

notify: inform

nullify: cancel, abolish

object: oppose, refuse
obligate: compel

obstruct: stop, hinder

obtain: get, attain

occur: happen, take place

overlap:
overlook: ignore, neglect

overwhelm: overload
penetrate: enter
perceive: notice, distinguish
perform: do, carry out


persuade: convince
pinpoint: find or describe exactly
ponder: think deeply, contemplate
postulate: accept as true
precede: go before
preserve: keep

probe: investigate, look into

proceed: go on, continue

promote: improve

pursue: follow, go after

quarrel: argue, dispute
recognize: distinguish, identify

reconcile: settle

recover: get better

recount: to tell a story, narrate
reduce: decrease, diminish

refuse: reject
regard: attend to, look upon
release: set free

reproduce: copy, duplicate

reside: live, inhabit

resolve: settle

restore: bring back, return

restrict: limit, confine

resume: begin again

retain: maintain, keep
retreat: recede, withdraw

retrieve: recover, regain

reveal: disclose, make public
revoke: cancel

revolve: rotate, turn, circulate ) (

scold: criticize, blame
smuggle: take in or out secretly or illegally
speculate: guess


stimulate: encourage, excite
submit: deliver
summon: call, invite, convene

surpass: excel in, be better than

surrender: give up
survive: live longer
suspend: hang, swing

sustain: endure, tolerate

tackle: cope with

terminate: end, finish

transfer: transmit, deliver
trigger: cause, start

) ( undergo: tolerate, experience

undertake: embark on, engage in
utilize: use

vanish: disappear
violate: breach
withstand: resist

wrap:

subject- verb agreement

.
.
1
.

That book on political parties are interesting. ()

That book on political parties is interesting. ()
The ideas in that book is interesting. ()

The ideas in that book are interesting. ()

His knowledge of languages help him in his work. ()

His knowledge of languages helps him in his work. ()

.
anybody
anyone
anything

everybody
everyone
everything

nobody
no one
nothing

somebody
someone
something

each
every

Each of the students dont speak English well. ()

Each of the students doesnt speak English well. ()
here there 3
. inversion

On the door were symbols of flowers.

There were many people in line when we arrived.
:
My brother he is always borrowing my car. ()

. .

My brother is always borrowing my car ()

Their method of teaching it is very good. ()

Their method of teaching is very good. ()

I could not believe that my boyfriend he told me a lie. ()
I could not believe that my boyfriend told me a lie. ()


. many fewest fewer few 5
There are few students from Japan in our English class.

. much least less little

He gave me a little advice about choosing a school.
Susan has less money than I.
He did the least amount of work of anyone in the class,
There is not much time to finish this job completely.
s s 6
:

people, men, women, children, police

: . s 7
fruit, homework, bread, money , furniture, time
news

Little news is coming from that country.

There are much books on the shelf. ()
There are many books on the shelf. ()

He had few winter clothing when he arrived. ()

He had little winter clothing when he arrived. ()

You need a little dollars to buy this book. ()

You need a few dollars to buy this book. ()

Jack scored the least points in the basketball game. ()
Jack scored the fewest points in the basketball game. ()
Isabelle bought less than ten items. ()

Isabelle bought fewer than ten items. ()

those these that this 9

:
John does not like this kind of class.
What do you think of these kinds of chairs?

These type of potato is native to Peru. ()

This type of potato is native to Peru. ()

That kinds of women are likely to succeed in business. ()

Those kinds of women are likely to succeed in business. ()

Jane never buys these brand of canned goods. ()

Jane never buys this brand of canned goods. ()

Verbs

.
.( to )to ing
. ing 1
enjoy
appreciate
mind

quit (give up)

finish
avoid

postpone
delay
suggest

I enjoy to play tennis.

I enjoy playing tennis.
hope to
plan to
promise to

agree to
offer to
refuse to

mention
discuss
keep on

.( infinitive) to 2
seem to
appear to
pretend to

would like to
want to
ask to

forbid to

I hope to see you again soon

He promised to be here by ten.
.( infinitive) to ) ( 3
tell someone to
advise someone to
encourage someone to
remind someone to

invite someone to
permit someone to
allow someone to
warn someone to
would kike someone to

require someone to
order someone to
force someone to
ask someone to
expect someone to
want someone to
need someone to

The police ordered the driver to stop.

Mr. Johnson told me to be here at ten o clock.
. ing 4
be accustomed to
be interested in
be opposed to
be used to

look forward to
keep in

She was not used to living in a dormitory,

He kept on driving even though he was tired.
He has been looking forward to meeting you.
to make ( ) let ( ) 5
.


He made the children look both ways before crossing the street.
The teacher let him leave early.

. to make let
The student was made to speak in English.

: . to ing 6

feel , hear , notice , observe, see , smell , watch.

I heard the baby cry I heard the baby crying
Jane observed him leave Jane observed him leaving.
The professor forbids the students leaving early. ()
The professor forbids the students to leave early. ()

I am opposed to go to war. ()

I am opposed to going to war. ()

Do not let those children to eat a lot of candy. ()
Do not let those children eat a lot of candy. ()

I was surprised to see a person to cry at that movie. ()

I was surprised to see a person cry at that movie. ()

I was surprised to see a person crying at that movie. ()

: . to ( modals) 7

can
may
might

could
should
would

must
will
shall

They can walk five miles without getting tired,

They could walk five miles without getting tired,

( modal) + have + ( ) ( past participle)

Mr. and Mrs. Smith might have enjoyed the party.
He should have sent his application earlier.
We should not have eaten such a big dinner.
We must to water our plants regularly. ()

We must water our plants regularly. ()

They could walked to school because it was close. ()

They could walk to school because it was close. ()

The show will have begin by the time we arrive. ()

The show will have begun by the time we arrive. ()

adjective or adverb

.
. ) (noun ) (to be.
His recent accident caused a sudden change in his behavior.
Adj
Noun
Adj
noun
He is int elligent
Pr on
Adj

. .
.
He had an accident recently and his behavior changed suddenly
verb
Adv
Verb
Adv
spoke
int elligently
He
Verb
Adv

. . .
) ( .
)( He grew an especial small tree.
Adj
Adj
especially
)( small tree.
He grew an
Adv
Adj
)( He is an extreme pleasant person.
Adj
Adj
extremely
)( pleasant person.
He is an
Adv
Adj
.
She could run very quickly .
Adv Adv
Ly . .
Adverb

Adjective

Late

Late

Fast

Fast

Hard

Hard


. well good
My sister plays the piano very good. ()
My sister plays the piano very well . ()
verb
adv
You should order that book real soon. ()
You should order that book really soon . ()
adv adv
He worked hardly at the factory all day. ()
He worked hard at the factory all day. ()
It was an interesting designed museum. ()

It was an int erestingly designed museum. ()

adv
adj

Parallel structures

. .
.

( 1

He likes music , art and histary

Noun Noun
Noun

(ing+ ( )2

He likes swim min g , dancing and horseback riding .

V + ing
V + ing
V + ing

( 3
He is tall , dark and handsome .
Adj Adj
Adj

(infinitives) to ( 4
They wanted to paint the living room, to lay a new carpet, and to buy a new sofa.
. to :

(past tense) ( 5
The Romans

conquered
, calonized and governed much of the world.
Past
Past
Past

(past perfect tense) ( 6

He had finished the game, had taken a shower, and had eaten lunch by the time I got to his house.
. had :

. although , or , as , hut , and

and (1

He enjoyed the music of Spain and the sculpture of France.

but (2
That verb form is not active , but passive
Adj
Adj

As (3
Taking
the bus can be as costly as taking a plane.
V + ing
V + ing

Or (4
He wanted to borrow a car or to rent one while his car was being repaired,


than (5
Eating in a restaurant is more fun than cooking at home.
V + ing
V + ing

Although (6
Although he liked to eat good food, he did not like to pay high prices for it.

- Going on vacation is more fun than to work in the summer. ()

Going on vacation is more fun than to working in the summer. ()

- Renting an apartment can be as expensive as to buy a house. ()

Renting an apartment can be as expensive as buying a house. ()
- That soup should not be served hot, but at a cold temperature. ()
That soup should not be served hot, but cold. ()

- Her husband had bought a house, found a job, and chose a school for the children before she arrived. ()
Her husband had bought a house, found a job, and chosen a school for the children before she arrived. ()

who / whom -
. whomever whom whoever who
: Whoever Who
Who (whoever) + verb
The woman who sang yesterday has studied voice for years.
WHO VERB
who came to the party?
WHO Verb
needs it.
Give the money to whoever
WHOEVER VERB
whoever
had finished could leave.
I said that
WHOEVER VERB

. whomever whom

Whom (whomever) + subject ( )+verb

The woman whom I met yesterday is a voice teacher.
Give it to whomever you like.
They chose whomever was most interested. ()

They chose whoever was most interested. ()

She gave it to the only person who she believed. ()
She gave it to the only person whom she believed ()
I saw the man who john spoke to. ()

I saw the man whom john spoke to. ()

) (conditional sentences
:
: . ) if clause
if ( .
) (result clause .
If he comes to school, I will give him your message.

) (
: .
if clause ) (result clause would could might
.
If he studied he could get good grades.

) (
: .
could

if clause ) (had+ pp ) (result clause

might + have + pp

would

.
If he had come to school, I would have given him your message.

) (
:

.. if +

would + if +
) ( would + have + pp ... if +

would if clause .

was were .
If he were rich, he would go to Europe to study.
If I were you, I would study harder.
)( If I will win the contest, I will buy a new car.
)( If I win the contest, I will buy a new car

)( ?If you had lost your job, what would you do

)( If you lost your job, what would you do?


If you had lost your job, what would you have done? ()
If they had ask me, I would have given them my opinion. ()
If they had asked me , I would have given them my opinion ()
If I have been there , I would make a speech. ()
If I were there , I would make a speech. ()

If I had been there , I would have make a speech. ()

If Bob had studied more, he would have pass the test. ()
If Bob had studied more, he would have passed the test. ()

If Jane had known it was supposed to rain, she would have took an umbrella. ()
If Jane had known it was supposed to rain, she would have taken an umbrella. ()
If I would have a degree from that university, I would get a good job. ()

If I had a degree from that university, I would get a good job. ()

If he would have been on time, we would have asked him to the party. ()
If he had been on time, we would have asked him to the party. ()

Cloze Tests
A little more than a hundred years ago, a number of European scholars began to record stories
(1).. told in peasant cottages and compile them (2) the first great collections
of European folk tales. (3) evidence exists to prove that the folk tales they recorded
existed long before then, (4).. collections of sermons from the 12th to the 15th century show
that mediaeval preachers knew of some of the same stories (5). by the 19th century
folklorists.
1
2
3
4
5

1) that

2) were

3) which

4) being

1) for

2) into

3) from

4) within

1) To write

2) Written

3) They wrote

4) Writing

1) yet

2) too

3) though

4) perhaps

1) for being recorded

2) like those

3) are recorded

4) as those recorded

If you ask most people to list what makes them (6).. someone on first meeting, they ..
(7). personality, intelligence, and sense of humor. But theyre probably deceiving .(8) . The
characteristic that impresses people the most (9).. meeting anyone, from a job applicant
(10) a classmate, is appearance.
6

7
8
9

1) like

2) to like

3) being like

4) liking

1) will say

2) are to say

3) are saying

4) will be saying

1) it

2) them

3) themselves

4) one another

1) is

2) for

3) when

4) during

2) to

3) or

4) for

10
1) as

Since water is the basis of life, .. (11) the greater part of the tissues of all living things, the
crucial problem of desert animals is to survive in a world (12). sources of flowing water are
rare. And since mans inexorable necessity (13). large quantities of water at frequent intervals,
(14) comprehend that many creatures of the desert pass their lives .(15). a single drop.
11
1) composes

2) composing

3) it composes

4) that composing

12
1) which

2) that

3) there

4) where

13
1) is to absorb

2) of absorbing

3) that is to absorb

4) is absorbing

14
1) scarcely he can

2) he scarce can

3) he can scarcely

4) scarce can he

15
1) for

2) from

3) upon

4) without

Everyone brings some kind of power to the negotiating table. Its easy to be awed (16) external
sources of power and influence while .(17).. such internal sources of your own power
.(18) your self-esteem, self-knowledge and confidence (19). fast on your feet.
Power in a negotiation can be very dynamic. Be patient and your own store of internal power (20).
to your advantage.
16
1) for

2) with

3) by

4) from

17
1) overlooking

2) to overlook

3) be overlooking

4) being overlooked

18
1) of

2) as

3) like

4) about

19
1) you think

2) so thinking

3) to think

4) as you are thinking

20
1) being working

2) is working

3) is to work

4) will work

Nature conservation means that protection of animals and plants in their natural homes. It means the
preservation of . (21). species that live with us on Earth, in the wild places, and even in our
gardens and homes. (22) the sensible use of all the Earths resources. It requires the
development ..(23). a deep sense of responsibility for the long-term welfare of this planet.
.(24). mans prehistoric ancestors mastered the use of fire, human beings have influenced the
natural environment. In Africa the burning of forests 50,000 years ago contributed to the creation of the
great grasslands there. But mans ability to destroy nature (25).. in the last 100 years. The
pace of technological advance has been startling.
21
1) great various

2) great variety of

3) the great variety of

4) the great various

22
1) It involves

2) They involve

3) They are involved in

4) It is involved in

23
1) in man who

2) of man who

3) which man of

4) in man of

24
1) When

2) Until

3) Ever since

4) As long as

25
1) increased enormous
3) has increased enormously

2) had increased enormously

4) had an enormously increase

All living things need to be protected from heat, cold and weather conditions, injury, other animals and
germs. The skin ..(26) .. this work of protection. Birds are greatly helped by an outer covering
of feathers and most mammals .(27).. a coat of fur. Human beings have hair on their bodies but
not enough to act as a protection. However, the skin, although (28) with clothes for warmth in
most climates, does a great deal to keep the body healthy, and, .(29) cut or pierced, is
practically germ-proof. The whole of the human body is covered by skin, .(30). in thickness
according to the part of the body that it covers. It is thinnest over the exposed part of the eyeballs and
thickest on the soles of the feet.
26
1) does a lot

2) makes much

3) makes lots of

4) does much of

27
1) in

2) by

3) into

4) from

28
1) covering

2) it covers

3) it has to cover

4) it has to be covered

29
1) unless

2) though

3) it was

4) to be

30
1) the varies

2) which varies

3) that it varies

4) which it varies

A person with poor self-esteem (31) a major struggle in work and relationships with other
people. If you put (32).. value in yourself, others will not value you, (33).. want to be
with you. For if you are self-controlled and dont have any real concern for .(34) , you will be,
in fact, harmful to your community. And if a person has positive feelings (35). himself they
need to balanced by a concern for other people.
31
1) facing

2) faces

3) is faced

4) that faces

32
1) some

2) a little

3) little

4) a great deal

33
1) or wont they

2) nor they will

3) or they wont

4) nor will they

34
1) the others

2) others

3) others

4) the others

35
1) of

2) by

3) with

4) about

Although the organs require a blood supply, (36) depend more critically than others on a
continuous flow. Muscles, especially if they are not being used, .(37) unscathed even when
deprived .(38) their blood supply for many minutes. But (39) blood flow to the brain,
and it begins to malfunction within seconds, (40).. loss of consciousness.
36
1) they

2) some

3) none

4) they may

37
1) remain

2) they remain

3) they will remain

4) and will remain

38
1) by

2) of

3) with

4) from

39
1) interruption

2) interrupting

3) it interrupts

4) interrupt

40
1) causes

2) it causes

3) causing

4) that causing

Cloze Test
1 .

. Stories which were being told .

.
Stories which were being told stories being told
2 .
compile something into
3 .

written )( .
4 .

Though .
5 .

As like .
6 .

make to .
make them like
7 .

if you ask me :
they will say :
8 .
!But theyre probably deceiving themselves :
9 .

when .
" .
:


10 .
from. to..
from a job applicant to a classmate
11 .

.......the basis of life which composes .. :

ing :
the basis of life which composes the basis of life composing
12 .

world world where .

13 .

necessity to be . to be
.
inexorable necessity is to absorb ..
the purpose of the program is to prepare students.
14 .
he can scarcely. :

scarcely ) inversion( scarcely

scarcely can he :
15 .

without .
16 .
to be awed by to .
be awed by ..
17 .

while ing . while

.
While teaching English in a bilingual school, I found many students had a negative attitude towards language
learning.
18 .

" " like . as

) ( like your self-esteem
)( . as your self-esteem
:


19 .

:
I went to the bookstore to buy my favorite book.
to think fast on your feet
20 .

) (will work .
21 .
of the the

great various the great variety of .

22 .

nature preservation it they

involve .
23 .

.
It requires the development in man of a deep sense of responsibility...
24 .

Ever since ) ( .
Ever since mans prehistoric..., human beings have influenced
25 .

in the last 100 years ) . (

enormous has increased enormously :
26 .

this work do ) make .( a lot of ) a lot of :

.(
27 .

Parallel Structure:
. Birds are greatly helped by an outer covering of feathers and most mammals by a coat of fur.
28 .

: .
It (skin) has to be covered.


29 .

unless .

30 .

The whole of the human body

) . ( ) (it ) .
.(

31 .

. .

32 .

) ( put

little value .put a little value

33 .

others will not value you nor ) or

.( nor ) invert( :
Nor will they

34 .

) .( . the other
the other people
or
the other individuals
:

35 .

about .

36 .
37 .

muscles . especially if they are not being used

.

38 .

deprive of .

39 .

interrupt ) (imperative .

40 .

.within seconds, which causes loss of consciousness

) (reduction which ing :
which causes causing