Cc gii php x l nc cng (nc vi)

Khi to bi : maylocnuoc, ng bi : maylocnuoc, Cp nht: 02/08/2013 08:00

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C nhiu phng php lm mm nc, v th phi cn c vo mc lm mm cn thit ( cng cho php

cn li ca nc), cht lng nc ngun v cc ch tiu kinh t khc chn ra phng php lm mm thch
hp nht.
Gii thiu:
cng ca nc l s o hm lng cc ion kim loi Ca2+ v Mg2+ c trong nc.
cng ca nc c gi l tm thi khi c mt ca mui cacbonat v bicacbonat Ca, Mg. Loi nc ny
khi un si s to ra mui kt ta CaCO3 v MgCO3.
cng vnh cu ca nc do cc loi mui sunfat hoc clorua Ca, Mg to ra. Loi mui ny thng khx
l.
Trong sinh hot, cng cao gy lng ph x phng v cc cht ty ra, to cn lng bm trn b mt cc trang
thit b sinh hot.
Trong cng nghip cng ca nc gy cn tr cho qu trnh vn chuyn v lm gim nng lc truyn nhit,
gim tui th ca thit b.
Cc gii php x l tng qut
C nhiu phng php lm mm nc, v th phi cn c vo mc lm mm cn thit ( cng cho php
cn li ca nc), cht lng nc ngun v cc ch tiu kinh t khc chn ra phng php lm mm thch
hp nht.
lm mm nc, ngi ta dng cc phng php sau:
Lm mm nc bng ha cht: pha cc ha cht khc nhau vo nc kt hp vi ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ to
thnh cc hp cht khng tan trong nc
Phng php nhit: un nng hoc chng ct nc.
Phng php trao i ion: lc nc cn lm mm qua lp lc cationit c kh nng trao i Na+ hoc H+ c
trong thnh phn ca ht cationit vi ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ ha tan trong nc v gi chng li trn b mt ca
cc ht lp vt liu lc.
Phng php tng hp: l phng php phi hp 2 trong 3 phng php trn.
Lc qua mng bn thm, thm thu ngc (RO)
1. Phng php nhit
C s l thuyt ca phng php ny l dng nhit bc hi kh cacbonic ha tan trong nc. Trng thi cn
bng ca cc hp cht cacbonic s chuyn dch theo phng trnh phn ng sau:
2HCO3- CO32- + H2O + CO2

Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3

Nn

Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O

Tuy nhin, khi un nng nc ch kh c ht kh CO2 v gim cng cacbonat ca nc, cn lng
CaCO3ha tan vn cn tn ti trong nc.
Ring i vi Mg, qu trnh kh xy ra qua hai bc. nhit thp (n 180C) ta c phn ng:
Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Khi tip tc tng nhit , MgCO3 b thy phn theo phn ng:
MgCO3 + H2O Mg(OH)2 + CO2
2. Phng php ha cht
Trong thc t p dng hng lot phng php x l nc bng ha cht vi mc ch kt hp cc ion Ca2+ v
Mg2+ ha tan trong nc thnh cc hp cht khng tan d lng v lc. Cc ha cht thng dng lm mm
nc l vi, soa Na2CO3, xt NaOH, hyrxit bari Ba(OH)2, photphat natri Na3PO4.
Chn phng n lm mm nc bng ha cht cn phi da vo cht lng nc ngun v mc lm mm
cn thit. Trong mt vi trng hp c th kt hp lm mm nc vi kh st, kh silic, kh photphat
Ngoi ra trong mi trng hp c th phi da trn c s so snh kinh t k thut gia cc phng php, c
bit l vi phng php lm mm bng cationit.
2.1. Kh cng cacbonat ca nc bng vi
Kh cng cacbonat ca nc bng vi c th p dng trong trng hp ngoi yu cu gim cng cn
phi gim c kim ca nc.
2.2. Lm mm nc bng vi v soa (Na2CO3)
Lm mm nc bng vi v soa l phng php c hiu qu i vi thnh phn ion bt k ca nc. Khi cho
vi vo nc kh c cng canxi v magi mc tng ng vi hm lng ca ion hyrcacbonat
trong nc.
2.3. Lm mm nc lm pht pht v bari:
Khi lm mm nc bng vi v soa do cng ca nc sau khi lm mm cn tng i ln, ngi ta b
sung phng php lm mm trit bng photphat. Ha cht thng dng l trinatri photphat hay dinatri
photphat. Khi cho cc ha cht ny vo nc chng s phn ng vi ion canxi v magi to ra mui photphat
ca canxi v magi khng tan trong nc.
kh cng sunfat c th dng cacbonat bari BaCO3, hyrxit bari Ba(OH)2 hay aluminat bari
Ba(AlO2)2.
3. Phng php trao i ion
Lm mm nc bng cationit da trn tnh cht ca mt s cht khng tan hoc hu nh khng tan trong nc

 cationit, nhng c kh nng trao i, khi ngm trong nc, cc cht ny hp th cation ca mui ha tan ln
b mt ht v nh vo nc mt s lng tng ng cation c cy ln b mt ht t trc.