CC CH TIU CN BIT TRONG NC SCH

( Theo ngun ti liu ca vinawa)

Xt nghim nc l cng vic cn lm tm ra nhng vn ca ngun nc.
Da trn kt qu xt nghim ta c th d dng chn la cng ngh v thit b x
l nc.
Vinawa xin s lc cc ch s trong bng xt nghim nh sau:
1. Mi v
- Nc ging ngm: mi trng thi l do c kh H2S, kt qu ca qu trnh phn
hy cc cht hu c trong lng t v ha tan vo mch nc ngm. Mi tanh ca
st v mangan.
- Nc mt (sng, sui, ao h): mi tanh ca to l do s xut hin ca cc loi to
v vi sinh vt. Trong trng hp ny nc thng c mu xanh.
- Nc my: mi ha cht kh trng (clo) cn d li trong nc.
Mi v khc l s gy cm gic kh chu khi dng nc. Tu theo loi mi v m
c cch x l ph hp nh dng ha cht dit to trong ao h, keo t lng lc, hp
ph bng than hot tnh,
2. Mu
- Mu vng ca hp cht st v mangan.
- Mu xanh ca to, hp cht hu c.
Nc c mu cao thng gy kh chu v mt cm quan. Vi cc quy trnh x
l nh sc kh ozn, clo ha s b, keo t, lng lc c th lm gim mu ca
nc. Cn lu , khi ngun nc c mu do hp cht hu c, vic s dng Clo c
th to ra cht mi l trihalomethane c kh nng gy ung th.
3. pH
Ngun nc c pH > 7 thng cha nhiu ion nhm carbonate v bicarbonate (do
chy qua nhiu tng t ). Ngun nc c pH < 7 thng cha nhiu ion gc
axit.
Bng chng d thy nht lin quan gia pH v sc khe ca ngi s dng l
n lm hng men rng pH ca nc c lin quan n tnh n mn thit b, ng
ng dn nc v dng c cha nc. c bit, trong mi trng pH thp, kh
nng kh trng ca Clo s mnh hn. Tuy nhin, khi pH > 8,5 nu trong nc c
hp cht hu c th vic kh trng bng Clo d to thnh hp cht trihalomethane

gy ung th.
Theo tiu chun, pH ca nc s dng cho sinh hot l 6,0 8,5 v ca nc ung
l 6,5 8,5.
4. c
c l i lng o hm lng cht l lng trong nc, thng do s hin din
ca cht keo, st, to v vi sinh vt.
Nc c gy cm gic kh chu cho ngi dng v c kh nng nhim vi sinh.
Tiu chun nc sch quy nh c nh hn 5NTU, nhng gii hn ti a ca
nc ung ch l 2 NTU. Cc quy trnh x l nh keo t, lng, lc gp phn lm
gim c ca nc.
5. kim
kim ca nc l do cc ion bicarbonate, carbonate v hydroxide to nn.
Trong thnh phn ha hc ca nc, kim c lin quan n cc ch tiu khc
nh pH, cng v tng hm lng khong. Vic xc nh kim ca nc gip
cho vic nh lng ha cht trong qu trnh keo t, lm mm nc cng nh x
l chng n mn.
Hin nay, khng c bng chng c th no lin quan gia kim v sc khe ca
ngi s dng. Thng thng, nc dng cho n ung nn c kim thp hn
100 mg/l.
6. cng
cng l i lng o tng cc cation a ha tr c trong nc, nhiu nht l ion
canxi v magi. Nc mt thng khng c cng cao nh nc ngm. Ty theo
cng ca nc ngi ta chia thnh cc loi sau:
- cng t 0 50mg/l -> Nc mm
- cng t 50 150mg/l -> Nc hi cng
- cng t 150 300mg/l -> Nc cng
- cng > 300mg/l -> Nc rt cng
Nc cng thng cn nhiu x phng hn to bt, hoc gy hin tng ng
cn trng trong thit b un, ng dn nc nng, thit b gii nhit hay l hi.
Ngc li, nc cng thng khng gy hin tng n mn ng ng v thit
b.Theo tiu chun nc sch, cng c quy nh nh hn 350 mg/l. i vi
nc n ung, cng nh hn 300 mg/l. Tuy nhin, khi cng vt qu 50
mg/l, trong cc thit b un nu xut hin cn trng. Trong thnh phn ca

cng, canxi v magi l 2 yu t quan trng thng c b sung cho c th qua

ng thc n. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi c nguy c mc bnh si thn cn hn ch
vic hp th canxi v magi hm lng cao.
C th kh cng bng phng php trao i ion.
7. Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS)
TDS l i lng o tng cht rn ha tan c trong nc, hay cn gi l tng cht
khong.
Tiu chun nc sch quy nh TDS nh hn 1.000 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung
quy nh TDS nh hn 500 mg/l.
8. oxy ha (Cht hu c)
oxy ha c dng nh gi mc nhim ca ngun nc. C 2 phng
php xc nh oxy ha ty theo ha cht s dng l phng php KMnO4 v
K2CrO7.
Tiu chun nc sch quy nh oxy ha theo KMnO44) nh hn 2 mg/l. nh
hn 4 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh oxy ha (theo KMnO
9. Nhm
Nhm l thnh phn chnh trong cc loi khong, t st. Nhm c dng
trong cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut cht bn dn, thuc nhum, sn v c bit
l ha cht keo t trong x l nc. Nc khai thc t vng t nhim phn
thng c pH thp v hm lng nhm cao.
Nhm khng gy ri lon c ch trao i cht, tuy nhin c lin quan n cc bnh
Alzheimei v gia tng qu trnh lo ha. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh hm
lng nhm nh hn 0,2 mg/l.
10. St
Do ion st hai d b oxy ha thnh hydroxyt st ba, t kt ta v lng nn st t tn
ti trong ngun nc mt. i vi nc ngm, trong iu kin thiu kh, st
thng tn ti dng ion Fe2+ v ho tan trong nc. Khi c lm thong, st
hai s chuyn ha thnh st ba, xut hin kt ta hydroxyt st ba c mu vng, d
lng. Trong trng hp ngun nc c nhiu cht hu c, st c th tn ti dng
keo (phc hu c) rt kh x l. Ngoi ra, nc c pH thp s gy hin tng
n mn ng ng v dng c cha, lm tng hm lng st trong nc.
St khng gy c hi cho c th. Khi hm lng st cao s lm cho nc c v
tanh, mu vng, c v mu tng nn kh s dng. Tiu chun nc ung v

nc sch
11. Mangan

quy

nh

hm

lng

st

nh

hn

0,5

mg/l.

Mangan thng tn ti trong nc cng vi st nhng vi hm lng t hn. Khi

trong nc c mangan thng to lp cn mu en ng bm vo thnh v y
bn cha.
Mangan c c tnh rt thp v khng gy ung th. hm lng cao hn 0,15
mg/l c th to ra v kh chu, lm hoen qun o. Tiu chun nc ung v nc
sch u quy nh hm lng mangan nh hn 0,5 mg/l.
12. Asen (thch tn)
Do thm qua nhiu tng a cht khc nhau, nc ngm thng cha asen nhiu
hn nc mt. Ngoi ra asen c mt trong ngun nc khi b nhim nc thi
cng nghip, thuc tr su.
Khi b nhim asen, c kh nng gy ung th da v phi. Tiu chun nc sch quy
nh asen nh hn 0,05 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh asen nh hn 0,01
mg/l.
13. Cadimi
Do thm qua nhiu tng a cht khc nhau, nc ngm thng cha hm lng
cadimi nhiu hn nc mt. Ngoi ra Cadimi cn thy trong ngun nc b nhim
nc thi cng nghip khai thc m, nc r bi rc. Cadimi c th xut hin trong
ng ng thp trng km nu xy ra hin tng n mn.
Cadimi c tc ng xu n thn. Khi b nhim c cao c kh nng gy i ma.
Tiu chun nc ung quy nh Cadimi nh hn 0,003 mg/l.
14. Crm
Crm c mt trong ngun nc khi b nhim nc thi cng nghip khai thc m,
xi m, thuc da, thuc nhum, sn xut giy v gm s.
Crm ha tr 6 c c tnh mnh hn Crm ha tr 3 v tc ng xu n cc b
phn c th nh gan, thn, c quan h hp. Nhim c Crm cp tnh c th gy
xut huyt, vim da, u nht. Crm c xp vo cht c nhm 1 (c kh nng
gy ung th cho ngi v vt nui). Tiu chun nc ung quy nh crm nh hn
0,05 mg/l.
15. ng
ng hin din trong nc do hin tng n mn trn ng ng v cc dng c
thit b lm bng ng hoc ng thau. Cc loi ha cht dit to c s dng

rng ri trn ao h cng lm tng hm lng ng trong ngun nc. Nc thi t

nh my luyn kim, xi m, thuc da, sn xut thuc tr su, dit c hay phim nh
cng gp phn lm tng lng ng trong ngun nc.
ng khng tch ly trong c th nhiu n mc gy c. hm lng 1 2 mg/l
lm cho nc c v kh chu, v khng th ung c khi nng cao t 5 8
mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng ng nh hn
2 mg/l.
16. Ch
Trong ngun nc thin nhin ch pht hin hm lng ch 0,4 0,8 mg/l. Tuy
nhin do nhim nc thi cng nghip hoc hin tng n mn ng ng nn
c th pht hin ch trong nc ung mc cao hn.
Khi hm lng ch trong mu cao c th gy tn thng no, ri lon tiu ha, yu
c, ph hy hng cu. Ch c th tch ly trong c th n mc cao v gy c.
Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng ch nh hn 0,01
mg/l.
17. Km
Km t khi c trong nc, ngoi tr b nhim t ngun nc thi ca cc khu
khai thc qung.
Cha pht hin km gy c cho c th ngi, nhng hm lng > 5 mg/l
lm cho nc c mu trng sa. Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh
hm lng km < 3mg/l.
18. Niken
Niken t khi hin din trong nc, ngoi tr b nhim t ngun nc thi ca
ngnh in t, gm s, c quy, sn xut thp.
Niken c c tnh thp v khng tch ly trong cc m. Tiu chun nc ung v
nc sch u quy nh hm lng niken nh hn 0,02mg/l.
19. Thy ngn
Thy ngn him khi tn ti trong nc. Tuy nhin cc mui thy ngn c dng
trong cng ngh khai khong c kh nng lm nhim ngun nc.
Khi nhim c thy ngn cc c quan nh thn v h thn kinh s b ri lon. Tiu
chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng thy ngn nh hn 0,001
mg/l.
20. Molybden

Molybden t khi c mt trong nc. Molybden thng c trong nc thi ngnh

in, ha du, thy tinh, gm s v thuc nhum.
Molybden d hp th theo ng tiu ha v tn cng cc c quan nh gan, thn.
Tiu chun nc ung quy nh molybden nh hn 0,07 mg/l.
21. Clorua
Ngun nc c hm lng clorua cao thng do hin tng thm thu t nc
bin hoc do nhim t cc lai nc thi nh m km, khai thc du, sn xut
giy, sn xut nc t quy trnh lm mm.
Clorua khng gy hi cho sc khe. Gii hn ti a ca clorua c la chn theo
hm lng natri trong nc, khi kt hp vi clorua s gy v mn kh ung. Tiu
chun nc sch quy nh Clorua nh hn 300 mg/l. Tiu chun nc ung quy
nh Clorua nh hn 250 mg/l.
22. Amni Nitrit Nitrat
Cc dng thng gp trong nc ca hp cht nit l amni, nitrit, nitrat, l kt
qu ca qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c hoc do nhim t nc thi. Trong
nhm ny, amni l cht gy c nhiu nht cho c v cc loi thy sinh. Nitrit
c hnh thnh t phn ng phn hy nit hu c v amni v vi s tham gia
ca vi khun. Sau nitrit s c oxy ha thnh nitrat. Ngoi ra, nitrat cn c
mt trong ngun nc l do nc thi t cc ngnh ha cht, t ng rung c s
dng phn ha hc, nc r bi rc, nc ma chy trn. S c mt hp cht nit
trong thnh phn ha hc ca nc cho thy du hiu nhim ngun nc.
23. Sunfat
Sunfat thng c mt trong nc l do qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c c cha
sunfua hoc do nhim t ngun nc thi ngnh dt nhum, thuc da, luyn kim,
sn xut giy. Nc nhim phn thng cha hm lng sunfat cao.
nng sunfat 200mg/l nc c v cht, hm lng cao hn c th gy bnh
tiu chy.
Tiu chun nc ung quy nh sunfat nh hn 250 mg/l.
24. Florua
Nc mt thng c hm lng flo thp khong 0,2 mg/l. i vi nc ngm, khi
chy qua cc tng vi, dolomit, t st, hm lng flo trong nc c th cao
n 8 9 mg/l.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy khi hm lng flo t 2 mg/l lm en rng. Nu s

dng thng xuyn ngun nc c hm lng Flo cao hn 4 mg/l c th lm mc

xng. Flo khng c biu hin gy ung th. Tiu chun nc ung quy nh hm
lng flo trong khong 0,7 1,5 mg/l.
25. Xyanua
Xyanua c mt trong ngun nc do nhim t cc loi nc thi ngnh nha, xi
m, luyn kim, ha cht, si tng hp.
Xyanua rt c, thng tn cng cc c quan nh phi, da, ng tiu ha. Tiu
chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng xuanua nh hn 0,07
mg/l.
26. Coliform
Vi khun Coliform (ph bin l Escherichia Coli) thng c trong h tiu ha ca
ngi. S pht hin vi khun Coli cho thy ngun nc c du hiu nhim.
Tiu chun nc ung v nc sch u quy nh hm lng E. Coliform bng 0.
Ring Coliform tng s trong nc sch c cho php 50 vi khun / 100 ml.
CC CH TIU L HO CA NC UNG NG CHAI LIN QUAN N AN TON
THC PHM
Tn ch tiu

1. Antimony, mg/l
2. Arsen, mg/l
3. Bari, mg/l
4. Bor, mg/l
5. Bromat, mg/l
6. Cadmi, mg/l
7. Clor, mg/l
8. Clorat, mg/l
9. Clorit, mg/l
10. Crom, mg/l
11. ng, mg/l
12. Xyanid, mg/l
13. Fluorid, mg/l

14. Ch, mg/l

15. Mangan, mg/l
16. Thy ngn, mg/l
17. Molybden, mg/l
18. Nickel, mg/l
19. Nitrat (5), mg/l
20. Nitrit (5), mg/l
21. Selen, mg/l
22. Mc nhim x:
- Hot phng x , Bq/l
- Hot phng x , Bq/l
Ghi ch:
(4) Ch tiu loi A: bt buc phai th nghim anh gia hp quy. Ch tiu loi B: khng bt buc phai th nghim anh gia hp
quy nhng t chc, ca nhn san xut, nhp khu, ch bin cac san phm sa dng lng phai ap ng cac yu cu i vi ch tiu
loi B.
(5) T l nng ca mi cht so vi gii hn ti a:
Cnitrat/GHTnitrat + Cnitrit/GHTnitrit < 1.

CC CH TIU VI SINH VT CA NC KHONG THIN NHIN NG CHAI V

NC UNG NG CHAI
I. Kim tra ln u
Ch tiu

1. E. coli hoc coliform chu nhit

2. Coliform tng s

3. Streptococci feacal

4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

5. Bo t vi khun k kh kh sulfit

II. Kim tra ln th hai

Tn ch tiu

1. Coliform tng s
2. Streptococci feacal
3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
4. Bo t vi khun k kh kh sulfit
Ghi ch:
(6) Ch tiu loi A: bt buc phai th nghim anh gia hp quy.
(7) n: s n v mu c ly t l hng cn kim tra.
(8) c: s n v mu ti a c th chp nhn hoc s n v mu ti a cho php vt qua ch tiu vi sinh vt m. Nu vt qua s
n v mu ny th l hng c coi l khng t.
(9) m: s lng hoc mc ti a vi khun c trong 1 gam san phm; cac gia tr vt qua mc ny th c th c chp nhn hoc
khng c chp nhn.
(10) M: l mc vi sinh vt ti a c dng phn nh gia cht lng san phm c th t v khng t.