Ho Mets poets pena ef NLASUFES OF ASSOCATN fod ‘As dasa, ideiticion of causal eat sully poten oy rly, gh he dy hte a i ok ie ern ed onthe a ced core nae fun a pri ees ie! vith a cowed | ay of romeo he a, df wen cana be pied on bof ong o eho fier ely 2a tei i ‘apron gif ees plenty teen 8c bt 0 qu he aged of so takfscor dna reer Yuu means aii seer ath cine canbe wea gut cu aft ‘aa ct gpd ror ara g8 Be eine see ri fe wi une econo lp c= iis 840 ype sty don emp, ee, ca tauren wd ot gn ace wat and feck de ears of Asoc Ban tos ‘nema freon id Sealy en ince o moras th ws Ta sel ha of re 0 aS Airing in he xan & psi i cre de ee oe fay Tee nied a uy ed pie ta tng. aon ped eps ae lke reed Rais wo = oe ef nerd “Therein een rer tab i dy The mins of eis bee eck df erouy arnt les even ag 49 and yb line ws te fue nan Beste wage aa iene ct ‘a cee be 6.2 p10 acyl zoe 13 ag nl aches gf an Pol Pit Rech Gey 17) elt ce es ws i362 = 2A Ty beeen pn 0 ad 8, le sk ket 8 pes crue he i he ef i corr ve cp srhvrezanoes vib a pens san Rt “Tei mnie ein nay soe ew of i tia oy a i compar ofinidence ae oer, therisk at sbased oa cma { Bonpe mesure oxeps 5S ‘vom of pote, J of developing the disease. IF devote te pevsence of hee, D dates the abyss of das, dens the preunse eam tu, Bde the sero pone es nea py Toy ba bea en be pail meme probable at: or eumplg because te ceed rf ing a essen em ewer th age of and 0.27 fen wh seed. bie vedo ira fh tks 027TH = 18, ‘Tae i a is pay ale he te pel win vik ‘he stash devep aga Fed ceo ues inclade epr0d- ably hac a abr fli ite vse ities oh as Inlovng es atn a which ont 9 wa see For thea Hvng egy nd gn tle nan er ey eto, ewe oe Hl a depos in prt ante eg ef he fdr, Token awase oy conie miewiyfem mos apsed or ma eg prea. arly ew Hp fr eps indi sh meri Indu, then th te at 20, Oe shor per of terion, herbie te tore wept afach rope, sel ae be ds 20, btw the print feb Ings a nent ower. Coser een tag re aay cata 2.0 ote ie peta ba fe, ek i il mcs aps ei! ly sape L i ‘Att quads wed ae menue feet te in ar er stays ene (ich soins fe en a) red un » MOBI — POI] oar MOH) Tereuinp hea face en bets ge oF 48 nd ‘Hs CATUO5 = 0.389 fer mls ad 0.187056 = C108 fd esol Carney te es in OS8SCAH8 = 23, Fara erase sly a oan be sat esa, wih h yb D devi poae ek annie3b nened Ooertton Fedeicoy Fora cmse-conto study, the odd rt is dened a: peepya ~ Preto Pea ~ FeO PXBIDY>(B) PEDVPED) ‘Because this od ao i defn fn term of prebbesof expose 0s co {ater thn probes of dase, ison elec to ee “GE njaMtath fcc se epoel md 25am wees, Sewer o het on OaD/G OD OIBDID 2 “oti tees of gonte we rsa great tng cn ane col Haves, eponu oh to adhe dnt ah nts er camp besnt 04000600)(03809939, (e002 ¢.600070)~ 29h ar itd ie of of dca wt wrt gre ine nase ‘Aton ess a ote may nel sso ect (Grea, 18, the ora at ea aba ‘nevi Ina aibeqae Gg, Ret eat bs ‘eran see ac propre than meal ak ty ma of perro ed chloe ed ingopiemnsundand ote ae flop em rich Bale teal, eso when ies god a commpe Gg Ati of observation, the odds tat calculsted fom a study in a closed fahon Bom ares eaecicnl dni. cme bent »Enccont dc) apinnt eel {Conte 91, ly Inceran ober ens des Genel ccm fc, te dr eh spmerae unt vie tbe disease is care (Sheehe. 1962, und and Thomas, 1982). These sedi cateenrtol desgns wl be cicueed in Chapter 8 ‘When he kof das sae smal veh peridof been tin (ander 0.05in bot he exposed and unexpened wl uly ufc, the vas of hem ie the ik rt a the ofc ee neat dente. Pehap fr this ston, the lps dtnson bewses thee » eee ao messes ften ot made andthe single erm ea is frequen wed eles to ny one af thee, Sty pening, eee, the em rete rskis est speepiaely appl ony a # mony fr tiki, So fir, ratio measures of aseciaion hare Ben dhcssed ony inthe coment of esas th ae teamed as binary (eg, smoke: vets none smoker). Howerer, he sre concep pay el we statin which cepoure is uentdasacuminous equine raribe (eg. number of la eS Cneapts 37 sigur smoked pr dy) Inttatnstnce, «rs menue cleo ect the reinive creme inthe et, ik ot eds avscinted wih sn incre of sgn i-te quniie expose variable. For ‘ample ts etinated that he rate et fist coronary eat 15 for eich shen en cgaetes soled ger day on the merge Pong Project Rete Grp, 197). Specie redid or he ein ef il thre rt ares om nal dite wile dicated ia subsequent hap fers calng wth he design ard ana of pei Nper of epdeniobpe eases of Asoclton Eases on Dierences Attough rio measures of esecition ae mont fequetl employe in ‘identi researc, snocber important grap of meses sometimes ‘ed incaces tose tesed en Naame efter rw nme er ah. Thera dfiree is ebained singly ty mba tence ce for the unagoied grup fom the cenespending mt fr the expel ‘wong. Per sample the rte iflrece forthe ssi etme ke ‘gard incidence of ft covanry etent among nen beter he aes of 40 and 64 130-62 6.8 per 1000 men ask pet yr Sima, ‘Beri fiemces obtained by subracing he ik cf dese the ay Dostdgroap ion tc oresparing fer the exon grup, The ik i ‘erent asccittonbetysen among and ft cern vena ‘estetvcen thea of 40nd 64iseximitdiobe0277 0.144 =0133 The chocetetnea milo mesures afasoeston sd diference mee sure i sedan ceca. For pnpoes of publi peli dion raking, the difrense meisres ay be mre wl in that they permit se Calan ofthe number “acess ecsencesf the deste tat me socked withthe exposure Or the cher band ei meamres may be ‘referable wien dete ilogy is bsngstudied bec heycembtete ‘he ssiensment ofthe plus that en ober aos iscnal AE ober censideratns bring equal ate rato cle to 1.6 even fsa Seay sian, sore ely tun a te ri ht much ihe fr ‘much over) thar 1.Oto be anarftafthe sonfnding eft of anther ri factor hats coated withthe exposure of nee AtroutableFaclen Tei sometines of interest te estat the preporon ofeseateooserce ‘hui anrbuuble oa parcule exporar. Provided thatthe wsosiine bese dhe rk eco and diese presen 4 ctl reli, the seit fasion indices te propertion fhe disse ecurene tat3 ahr otenaon Speensony pouty would be dlinianted if exposure w dhe sb fcor were pee ined The atutab action rahe sels ther Dr expel Ine ‘Punk cy or Sr te popuaton m+ whee, nd ny be bse on rege Tt idence peporsons) or peomsine ichdce mes Gredence ‘Simicep, Irie ota sce ume the proportion of chee et (Scoresby cola ylatin ame ante newt not ve ected 0 [Shirin ithe corre bed tot weaned enceae cbon”y tm iE {Shnly bos etme he tet tctoe fom tester hs oo ‘ha pole tine "Tie aaa ron rth pe ot whereas 8 «pce. se mute rik oe te expla ain (its ocepead)— Poko wend) ‘The nutuble Medios fr de cid is thus sma the nce de Stovrenssescrad wih he sar ner, ered st pecenag he oat Ohene ocurence fr owe expted te hn tk for. Amathee Incl eles eeprom sn ears fe kr is alo ~ Jn he esmpleetvng cng aes coronary vent én atibtable eal ofte expoed e (O27 = 0.144)0.77] = Ot8 Tha, a the fst cronry ements cee uy nul stokes becca the et taOund fe rcibueble othe that hey amare The Wem "ere hoi maybe untrunnsn tc toften centors cual he ao ESS, Genres uv experue and deo ewes of coefoung or erbae tan teappicen exces of dene enone tn pond eaneot Ge austued™ wo ta por. “Tae surbuen cto ore poplanon 0, when expend a 8 Be enn te anh pon pope lies raster entre pope ~ (Rbk fore unepaned Boulet eprons tems of terra we areawo - 9) roniance a exponace among can) x eh a= Qrwntance of exonie in he popabenn (Rak in ~ 1 “P Gierience of pone he pula) Ns = ) elope and state cone 3° A of dhe cxresionsaname that ng confounding the smociaion enoen he eepone and me cat prism For he stamle i CSnvanee fo we te late form, Thing 3% w tien ofthe rer fetal pepelan (atonal Comer for Hens State, 978) ly Tega yo Titi appen at 20% ee int coRnay es erg ERR (Care pence tie mera aD and 64 ate bauble aaine STE ‘ethane ton fr the pepun als reed 9 a Fh atin sien, 17, nh bao i oe et (Tees caled the sertcae rk aout alse oaencs ed {Sethe popdaion when ter re hue ben edict for oats ‘Stare tesro amie (Greesond ana Drescher, 1033, Cooghin 1994 Whim, 199) "Te trbcble Parton fer he popu depend no oly 29 he image eft vk in bt av on the pevacree of epomae Ie -popuinton, Tale 2 geet omecuampes oc eval of he setae actin forthe popalusun an facta ofthe rea we povasnet ‘exprure,etaing no coafuncng i resent The abe fee Bat Irn sone the atest or she pop heal re ‘pantie pone stongy rnd teense Tha wan eens of Jom peerence cot account fr hye proportion of he deme == inte ee sty scene ae 1s ain the percentage of eres coer occirlng daring ine Jnuralatubuabe we wee tues one ah abo wi erm Se (Spenstrs)40 Metnoas In Cserwntional Episemioiogy Percentage off cases in which the exposure played some etiologic role. Iden- tying te number of such etiologic caves requires more knowledge oF the biology of the expasure-disease relationship than #8 ustaly available, but the distinerion bermenn “eticlagic fraction” and excess Waster (Greenland and Robins, 1988) is useFl to keep im mind. A more detailed discussion of these issues has been presented by Greenland and Robins cases). Cometauion Coemeient anc Regression Coefficient Each of the mensures of association discussed eo far is applicable only when ‘the ouniome of interest is either present or absent, Often, however; one iz fotereotcd in quantifying he magnitude of Wie sssociation between possible risk factors (alto called predictor variaiblos) that are mensered on a comin fous scale and an outcome that is also meatuired om = conticnane diet or exercise as they relate to eystolle blood pressure). In ‘one wants to examine the association between two continuously diseributed iables, a commonly used ancasure of association Be the product-mamient, 1 srvatasian coatficient. "Thea gare si this woelficiene indicates due proportion’ Of the variation in the outcome variable that is “explained or Saceounced for” by the predictor variable (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967). ‘Thus, a correlation coefficient of 0.40 between a risk factor and tystolic blood Pressure would indicate that (0-40)" or 10% of the variance in aystalle Bioad precsuee ‘Although the correlation coefficient is commonly used in many Selds, = method of analysis called linear regression, Thus, the value af « resvere sion coufficiont for the relationship between exercive and blood pressure would Indicate the decrease (or iereate) in the number of millimeters oF Blood preseure foreach imerernont in encteiee (engi, one hour of tennis Der day). On the other hand, the correlation cnefficiont would indicate only the fraction of a standard deviation by which blood pressure decreases (or increases) for an increment of one standard deviation on the measure of exercise. Since the slandard deviation for a particular variable often varies in different population groups, widely different values for ute cor relation coefficient could be obtained in different groupe, even if the uncer lying biclogic relationship remained the same (Greenland et al, 1935, 1991),