Mc-lc

T Ch Thi i (Thi k nam bc phn tranh)

Chng I
Chng II
Chng III
Chng IV
Chng V
Chng VI
Chng VII
Chng VIII
Chng IX
Chng X
Chng XI
Chng XII

Ta
Nc Vit Nam
Chng I
Chng II
Chng III
Chng IV

Thng C Thi i

H Hng Bng
Nh Thc
X hi nc Tu
Nh Triu

Bc Thuc Thi i

Chng I
Chng II
Chng III
Chng IV
Chng V
Chng VI

Bc Thuc ln th nht
Trng Vng
Bc Thuc ln th hai
Nh Tin L
Bc Thuc ln th ba
Kt qu ca thi i Bc Thuc

Chng I
Chng II
Chng III
Chng IV
Chng V
Chng VI
Chng VII
Chng VIII
Chng IX
Chng X
Chng XI
Chng XII
Chng XIII
Chng XIV
Chng XV

Nh Ng
Nh inh
Nh Tin L
Nh L
Nh L (tip theo)
Nh Trn (Thi k th nht)
Gic nh Nguyn - I
Gic nh Nguyn - II
Nh Trn (Thi k th hai)
Nh Trn (Thi k th ba)
Nh H
Nh Hu Trn
Thuc nh Minh
Mi nm nh qun Tu
Nh L

Chng I
Chng II
Chng III
Chng IV
Chng V
Chng VI
Chng VII
Chng VIII
Chng IX
Chng X
Chng XI
Chng XII
Chng XIII
Chng XIV
Chng XV
Chng XVI
Tng Kt

T Ch Thi i

Lch Triu lc k
Nam triu - Bc triu
Trnh Nguy-n phn tranh
S chin tranh
Cng vic h Trnh lm ngoi Bc
Cng vic h Nguy-n lm min Nam
Ngi u chu sang nc Nam
Vn trung suy ca cha Nguy-n
H Trnh mt nghip cha
Nh Hu L mt ngi vua
Nh Nguy-n Ty Sn
Nguy-n Vng nht thng nc Nam

Cn Kim Thi i

Nguy-n-th Th T
Thnh T
Thnh T (tip theo)
Hin T
Dc Tng
Ch tnh th nc Vit Nam cui i T c
Nc Php ly Nam K
Gic gi trong nc
Qun nc Php ly Bc k ln th nht
Tnh th nc Nam t nm Gip Tut v sau
Qun nc Php ly Bc k ln th hai
Cuc bo h ca nc Php
Chin tranh vi nc Tu
Lon Trung k
Vic nh dp Trung k v Bc k
Cng vic ca ngi Php ti Vit Nam

ci c sc, thnh ra tht r nh cu phng ngn: "Vic nh th nhc, vic

ch bc th sing!" Ci s hc vn ca mnh nh th, ci cm tnh ca ngi
trong nc nh th, bo rng lng v dn v nc m mang ra lm sao c?

Ta
S l sch khng nhng ch ghi chp nhng cng vic qua m thi,
nhng li phi suy xt vic gc ngn, tm ti ci cn nguyn nhng cng vic
ca ngi ta lm hiu cho r nhng vn hi tr lon ca mt nc,
nhng trnh tin ha ca mt dn tc. Ch ch l lm ci gng chung
c cho ngi c nc c i i soi vo y m bit ci s sinh hot ca
ngi trc phi lao tm lao lc nhng th no, mi chim gi c ci a
v di bng mt tri ny.

Nhng du th no mc lng, nc ta c s ta th cng c th b i m

bit c nhng s qua nc ta, v c th b i m kho cu c
nhiu vic quan h n vn mnh nc mnh t xa n nay xoay vn ra lm
sao. Him v s nc ta th lm bng ch Nho c, m ch Nho th t ry tr i
chc ri mi ngy mt km i. Hin nay s ngi c c ch Nho cn
nhiu, m trong nc cn khng c my ngi bit c chuyn nc nh,
hung chi mai sau ny ch Nho b khng hc na, th s kho cu v nhng
vic quan h n lch s nc mnh s kh bit bao nhiu!

Ngi trong nc c thng hiu nhng s tch nc mnh mi c lng yu

nc yu nh, mi bit c gng hc hnh, ht sc lm lng, vun p thm
vo ci nn x hi ca tin t xy dng nn m li cho mnh. B i nhng
l y cho nn phm dn tc no c c quan v th l lm cho mt nc
c lp, th cng c s c. Nc Vit ta kh i u c s t i nh Trn, vo
qung th k th XIII. T tr i nh no ln lm vua cng trng s lm s.
Nhng ci li lm s ca ta theo li bin nin ca Tu. ngha l nm no thng
no c chuyn g quan trng th nh lm s chp vo sch. M chp mt cch
rt vn tt ct ghi ly chuyn y m thi, ch khng gii thch ci gc ngn
v s lin can vic y vi vic khc l th no.

Nay nhn s hc nc ta thay i, ch quc ng ph thng c trong

nc, chi bng ta ly ting nc nh m k chuyn nc nh, ta son ra b
Vit Nam S Lc, xp t theo th t, chia ra tng thi i, t thnh chng,
thnh mc r rng, ai ai cng c th xem c s, ai ai cng c th hiu
c chuyn, khin cho s hc s ca ngi mnh c tin li hn trc.
B Vit Nam S Lc ny, son gi chia ra lm 5 thi i:
Thi i th nht l Thng C thi i, k t h Hng Bng cho n ht i
nh Triu. Trong thi i y, t chng th III, bn v x hi nc Tu trc
i nh Tn, phn nhiu l nhng chuyn hoang ng, huyn hoc c.
Nhng nh chp s i trc cng theo tc truyn m chp li, ch khng c
di tch g m kho cu cho ch xc. Tuy vy, son gi cng c theo s c m
chp li, ri cng ph bnh mt i cu t cho c gi bit rng nhng
chuyn y khng nn cho l xc thc.

Nh lm s li l ngi lm quan, vua sai coi vic chp s, cho nn du th

no s chp s cng khng c t do, thng c thin v v nh vua, thnh
ra trong s ch cn chp nhng chuyn quan h n nh vua, hn l nhng
chuyn quan h n s tin ha ca nhn dn trong nc. V, xa nay ta vn
chu quyn chuyn ch, vn cho vic nh vua l vic nc. C nc ch ct
mt h lm vua, cho nn nh lm s c theo ci ch ngha y m chp s,
thnh ra s i no cng ch ni chuyn nhng vua i y m thi. B i vy
xem s ta tht l t, m thng khng c ch li cho s hc vn l my.

Thi i th nh l Bc Thuc thi i, k t khi vua V nh Hn ly t

Nam Vit ca nh Triu, cho n i Ng Qu, bn ta c h Khc v h Ng
xng ln s c lp. Nhng cng vic trong thi i y, th s c ca nc ta
chp rt l s lc lm. V rng trong thi i Bc Thuc, ngi mnh cha
c tin ha, s hc hnh cn km, sch v khng c, cho nn v sau nhng
nh lm s ca ta chp n thi i ny cng khng k cu vo u c, ch
theo s Tu m chp li thi. V, ngi Tu lc y vn cho mnh l mt x
bin a d man, thng khng ai lu tm n, cho nn nhng chuyn chp
trong s, cng s lc lm, m i cng ch chp nhng chuyn cai tr,
chuyn gic gi, ch cc cng vic khc th khng ni n.

S ca mnh khng hay, m ngi mnh li khng my ngi bit s. L v

ci cch hc tp ca mnh lm cho ngi mnh khng c th bit c s
nc mnh. Bt k ln nh, h- ai cp quyn sch i hc th ch hc s Tu,ch
khng hc s nc nh. Ri th ph vn chng g cng ly in tch s
Tu, ch chuyn nc mnh th nht thit khng ni n. Ngi mnh c ly
chuyn nc nh lm nh mn khng cn phi bit lm g. y cng l v xa
nay mnh khng c quc vn, chung thn ch i mn ting ngi, ch ngi
m hc, vic g cng b ngi ta cm ha, ch t mnh th khng c ci g l
2

dm chc, cn gi bi kh i u t ni Ty Sn, lm nt c ngi vua cng

nghip cha. Anh em nh Ty Sn vy vng khng c 20 nm, th bn triu
nh Nguy-n li trung hng ln, m em giang sn v mt mi, lp thnh ci
cnh tng nc Vit Nam ta ngy nay vy.

Thi i Bc Thuc dai dng n hn mt nghn nm, m trong thi i y dn

tnh th tc nc mnh th no, th by gi ta khng r lm, nhng c 1 iu
ta nn bit l t tr i, ngi mnh nhi-m ci vn minh ca Tu mt cch
rt su xa, du v sau c gii thot c ci vng ph thuc nc Tu na,
ngi mnh vn phi chu ci nh h ng ca Tu. Ci nh h ng y lu ngy
tr thnh ra ci quc ty ca mnh, du ngy nay c mun tr b i, cng
cha d- mt mai m ty gi cho sch c. Nhng nh chnh tr toan s i c
thay mi cng nn lu tm v vic y, th s bin ci mi c cng hiu vy.

Thi i th nm l Cn Kim thi i, k t vua Th T bn triu cho n cuc

Bo H by gi. Vua Th T kh i u giao thip vi nc Php Lan Ty
mn th lc m nh Ty Sn. Nhng v sau v nhng vua con chu Ngi
i chnh sch khc, nghim cm o Thin Cha v ng ca khng cho
ngoi quc vo bun bn. Nhng nh thn th nhiu ngi tr l hp hi, c
nghi-m nhin t ph, khng chu theo thi m thay i. i vi nhng nc
ngoi dng, th thng hay gy nn s bt ha, lm cho nc Php phi dng
binh lc bnh vc quyn li ca mnh. V nhng chnh sch y cho nn
mi thnh ra c cuc Bo H.

Thi i th ba l thi i T Ch, k t nh Ng, nh inh cho n s-dip

nh Hu L. Nc mnh t thi i y v sau l mt nc dc lp, tuy i vi
nc Tu vn phi xng thn v chu cng, nhng k thc l khng ai xm
phm n ci quyn t ch ca mnh. Bui u, nh inh, nh L mi dy ln;
cn phi xy p ci nn t ch cho vng bn, phi lo sa sang vic v b
chng vi k th nghch, cho nn s vn hc khng c m mang lm. V
sau n i nh L, nh Trn, cng vic trong nc thnh nn np, k
cu ch ngoi cng khng quy nhi-u na, li c nhiu vua hin ti gii ni
nhau m lo vic nc, cho nn t tr i vic chnh tr, vic tn gio v vic
hc vn mi ngy mt khai ha ra, lm cho nc ta thnh mt nc c th lc,
bc c th chng c vi Tu, nam c th m rng thm b ci. Nh L v
nh Trn li c cng gy nn ci quc hn mnh m, khin cho v sau n i
Trn mt, nhn khi h H quy ri, ngi Tu toan ng kim tnh, ngi
mnh bit ng tm hip lc m khi phc li giang sn nh. K n nh L,
trong khong mt trm nm v bui u, nc mnh cng c th gi l thnh
tr, nht l v nhng nm Quang Thun (1460-1469) v Hng c (14701497), th s vn tr v v cng l rc r lm. Nhng v sau gp nhng hn
qun dung cha, vic triu chnh nt, k gian thn dy lon. Mi binh ao
gy nn t , ngi trong nc nh git ln nhau, lm thnh ra nam bc chia
r, vua cha tranh quyn. y tht l mt cuc bin ln trong nc vy.

i khi l nhng mc ln trong nhng phn m son gi theo tng thi

i t ra. Son gi c sc xem xt v gp nht nhng s ghi chp cc
sch ch Nho v ch Php, hoc nhNg chuyn ri rc cc d s, ri em
trch b nhng s huyn hoc i m son ra b sch ny, ct ngi ng
bang ta bit c chuyn nc nh m khng tin nhm nhng s huy-n hoc.
Thi i no nhn vt y v t t ng y, son gi c bnh tnh c theo cho
ng s thc. Thnh thong c mt i ni son gi c em kin ring ca
mnh m bn vi c gi, th d nh ch bn v danh hiu nh Ty Sn th
thit t ng rng s l ca chung c quc dn, ch khng phi ring cho mt
nh mt h no, cho nn mi phi ly cng l m xt on mi vic v khng
v tnh ring phm n l cng bng vy.
c gi cng nn bit cho rng b s ny l b S Lc ch ct ghi chp
nhng chuyn trng yu hy tm gip cho nhng ngi hiu hc c sn
quyn sch m xem cho tin. Cn nh vic lm thnh ra b s tht l ch
ng, k cu v ph bnh rt tng tn, th xin dnh cho nhng bc ti danh
sau ny s ra cng m gip cho nc ta v vic hc s. By gi ta cha c o
la, ta hy mc tm o vi, tuy n xu x nhng n c th lm cho ta rt.
Ngha l ta hy lm th no cho nhng thiu nin nc ta ngy nay ai cng c
th bit mt i cht s tch nc nh, cho khi ti quc hn. y l ci mc
ch ca son gi, ch c th thi. Nu ci mc ch y m c th ti c th
t ng b sch ny l b sch c ch vy.
Trn Trng Kim

Thi i th t l Nam Bc phn tranh, k t khi nh Mc lm s thon ot

cho n nh Ty Sn. Trc th nam L, bc Mc, sau th Nguy-n nam, Trnh
bc, s cnh tranh cng ngy cng kch lit, lng ghen ght cng ngy cng d
di. Ngha vua ti mng mnh, o cng thng chnh mng: nc c
vua li c cha. Trong Nam ngoi Bc mi ni mt giang sn, cng vic
u, ch trng y. Tuy vy vic sa i ngoi Bc cng c nhiu vic
hay, m vic khai khn trong Nam tht l ch li. Nhng cuc thnh bi ai u
3

Nc Vit Nam
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Quc Hiu
V Tr v Din Tch
a Th
Chng Loi
Gc Tch
Ngi Vit Nam
S M Mang B Ci
Lch S Vit Nam

1. Quc Hiu.

Nc Vit Nam ta v i Hng Bng (2897 - 258 trc

Ty lch) gi l Vn Lang, i Thc An Dng Vng (257 - 207 trc Ty lch)
th gi l u Lc. n nh Tn (246 - 206 trc Ty lch) lc nh pha nam
th t lm Tng Qun, sau nh Hn (202 trc Ty lch - 220 sau Ty lch)
dt nh Triu, chia t Tng Qun ra lm ba qun l Giao Ch, Cu Chn v
Nht Nam. n cui i nh ng Hn, vua Hin i Giao Ch lm Giao
Chu. Nh ng li t l An Nam H Ph.

Nc Vit Nam

T khi nh inh (968 - 980) dp xong lon Thp Nh S Qun, lp nn mt

nc t ch, i quc hiu l i C Vit. Vua L Thnh Tng i l i Vit,
n i vua Anh Tng, nh Tng bn Tu mi cng nhn l An Nam Quc.
n i vua Gia Long, thng nht c c Nam Bc (1802), ly l
rng Nam l An Nam, Vit l Vit Thng, mi t quc hiu l Vit Nam.
Vua Minh Mnh li ci lm i Nam.
Quc hiu nc ta thay i nhiu ln, tuy rng ngy nay ta vn
theo thi quen dng hai ch An Nam, nhng v hai ch y c ng phi thn
phc nc Tu, vy th ta nn nht nh ly tn Vit Nam m gi nc nh.

2. V Tr v Din Tch.

Nc Vit Nam v pha ng nam chu t-, hp b ngang, di b dc, hnh cong nh ch S, trn pha bc v di
pha nam phnh rng ra, khc gia min trung th eo hp li.

C thy cng li c chng non 19 triu ngi1.

5. Gc tch.

Theo kin ca nh k cu ca nc Php, th ngi Vit

Nam v ngi Thi u min ni Ty Tng xung. Ngi Vit Nam theo
sng Hng H ln xung pha ng nam, lp ra nc Vit Nam ta by gi; cn
ngi Thi th theo sng M Kng xung, lp ra nc Tim La (tc l Thi Lan)
v cc nc Lo.

ng v nam gip b Trung Quc (tc l b Nam Hi); Ty gip Ai

Lao v Cao Min; Bc gip nc Tu, lin vi tnh Qung ng, Qung Ty v
Vn Nam.

sau ny:

Din tch c nc rng chng 312.000 ki-l-mt vung chia ra nh

Bc Vit:
Trung Vit:
Nam Vit:

Li c rt nhiu ngi Tu v ngi Vit Nam ni rng nguyn khi xa t

nc Tu c ging Tam Miu , sau ging Hn Tc (tc l ngi Tu by gi)
pha Ty Bc n nh ui ngi Tam Miu i, chim gi ly vng sng
Hong H lp ra nc Tu, ri dn dn xung pha nam, ngi Tam Miu phi
ln np trong rng hay l xung min Vit Nam ta by gi.

105.000 km2
150.000 km2
57.000 km2

3. a Th.

Nc ta hin chia ra lm ba ci: Bc Vit, Trung Vit

v Nam Vit. t Bc Vit c sng Hng H (tc l sng Nh H) v sng Thi
Bnh. Mn trn gi l Thng Du lm rng nhiu ni, t ngi . Mn di
gi l Trung Chu, t ng bng, ngi chen chc ng lm.

Nhng kin y l theo l m suy ra thi, ch cng cha c ci g lm

chng cho ch xc. Ch bit rng ngi Vit Nam ta trc c hai ngn chn
ci giao li vi nhau, cho nn Tu mi gi ta l Giao Ch; m xem cc loi
khc, khng c loi no nh vy, th tt ta l mt loi ring, ch khng phi l
loi Tam Miu.

t Trung Vit th ch c mt gii men b b, cn trong c ni

Trng Sn chy dc t Bc Vit vo gn n Nam Vit, cho nn ngi ch
c mn gn b m thi.

Du ngi mnh thuc v chng loi no mc lng, v sau ngi Tu sang cai
tr hng hn mt nghn nm, li c khi em sang nc ta hn bn mi vn
binh, chc l ni ging c ca mnh cng lai i nhiu ri, mi thnh ra
ngi Vit Nam ngy nay.

t Nam Vit th vo khc di sng M Kng (tc l sng Cu

Long), li c sng ng Nai chy m trn, cho nn t tt, rung nhiu, dn
gian tr ph v d- lm n hn c

6. Ngi Vit Nam.

Ngi Vit Nam thuc v loi da vng, nhng m

ngi no phi i lm lng dm ma di nng lm, th nc da ngm ngm
en, ngi no nhn h phong lu, trong nh lun, th nc da trng trng
nh mu ng c.

4. Chng Loi.

Ngi Vit Nam c nhiu dn tc , nh l v min

thng du Bc Vit th c dn Thi, (tc l Th), Mng, Mn, Mo; v min
rng ni Trung Vit th c dn Mi, v Chm (tc l Hi), v min Nam Vit
th c dn Mi, Chm, Ch V v Khch, v.v.... Nhng dn y trong ba ni
tt c n non mt triu ngi. Cn th dn tc Vit Nam ht c.

Trc ngi th thp nh hn ngi Tu, m ln ln con ngi, ch

khng to bo. Mt th xng xng, trng hi bn bt, trn th cao v rng,
mt th en v hi xch v ng ui, hai g m th cao, mi hi tt, mi hi
dy, rng th to m li nhum en. Ru th tha m t, tc th nhiu v di, en

S ngi Vit Nam trong ba ni c th chia ra nh sau ny:

Bc Vit:
8.700.000 ngi
Trung Vit:
5.650.000 ngi
Nam Vit:
4.616.000 ngi

1
S ny l theo sch a L ca ng H. Russier (1939) chp li ch khng chc ng s nht
nh ca ngi mnh.

v hi cng. Dng iu i ng th nh nhng v xem ra b vng vng chc

chn.

pha nam, nh Lm p, dt Chim Thnh, chim t Chn Lp, m ra b ci

by gi.

o qun th di rng, n ng th bi tc v qun khn vnh ry, o

mc di qu u gi, tay o th cht, ng qun th rng. n b Bc Vit v
pha bc Trung Vit th i khn, m ch thnh th th mc qun, cn nh
qu th hay mc vy. pha nam Trung Vit v Nam Vit th n b hay mc
qun c, v bi tc, ch khng i khn bao gi.

8. Lch S Vit Nam.

T khi ngi Vit Nam lp thnh nc n gi,

k hng my nghn nm, phi ngi Tu cai tr my ln, chu kh s bit bao
nhiu phen, th m sau li lp c ci nn t ch, v vn gi c ci tnh
c bit ca ging mnh, y l t ra rng kh lc ca ngi mnh khng n
ni km hn cho lm. Tuy rng mnh cha lm c vic g cho v vang bng
ngi, nhng mnh cn c th hy vng mt ngy kia cng nn c mt nc
cng thnh.

V ng tr tu v tnh tnh, th ngi Vit Nam c c cc tnh tt v

cc tnh xu. i khi th tr tu minh mn, hc chng hiu, kho chn tay,
nhiu ngi sng d, nh lu, li c tnh hiu hc, trng s hc thc, qu s lphp, mn iu o c: ly s nhn, ngha, l-, tr, tn lm 5 o thng cho
s n . Tuy vy vn hay c tnh tnh vt, cng c khi qu quyt, v hay bi
bc nho ch. Thng th nht nht, hay khip s v mun s ha bnh,
nhng m i trn mc th cng c can m, bit gi k lut.

Vy ghi chp nhng c hi gian trun, nhng s bin c ca nc mnh tri

qua, v k nhng cng vic ca ngi mnh lm t i n qua i kia, cho
mi ngi trong nc u bit, y l sch Vit Nam s.
Nay ta nn theo tng thi i m chia sch Vit Nam s ra 5 phn cho tin
s k cu.
Phn I:
Thng C thi i.
Phn II:
Bc Thuc thi i.
Phn III:
T Ch thi i.
Phn IV:
Nam Bc Phn Tranh thi i.
Phn V:
Cn Kim thi i.

Tm a th nng ni, hay lm liu, khng kin nhn, hay khoe khoang
v a trng hong b ngoi, hiu danh vng, thch chi bi, m c bc. Hay
tin ma qu, sng s l- bi, nhng m vn khng nhit tin tng gio no c.
Kiu ngo v hay ni khoc, nhng c lng nhn, bit thng ngi v hay
nh n.
n b th hay lm lng v m ang, kho chn, kho tay, lm c
mi vic m li bit ly vic gia o lm trng, ht lng chiu chng, nui
con, thng gi c cc c tnh rt qu l: tit, ngha, cn, kim.
Ngi Vit Nam t Bc ch Nam, u theo mt phong tc, ni mt th
ting , cng gi mt k nim, tht l ci tnh ng nht ca mt dn tc t u
nc n cui nc.
2

7. S M Mang B Ci.

Ngi ni ging Vit Nam ta mi ngy mt

ny n ra nhiu, m pha bc th c nc Tu cng thnh, pha ty th
lm ni nhiu rng, ng i li khng tin, cho nn mi theo b b ln xung

Tuy rng mi ni c mt t ting th m ring v ci ging ni nng nh khc nhau, nhng i

th vn l mt th ting m thi.
2

CHNG I

H Hng-Bng
(2879-258 trc Ty Lch)
1. H Hng Bng
2. Nc Vn Lang
3. Truyn c tch v i Hng Bng:
- Ph ng Thin Vng
- Sn Tinh Thy Tinh

Phn I

1. H Hng Bng. C theo tc truyn th vua Minh l chu

ba i ca vua Thn Nng, i tun th phng nam n ni Ng Lnh (thuc
tnh H Nam by gi) gp mt nng tin, ly nhau, ra ngi con tn l Lc
Tc. Sau Minh truyn ngi li cho con tr ng l Nghi lm vua phng
bc, v phong cho Lc Tc lm vua phng nam, xng l Kinh Dng Vng,
quc hiu l Xch Qu.

Thng C Thi i

B ci nc Xch Qu by gi pha bc gip ng nh H (H Nam),

pha nam gip nc H Tn (Chim Thnh), pha ty gip Ba Thc (T Xuyn),
pha ng gip b Nam Hi.
Kinh Dng Vng lm vua nc Xch Qu vo qung nm nhm tut (2879
trc Ty Lch ?) v ly con gi ng nh Qun l Long N ra Sng Lm,
ni ngi lm vua, xng l Lc Long Qun.
Lc Long Qun ly con gi vua Lai tn l u C, mt ln c mt trm
ngi con trai3. Lc Long Qun bo u C rng: "Ta l dng di Long Qun,
nh ngi l dng di thn tin, n lu vi nhau khng c; nay c trm
con th nh ngi em 50 a ln ni, cn 50 a ta em xung b Nam Hi".
Gc tch truyn ny c l l t Lc Long Qun v sau, nc Xch Qu chia ra
nhng nc gi l Bch Vit. B i vy ngy nay t H Qung (tnh H Nam,

C sch chp l u C ra mt trm ci trng n ra mt trm con.

tnh Qung ng v tnh Qung Ty) cn xng l t Bch Vit. y cng l

mt iu ni phng, ch khng c ly g lm ch xc c.

H Hng Bng lm vua c 18 i, n nm qu mo (158 trc Ty

lch) th b nh Thc ly mt nc.

2. Nc Vn Lang.

Lc Long Qun phong cho ngi con

tr ng sang lm vua nc Vn Lang, xng l Hng Vng.

Xt t i Kinh Dng Vng n i vua Hng Vng th 18, c thy 20 ng

vua, m tnh t nm nhm tut (2879) n nm qu mo (258 trc Ty lch)
th va c 2622 nm. C tnh hn b km, mi ng vua tr v c non 150
nm! Du l ngi i thng c na, th cng kh lng m c nhiu ngi
sng lu c nh vy. - Xem th th bit truyn i Hng Bng khng
chc l truyn xc thc.

C theo s c th nc Vn Lang chia ra lm 15 b:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Vn Lang
Chu Din
Phc Lc
Tn Hng
V nh
V Ninh
Lc Hi
Ninh Hi
Dng Tuyn
Giao Ch
Cu Chn
Hoi Hoan
Cu c
Vit Thng
Bnh Vn

(Bch Hc, tnh Vnh Yn)

(Sn Ty)
(Sn Ty)
(Hng Ha - Tuyn Quang)
(Thi Nguyn - Cao Bng)
(Bc Ninh)
(Lng Sn)
(Qung Yn)
(Hi Dng)
(H Ni, Hng Yn, Nam nh, Ninh Bnh)
(Thanh Ha)
(Ngh An)
(H Tnh)
(Qung Bnh, Qung Tr)
(?)

3. Truyn C Tch V i Hng Bng.

S chp rng
i Hng Vng th nht, ngi nc Vn Lang lm ngh chi li, c hay b
ging thung lung lm hi, vua mi bt dn ly chm v mnh nhng
ging y t ng l ng loi khng lm hi na5. S li chp rng thuyn ca
ta ng mi thng hay lm hai con mt, cng c cho cc th thy qui
sng b khng quy nhi-u n.
Trong i Hng Vng li c hai truyn m ngy nay ngi ta thng
hay ni n, l truyn Ph ng Thin Vng v truyn Sn Tinh Thy Tinh.
Truyn Ph ng Thin Vng: i vua Hng Vng th 6 c m
gic gi l gic n, hung mnh lm, khng ai nh ni. Vua mi sai s i rao
trong nc tm ngi ti gii ra nh gic gip nc. By gi lng Ph
ng, b V Ninh (nay l huyn V Ging, tnh Bc Ninh), c a tr xin i
nh gic gip vua. S gi v tu vua, vua ly lm l, cho i vo chu. a
tr y xin c cho mt con nga v ci roi bng st. Khi nga v roi c xong
th a tr y vn vai mt ci, t nhin ngi cao ln ln mt trng, ri nhy
ln nga cm roi i nh gic.

Hng Vng ng Phong Chu (by gi vo a ht huyn

Bch Hc, tnh Vnh Yn), t tng vn gi l Lc Hu, tng v gi l Lc
Tng, con trai vua gi l Quan Lang, con gi vua gi l M Nng, cc quan
nh gi l B Chnh4. Quyn chnh tr th c cha truyn con ni, gi l Ph
o.

Ph c gic n ri, ngi y i n ni Sc Sn th bin i mt. Vua nh

n, truyn lp n th lng Ph ng, v sau phong l Ph ng Thin
Vng6. Truyn ny l truyn tc truyn nh vy, ch khng c l tin lm s

V i by gi, s Tu c chp rng nm tn mo (1109 trc Ty

lch), i vua Thnh Vng nh Chu, c nc Vit Thng, pha nam x
Giao Ch sai s em chim bch tr sang cng, nh Chu phi tm ngi lm
thng ngn mi hiu c ting, v ng Chu Cng n li ch ra xe ch nam
em s Vit Thng v nc. Vy t Vit Thng v t Giao Ch c phi
l t ca Hng Vng lc by gi khng?
4

S chp rng ngi Vit Nam ta c thi v mnh mi n i vua Anh Tng nh Trn mi b.
C ngi chp truyn ny ni rng: Gic n l qun ca nh n bn Tu sang nh nc ta. Ni
nh th tht l mt iu lm. V i nh n nc Tu ch vo mn sng Hong H l t tnh
H Nam, Trc L, Sn Ty v Thim Ty by gi m thi. Cn nhng t bn ny sng Trng
Giang l man di ht c. T Trng Giang sang n Bc Vit ta xa cch bao nhiu ng t. Du
5
6

By gi cn c ni gi Chnh Tng l B nh, chc l b i B Chnh m ra.

thc c. Ha chng i by gi c ngi tng gii, nh c gic, v sau

ngi ta nh n lm n th th hp l hn. Hin by gi c n th lng
Ging tc lng Ph ng. Nm no n mng tm thng t cng c hi vui
lm, tc gi l c Thnh Ging.

Nhng ta phi hiu rng nc no cng vy, lc ban u m mt, ai

cng mun tm ci gc tch ca mnh ch thn tin cho v vang ci chng
loi ca mnh. Chc cng b i l y m s ta chp rng h Hng Bng l con
tin chu rng, v.v....

Truyn Sn Tinh Thy Tinh: Tc truyn rng vua Hng Vng th 18

c ngi con gi tn l M Nng, nhan sc tuyt trn. Sn Tinh v Thy Tinh
u mun hi lm v. Hng Vng hn rng ngy hm sau ai em l- n
trc th g cho ngi y. Ngy hm sau Sn Tinh n trc ly c M
Nng em v ni Tn Vin (tc l ni Ba V tnh Sn Ty).

Nay ta theo s c m chp mi truyn, ngi xem s nn phn bit

truyn no l truyn thc, truyn no l truyn t ra, th s hc mi c li vy.

Thy Tinh n sau, thy Sn Tinh ly mt M Nng, tc gin v

cng, mi lm ra ma to gi ln, ri dng nc ln nh Sn Tinh, Sn Tinh
trn ni khng vic g: h- nc ln cao bao nhiu, th Sn Tinh lm ni cao ln
by nhiu. Sn Tinh li dng sm st nh xung, Thy Tinh phi rt nc
chy v. T Sn Tinh v Thy Tinh th nhau, mi nm nh nhau mt ln,
dn gian tht l cc kh.
Truyn ny l nhn v Bc Vit nm no n thng 6, thng 7 cng
c nc l trn mn ngc chy xung trn vo trong ng ng, ngp mt c
rung t. Ngi ta khng hiu l ti l g, mi t ng tng m t ra cu
chuyn Sn Tinh Thy Tinh nh nhau vy.
Tm li m xt, nc ta kh i u c quc s t cui thp tam th k:
n i vua Thnh Tng nh Trn, mi c quan Hn Lm Hc S l L Vn
Hu, son xong b i Vit S K, chp t Triu V Vng n L Chiu
Hong. Hai trm ri nm v sau li c ng Ng S Lin, lm quan L- B T
Th Lang i vua Thnh Tng nh L, son li b i Vit S K: chp t h
Hng Bng n vua L Thi T. Ngha l t ng Ng S Lin, v thp ng th
k tr i, th s ta mi chp truyn v i thng c. Xem th th bit
nhng truyn v i y kh lng m ch xc c. Chng qua nh lm s
cng nht nhnh nhng truyn hoang ng tc truyn li, cho nn nhng
truyn y ton l truyn c thn tin qu qui, tri vi l t nhin c.

lc y bn ta c h Hng Bng lm vua na, th chc cng cha c k cng g, c l cng

ging nh mt ngi lm Quan Lang trn Mng m thi, nh th th c giao thip g vi nh
n m nh nhau. V li, s Tu cng khng c ch no chp n truyn y. Vy th l g m ni
rng gic n l ngi nh n bn Tu.

trc Ty Lch), An Dng Vng xy Loa Thnh. Thnh y cao v t ngoi

vo th xoy trn c, cho nn mi gi l Loa Thnh. Hin nay cn du tch
lng C Loa, huyn ng Anh, tnh Phc An.

CHNG II

Nh Thc

3. Nh Tn nh Bch Vit.

Khi An Dng Vng lm vua

nc u Lc bn ny, th bn Tu vua Thy Hong nh Tn, nht thng
thin h. n nm inh hi (214 trc Ty lch). Thy Hong sai tng l
Th em qun i nh ly t Bch Vit (vo qung tnh H Nam, Qung
ng v Qung Ty by gi). An Dng Vng cng xin thn phc nh Tn.
Nh Tn mi chia t Bch Vit v t u Lc ra lm ba qun, gi l: Nam Hi
(Qung ng), Qu Lm (Qung Ty) v Tng Qun (Bch Vit).

(257 - 207 trc Ty lch)

1. Gc Tch Nh Thc
2. Nc u Lc
3. Nh Tn nh Bch Vit
4. Nh Thc Mt Nc

Ngi bn x t Bch Vit khng chu ngi Tu cai tr, trn vo

rng . c t lu qun ca Th, vn l ngi phng bc, khng chu
c thy th, phi bnh rt nhiu. By gi ngi Bch Vit tha th ni ln
git c Th.

1. Gc Tch Nh Thc. Nh Thc chp trong s nc ta

khng phi l nc Thc bn Tu, v rng c theo s nc Tu th i by gi
t Ba Thc (T Xuyn) thuc v nh Tn cai tr ri, th cn c vua no na.
V, s li chp rng khi Thc Vng Phn ly ly c nc Vn Lang th i
quc hiu l u Lc, tc l nc u Lc gm c nc Thc v nc Vn Lang.
Song xt trong lch s khng thy u ni t Ba Thc thuc v u Lc.
Hung chi ly a l m xt th t t Ba Thc (T Xuyn) sang n Vn Lang
(Bc Vit), cch bao nhiu ng t v c bao nhiu ni sng ngn tr , lm
th no m qun nh Thc sang ly nc Vn Lang d- dng nh vy ? S c
li c ch chp rng An Dng Vng, h l Thc tn l Phn. Nh vy chc
hn Thc tc l mt h no c lp gn nc Vn Lang, ch khng phi l
Thc bn Tu. Sch "Khm nh Vit S" cng bn nh th.

4. Nh Thc Mt Nc.

Chng c bao lu th nh Tn
suy, nc Tu c nhiu gic gi, qun Nam Hi c quan y l Nhm Ngao
thy c c hi, mun mu nh ly u Lc lp mt nc t ch phng
nam. Nhng cng vic cha thnh, th Nhm Ngao mt. Khi sp mt, Nhm
Ngao giao binh quyn li cho Triu thay mnh lm quan y qun Nam
Hi.
Nm qu t (208 trc Ty lch) l nm th 50 i vua An Dng
Vng. Triu em qun sang nh ly nc u Lc, lp ra nc Nam
Vit7.

2. Nc u Lc. S chp rng Thc Vng hi con gi ca

Hng Vng th 18, l M Nng khng c, trong bng ly lm tc gin,
dn con chu ngy sau nh bo th ly nc Vn Lang. Hng Vng by gi
cy mnh c binh cng tng dng, b tr- vic nc, ch ly ru ch lm
vui th. Ngi chu Thc Vng tn l Phn, bit tnh th y, mi em qun
sang nh ly nc Vn Lang. Hng Vng thua chy, nhy xung ging m
t t.

Tc truyn rng khi An Dng Vng xy Loa Thnh, c nhng yu

qui quy nhi-u, xy mi khng c. An Dng Vng mi lp n ln cu
khn, c thn Kim Qui hin ln by php cho vua tr nhng yu qui i, by
gi mi xy c thnh. Thn Kim Qui li cho An Dng Vng mt ci
mng chn, lm ci ly n. Lc no c gic th em ci n y ra bn mt
pht, gic cht hng vn ngi.

Nm gip thn (275 trc Ty lch), Thc Vng dp yn mi ni ri,

xng l An Dng Vng, ci quc hiu l u Lc, ng Phong Kh (nay
thuc huyn ng Anh, tnh Phc An). Hai nm sau l nm bnh ng (255

10

Xin ng lm nc Nam Vit ngy xa vi Nam Vit ca nc Vit Nam hin nay.

Cng nh c ci n y cho nn Triu nh khng c An Dng

Vng. Triu dng k, cho con l Trng Thy sang ly M Chu l con gi
An Dng Vng, gi kt ngha ha thn do thm tnh thc.

CHNG III

X-Hi Nc Tu
V i Tam i
V i Nh Tn

Trng Thy ly c M Chu ri, hi d v rng: "Bn u Lc c ti

g m khng ai nh c?" M Chu ni chuyn ci n, v ly cho chng
xem. Trng Thy bn ly ci mng ca Kim Qui i, lm ci ly gi thay vo,
ri nh v bo tin cho cha bit. Khi sp ra v, Trng Thy hi M Chu rng:
"Ti v, m nh c gic gi nh ui, th ri ti bit u m tm?" - M Chu
ni rng: "Thip c o lng ngng, h- khi thip c chy v u, thip s ly
lng y m rc ra dc ng th ri s bit."
Trng Thy v k li vi Triu tnh u mi s, Triu bn kh i
binh sang nh u Lc. An Dng Vng cy c ci n, khng phng b g c,
n khi qun gic n gn chn thnh mi em n ra bn, th khng thy hiu
nghim na. An Dng Vng mi em M Chu ln nga m chy v pha
nam. Chy n ni M D (thuc huyn ng Thnh, tnh Ngh An) gn b
b, vua thy gic ui kp qu, mi khn Kim Qui ln cu, Kim Qui ln ni
rng: "Gic ngi sau lng nh vua y!" An Dng Vng tc gin qu, rt
gm ra chm M Chu i, ri nhy xung b m t tn8.
Trng Thy theo du lng ngng ca v rc, em binh ui n ni
M D, thy xc v cht nm , thng xt v cng, vi vng em v cp
tng, xong ri, nhy xung ci ging trong Loa Thnh m t t.

1. Phong-Kin
2. Quan-Ch
3. Php-Ch
4. Binh-Ch
5. in-Ch
6. Hc-Hiu
7. Hc-Thut
8. Phong-Tc

Nay lng C Loa trc n th An Dng Vng c ci ging tc

truyn l Trng Thy cht ging y. Tc li truyn rng M Chu b git i, v
ni tnh thc m phi thc oan, cho nn mu nng y chy xung b, nhng
con trai n phi ha ra c ngc trn chu. H- ai ly c ngc y em v ra
vo nc ci ging trong Loa Thnh l ch Trng Thy t t, th ngc y
trong v p thm ra.

Khi Triu sang nh An-Dng-Vng th bn Tu nh Tn

suy, nh Hn sp ln lm vua, nc Tu ang vo lc i lon, phong tc,
chnh tr u i khc c. V li Triu- l ngi Tn, cho nn n khi ly
c u-Lc, gm c cc qun phng nam, lp lm mt nc t ch, bn
em chnh tr, php-lut nc Tu sang cai-tr t Nam-Vit9. Vy trc khi
ni n chuyn nh Triu, ta nn xt-xem x-hi nc Tu lc by gi l th
no .

1. Phong-Kin.

Nguyn v i thi-c, nc Tu chia ra tng

a-phng mt. Mi mt a-phng th c mt ngi lm th-lnh, lp thnh
mt nc, gi l nc ch-hu, phi triu cng nh vua.
Nay trn ni M D, gn x Cao i, huyn ng Thnh, tnh Ngh An, c n th An Dng
Vng. y c nhiu cy ci v c nhiu chim cng, cho nn tc gi l n Cng hay Cung.
8

11

Xin ng lm nc Nam-vit ngy xa vi Nam-vit ca nc Vit-nam thi nay.

S nhng nc ch hu y th mi i mt khc. Xem nh khi vua

i-V nh H, hi cc nc ch-hu ni -sn, k c hng vn nc.
n khi vua V-vng nh Chu i nh Tr-vng nh n, th cc nc chhu hi li c thy c 800 nc.

3. Php-Ch. V i thi-t th c nm hnh, ngoi nm hnh li

c php nh bng roi da v ti lu. n i nh H, nh n v nh Chu th
li t php chn, gt u v ti . n cui i nh Chu th t ra ti bu
u, x thy lng tr, m, mui v.v...

nh xong nh n, vua V-Vng phong cho hn 70 ngi lm vua

ch-hu, chia ra lm 5 bc l: cng, hu, b, t, nam. Nc phong cho tc
cng, tc hu th rng 100 dm gi l i quc; nc phong cho ngi tc
b th rng 70 dm, gi l trung quc; nc phong cho ngi tc t, tc
nam th rng 50 dm, gi l tiu quc. Nhng nc khng 50 dm, th gi
l nc ph-dung.

2. Quan-Ch.

4. Binh-Ch.

Binh-ch nh H v nh n th khng r, n i
nh Chu th t 5 ngi lm mt ng; 5 ng tc l 25 ngi thnh mt lng; 4
lng tc l 100 ngi lm mt tt; 5 tt tc l 500 ngi lm mt l; 5 l tc
l 2500 ngi lm mt s ; 5 s tc l 12500 ngi tc l mt qun.
Qun th t quan mnh-an lm tng, s th t quan trung-i-phu
lm sy, l th t quan i-h lm sy, tt th t quan thng-s lm tr ng,
lng th t quan trung-s lm t-m.

Nh H t tam-cng, cu-khanh, 27 i-phu, 81

nguyn s.

Thin t c 6 qun; cn nhng nc ch hu, nc no ln th c 3

qun, nc va c 2 qun, nc nh 1 qun.

Nh n t hai quan tng, su quan thi l: thi-t, thi-tng, thi-t,

thi-chc, thi-s, thi-bc; nm quan l: t-, t- m, t-khng, t-s, tkhu; su ph l: t-th, t-mc, t-thy, t-tho, t-kh, t-ha; su cng l:
th-cng, kim-cng, thch-cng, thy-cng, th-cng v tho-cng.

Trong nc chia ra lm tnh, mi tnh 8 nh, 4 tnh lm mt p 32 nh;

4 p lm mt khu, 128 nh; 4 khu lm mt in, 512 nh. C mi in phi
chiu mt c binh xa, bn con nga, 12 con b, 3 ngi gip s, 72 ngi b
tt, 25 ngi khing-ti nhng nng. C thy l 100 ngi .

n nh Chu, ng Chu-Cng t ra su quan gi l: thin-quan, aquan, xun-quan, h-quan, thu-quan, ng-quan. Mi mt quan li c 60
thuc-quan, cng c li l 360 ngi.

5. in Ch.

V i thi-c th khng bit chia rung t ra lm

sao. T i H tr i th chia 50 mu lm mt gian, 10 gian lm mt t. C 10
nh cy mt l rung, hoa-li c bao nhiu chia lm 10 phn, nh nc ly
mt gi l php cng.

Ngi lm u thin-quan, gi l trng-t, thng c vic chnh-tr trong

nc, vic thu-np c nm v mi vic trong cung. Ngi lm u a quan
gi l i-t- gi vic nng, vic thng, vic gio dc v vic cnh st.
Ngi lm u xun-quan gi l i-tng-b, gi vic t-t, triu, snh, hing v.v... Ngi lm u h-quan, gi l i-t-m, gi vic binh-m v vic
i nh dp. Ngi lm u thu-quan gi l i t-khu gi vic dn, vic hnh
v vic kin-tng. Ngi lm u ng-quan gi l i-t-khng, gi vic
khuyn cng, khuyn nng v vic th mc v.v...

Nh n v nh Chu th dng php tnh in, ngha l chia t ra lm

chn khi hnh ch tnh. Nhng khu chung quanh lm t-in, khu gia
lm cng-in. Mi mt tnh cho 8 nh , u phi xut lc cy cy cng in
ri np hoa li cho nh vua.
V i nh n th mi tnh c 630 mu, mi nh c 70 mu; php
nh thu gi l php tr. n i nh Chu th mi tnh c 900 mu, mi
nh c 100 mu, php nh thu gi l php trit.

Trn lc quan li t tam cng, l: thi-s, thi-ph, thi- bo; tam c

l : thiu-s, thiu-ph, thiu-bo, bn xt vic tr nc yn dn, ch khng
d vo vic hnh chnh.

12

Nh Chu li t ra l c 20 tui th c 100 mu rung, n 60 tui

th tr li cho nh nc. Nh no c con th nh gi l d phu n 16 tui th
c lnh 25 mu rung.

8. Phong-Tc. Nc Tu ly s cy rung lm gc, nhng m

vic nui tm, dt la, vic hp ch, vic bun-bn cng pht-t c.
Dn trong nc chia ra lm 4 th: s, nng, cng, thng, nhng m
con ngi lm quan li lm quan, con ngi lm rung c lm rung, ch con
ngi lm rung khng c lm quan. Tuy vy, n i Xun-thu nhng
ngi th dn ln lm tng vn tng v cng nhiu.

Nh c php chia rung nh th nn lc by gi khng c nhiu

ngi ngho lm m cng khng c ngi giu lm. V sau n i Chin
Quc, ngi L Khi lm tng nc Ngy, bt dn ht sc lm rung, khng
nh hn nh trc na; ngi Thng ng lm tng nc Tn, b php
tnh in, m thin mch, cho mi ngi c t tin lm rung. Php chia t
t mi mt dn dn i.

Trong gia-nh th gi tr trn di phn bit nghim lm. Con phi

theo cha, v phi theo chng, con-trai con-gi t 7 tui tr i, l khng c
n mt mm, nm mt chiu na. Con trai 30 tui mi c ly v, gi 20 tui
mi c ly chng m hai ngi cng h khng c ly nhau.

6. Hc-Hiu.

Nh H t nh ng t lm i hc, nh Ty t
lm tiu hc. Nh n t l Hu-hc lm i hc, nh T-hc lm tiu hc.
Nhng nh i-hc, tiu hc y, l ch tp bn, nui nhng ngi gi-c
v tp vn ngh.

Nc Tu v i Tam-i cng sng s t-t lm. Thng cng-t

thin, a, nht, nguyt, sn, xuyn, lm, trch. Nh vua lp n Nam-giao
t Thng-. Li c nh X-tc t Th-thn v Hu-tc. Cn s th-phng
t-tin th t vua cho n th-dn u ly lm mt vic quan trng trong i
ngi.

Nh Chu th t Tch-ung hoc nh Thnh-qun lm i hc, cho

con vua, con cc quan v nhng ngi tun t tuyn cc thn x n hc;
cn chu, ng10 th t nh tiu hc gi l T v nh Tng cho con
dn-gian vo hc. Li t l c t 8 tui n 14 tui lm nin hn cho tiu hc,
t 15 n 20 tui, lm nin-hn cho i hc. i hc th dy l-, nhc, thi, th;
tiu-hc th dy cch knh trn nhng di v cch ng i, v.v...

Xem nh th, th x-hi nc Tu v i Tam-i vn minh lm,

nhng sau n cui i nh Chu, v nh vua suy-nhc, cho nn ch hu,
ngi xng hu, k xng vng ri tranh nhau, nh nhau nh Ng-B i
Xun-Thu, Tht-Hng i Chin-Quc, lm cho trm h lm than kh s .

7. Hc-Thut.

Hc-thut nc Tu v i nh Chu thnh

lm, cho n i nh Xun-thu c nhiu hc-gi nh l Lo-t bn o;
Khng-t bn hiu, -, nhn, ngha; Mc ch bn l- kim-i, nn chung s
tit kim b m-nhc; Dng Chu th bn l v-k, nn t-trng thn mnh v
khng chu thit mnh li ngi.

Sau nh Tn thng-nht c thin-h, mi b l phong-kin, lp ra

qun huyn; b php tnh in, lp thin-mch; cm nho hc t sch v , vic
chnh-tr th ct dng php-lut, ly quyn lc m p ch.
ang khi phong-tc nc Tu bin ci nh th, th Triu lp ra
nc Nam-Vit (3), em vn-minh nc Tu sang truyn-b phng nam,
cho nn t v sau ngi nc mnh u nhi-m ci vn-minh y.

Li c nhng php-gia nh Thn Bt-Hi, Hn-Phi bn vic tr thin-h

th ch nn dng php-lut, ch khng nn dng nhn ngha. Cn nhng ngi
nh Qu Cc, Thi Gio, in Bin, v.v..., mi ngi u xng mt hc thuyt
dy ngi ng thi.

10

C 12500 nh mt chu, v 500 nh lm mt ng th c nh T, ng th c nh Tng.

13

no?" V-vng nghe li y vi-vng ng dy lm l- t, ri ci m ni rng:

"Tic thay ta khng c kh i nghip nc Tu, ch khng th ta cng
chng km g Hn-!"

CHNG IV

Nh Triu

3. V-Vng xng .

Nm mu ng (183 tr. Ty-lch) vua

Cao-t nh Hn mt ri, b L-hu lm triu tranh quyn Hu-, ri li nghe
li gim pha, cm khng cho ngi Hn bun bn nhng vng, st v
nhng in-kh vi ngi Nam-Vit. V-vng ly lm tc gin, li ng
cho Trng-sa-vng xui L-hu lm nh vy, bn t-lp lm Nam-vit
Hong-, ri c binh-m sang nh qun Trng-sa (tnh H-nam by gi).

(207-111 tr. Ty-lch)

1. Triu V-Vng
2. V-Vng th-phong nh Hn
3. V-Vng xng
4. V-Vng thn phc nh Hn
5. Triu Vn-Vng
6. Triu Minh-Vng
7. Triu Ai-Vng
8. Triu Dng-Vng

Nm Canh thn (181 tr. Ty-lch) Hn-triu sai tng em qun sang
nh Nam-vit. Qun nh Hn chu khng c thy-th phng nam, nhiu
ngi phi bnh-tt, b i vy phi chy thua v bc. T thanh-th Triu V lng ly, i u dng xe nga theo nghi-v Hong-, nh vua nh Hn
vy.

4. V-Vng thn phc nh Hn.

n khi L hu mt,
Hn Vn- ln ngi, li sai Lc Gi a th sang khuyn V- thun phc
nh Hn. Th rng:

1. Triu V-Vng (207-137 tr. Ty-lch).

Nm qu-t
(207) Triu nh c An-dng-vng ri, sp-nhp nc u-lc vo
qun Nam-hi, lp thnh mt nc gi l Nam-Vit, t xng lm vua, tc l
V-vng, ng Phin-ngung, gn thnh Qung-chu by gi.

"Trm l con trc-tht vua Cao-, phng mnh ra tr nc i , v non

sng cch tr , thn mnh phc-lu, cho nn lu nay cha tng a th sang
hi thm nh vua .
T khi c Cao- xa b qun-thn , c Hu- qua i, b Cao-hu
lm triu, khng may b bnh, cho h L chuyn quyn, toan em con h
khc ni-c Hu-. May nh nh Tng-miu linh-thing, cc cng thn
ra sc dp k tim-nghch.
Trm v cc vng-hu cng bch quan c p, cho nn phi ln ngi
Hong-. Mi ri trm nghe nh vua c a th cho Long-l-hu, nhn tin v
xin anh em h-hng qun Chn-nh, v xin bi binh qun Trng-sa.
Trm cng nghe li th ca nh vua, th bo tng-qun Bcdng-hu bi binh v, cn anh em h hng nh vua Chn-nh th trm
cho ngi thm nom, li sai sa sang phn-m nh vua, tht t-t.
Th va ri trm nghe nh vua cn em binh quy-nhi-u ngoi bin,
qun Trng-sa tht kh, m Nam-qun li cn kh hn. Lm nh th, nc
nh vua c chc li c mt mnh khng? Tt l tng-t qun-s cht nhiu,

2. V-Vng th-phong nh Hn.

Trong khi Triu VVng gy-dng c-nghip Nam-Vit, th bn Tu, ng Lu Bang trit c
nh Tn, dit c nh S , nht-thng thin h, ri ln ngi Hong- tc l
vua Cao T nh Hn. Vua Cao-t thy Triu V-Vng c-lp phng
nam, bn sai Lc Gi sang phong cho V-Vng. By gi l nm t-t (196 tr.
Ty-lch), nm th 12 i vua V-Vng nh Triu, v nm th 11 i vua
Cao-t nh Hn.
V-Vng vn l ngi kiu-cng, c khng mun phc nh Hn,
n khi Lc Gi sang n ni, vo yt-kin V-Vng, V-Vng ngi xp
vnh trn, khng ng dy tip. Lc Gi thy vy mi ni rng: "Nh vua l
ngi nc Tu , m m v thn thch c chu Chn-nh. Nay nh Hn
lm vua thin h, sai s sang phong vng cho nh vua, nu nh vua khng-c
s-thn, khng lm l- th-phong, Hn- tt l tc gin, hy-hoi m m v
git hi thn-thch ca nh vua, ri em qun ra nh th nh vua lm th
14

lm cho v ngi ga chng, con ngi m-ci b, cha m mt con, c mt

mt mi, trm khng lng no n lm nh vy.
V li c t nh vua cng khng ly lm to, c ca nh vua
cng khng lm giu. Vy th t pha nam ni Lnh th mc nh vua t tr
ly. Nhng nh vua c xng hiu, hai bn cng l -quc m khng sai s
giao-thng, th chng ha ra ganh nhau ? Ganh nhau m khng nhng ,
th ngi nhn khng thm lm.
Trm nay xin cng nh vua gc b iu c, t ry tr i, thng s nh
xa. Vy trm sai Lc Gi sang em trm khuyn nh vua nn nghe, ch lm
chi nhiu s cp bc tai-hi"

Nm gip-thn (137 trc Ty-lch), Triu V-Vng mt. S chp

rng ngi th c 121 tui v lm vua c hn 70 nm.

5. Triu Vn-Vng (137-125 trc Ty-lch).

Triu
V-vng truyn ngi li cho chu ch tn, tn l H tc l Triu Vn-vng,
tr c 12 nm.
Triu Vn-vng vn l ngi tm thng, tnh kh nhu nhc, khng
c nh Triu V-vng. Khi mi ln lm vua c hai nm, th vua MnVit (tnh Phc-kin by gi) em qun sang nh ph ch bin thy nc
Nam-vit. Triu Vn-vng khng dm c binh-m ra chng c, sai s sang
cu cu bn Hn-triu.

Xem th ca Hn-Vn- li-l t-t, tht l c nhn-t, v th cho

nn Triu V- phi chu phc, v p th li rng:
"Nam di i-tr ng lo-phu thn, , mui t ti bi, dng th ln
Hong- b-h. Lo-phu l k c-li nc Vit, khi Hiu Hu Hong- ln
ngi, tnh-ngha khng dt, vn hu i lo phu. n khi Cao-hu lm triu, li
phn-bit ra Trung-hoa, ngoi-di, h lnh cm khng c bn cho Nam-vit
nhng vng st v in kh; cn nga, tru d th ch bn cho ging c,
ch khng bn cho ging ci.
Lo-phu li phong vn rng nh Hn em hy-hoi c phn m lophu cng git c anh em tng-tc lo phu, cho nn c bn ring vi chng
rng: nay trong khng v-vang vi nh Hn, ngoi li khng c g hn c
nc Ng, cy c xng -hiu; m chng qua t nc mnh, khng dm
hi g thin-h.
Cao-hu nghe thy th, ly lm tc gin, em tc b s Nam-Vit i,
khng cho thng s, lo phu trm ngh rng hn v Trng-sa-vng gim pha,
cho nn Lo-phu c em binh nh.
Lo-phu t Vit bn mi chn nm nay , by gi c chu ri,
nhng m sm khuya trn-trc, n khng ngon, ng khng yn, mt khng
dm trng sc p, tai khng dm nghe n vui, l ch v c khng c phng
th nh Hn. Nay nh b -h oi thng, cho phc li hiu c, thng s nh
xa, lo-phu nh n, du cht xng cng khng nt.
Vy xin ci hiu t y, v xin c cng-phm phng-hin Hong-
b-h."

Vua nh Hn sai Vng Khi v Hn-An-Quc Hn n ni, bn bt

Quc-vng git i, a u np cho quan nh Hn, v xin hng. Mn-vit
bnh ri vua nh Hn sai Trang Tr sang d Triu Vn-Vng vo chu, nhng
m nh-thn xin ng i, bn cho thi t l Anh T i thay.
Anh T bn Hn-Triu mi nm, n nm bnh-thn (125 tr. Ty
lch) vua Vn-vng mt th mi v ni ngi.

6. Triu Minh-Vng (125-113 tr. Ty lch). Anh T

ln lm vua tc l Triu Minh-Vng , tr v c 12 nm.

Khi Anh T bn Hn c ly v l l C-th, c mt ngi con

tn l Hng. n khi v lm vua Nam-vit, Minh Vng lp C-th ln lm
hong-hu v Hng lm Thi-t.

7. Triu Ai-Vng.

Mu-thn (113 tr. Ty lch) Triu MinhVng mt, thi t Hng ln lm vua, tc l Triu Ai-Vng, tr-v c mt
nm.
By gi vua nh Hn cho An-quc Thiu Qu sang d Nam-Vit v
chu. Thiu Qu nguyn l tnh-nhn ca C-th lc trc, n khi sang NamVit gp nhau, li t thng vi nhau ri d-dnh Ai-vng em nc Nam-vit
v dng nh Hn.

T khi Triu V-Vng chu b -hiu, Nam Bc li giao thng ha

hiu khng c iu g na.
15

Khi C-th v Ai-vng nh v Hn-triu, th c quan T-tng l

L Gia, bit r tnh-, can-ngn mi khng c, mi truyn hch i mi ni
ni rng vua v C-thi-hu sp em nc dng cho nh Hn; ri L Gia cng
vi my ngi i thn em qun cm-binh vo git s nh Hn, C-Th v AiVng. on ri tn Kin c ln lm vua. Kin c l con tr ng ca MinhVng m l ngi Nam-Vit lm vua.

8. Triu Dng-Vng. Kin c ln lm vua, tc l Dng-

Vng. Dng-Vng mi ln lm vua c mt nm th vua V- nh

Hn sai Phc-ba tng-qun l L- Bc-c v Dng Bc em 5 o qun
sang nh ly Nam-Vit. Quan Thi-ph L Gia ra chng c khng ni, phi
em Dng-Vng chy. Qun nh Hn ui theo bt c, vua ti u b
hi c. Nm y l nm canh-ng (111 tr. Ty-lch), nc Nam b ngi Tu
chim ly, ci l Giao-ch-b, chia ra lm 9 qun, v t quan cai-tr nh cc
chu qun bn Tu vy.

PHN II

Bc-Thuc Thi-i
(11 tr. Ty-lch-931 sau Ty-lch)

16

CHNG 1

l ng Nhng sai s v cng nh Hn. B i v khi Vng Mng cp ngi

nh Hn, bn ng-Nhng, Tch Quang v Mc Giao ch gi chu
qun, khng chu phc Vng Mn. n khi vua Quang-V trung hng ln,
bn ng Nhng mi sai s v triu cng.

(111 tr. Ty-lch - 39 sau Ty-lch)

2. Tch Quang v Nhm Din. V u th-k nht c

hai ngi sang lm thi-th tr dn c nhn-chnh. Mt ngi tn l TCH
QUANG lm thi-th Giao-ch, mt ngi tn l NHM DIN lm thi th
qun Cu-chn.

Bc-Thuc Ln Th I
1. Chnh-Tr nh Ty-Hn
2. Tch Quang v Nhm Din

Tch Quang sang lm thi-th qun Giao-ch t i vua Bnh- nh

Ty Hn, vo qung nm th hai, th ba v th k nht. Ngi ht lng lo
vic khai-ha, dy dn ly iu l--ngha, cho nn dn trong qun c nhiu
ngi knh phc.

1. Chnh-Tr nh Ty-Hn.

Nm canh ng (111 tr. Ty-lch)

vua V- nh Hn sai L-Bc-c v Dng Bc sang nh nh Triu, ly
nc Nam-vit ri ci l Giao-ch-b, v chia ra lm 9 qun, l nhng qun
ny:
1. Nam-hi:
2. Thng-ng:
3. Ut-lm:
4. Hp-ph:
5. Giao-ch:
6. Cu-chn:
7. Nht-nam:
8. Chu-nhai:
9. m-nh:

(Qung-ng)
(Qung-ty)
(Qung-ty)
(Bc Vit v my tnh
(Bc Vit v my tnh
(Bc Vit v my tnh
(Bc Vit v my tnh
(o Hi-nam)
(o Hi-nam)

Nhm Din Cu-chn c 4 nm th c thng chc v Tu i

lm quan ch khc. Dn-s qun y i-m Nhm Din, lm n th. C ngi
v c nh quan thi-th cho nn sau sinh con ra, ly tn Nhm m t tn
cho con t lng bit n.

pha Bc Trung-Vit)
pha Bc Trung-Vit)
pha Bc Trung-Vit)
pha Bc Trung-Vit)

Mi qun c quan thi-th coi vic cai-tr trong qun v li c quan

th-s gim st cc qun. trong qun Giao-ch th c nhng lc tng hay
lc hu vn c th tp gi-quyn cai tr cc b lc ta h nh cc quan lang
mn thng-du t Bc-Vit by gi.
Quan th-s trc tin l Thch i , ng ph cai tr Long-uyn.
C sch chp l ph tr tha y ng Lng-kh, thuc ph Thun-thnh by
gi.
T i vua V- cho n ht i nh Ty-Hn khng thy s ni g
n t Giao-ch na. Mi n nm k-su (nm 29 Ty lch) l nm Kin-V
th 5 i vua Quang-v nh ng Hn th mi thy chp rng th-s Giao-ch
17

tng, tnh Vnh-yn). M Vin tin qun ln nh, qun hai b v tan c. Hai
b chy v n x Ht-mn, thuc huyn Phc-lc (nay l huyn Phc Th
tnh Sn-ty), th bc qu, bn gia mnh xung sng Ht-giang (ch sng y
tip vo sng Hng-h) m t tn. By gi l ngy mng 6 thng 2 nm qu mo (43).

CHNG II

TRNG-VNG
(40-43)

Nhng tng ca hai b l bn Dng chy vo gi huyn Cphong thuc qun Cu-chn. Sau M Vin em qun vo nh, bn
Dng u phi ra hng.

1. Trng-Th kh i binh
2. M Vin sang nh Giao-ch

Hai b h Trng lm vua c 3 nm, nhng ly ci ti-tr ngi n

b m dy c ngha ln nh th, khin cho vua ti nh Hn phi lo s, y
cng ci ting thm v mun i. n ngy nay c nhiu ni lp n
th hai b nghi-tc ci danh-ting hai ngi n anh-hng nc Vit-nam
ta12.

1. Trng-Th kh i binh.

Nm gip-ng (34) l nm Kin-v

th 10, vua Quang-v sai T nh sang lm thi th qun Giao-ch.
T nh l ngi bo ngc, chnh tr tn c, ngi Giao-ch c
lng on gin lm. Nm canh-t (40) ngi y li git Thi Sch ngi qun
Chu-Din (ph Vnh tng, trc thuc v Sn Ty, nay thuc v tnh Vnhyn).

S-gia L vn Hu ni rng: "Trung Trc, Trng Nh l n b ni ting

nh ly c 65 thnh tr, lp quc xng vng d- nh gi bn tay. Th m
t cui i nh Triu cho n i nh Ng hn mt nghn nm, ngi mnh c
ci u b tay lm ti-t ngi Tu, m khng bit xu-h vi hai ngi nb h Trng!"

V Thi Sch l Trng-Trc con gi quan lc tng huyn M-linh

(lng H-li, huyn Yn-lng, tnh Phc-yn) cng vi em gi l Trng-Nh, ni
ln em qun v nh T nh. Bn T nh phi chy trn v qun Nam Hi.
Lc by gi nhng qun Cu-chn, Nht-nam v Hp-ph cng ni
ln theo v vi hai b Trng-Th. Chng bao lu qun hai b h c 65 thnhtr. Hai b bn t xng lm vua, ng M-linh, l ch qu nh.

2. M-Vin sang nh Giao-Ch.

Nm tn-su (41) vua

Quan-v sai M Vin lm Phc-ba tng-qun, Lu Long lm ph tng cng
vi quan Lu-thuyn tng qun l on Ch sang nh Trng-vng.
M Vin l mt danh-tng nh ng-Hn, lc by gi ngoi 70
tui, nhng vn cn mnh, em qun i men b ph rng o ni lm
ng sang n Lng-bc, gp qun Trng-Vng hai bn nh nhau my
trn11. Qun Trng-vng l qun -hp khng ng ni qun M Vin,
tng nh gic nhiu phen. Hai b rt qun v ng Cm-kh ( ph Vnh11

12
Nay lng Ht-mn, huyn Phc-th, tnh Sn Ty v bi ng-nhn, gn H-ni c n
th hai b, n ngy mng 6 thng 2 th c hi .

S chp rng Lng-bc l H-ty gn H-ni, nhng c ngi bc i bo khng.

18

S chp rng ngi Giao-ch i qua li ch y, ai cng b vo chn

ct ng-tr mt hn , cho nn v sau ch y thnh ra ni, ph mt c, n
by gi khng bit ct y ch no.

CHNG III

Bc-Thuc Ln Th II

T chnh-tr nh ng Hn cng ngy cng ngt thm, m nhng

quan-li sang cai-tr Giao-ch thng c lm ngi tn-c, tham nhng, bt dn
ln rng xung b tm nhng chu-bu. Dn qun Hp-ph c phi
xung b m ngc trai kh qu, n ni phi b x m i.

(43-544)
I . Nh ng Hn
1. Chnh Tr nh ng Hn
2. L Tin v L Cm
3. S Nhip
II. i Tam Quc
1. Nh ng Ng
2. B Triu (Triu th Chinh)
3. Nh Ng chia t Giao-chu
III. Nh Tn
1. Chnh-tr nh Tn
2. Nc Lm-p quy nhi-u Giao-chu
IV. Nam Bc-triu
1. Tnh th nc Tu
2. Vic nh Lm-p
3. S bin lon t Giao-chu

Triu nh th xa, quan-li ra cai-tr th tha h m tung-honh, ting

oan-c ku khng thu vo u, cho nn thng hay c s lon-lc, lm cho
dn-gian phi nhiu s kh-s .

2. L Tin v L Cm.

Quan cai-tr tn-c, nh vua li bc

i ngi bn x. i by gi ngi mnh du c hc hnh thng thi cng
khng c gi vic chnh-tr. Mi n i vua Linh-(168-189) cui nh
ng-Hn mi c mt ngi bn x l L Tin c ct ln lm Th -s
Giao-ch. L Tin dng s xin cho ngi Giao ch c b i lm quan nh
Trung-chu bn Tu. Nhng Hn- ch cho nhng ngi mu ti hoc
hiu-lim c lm li-thuc trong x m thi, ch khng c i lm quan
chu khc. By gi c ngi Giao-ch tn l L Cm lm lnh tc-v hu
vua trong in, r my ngi bn x ra phc xung sn m ku cu thm
thit. Hn- mi cho mt ngi Giao-ch mu-ti i lm quan-lnh H
dng v mt ngi hiu-lim lm quan-lnh Lc-hp. V sau L Cm
lm n quan T-l Hiu -y v li c Trng Trng cng l ngi Giao-ch
lm thi th Kim-thnh. Ngi Giao-ch ta c lm quan nh ngi bn
Tu, kh i u t L Tin v L Cm vy.

I. Nh ng-Hn (25-220)

3. S Nhip (187-226).

V cui i nh ng-Hn, gic cp

ni ln khp c bn phng, triu-nh khng c uy-quyn ra n ngoi, thinh ch no cng c lon. t Giao-ch by gi nh c quan thi-th l S
Nhip cng vi anh em chia nhau gi cc qun huyn, cho nn mi c yn.

1. Chnh-Tr nh ng-Hn.

M Vin nh c Trngvng em t Giao-ch v thuc nh Hn nh c, ri chnh n binh lng,

em qun i nh dp cc ni, i n u xy thnh p ly n y v bin
ci mi cch chnh tr trong cc chu qun. em ph-tr v ng M-linh13 v
dng cy ng tr ch phn a gii, khc su ch: "ng tr chit, Giao-ch
dit." Ngha l cy ng tr m th ngi Giao-ch mt ni.

13

Tin-t nh ng S Nhip l ngi nc L, v lc Vng Mng cp

ngi nh Hn, mi trnh lon sang t Qung-Tn, qun Thng-ng, n
i ng thn sinh ra S Nhip l su i. ng thn sinh tn l S T lm thi th
qun Nht-nam, cho S Nhip v du hc t Kinh-s, hiu lim c b

V cui i ng Hn li di v Long Bin.

19

Thng-th-lang, v vic quan phi cch, ri v chu tang cha. Sau li muti c b sang lm Thi-th qun Giao-ch.

Bn i Lng v Trn Th sang n Hp-ph th S Huy em qun ra

chng gi. Th S Qung chu l L i mi tin qun sang nh dp, v cho
ngi n d S Huy ra hng. S Huy em 5 anh em ra hng, L i sai bt S
Huy em chm i, cn my anh em th em v Ng-triu lm ti.

Nm qu-mi (203) l nm th 3 i vua Hin- quan Th-s l

Trng Tn cng vi quan Thi-th S Nhip dng s xin ci Giao-ch lm
Giao-Chu. Vua nh Hn Thun cho. Sau v trong chu c lm gic-gi, S
Nhip mi tu xin vua nh Hn cho my anh em lm Thi-th qun Cu-chn,
qun Hp ph v qun Nam-Hi. S Nhip gi c t Giao-chu khi lon
v vn gi l triu cng nh c, cho nn vua Hin- li phong cho chc Anvi-n tng qun Long- nh-hu S Nhip tr dn c php tc, v li chm s
dy bo dn cho nn lng ngi cm-m cng-c, mi gi tn ln l Svng.

Ng-ch li hp Qung-Chu v Giao-Chu li lm mt, v phong

cho L i lm Th-s. L i em qun i nh qun Cu-chn c cng
c phong lm Giao-chu-mc.

2. B Triu (Triu Th Chinh)14. Nm mu-thn (248) l nm

xch- th 11 nh ng ng, Ng ch sai Lc Du sang lm th-s Giao-chu.

Nm y qun Cu-chn c ngi n b tn l Triu Th Chinh kh i

binh nh nh Ng.

Nh lm s thng cho nc ta c vn hc l kh i u t S Nhip.

Ci kin c l khng phi. V rng t khi nh Hn cai tr t Giao-ch n
i S Nhip c hn 300 nm, ngi Giao-ch c ngi hc hnh thi
hiu lim, mu ti. Vy ni rng n ng S Nhip mi c nho-hc th
chng sai lm ru. Hoc gi ng y l mt ngi c vn hc trong khi lm quan,
lo m -mang s hc-hnh, hay gip nhng k c ch-ngha, cho nn v sau
mi c, ci ting lm hc t nc Nam t ng nh th th c th hp l
hn.

S ta chp rng b Triu l ngi huyn Nng-cng by gi. Tha nh

cha m mt c, vi anh l Triu quc t, dn 20 tui gp phi ngi ch
du c nghit, b y git i ri vo trong ni. B y l mt ngi c sc
mnh, li c ch-kh v lm mu-lc. Khi vo trong ni chiu m hn 1,000
trng s lm th h. Anh thy th mi can b, th b bo rng: "Ti mun
ci cn gi mnh, p ng sng d, chm c trng-knh b ng ch
khng thm bt-chc ngi i ci u cong lng lm t-thip ngi ta."

II. i Tam-Quc (220-265)

Nm mu-thn (248) v quan-li nh Ng tn-c, dn-gian kh-s ,

Triu quc t mi kh i binh nh qun Cu-chn. B em qun ra nh gip
anh, qun s ca Triu quc t thy b lm tng c can m, bn tn ln
lm ch. Khi b ra trn th ci voi v mc o gip vng l Nhy-kiu tngqun.

1. Nh ng-Ng (222-280). Nh ng-Hn mt ngi th

nc Tu phn ra lm ba nc: Bc-ngy, Ty-thc, ng-ng. t Giaochu by gi thuc v ng-ng.

S Nhip Giao-chu c 40 nm, tuy thit c uy-quyn ci Giaochu, nhng vn theo l triu cng nh Hn, v n khi nh Hn mt th li
triu cng nh Ng.

Th s Giao-chu l Lc Dn em qun i nh, b chng nhau vi

nh Ng c nm su thng . Nhng v qun t th c, nh mi phi thua,
b em qun chy n x B-in (nay l x Ph-in thuc huyn M-ha)
th t-t. By gi mi 23 tui.

Nm bnh-ng (226) l nm Hong-v th 5 nh Ng, S Nhip mt,

con S Huy t xng lm Thi-th. Ng-ch l Tn quyn bn chia t Giaochu, t Hp ph v bc gi l Qung-chu. Sai L i lm Qung Chu th
s, i Lng lm Giao-chu th s, v sai Trn Th sang thay S Nhip lm
thi-th qun Giao-ch.

14

20

B Triu, cc k xut bn trc l Triu u. Nay xt ra nn l Triu Th Chinh.

t Giao-chu ta vn thuc v nh Tn. Nhng quan li sang cai-tr

cng nh quan li i nh Hn, nh Ng, thnh thong mi gp c mt vi
ngi nhn t t t, th dn gian mi c yn n, cn th l nhng ngi tham
lam, c-c, lm cho nhn dn phi lm than kh s . Cng lm khi bn quan
li c nhng ngi phn nghch nh git ln nhau, lm cho trong nc c
phi lon lc lun.

V sau vua Nam nh Tin-L, khen l ngi trung-dng sai lp

miu th, phong l: "Bt chnh anh lit hng ti trinh nht phu-nhn". Nay x
Ph-in, tnh Thanh-ha cn n th.

3. Nh Ng chia t Giao-Chu.

Nm gip-thn (264) l
nm Nguyn-hng nguyn-nin, vua nh Ng li ly t Nam-hi, Thng-ng
v Ut-lm lm Qung-chu, t chu-tr Phin ngung; ly t Hp-ph,
Giao-ch, Cu-chn, v Nht-nam lm Giao Chu, t chu-tr Long Bin.
t Nam-Vit ca nh Triu ngy trc thnh ra Giao-chu v Qung-chu t
y.

2. Nc Lm-p quy nhi-u Giao-Chu. t Giaochu lc by gi trong th c quan li nhng-nhi-u, ngoi th c ngi nc
Lm-p vo nh ph.
Nc Lm-p (sau gi l Chim-Thnh) t qun Nht-nam vo cho
n Chn-Lp, ngha l vo qung t tnh Qung-Bnh, Qung-Tr cho n
t Nam-Vit by gi. Ngi Lm-p c l l ni ging M-lai, theo tng gio
v chnh tr n . Nc y cng l mt nc vn minh v cng thnh
pha nam lc by gi, nhng khng r nc y kh i u thnh nc t lc
no. Sch "Khm-nh Vit S" chp rng: nm nhm-dn (102) i nam c
huyn Tng-lm, ngi huyn y c hay sang cp ph qun Nht-nam,
b i vy vua nh Hn mi t quan cai-tr huyn y, phng gi s ri lon.

t Giao-chu i by gi c lon-lc mi, nhng quan-li nh Ng

th thng l ngi tham-tn, v-vt ca dn, b i vy ngi Giao-chu ni ln
git quan thi-th i ri v hng nh Ngy.
Nm t du (256) nh Tn cp ngi nh Ngy, ri sai quan sang gi
Giao-chu. Nh Ng sai o Hong sang ly li. o Hong c phong l
Giao-chu mc. Nm canh t (280) nh Ng mt nc. o Hong v nh Tn,
c gi chc c. t Giao-chu t thuc v nh Tn.

n cui i nh Hn c ngi huyn Tng-lm tn l Khu Lin git

huyn-lnh i, ri t xng lm vua, gi nc l Lm-p. Dng di Khu Lin
tht truyn, b i vy chu ngoi ca Phm Hng ln ni nghip.

III Nh Tn (256-420)
1. Chnh-Tr Nh Tn.

Nh Tn c thin-h ri, thy nh

Ngy v th c m mt, bn i phong cho h-hng v sai ra trn cc ni
lm vy cnh cho nh vua. Nhng cng v l y m cc thn vng thng v
lng tham danh-li c dy binh nh git ln nhau, lm cho anh em trong nh,
ct nhc tng tn, m ngi vua cng thnh ra suy nhc.

Trong i Tam-quc, ngi Lm-p hay sang cp ph qun Nhtnam v qun Cu-chn, b i vy khi nh Tn ly c ng-ng ri,
mun gim bt qun cc chu qun, nhng quan th s Giao-chu l o
Hong dng s v tu rng: "Vua nc Lm-p l Phm Hng thng vi nc
Ph Nam hay sang quy nhi-u t Nht-nam nu li gim bt qun Giaochu i, th s qun Lm-p li sang nh ph."

Thi by gi pha ty-bc c nhng ngi nhung-ch thy nh Tn

c ni lon, bn l-lt ni ln chim gi dn dn ly c vng pha bc sng
Trng-giang ri xng , xng vng, nh nc Triu, nc Tn, nc Yn,
nc Lng, nc H, nc Hn v. v... c thy trc sau n 16 nc, gi l
lon Ng-H15.

Xem nh vy th nc Lm-p c t u nh th k.
Phm Hng truyn cho con l Phm Dt. Phm Dt mt, th ngi gia
n l Phm Vn cp mt ngi. Phm Vn truyn cho con l Phm Pht.
Nm qu-su (353) i vua Mc- nh ng-Tn, th-s Giao-chu
l Nguy-n Phu nh vua Lm-p l Phm Pht, ph c hn 50 n ly.

Ng H l 5 r: Hung N v r Yt (chng loi Mng C), r Tin Ti (chng loi Mn Chu), r

Chi v r Khng (chng loi Ty Tng)
15

21

Phm Pht mt, truyn ngi li cho con chu l Phm H-t. Nm k hi
(399) Phm H-t em qun sang nh ly hai qun Nht-nam v Cu-chn
ri li i nh Giao-chu. By gi c thi th qun Giao-ch l Vin nh
ui ngi Lm-p, ly li hai qun. Vin c phong lm Giao-chu ths.

lon-lc, bn sai s sang cng nh Tng v xin lnh t Giao-chu cai tr.
Nhng vua nh Tng khng cho.
T nc Lm-p li sang cp ph mn Nht-nam v Cu-chn.
Vua nh Tng bn sai quan th-s l n Ha Chi v Tng Xc lm ph tng
em binh sang nh Lm-p. Phm Dng Mi em qun ra chng c.

Nm qu-su (413) Phm H-t li em qun sang ph qun Cuchn. Khi by gi con Vin l Tu- lm Giao-chu th s em binh
ra ui nh, chm c tng Lm-p l bn Phm Kin v bt c hn
100 ngi.

n Ha Chi v Tng Xc tin qun chm c tng, ph c

thnh, qun Lm-p v tan, Phm Dng Mi cng vi con chy thot c.
n Ha Chi vo t Lm-p ly c vng bc chu bu rt nhiu. S chp
rng n Ha Chi ly c mt ci tng bng vng my ngi m khng
xu, em nu-c c hn 10 vn cn. T y ngi Tu bit Lm-p c
nhiu ca, c chc sang ly. n Ha Chi cng t y b gim pha, phi cch
chc ui v.

Ngi Lm-p vn cn hay tnh i cp ph, c nm ba nm li sang

quy nhi-u t Nht nam. Tu- nh sang nh Lm-p tr ci hi
v sau, bn n nm canh-thn (420) ct binh m sang nh, chm git tn
hi, ri bt ngi Lm-p c hng nm cng tin: voi, vng, bc, i-mi v.v.
T mi c tm yn.

3. S bin-lon -- t Giao-Chu. Nm K-Mi (479) nh

Tng mt ngi, nh T k nghip, tr v c 22 nm th nh Lng li cp

ngi nh T.

Dng di Phm H-t lm vua c my i li b quan Lm-p l

Phm Ch Nng cp mt ngi. Phm Ch Nng truyn cho con l Phm
Dng Mi.

Trong i Nam Bc Triu, t Giao-chu khng c my khi yn n,

v quan Tu sang cai-tr c nhiu ngi thy bn Tu lon, cng mun tm
cch c-lp, b i vy quan li c git ln nhau.

Khi Phm Dng Mi lm vua nc Lm-p, th nh Tn mt ri,

nc Tu phn ra Nam-triu v Bc-triu. Phm Dng Mi li nhn dp
sang quy nhi-u Giao chu.

i nh Lng li sai Tiu-T sang lm th s Giao-chu. Tiu T l

mt ngi tn bo, lm cho lng ngi ai cng on gin. B i vy ng L Bn
mi c c hi m ni ln, lp ra nh Tin L.

IV. NAM BC-TRIU (420-588)

1. Tnh-Th Nc Tu. Nm canh thn (420) Lu D cp
ngi nh ng Tn, lp ra nh Tng pha Nam. Lc by gi pha Bc th
nh Ngy gm c c nc Lng, nc Yn, nc H. Nc Tu phn ra
lm Nam-Triu v Bc Triu. Bc Triu th c nh Ngy, nh T, nh Chu ni
nhau lm vua; Nam-Triu th c nh Tng, nh T, nh Lng v nh Trn k
nghip tr-v.
2. Vic nh Lm-p.

Trong i nh Tn v nm Qu du
(433) i vua Vn-, vua nc Lm-p l Phm Dng Mi thy nc Tu
22

chy v gi thnh Tn Xng, tc l t Phong Chu c thuc tnh Vnh Yn

by gi.

CHNG IV

Nh Tin L

Nh Lng li tin ln ui nh, L Nam thy th mnh yu,

chng khng ni, mi rt qun ln ng ng Khut Liu (thuc t Hng
Ha), i thu xp c qun s li ra nh. c non mt nm, L Nam
em hai vn qun ra nh nhau vi Trn B Tin h in Trit (?), li thua.
L Nam bn giao binh quyn li cho t tng qun Triu Quang Phc
chng nhau vi qun nh Lng ri tr v Khut Liu.

(544 - 602)
1. L Nam
2. Triu Vit Vng
3. Hu L Nam

Triu Quang Phc l con quan thi ph Triu Tc ngi Chu Din
(Vnh Tng, tnh Vnh Yn) theo cha gip L Nam lp c nhiu cng,
nay em qun chng c vi nh Lng c t lu, ri sau thy th qun Tu
cn mnh, ch khng ni, bn rt qun v D Trch17. D Trch l ch ng
ly, chung quanh c mc nh rng, gia c bi ct lm nh c. Triu
Quang Phc vo y, ngy np n, ti th cho lnh ch thuyn c mc ra
nh qun ca Trn B Tin, cp ly lng thc v nui qun s. Trn B
Tin nh mi khng c. Ngi thi by gi gi Triu Quang Phc l D
Trch Vng.

1. L Nam (544-548).

Nm Tn Du (541) l nm i
ng th 7 i vua V nh Lng, huyn Thi Bnh16 c mt ngi tn l
L Bn, ti kim vn v, thy nc mnh, trong th quan li Tu lm kh, ngoi
th ngi Lm p cp ph, bn cng vi nhng ngi ngha dng ni ln,
nh ui Tiu T v Tu, ri chim gi ly thnh Long Bin.
L Bn, c ngi gi l L B, vn dng di ngi Tu. T tin i
Ty Hn phi trnh lon chy sang Giao Chu, n lc by gi l by i,
thnh ra ngi bn x. Khi chim gi c t Giao Chu ri, ng sa sang
mi vic, nh lp nghip lu di. Qua nm Qu Hi (543) qun Lm p li
sang ph qun Nht Nam, L Bn sai tng l Phm Tu vo nh Cu c
(H Tnh), ngi Lm p thua chy v nc.

2. Triu Vit Vng (549-571).

Nm Mu Thn (548) L
Nam trong Khut Liu phi bnh mt, sang nm sau Triu Quang Phc
D Trch c tin y bn xng l Vit Vng. By gi qun ca Vit Vng
sp ht lng, m mi khng ph c qun Tu. May nh gp lc bn Tu
c lon Hu Cnh, vua nh Lng phi triu Trn B Tin v ngi t tng
l Dng Sn li chng c vi Triu Quang Phc. Quang Phc mi tha th
em qun ra nh ph qun Tu, ri v ly li thnh Long Bin.

Nm Gip T (544) i nh Lng bn Tu, ng L Bn t xng l

Nam Vit , t quc hiu l Vn Xun, nin hiu l Thin c, ri phong
cho Triu Tc lm thi ph, Tinh Thiu lm tng vn, v Phm Tu l tng
v.

Khi L Nam tht th chy v Khut Liu th ngi anh h l L

Thin Bo cng vi ngi h l L Pht T em qun chy vo qun Cu
Chn, ri b qun nh Lng ui nh chy sang Lo, n ng ng D
Nng, xng l o Lang Vng, quc hiu l D Nng.

Nm t Su (545) vua nh Lng sai Dng Phiu sang lm th s

Giao Chu, v sai Trn B Tin em qun sang nh Nam Vit. L Nam
thua phi b thnh Long Bin chy v gi thnh Gia Ninh (huyn Yn Lng,
tnh Phc Yn). Trn B Tin em qun ln vy thnh Gia Ninh, L Nam

Nm t Hi (555) l nm th 7 i Triu Vit Vng, L Thin Bo

mt, khng c con, binh quyn v c L Pht T. n nm inh Su (557) L
Pht T em qun v chng vi Triu Vit Vng. nh nhau my trn khng

C theo sch "Khm nh Vit S" th huyn Thi Bnh thuc v Phong Chu ngy trc, nay
vo a ht tnh Sn Ty nhng m khng r l ch no, ch khng phi l ph Thi Bnh Sn
Nam m by gi l tnh Thi Bnh.
16

17

23

By gi thuc ph Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn.

c, Pht T mi xin chia t ging ha. Triu Vit Vng ngh tnh h L,
cng thun chia t cho L Pht T.

CHNG V

Bc Thuc Ln Th Ba

L Pht T ng Din (nay vo lng i M, thuc huyn T

Lim, tnh H ng). Triu Vit Vng ng Long Bin, ly bi Qun Thn
lm gii hn (bi y thuc lng Thng Cc, huyn T Lim). Triu Vit Vng
li g con gi cho Pht T t tnh ha hiu vi nhau. Nhng Pht T vn c
mun thn tnh, b i vy b ngoi tuy ha hiu, nhng b trong vn sa son
nh ly Long Bin.

(603 - 939)
I. Nh Ty.
1. Vic nh Lm p
II. Nh ng
1. Chnh tr nh ng
2. An Nam h ph
3. Mai Hc
4. Gic b
5. B Ci i Vng
6. Vic nh nc Hon Vng
7. Nam Chiu cp ph Giao Chu
8. Cao Bin bnh gic Nam Chiu
9. Cng vic ca Cao Bin
10. S tr lon ca nc Tu
III. i Ng Qu
1. Tnh th nc Tu
2. H Khc dy nghip: Khc Tha D
3. Khc Ho
4. Khc Tha M
5. Dng Din Ngh v Kiu Cng Tin
6. Ng Quyn ph qun Nam Hn

Nm Tn Mo (571), Pht T bt thnh lnh em qun nh Triu Vit

Vng. Triu Vit Vng thua chy n sng i Nha (nay huyn i An,
tnh Nam nh), nhy xung sng t tn. Ngi y cm nh Triu Vit
Vng, mi lp n th ch sng i Nha. Nay cn c n th lng i
B, gn huyn i An.

3. Hu L Nam (571-602). L Pht T ly c thnh

Long Bin ri, xng hiu, ng Phong Chu (thuc huyn Bch Hc,
tnh Vnh Yn), sai L i Quyn gi Long Bin v L Ph nh gi Din.
Trong khi L Pht T lm vua Nam Vit th vua Vn nh Ty
gm c Nam Bc, nht thng nc Tu. n nm Nhm Tut (602) vua nh
Ty sai tng l Lu Phng em qun 27 doanh sang nh Nam Vit.
Lu Phng sai ngi ly l ha phc d L Pht T v hng. Hu
L Nam s th khng ch ni bn xin v hng.
T y t Giao Chu li b nc Tu cai tr 336 nm na.

I. Nh Ty (589 - 617)
1. Vic nh Lm p. Nh Ty lm vua bn Tu c 28
nm th mt. Trong by nhiu nm th s khng chp chuyn g l, ch ni
rng nm t Su (605), vua nh Ty nghe ni Lm p c nhiu ca, bn sai
24

5. Thang Chu
6. Trng Chu
7. Ch Chu
8. V Nga Chu
9. V An Chu
10. i Chu
11. Hoan Chu
12. Din Chu

tng l Lu Phng em qun i nh. Vua Lm p lc by gi l Phm

Phm Ch em qun ra gi nhng ch him yu, bn ny sng L (?)
chng c vi qun Tu. Nhng chng bao lu qun Lm p phi thua b
chy. Lu Phng tha k tin qun sang sng ui nh, gp i binh Lm
p ko n, c nhiu voi th rt mnh. Lu Phng bn dng mu: sai qun
o h ly c ph ln, ri sai qun ra nh nh, gi tng bi trn. Qun Lm
p ui theo c mt qung, voi sa xung h, qun s lon c. Khi by gi
qun Tu mi quay tr li ly cung n bn, voi khip s xo c ln qun Lm
p m chy. Lu Phng cng phi bnh v n na ng th cht.

v pha Ty Bc t Giao Chu li t mt chu na, gi l Man

Chu gm c nhng Mng mn y, l c hng nm phi triu cng vua nh
ng.

II. Nh ng (618 - 907)

1. Chnh Tr Nh ng. Nm Mu Dn (618) nh Ty mt

y l i cch chnh tr nh ng nh vy. Cn thng th cng

lon lc lun: khi th ngi trong nc ni ln nh ph nh Mai Hc v
B Ci i Vng: khi th nhng nc ngoi vo xm phm, nh nc Hon
Vng v nc Nam Chiu.

nc, nh ng k nghip lm vua nc Tu. n nm Tn T (621) vua Cao

T nh ng sai Khu Ha lm i Tng Qun sang cai tr Giao Chu.
T khi nc ta thuc v nc Tu, ch c nh ng cai tr l nghit
hn c. Nhng s chp lc qu: thng cch hai ba nm mi chp mt vic,
chc l nhng nh lm s nc ta sau c theo s Tu chp li, cho nn mi s
lc nh vy.

3. Mai Hc (722).

Nm Nhm Tut (722) l nm Khai

Nguyn th 10 v i vua Huyn Tng nh ng, Hoan Chu c mt
ngi tn l Mai Thc Loan ni ln chng c vi qun nh ng.

2. An Nam H Ph.

Mai Thc Loan l ngi huyn Thin Lc, tc l huyn Can Lc, tnh
H Tnh by gi, mt mi en s, sc vc khe mnh, thy quan nh ng
lm nhiu iu tn bo, dn gian kh s , li nhn lc by gi lm gic gi, ng
y bn chiu m nhng ngi ngha dng, ri chim gi ly mt ch t
Hoan Chu (nay thuc huyn Nam ng tnh Ngh An) ri xy thnh p
ly, xng hong , tc gi l Hc .

Nm K Mo (678) vua Cao Tng

nh ng chia t Giao Chu ra lm 12 chu, 59 huyn, v t An Nam
h ph18.
Nc ta gi l An Nam kh i u t y.
Mi hai Chu i nh ng l nhng chu ny:
1. Giao Chu
2. Lc Chu
3. Phc Lc Chu
4. Phong Chu

c 3 huyn (?)
c 4 huyn (?)
c 7 huyn (?)
c 7 huyn (?)
c 2 huyn (?)
c 6 huyn (Thanh Ha)
c 4 huyn (Ngh An)
c 7 huyn (Ngh An)

Mai Hc li kt hiu vi nc Lm p v nc Chn Lp lm

ngoi vin.

c 8 huyn (H Ni, Nam nh v. v.)

c 3 huyn (Qung Yn, Lng Sn)
c 3 huyn (Sn Ty)
c 3 huyn (Sn Ty)

Vua nh ng sai quan ni th l Dng T Hc em qun sang

cng vi quan H l Quang S Khch i nh Mai Hc . Mai Hc
th yu chng khng ni phi thua chy, c t lu th mt. Nay ni V Sn
huyn Nam ng, tnh Ngh An, cn c di tch thnh c ca vua Hc , v
x Hng Lm, huyn Nam ng cn c n th.

Nh ng lc chia nhiu tnh bn Tu ra lm H Ph nh T Xuyn H Ph, An

Nam H Ph, v.v.... Vy H l mt chc quan ch khng phi l mt chnh th cai tr cc
thuc a nh ta hiu by gi.
18

25

4. Gic B. Nm inh V (767) l nm i Lch th 2, i vua i

Tng nh ng, s chp rng c qun Cn Ln v qun B l qun
nhng o ngoi b vo cp ph t Giao Chu, ln vy cc chu thnh.

7. Nam Chiu Cp Ph Giao Chu. V cui i nh

ng, quan li Tu lm ngi ch v t li, c hip nhn dn nh H L
Trc c vo nhng ch ch Mng Mn mua tru mua nga, mi con ch tr
c mt u mui, ri git t tr ng mn l Tn Thnh. V th cho nn
ngi Mng Mn tc gin bn d ngi Nam Chiu sang cp ph, lm cho
dn Giao Ch kh s trong 10 nm tri.

Quan Kinh Lc S l Trng B Ngh cng vi quan y l Cao

Chnh Bnh em qun nh ph c l gic y. Trng B Nghi bn p La
Thnh phng th ph tr. La Thnh kh i u t y.

pha Ty Bc t Giao Chu, tc l pha Ty tnh Vn Nam by

gi c mt x ngi ni Thi . Ngi x y gi vua l chiu. Trc c 6 chiu
l Mng Hu, Vit Thc, Lng Khung, ng m, Thi Lng, Mng X. Chiu
Mng X v pha Nam nn gi l Nam Chiu.

5. B Ci i Vng (791). Nm Tn V (791) quan H

l Cao Chnh Bnh bt dn ng su thu nng qu, lng dn on hn. Khi by

gi qun ng Lm (by gi l lng Cam Lm, huyn Phc Th, tnh Sn
Ty) c ngi tn l Phng Hng ni ln em qun v ph ph H. Cao
Chnh Bnh lo s thnh bnh m cht. Phng Hng mi chim gi ph thnh,
c my thng th mt. Qun s lp con Phng Hng l Phng An ln ni
nghip. Dn i m Phng Hng mi lp n th v tn ln lm B Ci i
Vng, b i v ta gi cha l b, m l ci, ngha l tn Phng Hng ln lm cha
m.

Trong khong nm Khai Nguyn (713-742) i vua Huyn Tng nh

ng, Nam Chiu l B La Cp cng thnh ln, m 5 chiu kia suy hn i. B
La Cp mi t lt cho quan Tit S o Kim Nam l Vng Dc xin
hp c 6 chiu li lm mt. Triu nh nh ng thun cho, v t tn l Qui
Ngha. T Nam Chiu cng ngy cng thnh ln, em qun i nh Th
Phn (Ty Tng) ri di ln ng thnh Thi Ha (thnh i L by gi).

Thng 7 nm Tn V y, vua nh ng sai Triu Xng sang lm

H. Phng An liu th chng khng ni xin ra hng.

Nm Bnh Dn (846) qun Nam Chiu sang cp Giao Chu, quan

Kinh Lc S l Bi Nguyn D em qun nh ui i.

6. Vic nh Nc Hon Vng. Nc Lm p t khi b

Nm Mu Dn (858), nh ng sai Vng Thc sang lm Kinh Lc

S. Vng Chc l ngi c ti lc, tr dn c php tc, cho nn nhng gic
gi u dp yn c c, m qun Mng v qun Nam Chiu cng khng
dm sang quy nhi-u.

tng nh Ty l Lu Phng sang nh, ri quc vng l Phm Phm Ch

dng biu t ti v xin triu cng nh c. n qung nm Trinh Quan i vua
Thi Tng nh ng, vua Lm p l Phm u L mt, con l Phm Trn
Long cng b ngi git, dn trong nc mi lp ngi con ca b c Phm
u L, tn l Ch Ct a ln lm vua.

Nm Canh Thn (860), nh ng gi Vng Thc v lm Quan St

S Tch ng v sai L H sang lm H.

Ch Cc a i quc hiu l Hon Vng Quc. T v sau

thng ngi nc hon vng li sang quy nhi-u giao chu, v chim gi
ly Chu Hoan v Chu i.

By gi Nam Chiu mnh lm, bn xng v t quc hiu l i

Mng ri li i l i L-19. L H git ngi t tr ng l Th Trng, ngi
Mng li i d qun Nam Chiu sang nh ly mt ph thnh. L H phi b
chy v Tu. Vng Khoan em binh sang cu, qun Nam Chiu b thnh rt
v.

Nm Mu T (808) i vua Hin Tng, quan H l Trng Chu

em binh thuyn i nh git hi qun Hon Vng rt nhiu. Vua nc y
bn lui v pha Nam ( vo qung tnh Qung Nam, Qung Ngha by gi)
v i quc hiu l Chim Thnh.

n i Ng Qu vo qung nh Hu Tn c ngi tn l on T Bnh ln lm vua i quc

hiu l i L, truyn n i Hng V (1368-1392) nh Minh mi mt. Nh Minh t l i L
Ph, thuc v tnh Vn Nam.
19

26

Nm Nhm Ng (862), qun Nam Chiu sang nh Giao Chu, nh

ng sai Thi Tp em ba vn qun sang chng gi. Qun Nam Chiu thy
qun nh ng nhiu li rt v. By gi c quan Tit S Lnh Nam l Thi
Kinh s Thi Tp lp c cng to bn mt tu vi vua nh ng rng Giao
Chu yn, th nn rt qun v. Thi Tp xin li 5.000 qun cng khng
c.

Thng chn nm y qun r ang gt lc Phong Chu (huyn Bch

Hc, tnh Vnh Yn), Cao Bin n nh ct ln mt trn, git c nhiu
ngi, ri ly thc go nui qun lnh.
n thng 4 nm sau (866), Nam chiu cho bn Dng Tp, Phm N
Ta, Triu Nc Mi sang gip on T Thin gi Giao Chu. Khi by gi c
tng nh ng l Vi Trng T em 7.000 qun mi sang, Cao Bin nhn dp
mi pht binh nh c my trn, cho ngi a tin thng trn v Kinh,
nhng m i n Hi Mn, L Duy Chu gi li, khng cho triu nh bit.

Thng ging nm Qu Mi (863), Nam Chiu em 50.000 qun sang

nh ph thnh. Thi Tp cu khng kp, th bc qu phi t t. Trn y c
tng nh ng l Nguyn Duy c em hn 400 qun Kinh Nam chy ra
n b sng, thuyn b khng c, Nguyn Duy c bo chng rng chy
xung nc cng cht, bt nhc tr li nh nhau vi gic, mt ngi i ly
hai ngi th chng li hn hay sao. Ni on quay tr li git c hn 2.000
ngi, nhng m n tng Nam Chiu la Dng T Tn em binh n
nh, bn Nguyn Duy c cht c.

Trong triu mi khng thy tin tc g, cho ra hi, th L Duy Chu tu

di rng Cao Bin ng qun Phong Chu khng chu nh gic. Vua nghe
tin y, ni gin sai Vng n Quyn ra thay, v i Cao Bin v hi ti. Ngay
thng y Cao Bin ph qun Nam Chiu v vy La Thnh hn 10 ngy ri,
ch nay mai th ly c, bng chc c tin Vng n Quyn v L Duy Chu
sang thay. Cao Bin lin giao binh quyn cho Vi Trng T, ri cng vi my
ngi th h v Bc. Nhng trc Cao Bin sai ngi ln v Kinh dng biu
tu r tnh trng. Vua nh ng bit r s tnh, mng lm, li cho Cao Bin
thng trt v sai tr sang cm qun nh Nam Chiu.

Qun Nam Chiu vo thnh git hi rt nhiu ngi. S chp rng

Nam Chiu hai ln sang nh ph thnh, git ngi Giao Chu hn 15 vn.
Vua Nam Chiu l Mng Th Long cho Dng T Tn qun lnh
20.000 qun v cho on T Thin lm Tit S li gi Giao Chu.

Bn Vng n Quyn v L Duy Chu li bing khng vy nh g c,

n khi Cao Bin tr sang mi c qun binh nh thnh, git c on T
Thin v ngi th lm hng o l Chu C o. Cn nhng ng Mn Th
cc ni xin v hng rt nhiu.

Vua nh ng h ch em An Nam H Ph v ng Hi Mn
(?) ri ly qun cc o v Lnh Nam v ng thuyn ln ti lng thc,
i ngy tin binh.

t Giao Chu b Nam Chiu ph hi va 10 nm, n by gi Cao

Bin ly li, em v ni thuc nh ng nh c.

Ma Thu nm Gip Thn (864) vua nh ng sai tng l Cao Bin

sang nh qun Nam Chiu Giao Chu.

9. Cng Vic Ca Cao Bin. Vua nh ng i An Nam

8. Cao Bin Bnh Gic Nam Chiu. Cao Bin l ngi

tng gii nh ng, vn dng v tng mn, tnh ham vn hc, qun s u
c lng mn phc.

lm Tnh Hi, phong cho Cao Bin lm Tit S. Cao Bin chnh n mi
cng vic, lp n i mn bin thy phng gi gic gi, lm s su thu
chi dng vic cng20. Cao Bin tr dn c php tc cho nn ai cng knh
phc, b i vy mi gi tn ln l Cao Vng.

Nm t Du (865), Cao Bin cng vi quan Gim Qun l L Duy

Chu a qun sang ng Hi Mn. Nhng L Duy Chu khng a Cao Bin,
mun tm mu lm hi. Hai ngi bn nh tin binh. Cao Bin dn 5.000
qun i trc, L Duy Chu khng pht binh tip ng.

20

27

C ngi bo rng ngi Vit Nam ta phi ng su thu kh i u t Cao Bin.

Cao Bin p li thnh i La b sng T Lch. Thnh y bn mt

di hn 1982 trng linh 5 thc, cao hai trng linh 6 thc, p mt ng
bao bc ngoi di hn 2125 trng linh 8 thc, cao 1 trng ri, dy 2
thng. Trong thnh cho dn s lm nh hn 40 vn nc (?).

mnh l lm ti bn y. Nh Hn lm vua l dn nh Hn, nh ng lm vua

l dn nh ng, vic g cng cho thin mnh, lm dn ch bit thun th
mt b m thi.
X Giao Chu mnh t i nh Hn cho n i Ng Qu vn l t
ni thuc ca Tu, cho nn s tr lon bn Tu cng nh h ng n nc
mnh. Nh khi bn Tu lon lc, ngi Tu bn vic nc, th bn Giao Chu
cng rc rch t lp c ba nm. Nhng ch v nc th nh, ngi th t, m
ngi trong nc li khng bit ng tm vi nhau, khng hiu cc l hp
qun on th l th no, cho nn khng thnh cng c.

S chp rng Cao Bin dng php ph thy khin Thin Li ph

nhng thc ghnh cc sng cho thuyn b i c. Thin Li y c l l
Cao Bin dng thuc sng chng?
Tc li truyn rng Cao Bin thy bn Giao Chu ta lm t ai
vng, thng c ci diu giy i ym t, ph nhng ch sn thy p, v
hi mt nhiu long mch. Nhng chuyn y l chuyn ngoa ngn, khng c l
g m tin c.

III. i Ng Qu (907 - 959)

1. Tnh Th Nc Tu.

Nm inh Mo (907) nh ng mt ngi,

nh Hu Lng, Hu ng, Hu Tn, Hu Hn, Hu Chu, tranh nhau lm
vua. Mi nh c my nm, gm tt c l 52 nm, gi l i Ng Qu hay l
Ng i.

Nm t V (875) vua nh ng sai Cao Bin sang lm Tit S

Ty Xuyn (T Xuyn). Bin dng ngi chu h l Cao Tm lm Tit S
giao Chu.
Nh ng tuy ly li c t Giao Chu nhng bn Tu li sp
lon, gic cp dn dn ni ln, ngi nh vua cng dn dn sp , nc Tu
li chia r lm my nc, cho nn x Giao Chu cng c s bin ci.

2. H Khc Dy Nghip. Khc Tha D (906 - 907).

Trc khi nh ng sp mt ngi my nm, th bn Tu lon, gic cp

ni ln khp c mi ni. Uy quyn nh vua khng ra n bn ngoi, th lc ai
mnh th ngi y xng , xng vng. Giao Chu, lc by gi c mt
ngi h Khc tn l Tha D, qu Hng Chu (thuc a ht Bng Giang v
Ninh Giang Hi Dng). Khc Tha D vn l mt ngi ho ph trong x,
m tnh li khoan ha, hay thng ngi, cho nn c nhiu ngi knh phc.
Nm Bnh Dn (906) i vua Chiu Tuyn nh ng, nhn khi trong chu c
lon, chng c ng y ln lm Tit S cai tr Giao Chu. Nh ng lc
by gi suy nhc, th khng ngn cm c, cng thun cho ng y lm Tnh
Hi Tit S v gia phong ng Bnh Chng S.

10. S Tr Lon Ca Nc Tu.

Xt chuyn nc Tu t
i nh Hn cho n i by gi, c mi nh ln cm quyn chnh tr c vi
ba trm nm, ri trong nc li bin lon, Nam Bc phn tranh chng nm
by mi nm, khi y c mt nh ng ln dp lon yn nc, lp ln c
nghip mt nh khc.
Phm s tr lon thay i trong mt x hi l thng l, nhng ch l
c mt iu my ln bn Tu lon cng tng t nh nhau c. Xem nh khi
nh Hn suy, th nc Tu phi lon Tam Quc; ht Tam Quc th c nh Tn
nht thng. n khi nh Tn suy, th c Nam Bc triu; ht Nam Bc triu th
c nh ng nht thng. Nay th nh ng suy li phi ci lon Ng Qu.
Ci c hi tr lon bn Tu ging nhau nh th l cng c l ti ci phong tc
v ci x hi ca Tu. S gio dc khng thay i, nhn qun trong nc
khng tin b, cch t t ng khng khai ha, cho nn nc tuy lu i, m
trnh x hi vn ng nguyn mt ch. Khi c bin lon l ch c my
ngi c quyn th tranh cnh vi nhau, ch dn trong nc h- thy bn no

Nm sau nh ng mt ngi, nh Hu Lng phong cho Lu n lm

Nam Bnh Vng, kim chc Tit S Qung Chu v Tnh Hi, c ly
li Giao Chu.
Khc Tha D lm Tit S c non mt nm th mt, giao quyn
li cho con l Khc Ho.
28

phi ht sc phng b, mt mt sai ngi ly g cp st nhn, cm ngm

di lng sng Bch ng, xong ri ch n lc nc thy triu ln, cho qun
ra khiu chin; qun Nam Hn ui theo, n lc nc xung, Ng Quyn hi
qun nh p li, qun Nam Hn thua chy, bao nhiu thuyn mc vo cc
g thng nt mt c, ngi cht qu na, Hong Tho b Ng Quyn bt c,
em v git i.

3. Khc Ho (907 - 917). Khc Ho ln thay cha lm Tit

S, lp ra l, ph, chu, x cc ni, t quan li, sa sang vic thu m, vic

su dch v li cho con l Khc Tha M sang s bn Qung Chu, ting l kt
hiu vi nhau, nhng ct d thm mi vic h thc.

Lu n Qung Chu ng ph tr Phin Ngung c 4 nm th

mt. Em l Lu Cung (trc gi l Lu Nham) ln thay. c t lu nhn c
vic bt bnh vi nh Hu Lng, Lu Cung t xng , quc hiu l i Vit.
n nm inh Su (947) ci quc hiu l Nam Hn.

Hn Ch nghe tin y, khc a ln, ri em qun v Phin Ngung,

khng dm sang quy nhiu na.
Ng Quyn trong th git c nghch thn, bo th cho ch, ngoi th
ph c cng ch, bo ton cho nc, tht l mt ngi trung ngha lu
danh thin c, m cng nh c tay Ng Quyn, nc Nam ta mi c i c
ch Bc thuc hn mt nghn nm, v m ng cho inh, L, L, Trn, v
sau ny c t ch ci Nam vy.

4. Khc Tha M (917 - 923).

Nm inh Su (917) Khc

Ho mt, truyn nghip li cho con l Khc Tha M. Khc Tha M nhn
chc Tit S ca nh Lng, ch khng thn phc nh Nam Hn. Vua
nc Nam hn ly s y lm him, n nm Qu Mi (923) sai tng l L
Khc Chnh em qun sang nh bt c Khc Tha M, ri sai L Tin sang
lm th s cng vi L Khc Chnh gi Giao Chu.

938).

5. Dng Din Ngh v Kiu Cng Tin (931 -

Nm Tn Mo (931) Dng Din Ngh l tng ca Khc Ho ngy

trc mi ni ln, m qun nh ui bn L Khc Chnh v L Tin i, ri t
xng lm Tit S. c 6 nm, Dng Din Ngh b ngi nha tng l
Kiu Cng Tin git i m cp ly quyn.

6. Ng Quyn Ph Qun Nam Hn. Khi y c ngi

tng ca Dng Din Ngh l Ng Quyn c binh i nh Kiu Cng Tin
bo th cho cha. Ng Quyn l ngi lng ng Lm, cng mt lng vi
Phng Hng ngy trc (huyn Ph Th, tnh Sn Ty) lm quan vi Dng
Din Ngh. Dng Din Ngh thy ngi c ti tr mi g con gi cho, v
phong cho vo gi i Chu (Thanh Ha). Khi c tin Kiu Cng Tin git
mt Dng Din Ngh, Ng Quyn lin em qun ra nh.
Kiu Cng Tin cho sang cu cu bn Nam Hn, Hn Ch nhn dp
cho thi t l Hong Tho a qun i trc, mnh t dn qun i tip ng.
Khi qun Hong Tho vo gn n sng Bch ng, th bn ny Ng
Quyn git c Kiu Cng Tin (938), ri mt mt truyn lnh cho qun s
29

Du th no mc lng, ht i Bc Thuc ri th ngi Giao Chu ta

c mt ci ngh lc ring v ci tnh cht ring c lp, ch khng chu ln
vi nc Tu. Duy ch c s sng tnh, s hc vn, cch cai tr th bao gi
mnh cng chu ci nh h ng ca Tu.

CHNG VI

Kt Qu Ca
Thi Bc Thuc

Nguyn nc Tu t i Tam i vn minh lm, m nht l v i

nh Chu th ci hc thut li cng rc r lm. Nhng hc phi ln nh l Nho
Gio v Lo Gio u kh i u t i y. V sau n i nh Hn, nh ng,
nhng hc phi y thnh ln, li c Pht Gio n truyn sang, ri c ba
o cng truyn b i khp c mi ni trong nc. T tr v sau nc Tu
v nhng nc chu nh h ng ca Tu u theo tng ch ca nhng o y
m lp ra s sng tn, lun l v phong tc tng t nh nhau c. Vy ta xt
qua xem nhng hc phi y gc tch t u, v ci tng ch ca nhng hc
phi y ta th no.

1. Ngi Nc Nam Nhi-m Vn Minh Ca Tu

2. Nho Gio
3. o Gio
4. Pht Gio
5. S Tin Ha Ca Ngi Nc Nam

2. Nho Gio. Nho gio sinh ra t c Khng T. Ngi hy l

Khu, tn ch l Trng Ni, sinh nc L (thuc tnh Sn ng) vo nm 551
trc Ty Lch, v i vua Linh Vng nh Chu.

1. Ngi Nc Nam Nhi-m Vn Minh Ca Tu. T

khi vua V nh Hn sai L Bt c sang nh ly Nam Vit cho n i

Ng Qu, ng Ng Quyn nh ui ngi Tu v bc, tnh va trn 1.050
nm.

Ngi sinh ra vo i Xun Thu, c Ng B tranh cng, dn tnh kh

s , phong tc bi hoi. Ngi mun ly o lun thng m dy ngi ta cch
n vi nhau trong i. Ngi i du lch trong my nc ch hu, ht nc n
qua n nc kia, mn theo ngi cng nhiu. n lc gi, ngi tr v nc
L, son kinh Thi, kinh Th, kinh Dch, nh kinh L-, kinh Nhc v lm ra kinh
Xun Thu, ri n nm 479 trc Ty Lch v i vua Knh Vng nh Chu th
Ngi mt, th c 72 tui.

X Giao Chu ta b ngi Tu sang cai tr by lu nm th chc l s

sinh hot ca ngi bn x cng b thay i mt cch khc hn vi trc. Khi
t Giao Chu cn gi l Vn Lang hay l u Lc th ngi bn x n th
no, phong tc lm sao, nay cng khng c di tch g m k cu rch r c.
C l cng t h nh Mng hay l Mn mn thng du t Bc Vit by
gi. Gi s? c em vua Hng Vng h Hng Bng v vua An Dng Vng
h Thc m snh vi my ngi Quan Lang mn thng du th d- thng
cng khng xa s thc l my. Nhng y l mt iu ni phng m thi, ch
ly g lm ch xc?

Ngi ch ct ly nhng iu hp vi bn tnh ca loi ngi m dy

ngi, ch khng dy nhng iu u un huyn diu khc vi o thng. Ngi
ni rng: "o bt vi-n, nhn chi vi o nhu vi-n nhn, bt kh d vi o".
Ngha l: o khng xa ci bn tnh ngi ta, h- v o m xa ci bn tnh y
th o y khng phi l o. B i vy ci tng ch ca Ngi l ch ly Hiu,
-, Trung, Th lm gc, v ly s sa mnh lm ct m dy ngi. ngi ch
dy ngi v s thc t hin ti, ch nhng iu vi-n vng ngoi nhng s
sinh hot trn th ra th Ngi khng bn n. Ni n s sng cht th Ngi
bo rng: "V tri sinh, yn tri t", cha bit c vic sng, sao bit c
vic cht. Ni n vic qu thn th ngi bo rng: "Qu thn knh nhi vi-n chi",
qu thn th nn knh, m khng nn ni n.

V li, khi ngi mt x hi vn minh nh ngi Tu m i m t

cha khai nh t Giao Chu lc by gi, th e rng ngi Tu chim gi ly
ch bnh a ri t hp vi nhau m lm n, cn nhng ngi bn x th hoc
l ln vi k khe hn mnh, hoc git hi i, hoc vo trong rng trong ni
ri cht mn cht mi i. K nh th th ngi mnh by gi cng khng xa
ngi Tu l bao nhiu.
30

m sinh ra. Vy sa mnh v tr nc nn phi theo o, ngh l ngi ta nn

im tnh, v vi, c t nhin, ch khng nn dng tr lc m lm g c.

Tng chi, o Ngi th c nhiu l t ng cao siu (xem sch Nho

Gio)21 nhng v ng thc t th ch trng lun thng o l. Ci o
lun l ca Ngi c th truyn cho mun i v sau khng bao gi vt qua
c. i vi mi ngi th Ngi dy: "K s bt dc, vt thi nhn", iu g
mnh khng mun ngi ta lm cho mnh, th mnh ng lm cho ai". i vi
vic bn phn ca mnh th ngi dy: "Qun t ng nhi th vi thin h o,
hnh nhi th vi thin h php, ngn nhi th vi thin h tc, vi-n chi tc vng,
cn chi tc bt ym", ngi qun t c ng vic g l lm o cho thin
h, ni nng iu g l lm mc cho thin h; ngi xa th mun li gn,
ngi gn th khng bao gi chn22.

Lo T son ra sch o c Kinh, ri sau c Vn T, Thi T, Trang

T, v Lit T noi theo m truyn b ci tng ch y.
o ca Lo T lc u l mt mn trit hc rt cao siu nhng v sau
ci hc thuyt bin i i, ri nhng ngi ging thut thn tin cng ph theo
o y m ni nhng chuyn s kip v nhng s tu luyn c php
trng sinh bt t v. v... B i vy o Lo mi thnh ra o gio l mt o
thn tin, ph thy, v nhng ngi theo o gio gi l o s.
Nguyn t i vua Th Hong nh Tn v vua V nh Hn, ngi
Tu tin s thn tin, sau n cui i nh ng Hn c Trng o Lng
son ra 24 thin o Kinh ging ci thut trng sinh. Bn gic Hong Cn
Trng Gic chnh l hc tr ca Trng o Lng. n i nh ng Tn li
c Ct Hng ni rng c tin thut ri lm sch dy nhng thut y. T y
v sau o gio thnh dn ln, tn Lo T lm Thi Thng Lo Qun.

o ca Khng T truyn cho thy Tng Sm; Tng Sm truyn cho

Khng Cp; Khng Cp truyn cho thy Mnh Kha tc l thy Mnh T.
Thy Mnh T l mt nh i hin trit nc Tu, lm sch Mnh T,
bn s trng nhn ngha, khinh cng li, v cho tnh ngi ta vn lnh, ai cng
c th nn c Nghiu, Thun c.

i vua Cao T nh ng c ngi ni rng thy Lo t hin ra ni

Dng Gic Sn xng l t nh ng23. Vua Cao T n t miu Lo T v
tn ln l Thi Thng Huyn Nguyn Hong . B i vy nh ng trng
o Lo T lm, bt con chu phi hc o c Kinh.

n i nh Tn, vua Th Hong git nhng ngi Nho hc, t c

sch v , o Nho phi mt lc gian nan. n i vua Cao T nh Hn li tn
knh o Nho, sai lm l- thi lao t c Khng T. n i vua V nh
Hn li t quan bc s dy nm kinh. T y tr i, o Nho mi ngy mt
thnh, du trong nc c o Lo, o Pht mc lng, bao gi o nho vn
trng hn.

Tuy o Lo v sau thnh hnh nc Tu, nhng cng khng bng

o Pht. o Pht l mt o n em vo nc Tu, v li l mt tn
gio rt ln th gian ny.

3. o Gio. o gio l b i o ca ng Lo T m thnh ra.

Lo T l ngi nc S (thuc tnh H Bc) h l L, tn l am, sinh vo

nm 604 trc Ty Lch v i vua nh Vng nh Chu, sng c 81 tui,
n nm 523 trc Ty Lch, vo i vua Cnh Vng nh Chu th mt.

4. Pht Gio. T t o Pht l c Thch Ca Mu Ni. Khng bit

r ngi sinh vo i no. C kin ca o phi v pha Bc t n th
cho l ngi sinh v nm 1028 trc Ty Lch k nguyn, vo i vua Chiu
Vng nh Chu. Cn o phi pha Nam th cho vo nm 624. Nhng nh
bc hc thi by gi cho ngi sinh vo nm 558 hay l 520, cng vi Khng
T mt thi.

Tng ch ca Lo T l trc khi c tri t, th ch c o. o l bn

th ca v tr, l ci gc nguyn th ca cc s to ha. Vn vt u b i o

Nho Gio - Trung Tm Hc Liu xut bn trn b 2 quyn.

Snh vi li ca Khang c tin sinh l mt nh i trit hc phng u: "Agis de telle que la
maxime de ton vouloir puisse tre accepte comme rgle universelle", n th no cho bao nhiu
nhng vic mnh lm c th lm ci cng l cho thin h.

21

22

23

31

Lo T v vua nh ng cng h L.

c Thch Ca l con mt nh qu tc t n . Ngi ly v, c

con, nhng v thy ngi ta trn th ny khng ai khi c nhng kh no
nh sinh, lo, bnh, t, cho nn ngi b c v con m i tu, cu php gii
thot. Vy o Pht ct c hai ch : mt l i l cuc kh no; hai l s
thot khi kh no.

n i Nam Bc Triu, vua Hin Minh nh Ngy sai tng l Hu Sinh

v Tng Vn sang Ty Vc ly c hn 170 b kinh em v. T o Pht
rt thnh, kinh in c n 450 b, cha chin c hn 3 vn, tng ni c n
2 triu ngi.
i vua Thi Tng nh ng (630), c ng Huyn Trang (tc gi l
ng Tng hay ng Tam Tng) i sang n hn 10 nm ly c 650
b kinh nh Pht. n i vua Cao Tng (672) ng Ngha Tnh li sang n
ly c 400 b kinh nh Pht na.

Ngi ta gp phi nhng s kh no nh th l ti mnh c mc trong

vng lun hi mi. Vy mun cho khi s kh no th phi ra ngoi lun hi
mi c; m ra ngoi lun hi th phi ct cho t nhng ci nhn duyn n
tri buc mnh trn gian ny. Ra c ngoi Lun Hi th ln n ci Nt
Bn (nirvana) tc l thnh Pht, bt sinh, bt tuyt.

T i nh ng tr i, th bn Tu o Pht cng ngy cng thnh,

m ngi i ly kinh cng nhiu.

Nguyn o Pht l do o B La Mn (Brahmane) m ra, nhng

tng ch o Pht khng ging o B La Mn cho nn hai o chng nhau
mi, thnh ra n ba bn trm nm sau, khi c Thch Ca mt ri, o Pht
mi pht t ra n .

5. S Tin Ha Ca Ngi Nc Nam. Khi nhng o

Nho, o Khng, o Pht pht t bn Tu, th t Giao Chu ta cn thuc v
nc Tu, cho nn ngi mnh cng theo nhng o y. V sau nc mnh
t ch ri, nhng o y li cng thnh thm, nh l o Pht th thnh v i
nh inh, nh Tin L, v nh L, m o Nho th thnh t i nh Trn tr i.

o Pht sang nc Tu k t nh Ty Hn. i vua Hn V (140

- 86) qun nh Hn i nh Hung N ly c tng Kim Nhn v bit
rng ngi Hung N c thi t hng th Pht24. i vua Ai nm Nguyn
th nguyn nin, l lch ty nm th 2, vua nh Hn sai Tn Cnh Hin sang s
r Nhc Chi c hc khu truyn c kinh nh Pht.

Phm phong tc v chnh tr l do s hc thut v tng gio m ra. M

ngi mnh theo hc tht v tng gio ca Tu th iu g ta cng noi theo
Tu ht c. Nhng xt ra th iu g mnh cng thua km Tu, m t ngi
mnh khng thy c tm kim v by t ra c ci g cho xut sc, gi l c
ci tinh thn ring ca ni ging mnh, l ti lm sao?

n i vua Minh nh ng Hn, c Ban Siu i s cc nc

Ty Vc bit o Pht thnh hnh phng Ty. Vua bn sai Thi Am i sang
Thin Trc ly c 42 chng kinh v rc thy tng v dy o Pht. By
gi nhn c con bch m em kinh v, cho nn nh vua mi lp cha Bch
M th Pht t Lc Dng.

C l mt l ti a th nc Nam ta, hai l cch n ca ngi mnh.

Phm s tin ha ca mt x hi cng nh cng vic ca ngi lm,
phi c ci g n un y mnh, n bt phi c sc m tin ha th mi tin
ha c. S un y y l s cn dng v s ua tranh. Nu khng c cn
dng th khng c c gng, khng c gng th khng tin ha. Nu khng c
ua tranh th khng c tm kim, khng tm tm kim th khng ti gii, s l tt
nhin l vy.

T o Pht c dn dn truyn b ra khc nc Tu, nhng ch c

ngi n sang dy o Pht m thi, mi n i Tam Quc mi c ngi
Tu i lm thy tng. V sau ngi Tu sang n ly kinh em v ging dy
cng nhiu.
i vua An nh ng Tn (402) t Trng An c ng Php Hin
i chi hng 30 nc x n , qua o Tch Lan (Ceylan) ri theo ng
hi o v Tu, em kinh nh Pht dch ra ch Tu v lm sch Pht Quc K.
24

Xem nh nc Nam ta, th hai ci yu im y u km c. Ngi

mnh v x nng nc, cch n mc gin d, n s, khng phi cn lao lo
ngh cng sng, cho nn ai cng thch nhn lc, qu h khi cht th thi,

Tc l t hng m th cng kh i u t .

32

ch khng ai mun lao tm lao lc lm nh nhng ngi nc vn minh

khc. Tnh ngi mnh nh th, th h- ai ni ci g, mnh ch bt chc c
m thi, ch khng pht kh i by t ra c iu g na.
Cn nh s ua tranh, phi c nhiu ngi, nhiu nc th mi ua
tranh c. Nhng nc ta pha ng th c b, pha Ty, pha Nam th
nhng ngi Mng, ngi Lo l nhng ngi vn minh km mnh c, cn
pha Bc c nc Tu l hn mnh, nhng Tu li to qu, s giao thng vi
mnh th cch tr sn xuyn, ng s kh khn khng tin, ch c quan t
thnh thong i li m thi, ch dn trong nc khng my khi ra n ngoi b
ci nc nh. Ngi m c i khng i n u, mt khng trng thy ci
hay ci d ca ngi, th tin ha lm sao c? m s hc ca mnh th ai
cng yn tr rng ci g hc ca Tu l hay, l tt hn c: t s t t ng cho
ch cng vic lm, iu g mnh cng ly Tu lm gng. H- ai bt chc c
Tu l gii, khng bt chc c l d . Cch mnh sng m vn minh ca
Tu nh th, cho nn khng chu so snh ci hn ci km, khng tm cch
pht minh nhng iu hay tt ra, ch inh rng ngi ta hn mnh, mnh ch
bt chc ngi ta l .

PHN III

T Ch Thi-i

a th nc mnh nh th, tnh cht v s hc vn ca ngi mnh

nh th, th ci trnh tin ha ca mnh tt l phi chm chp v vic g
cng phi thua km ngi ta vy.

(Thi K Thng Nht)

33

CHNG I

3. HU NG VNG (950-965). Ng vng Vn b Dng tam

Kha i ri, xng l Nam-tn-vng v sai ngi i n lng Tr-hng rc

anh l Ng xng Ngp v cng coi vic nc. Ng xng Ngp v xng l
Thin-sch-vng. C hai anh em lm vua, s gi l Hu Ng-vng.

NH NG
(939-965)

Lm vua c t lu, Thin-sch vng toan gi ly quyn mt mnh,

nhng n nm gip-dn (965) th mt.

1. Tin Ng-Vng
2. Dng Tam Kha
3. Hu Ng-Vng
4. Thp-Nh S-Qun

Th lc nh Ng lc by gi mi ngy mt km, gic-gi ni ln khp c

mi ni. Nam tn-vng phi thn chinh i nh dp. Khi i nh gic hai
thn Thi-bnh, khng may b tn bn cht. By gi l nm t-Su (965),
Nam-tn-vng lm vua c 15 nm.

1. TIN NG VNG (939-965).

Nm k-hi (939) Ng Quyn

xng vng, ng C Loa (thuc huyn ng-anh, tnh Phc-yn). Ngvng t quan chc, ch triu-nghi, nh phc-sc v chnh n vic chnh-tr
trong nc, ch mun dng nghip lu di, nhng ch lm vua c c 6 nm,
n nm Gip Thn (944) th mt, th 47 tui.

4. THP NH S QUN (945-967). T khi Dng tam Kha timv ri, nhng ngi th-ho cc ni nh bn Trn Lm, Kiu cng Hn v.v...
u xng ln c lp, xng l S-qun. V sau Nam-tn-vng khi phc
c nghip c, nhng m cc s-qun vn khng chu v thn-phc. B i vy
nh vua c phi i nh dp mi, m khng yn c. n khi Nam-tnvng b gic bn cht, th con Thin-sch-vng l Ng xng X ln ni
nghip, nhng th nh vua lc y suy-nhc lm, khng ai phc-tng na.
Ng xng X v ng gi t Bnh-kiu. Tng nh Ng l cnh-Thc
cng gi mt ch xng l S-qun.

2. DNG TAM KHA (945-950).

Ng-vng trc ly con

Dng din Ngh l Dng-th lp lm vng-hu; n lc mt, vng u-thc
con l Ng xng Ngp cho Dng tam Kha l em Dng-hu. Dng tam
Kha bn cp ly quyn ca chu, t xng l Bnh-vng.

Lc by gi trong nc c c thy 12 S-qun, gy ra cnh ni lon ko

di n hn 20 nm. Mi hai S-qun l :

Ng xng Ngp thy bin, chy trn sang Nam-sch (thuc Hi-dng)
vo n nh Phm Lnh-cng Tr-hng (huyn Kim-thnh). Tam Kha sai
qun i ui bt. Phm Lnh-cng em vo du trong ni. Dng tam Kha bt
em Ng xng Ngp l Ng vng Vn nui lm con nui.

1. Ng xng X gi Bnh-kiu (nay l lng Bnh-kiu, ph Khoi-chu,

Hng-yn).
2. cnh Thc gi -ng -giang (thuc huyn Thanh-oai).
3. Trn Lm, xng l Trn Minh-cng gi B-hi-khu (K-b, tnh Thibnh).
4. Kiu cng Hn, xng l Kiu Tam-ch gi Phong-chu (huyn Bchhc).
5. Nguy-n Khoan, xng l Nguy-n Thi-bnh gi Tam-i (ph Vnh
Tng).
6. Ng nht Khnh, xng l Ng Lm-cng gi ng-lm (Phc-th,
Sn-ty).
7. L Khu, xng l L Lang-cng gi Siu-loi (Thun-thnh).

Nm Canh-Tut (905) c dn ti thn Thi-bnh (thuc Sn-ty) lm

lon. Dng tam Kha sai Ng xng Vn cng vi tng l Dng ct Li v
cnh Thc em qun i nh. i n T-lim, Ng xng Vn mu vi
hai tng em qun tr v bt Dng tam Kha.
Ng xng Vn ngh tnh cu chu khng n git, ch ging xung lm
Trng Dng-cng.

34

8. Nguy-n th Tip, xng l Nguy-n Lnh-cng gi Tin-du (Bc-ninh).

9. L ng, xng l L T-cng gi T-giang (Vn-giang, Bc-ninh).
10. Nguy-n Siu, xng l Nguy-n Hu-cng gi Ty-ph-lit (Thanh-tr,
H-ng).
11. Kiu Thun, xng l Kiu Lnh-cng gi Hi-h (Cm-kh, Sn-ty).
12. Phm bch H, xng l Phm Phng t gi ng-chu (Hng-yn).

CHNG II

NH INH
(968-980)

Nhng S-qun y c nh ln nhau, lm cho dn-gian kh-s . Sau nh

c ng inh b Lnh Hoa-l em qun i nh, mi dp xong ci lon squn, em giang-sn li lm mt mi,v lp nn c nghip nh inh vy.

1. inh Tin-hong
2. inh Ph-

1. INH TIN-HONG (968-979).

inh b Lnh25 l ngi

Hoa-l ng (huyn Gia-vi-n, tnh Ninh-bnh), con ng inh cng Tr lm
th-s Hoan-chu v i Dng din Ngh v i Ng-vng Quyn. inh
cng Tr mt sm, B Lnh theo m v qu , thng i chi vi tr chn trub, bt chng khoanh tay lm kiu nghi cho chng rc, v li ly bng
lau lm c by trn nh nhau. Tr x y a no cng s, tn ln lm anh.
n lc khn-ln ln, dn lng y theo phc rt nhiu, nhng sau v khng
ha vi ch, cho nn B Lnh cng vi con l Li-n sang vi S-qun Trn
Minh-cng B-hi khu (Ph Kin-xng, Thi-bnh).
Trn Minh-cng thy ngi khi-ng c ch-kh, em lng yu mn, cho
c gi binh-quyn. n khi Trn Minh-cng mt, inh b Lnh em qun
v gi Hoa-l, chiu m nhng ngi ho-kit, hng c mt phng. Nm
tn-hi (951) i Hu Ng-vng, Nam Tn-vng v Thin-sch-vng
em qun vo nh khng c. n khi nh Ng mt ri, inh b Lnh hng
c S-qun Phm Phng-t, ph c -dng ca cnh Thc. T
nh u c y, cho nn chng tn l Vn-thng-vng. Ch trong mt
nm m vng binh c cc S-qun v lp thnh nghip .
Nm mu-thn (968) Vn-thng-vng ln ngi Hong-, tc l Tinhong-, t quc-hiu l i-c-vit, ng Hoa-l Tin-hong xy
cung-in, ch triu-nghi, nh phm-hm quan vn quan v, phong cho
C sch chp rng inh Tin Hong tn l Hon, ch khng phi l B Lnh. B Lnh l mt
tc quan ca Trn Lm phong cho inh Hon. Nhng xt trong "Khm nh Vit S" v cch
sch khc th thy chp inh B Lnh ch khng thy inh Hon. Vy nay c theo sch Khm
nh m chp.
25

35

Nguy-n Bc lm nh quc cng, L Hon lm Thp-o tng-qun, v

phong cho con l inh Li-n lm Nam-vit-vng.

hn-vi, nay khng c ngi Thi-t, ly s y lm tc-gin bn khin ngi

git Hng Lang i. y l gy nn mi lon trong nh.

Nm canh-ng (970) Tin-hong t nin-hiu l Thi-bnh nguyn-nin,

v t nm ngi Hong-hu.

Nm k-mo (979) vua Tin-hong v Nam-vit-vng Li-n b tn

Thch git cht. S chp rng tn Thch trc lm li, m nm thy sao
ri vo mm, t ng l triu mnh c lm vua, bn nh bng lm s th-ot.
Mt hm Thch thy Tin-hong say ru nm trong cung, bn ln vo git
Tin-hong i, ri git c Nam-vit-vng Li-n.

Trong khi vua inh Tin-hong dp lon S-qun nc ta, th bn Tu

ng Triu khung Dn ni nghip nh Hu-Chu tc l vua Thi-t nh Tng.
n nm canh-ng (970) vua Thi-t nh Tng sai tng l Phan M sang
nh ly Nam-Hn. Vua Tin-hong s qun nh Tng sang nh, bn sai s
sang thng hiu vi Tng-triu.

nh-thn tm bt c Thch em lm ti, v tn V-vng inh Tu

ln lm vua.

Nm nhm-thn (972) Tin-hong li sai Nam-vit-vng l Li-n em

phng vt sang cng nh Tng. Vua nh Tng sai s sang phong cho Tinhong lm Giao-ch qun vng v phong cho Nam-vit-vng Li-n lm Tnhhi-qun Tit--s, An-nam -h. T nc ta c gi l sang triu cng
nc Tu.

Tin-hong lm vua c 12 nm, th c 56 tui.

2. PH (979-980). V-vng mi c 6 tui ln lm vua, quynchnh c Thp-o tng-qun l L Hon. L Hon li cng vi Dng
Thi-hu t thng.

Vic chnh tr trong nc th lc by gi cn c nhiu ngi quen thi lc

lon, khng chu tun theo lut-l. Tin-hong phi dng oai trng-tr
nhng bn gian-c: t vc du trc in, nui h bo trong vn, ri h
lnh rng h- ai phm ti th b vc du hay l cho h bo n. Hnh-lut uynghim nh th, th cng qu lm, nhng nh c nhng hnh-lut y th dn
trong nc mi dn dn c yn.

Cc quan i-thn by gi l bn inh in, Nguy-n Bc thy L Hon

nhip chnh lng quyn qu, mi c binh-m n nh, nhng b L Hon git
c.
Lc by gi nh Tng nghe tin Tin-hong mt, t-qun cn di, mun
tha th sang ly nc ta, mi hi i binh gn bin-gii.

Vic binh-lnh th Tin-hong phn ra o, qun, l, tt, ng. Mi mt o

c 10 qun; 1 qun 10 l; 1 l 10 tt; 1 tt 10 ng; 1 ng 10 ngi.

Bn ta c tin qun Tu sp sang, L Hon sai Phm c Lng lm itng em binh i chng gi. Trc khi kh i hnh, Phm c Lng hp c
qun-s li trong in, ri ni rng: "By gi qun nghch sp vo ci, m vua
th cn b, ly ai m th ng pht cho chng mnh. Du chng mnh c ht
sc lp c cht cng no, th ri ai bit cho? Chi bng nay ta tn Thp-o
tng-qun ln lm vua ri ra nh th hn"26.

Vy mt o l 100.000 ngi, v c s y m tnh th nh inh by gi c

10 o, l 1.000.000 ngi.
Thit t ng nc ta by gi t th nh, ngi th t, ly u lm mt triu
qun c, v ly cm go u m nui c by nhiu ngi. Ha chng
Tin-hong c c 10 vn ngi l nhiu.

Qun-s nghe ni u h vn-tu. Thi-hu thy qun-s thun c, mi sai

ly o long-cn mc vo cho L Hon.

Tin-hong b tr ng lp , cho a con t l Hng Lang lm Thi-t.

Con tr ng l Nam-vit-vng Li-n theo Tin-hong i trn-mc t tha
Xem s Tu, nh Tng ly ngi nh Hu-Chu cng ging nh bn ta nh Tin-L ly ngi nh
inh. Nh lm s c chp ln nhau khng?
26

36

L Hon ln lm vua , ging inh Tu xung lm V-vng, s gi l

Ph-.

CHNG III

NH TIN L

Nh inh lm vua c 2 i, c thy l 14 nm.

(980-1009)
1. L i-Hnh
2. Ph qun nh Tng
3. nh Chim-thnh
4. Vic nh-dp v sa sang trong nc
5. L Trung-Tng
6. L long nh

1. L i Hnh (980-1005).

L Hon l ngi lng Bo-thi, huyn

Thanh-lim, tnh H-nam by gi, lm quan Thp-o tng-qun nh inh.
Nhn khi vua nh inh cn tr tui, v li c qun nh Tng sang xm, quns tn L Hon ln lm vua, tc l i-hnh Hong-, nin-hiu l Thinphc, Hng-thng (989-993), v ng-thin (994-1005).
Vua i-hnh ln lm vua ri sai s a th sang nh Tng ni di l th
ca inh Tu (Ph-) xin phong, c nh Tng hon binh li. Nhng vua
nh Tng khng nghe, sai s sang trch i-hnh rng sao c xng , v li
ni rng : "Nh inh truyn tp ba i ri, vy cho inh Tu lm Thngsoi, L Hon lm ph. Nhc bng inh Tu cn tr tui khng lm c,
th L Hon phi bt m con inh Tu sang chu Bc-triu, ri s phong quantc cho L Hon". Vua i-hnh bit mu nh Tng bn khng chu v sasang s phng-b .

2. Ph Qun Nh Tng.

Nh Tng thy vua i-hnh khng chu

nghe li, bn sai tng em qun sang nh. Thng 3 nm tn-t (981) th bn
Hu nhn Bo v Tn ton Hng tin qun sang mt Lng-sn, bn Lu-trng
em thy-qun sang mt Bch-ng-giang.

37

Vua i-hnh em binh-thuyn ra chng-gi Bch-ng. Qun nh

Tng tin ln th mnh lm, quan qun nh khng li phi li. By gi lcqun ca bn Hu nhn Bo tin sang n Chi-lng (thuc n-chu, Lngsn), vua i-hnh sai ngi sang tr hng d Hu nhn Bo n ch hi-m
bt chm i, ri ui nh qun nh Tng chm git c qu na, v bt
c hai ngi b-tng.

Nm t-t (1005) l nm ng-thin th 12, vua i-hnh mt, th 65 tui,

lm vua c 24 nm.

5. L TRUNG TNG (1005).

Vua i-hnh nh cho ngi con

th ba l Long Vit lm thi-t, nhng n lc vua i-hnh mt, cc hong-t
tranh ngi nh nhau trong by thng. n khi Long Vit va mi ln ngi
c ba ngy th b em l Long nh sai ngi vo cung git i, th 23 tui.
S gi l L Trung-tng.

Bn Lu Trng thy lc-qun tan v, vi-vng em thy-qun rt v.

Qun ta tuy thng trn, nhng vua i-hnh s th-lc khng chng vi
Tu c lu, bn sai s em hai vin tng bt c sang tr nh Tng v xin
theo l triu cng. Lc y phi bc nc Tu c qun Khit-an (Hung-n)
ang nh ph, cho nn vua nh Tng cng thun li, thi vic chin-tranh vi
nc ta, v phong cho vua i-hnh lm chc Tit--s.

6. L LONG NH (1005-1009).

Long nh l ngi bo-ngc,

tnh hay chm git, c bng Kit, Tr ngy xa. Khi git anh ri, ln lm
vua thng c ly s git ngi lm tr chi: c khi nhng t phm phi hnh,
th bt ly rm tm du qun vo ngi ri t sng; c khi bt t tro ln cy
ri di sai ngi cht gc cho cy ; c khi b ngi vo st ri em th
xung sng. Lm nhng iu c nh th th ly lm thch ch. Mt hm ly
ma ln u nh s m rc v, ri thnh-thong gi tng nh tay b dao vo
u s chy mu ra, trng thy th lm vui ci. Cn khi ra bui chu, c ai
tu s iu g th cho nhng thng h ni khi-hi hay l nhi ting lm tr.

Nm qu-t (993) nh Tng sch phong cho vua i-hnh lm Giao-ch

qun-vng, ri n nm inh-du (997) li gia phong l Nam-bnh-vng.
By gi s nh Tng thng hay i li, c khi vua i-hnh phng chiu
m khng ly, ni di rng i dnh gic ng nga au chn. Nh Tng bit l
ni di, nhng cng lm ng i.

Long nh lm vua c 2 nm i nin-hiu l Cnh-thy (1008-1009). Sang

nm sau l nm k-du (1009) th mt, lm vua c 4 nm, th 24 tui.

3. nh Chim Thnh.

Vua i-hnh ph c qun nh Tng ri,

nh sang nh Chim-thnh, v lc vua i-hnh ln ngi, c sai s sang
Chim-thnh, b vua nc y bt giam s li. n khi vic pha bc yn,
vua i-hnh em binh sang nh bo th. Qun vua i-hnh sang chim
gi dc kinh-thnh nc Chim v bt c ngi, ly c ca rt nhiu.
T y nc Chim-thnh phi sang triu-cng nc ta.

V lc sng dm-dc qu , mc bnh khng ngi c, n bui chu th c

nm m th triu, cho nn tc gi l Nga-triu.
Long nh mt ri, con th b, nh-thn nhn dp tn L cng Un ln lm
vua, khai sng nn c-nghip nh L.

4. Vic nh Dp V Sa Sang Trong Nc.

Vic trong
nc th c cc quan i thn l bn T Mc, Phm c Lng, Ng t An gip
rp. t lut-l, luyn qun lnh v sa-sang mi vic.

Nh Tin-L lm vua c 3 i, c thy c 29 nm.

By gi thng hay c cc ng Mng v nhng ngi cc chu qun

lm phn, vua i-hnh phi thn chinh i nh-dp, bnh c 49 ng Hman (thuc huyn Thch-thnh, tnh Thanh-ho) v dp yn nhng ngi
phn-nghch cc ni. B i vy thanh-th vua i-hnh lc by gi rt l lngly.
38

CHNG IV

1. Thi-T kh i nghip.

L cng Un ngi lng C-php, nay

thuc v huyn ng-ngn, ph T-sn, tnh Bc-ninh ( lng nh-bng c
lng v n th nh L).

NH L

Tc truyn rng Cng Un khng c cha, m l Phm-th i chi cha

Tiu-sn (lng Tiu-sn, ph T-sn), nm mng thy i li vi thn nhn ri
v c thai ra a con trai. Ln ba tui em cho ngi s cha C-php
tn l L khnh Vn lm con nui, mi t tn l L cng Un.

(1010-1225)
I. L THI T
1. Thi-t kh i nghip
2. Di v Thng-long thnh
3. Ly kinh Tam-tng
4. Vic chnh-tr
II. L THI TNG
1. L phng Hiu nh lon
2. S nh dp
3. Gic Nng
4. nh Chim-thnh
5. Vic chnh-tr
III. L THNH TNG
1. Vic chnh-tr
2. Ly t Chim-thnh
IV. L NHN TNG
1. -lan thi-phi
2. L o Thnh
3. Vic sa-sang trong nc
4. Vic nh nh Tng
5. Nh Tng ly t Qung-nguyn
6. nh Chim-thnh

Cng Un ln ln vo Hoa-l lm quan nh Tin-L, n chc T-thn-v

in-tin Ch-huy-s. Khi L Long nh mt, th L cng Un ngoi 35
tui. By gi lng ngi on-gin nh Tin-L lm, trong triu c bn
o cam Mc cng vi s Vn Hnh mu tn L cng Un ln lm vua.
L cng Un bn ln ngi hong-, tc l vua Thi-t nh L.

2. Di V Thng Long Thnh.

Thi-t thy t Hoa-l chthp khng c th m -mang ra lm ch -hi c, bn nh di v Lathnh. Thng 7 nm Thun-thin nguyn-nin (1010), th kh i s di . Khi
ra n La-thnh, Thi-t ly c c im trng thy rng vng hin ra, bn i
i-la thnh l Thng-long thnh, tc l thnh H-ni by gi. Ci Hoa-l lm
trng-an ph v C-php lm Thin-c ph.

3. Ly Kinh Tam Tng.

Nh L by gi sng o Pht, nh vua trng

i nhng ngi i tu, ly tin kho ra lm cha c chung. Thng 6 nm
mu-ng (1018) vua sai quan l Nguy-n o Thanh v Phm Hc sang Tu ly
kinh Tam-tng em v vo kho i-hng.

4. Vic Chnh Tr.

Lc by gi bn nh Tng c nhiu vic, cho nn

cng khng sinh s li thi g vi nc ta. B i vy khi Thi-t ln lm vua, sai
s sang cu phong, vua nh Tng lin phong cho lm Giao-ch qun-vng,
sau li gia phong Nam-bnh-vng. Nc Chim-thnh v nc Chn-lp u
sang triu cng, cho nn vic bang-giao thi by gi u yn-tr.

I. L THI-T (1010-1028)
Nin-hiu : Thun-thin

trong nc cng c i ba ni ni ln lm lon, nh Di-n-chu (thuc

Ngh-an) v mn Thng-du hay c s phn-nghch, nh vua phi thn
chinh i nh-dp mi yn c.
39

Dc-thnh-vng v ng-chinh-vng xin v chu ti. Thi-tng ngh

tnh ct-nhc bn tha ti cho, v li phc chc c cho c hai ngi.

Thi by gi cc hong-t u phong tc vng v phi cm qun i

nh gic, b i vy ai cng gii ngh dng binh.

Cng v s phn-nghch y cho nn vua Thi-tng mi lp l: c hng

nm, cc quan phi n n ng-c ( lng Yn-thi, H-ni) lm l- c li
th rng : "Lm con phi hiu, lm ti phi trung, ai bt hiu bt trung, xin qu
thn lm ti". Cc quan ai trn khng n th, phi pht 50 trng.

Thi-t lu tm v vic sa-sang trong nc: i php c ca nh Tin-L;

chia nc ra lm 24 l, gi Hoan-chu v i-chu l tri. Li nh ra 6 hng
thu l : thu rung, m, ao; thu t trng du v bi ph-sa; thu sn-vt
ni; thu mm-mui i qua A-quan; thu sng t, ng voi v hng trn mn
ni xung; thu tre g hoa qu. Vua cho nhng bc cng-cha coi vic trngthu cc th thu y.

2. S nh Dp.

Thi-tng l ngi c thin-t nh-ng, thng lcngh, tinh thao-lc, gp lc trong nc c nhiu gic-gi, nhng ngi quen
vic dng binh, cho nn ngi thng thn chinh i nh ng dp bc.

Thi-t tr-v c 19 nm th mt, th 55 tui.

Thi by gi nh vua khng t quan tit trn; phm vic binh vic dn
cc chu, l u giao c cho ngi chu-mc. Cn mn thng-du th c
ngi t-tr ng qun lnh. Cng v quyn nhng ngi y to qu, cho nn
thng hay c s phn-nghch. Li c nhng nc ln bang nh Chim-thnh
v Ai-lao thng hay sang quy nhi-u, b i vy cho nn s nh-dp v i vua
Thi-tng rt nhiu.

II. L THI TNG (1028-1054)

Nin hiu : Thin thnh (1028-1033)

Thng-thy (1034-1038)
Cn-ph-hu-o (1039-1041)
Minh-o (1042-1043)
Thin-cm-thnh-v (1044-1048)
Sng-hng-i-bo (1049-1054).

3. Gic Nng.

Lc y chu Qung-nguyn (Lng-sn) c nhng ngi

Nng c hay lm lon. Nm mu-n (1038) c Nng tn Phc lm phn, t
xng l Chiu-thnh Hong-, lp A-nng lm Ninh-c Hong-hu, t
quc-hiu l Trng-sinh-quc ri em qun i nh-ph cc ni.

1. L Phng Hiu nh Lon.

Thi-t va mt cha t-tng xong,

th cc hong-t l bn V-c-vng, Dc-thnh-vng v ng-chinhvng em qun n vy thnh tranh ngi ca Thi-t.

Nm k-mo (1039) Thi-tng thn chinh i nh, bt c Nng tn

Phc v con l Nng tri Thng em v kinh lm ti. Cn A-nng v con l
Nng tr Cao chy thot c.

By gi cc quan l bn L nhn Ngha xin Thi-t cho em qun ra thnh

quyt c thua mt trn. Khi qun ca Thi-t v qun cc vng i trn,
th quan V-v tng-qun l L phng Hiu rt gm ra ch vo V-cvng m bo rng : "Cc ngi dm-ng ngi cao, khinh-d t-qun, trn
qun n Tin-, di tri ngha ti con, vy Phng Hiu xin dng nht gm
ny !" Ni xong chy xng vo chm V-c-vng trn tin. Qun cc
vng trng thy s-hi b chy c. Dc-thnh-vng v ng-chinh-vng
cng phi chy trn.

Nm tn-t (1041) Nng tr Cao cng vi m l A-nng v ly chu ngo (gn chu Qung-nguyn) lp ra mt nc gi l i-lch-quc. Thi-tng
sai tng ln nh bt c em v Thng-long. Nhng vua ngh trc git
cha v anh, nay thng tnh khng git, tha cho v v li phong cho lm
Qung-nguyn mc. Sau li gia phong cho tc Thi-bo.
Nm mu-t (1048) Nng tr Cao li phn, xng l Nhn-hu Hong-
quc-hiu l i-nam. Thi-tng sai quan thi-u Quch thnh Dt ln nh
khng c. By gi Tr Cao xin ph-thuc vo nc Tu, vua nh Tng
khng cho. Tr Cao bn em qun sang nh ly Ung-chu, ri chim c thy

Thi-t Pht M ln ngi, tc l vua Thi-tng.

40

c 8 chu t Qung-ng v Qung-ty. Nhng chu y l chu Honh

chu Qu, chu Cung, chu Tm, chu ng, chu Ng, chu Khang, chu
oan.

By gi quan qun chm git ngi bn x rt nhiu, mu chy thnh sui.

Thi-tng trng thy ng lng thng, xung lnh cm khng c git ngi
Chim-thnh, h- ai tri lnh th theo php qun m tr ti.

Vua nh Tng toan nh qun nh L sang nh gip nhng tng nh

Tng l ch Thanh can rng : C mt Nng tr Cao m t Lng Qung
khng ch c, li phi nh qun ngoi-quc vo nh gip. Nu c ai nhn
m ni lon, th lm th no? Vua nh Tng nghe li y bn sai bn D
Tnh v Tn Min i nh-dp gic Tr Cao. Bn D Tnh nh mi khng
c, nh Tng ly lm lo, nhn khi Tr Cao dng biu xin lnh chc Tit--s
chu Ung v chu Qu, vua nh Tng toan thun cho, ch Thanh can i,
v xin em qun i nh.

Thi-tng tin binh n quc l Pht-th (nay lng Nguyt-hu, huyn

Hng-thy, tnh Tha-thin), vo thnh bt c Vng-phi l M v cc
cung n em v. Khi xa-gi v n sng L-nhn, Thi-tng cho i M sang
chu bn thuyn ng . M gi tit khng chu, qun chin ln xung sng
m t-t. Nay ph L-nhn cn c n th.

ch Thanh ra hp qun vi bn D Tnh v Tn Min ng Tn-chu

(Li-u-chu tnh Qung-ty) ri hi cc tng li cm khng cho ra nh nhau
vi gic. By gi c quan Kim-ht tnh Qung-ty tn l Trn-Th tri tng
lnh em qun i nh b thua, ch Thanh em chm i, ri lnh cho qun
ngh 10 ng Qun i thm bit chuyn v bo Tr Cao bit. Tr Cao t ng l
qun nh Tng khng dm nh, bn khng phng-gi. ch Thanh em
qun n ca Cn-ln (gn ph Nam-ninh) nh Nng tr Cao. Lc ang nh
nhau, ch Thanh em qun k nh hai bn t hu, qun ca Tr Cao tan v,
tng l bn Hong s Mt u t trn.

5. Vic Chnh Tr.

Thi-tng bt v hn 5.000 ngi Chim-thnh ban cho rung t lp

thnh phng p m lm n.
Thi-tng tuy phi nh dp lun, nhng cng
khng b vic chnh-tr trong nc, bao gi cng lng thng dn. H- nm
no i km hay l i nh gic v, th li gim thu cho hng hai ba nm.
Ngi sa li lut-php, nh cc bc hnh-pht, cc cch tra-hi, v t l cho
nhng ngi gi ngi tr, tr khi phm ti thp c, th c ly tin m chuc
ti. Nhn khi i lut mi, nh vua i nin-hiu l Minh-o (1042).
Nm qu-mi (1043) Thi-tng h chiu cm khng cho ai c mua
hong-nam27 lm n. Vua li chia ng quan-l ra tng cung, t nh
trm chy giy cng-vn.

Tr Cao chy thot trn sang nc i-l. Sau ngi i-l bt Nng tr
Cao chm ly u em np nh Tng. Gic Nng t mi yn.

trong cung th Thi-tn nh s hu-phi v cung-n nh sau ny : hu v

phi 13 ngi, ng-n l 18 ngi , nhc k 100 ngi. Nhng cung-n phi
hc ngh thu-dt vc-gm.

4. nh Chim Thnh.

Thi-tng ln lm vua hn 15 nm, m

nc Chim-thnh khng chu thng s v li c quy nhi-u mt b. Thitng bn sp-sa binh-thuyn sang nh Chim-thnh.

Thi-tng tr-v c 27 nm, n nm gip-ng (1054) th mt, th 55 tui.

Nm gip-thn (1044) vua Thi-tng ng gi i nh Chim-thnh. Qun

Chim-thnh dn trn pha nam sng Ng-b(?) Thi-tng truyn thc qun
nh trn sang, qun Chim-thnh thua chy. Qun ta bt c hn 5.000
ngi v 30 con voi.

III L THNH-TNG (1054-1072)

Nin-hiu : Long-thy thi-bnh (1054-1058)

Chng-thnh gia-khnh (1059-1065)
Long-chng thin-t (1066-1067)

Tng Chim-thnh l Quch gia Gi chm quc-vng l S u em u

sang xin hng.
27

41

Hong Nam l ngi t 18 tui tr ln.

qun tr li nh bt c vua Chim-thnh l Ch C. Nm y l nm kdu (1069). Thnh-tng v triu, i nin-hiu l Thn-v.

Thin-hung bo-tng (1060)

Thn-v (1069-1072).

Ch C xin dng t ba chu chuc ti, l chu a-l, chu Ma-linh

v chu B-chnh. Thnh-tng ly 3 chu y v cho Ch C v nc.

1. Vic Chnh Tr.

Thi-t l Nht Tn ln ngi tc l vua Thnh-tng,

ngi i quc-hiu l i-Vit28.

Nhng chu y nay a-ht tnh Qung-bnh v tnh Qung-tr.

Thnh-tng l mt ng vua nhn-t, c lng thng dn; mt nm tri lm

rt lm, Thnh-tng bo nhng quan hu gn rng: "Trm trong cung n-mc
nh th ny cn rt, ngh nhng t-phm giam trong ngc, phi tri buc, cm
khng c m n, o khng c m mc; v li c ngi xt hi cha xong, gian
ngay cha r, nh rt qu m cht th tht l thng lm". Ni ri truyn ly
chn chiu cho t nm, v mi ngy cho hai ba n. Li c mt hm Thnhtng ra ng in Thin-khnh xt n, c ng-thin cng-cha ng hu
bn cnh. Thnh-tng ch vo cng-cha m bo cc quan rng : "Lng trm
yu dn cng nh yu con trm vy, him v trm h ngu di, lm cn phi ti,
trm ly lm thng lm. T ry v sau ti g cng gim nh bt i" .

Nm nhm-t (1072) Thnh-tng mt, tr-v c 17 nm, th 50 tui.

IV. L NHN-TNG (1072-1127)

Nin-hiu : Thi-ninh (1072-1075)
Anh-v chiu-thng (1076-1084)
Qung-hu (1085-1091)
Hi-phong (1092-1100)
Long-ph (1101-1109)
Hi-tng i-khnh (1110-1119)
Thin-ph du-v (1120-1126)
Thin-ph khnh-th (1127).

Vua Thnh-tng c nhn nh th, cho nn trm h mn-phc, trong i

Ngi lm vua t c gic-gi. Ngi li c mun khai-ha s vn-hc, lp vnmiu, lm tng Chu-cng Khng-t v 72 tin-hin th. Nc ta c vnmiu th Khng-t v ch hin kh i u t y.

1.

Lan Thi-Phi. Vua Nhn-tng l con b -lan Thi-phi, ngi

Siu-loi (Bc-ninh). Khi trc vua Thnh-tng 40 tui m khng c con,
i cu t qua lng Th-li (sau i l Siu-loi ri li i l Thun-quang),
ngi i xem ng y ng, c mt ngi con gi i hi du, thy xe nh
vua i c ng ta vo cy lan ch khng ra xem. Vua thy th ly lm l,
truyn gi em vo cung, phong l -lan phu-nhn. c t lu c thai ra
hong-t l Cn c, c phong l Nguyn-phi.

Vic binh-chnh th ngi t qun-hiu v chia ra lm t hu tin hu 4 b,

hp li l 100 i c lnh k v lnh bn . Cn nhng phin-binh th lp ra
thnh i ring khng cho ln vi nhau. Binh-php nh L by gi c ting l
giI, nh Tng bn Tu phi bt chc. y l mt s v-vang cho nc
mnh bao nhiu?

2. Ly t Chim Thnh.

Vua Thnh-tng nhn m li dng:

nc Chim-thnh hay sang quy nhi-u, ngi thn chinh i nh. nh ln
u khng thnh cng, em qun tr v. i n chu C-lin (?) nghe thy
ngi khen b Nguyn phi nh gim quc, trong nc c yn-tr, Thnhtng ngh bng rng: "Ngi n b tr nc cn c nh th, m mnh i
nh Chim-thnh khng thnh cng, th ra n-ng hn lm !" Li em
28

Cn c lm thi-t ri ln ni ngi, tc l vua Nhn-tng, phong cho m

lm -lan thi phi.
Thi-phi tnh hay ghen-ght, thy b Dng-thi-hu gi quyn, trong bng
khng yn, bn xui vua bt Thi-hu v 72 ngi th-n b ngc ti, ri em
git c.

T nh inh n by gi, nc ta vn gi l i C Vit, nay mi i l i Vit.

42

2. L o Thnh.

4. Vic nh Nh Tng.

ng L o Thnh l ngi h nh vua, tnh rt oan-chnh, ht lng lo

vic nc. Thng nhng lc s tu c hay ni n vic li hi ca dn.
Nhng quan-thuc th chn ly ngi hin-lng m ct nhc ln lm mi
vic. B i vy thi by gi trong th sa-sang c vic chnh-tr, ngoi th nh
nh Tng, ph qun Chim. y cng nh c ti hin tng gii cho nn mi
thnh c cng-nghip nh v

Nguyn nh Tng by gi b nc Bc-liu v nc Ty-h c hip, hng

nm phi em vng bc v la vi sang cng hai nc y. M trong nc th
khng c tin chi dng. Vua Thn-tng mi dng ng Vng an Thch
lm T-tng sa-sang mi vic.

Lc Nhn-tng ln lm vua mi c 7 tui, c quan

Thi-s l L o Thnh lm ph-chnh.

T nh inh, nh L tr i, tuy Tu khng

sang cai-tr nc ta na, nhng vn c lm-le c mun xm-lc. n khi
vua Thn-tng nh Tng (1068-1078) c quan T-tng l Vng an Thch t
ra php mi ci-t vic chnh-tr nc Tu.

3. Vic Sa Sang Trong Nc.

Vng an Thch29 t ra ba php v vic ti-chnh v 2 php v vic

binh-chnh.

Nm t-mo (1075) m khoa thi tam-trng ly ngi vn-hc vo lm

quan. K thi y l k u tin nc ta, chn c hn 10 ngi. Th-khoa
l L vn Thnh. ng Th-khoa y ngy sau lm n chc thi-s, nhng v s
lm phn-nghch, cho nn phi y ln Thao-giang (huyn Tam-nng, Phth).

Vic Ti Chnh :
1. Php thanh miu: l khi la cn xanh th nh nc cho dn vay tin, n
khi la chn th dn li phi tr tin li, tnh theo l nh nc nh m
tr tin li.
2. Php mi-n dch: l cho nhng ngi dn inh m ai phi su-dch th
c np tin, nh nc ly tin y thu ngi lm.
3. Php th dch: l t ra mt s bun-bn chn kinh-s, c nhng th
hng-ha g m dn-s bn khng c, th nh nc mua thu c ly m
bn. Nhng ngi con-bun m ai cn phi vay tin th cho vay, ri c
tnh theo l nh nc m tr tin li.

Vic nh-dp v i vua Nhntng th nhiu, song nhng cng-vic trong nc cng khng b tr-. i
by gi mi kh i u p ci C X gi t kinh-thnh cho khi lt
ngp. Vic p kh i u t .

Nm bnh-thn (1076) lp Quc-t-gim b nhng ngi vn-hc vo

dy. n nm bnh-dn (1086) m khoa thi chn ngi vn-hc vo Hn-lmvin, c Mc hin Tch u, c b Hn-lm-hc-s.

Vic Binh Chnh:

1. Php bo gip: l ly dn lm lnh. Chia ra 10 nh lm mt bo, 500
nh lm mt -bo. Mi bo c t hai ngi chnh ph dy dn
luyn-tp v-ngh
2. Php bo m: l nh nc giao nga cho cc bo phi nui, c con no
cht th dn phi theo gi nh m thng li.

S nho-hc nc ta kh i u thnh ln t thi by gi.

Nm k-t (1089) nh quan-ch, chia vn v ra lm 9 phm. Quan ithn th c Thi-s, Thi-ph, Thi-u v Thiu-s, Thiu-ph, Thiu-u.
di nhng bc y, ng vn-ban th c Thng-th, t hu Tham-tri, t hu
Gin-ngh i-phu, Trung-th Th-lang, B Th-lang v.v.. ng v-ban th c
-thng Nguyn-sy, Tng-qun khu-mt s, Khu-mt t hu-s, Kim-ng
thng-tng, i-tng, -tng, Ch-v tng-qun v.v...

Khi nm php y thi-hnh ra th dn nc Tu u ly lm on-gin, v l

tri vi ch- v phong-tc c.
Vng an Thch li c mun lp cng ngoi bin, t ci cng-hiu
vic. ci-t ca mnh. By gi Ung-chu c quan tri-chu l Tiu Ch bit

ngoi cc chu-qun, vn th c Tri-ph, Phn-ph, Tri-chu, v th c

Ch-l trn tri-quan.

29

43

Xin xem "Vng An Thch" ca o Trinh Nht - Tn Vit xut bn.

Vng an Thch, mi lm s tu v rng: nu khng nh ly t Giao-chu

th v sau thnh mt iu lo cho nc Tu.

tc-gin lm, bn sai Quch Qu lm Chiu-tho-s, Triu Tit lm ph, em 9

tng qun cng hi vi nc Chim-thnh v Chn-lp chia ng sang nh
nc Nam ta.

Vua nh Tng nghe li tu y, sai Tiu Ch kinh-l vic nh Giao-chu.

Nhng Tiu Ch t chi, ly vic y lm kh, ang khng ni. Nhn lc y li
c Thm Kh i tu by mi l nn nh Giao-chu. Vua nh Tng bn sai
Thm Kh i lm Tri-chu chu Qu. Thm Kh i ra thu-xp mi vic theo
Vng an Thch, nhng sau khng bit ti l g phi bi v. Tng-triu cho
Lu Gi ra thay.

Thng chp nm bnh-thn (1076) qun nh Tng vo a-ht nc ta. Ltriu sai L thng Kit em binh i c ch. Thng Kit nh chn qun nh
Tng sng Nh-nguyt (lng Nh-nguyt Bc-ninh, tc l sng Cu by
gi). Qun nh Tng nh trn y cht hn 1.000 ngi, Quch Qu tin qun
v pha ty, n ng b sng Ph-lng30.

Lu Gi sai ngi i bin cc khe ngi, cc n-ly, sa binh-kh, lm

thuyn-b v li cm khng cho ngi chu huyn gn y i li bun-bn
vi ngi Giao-chu.

L thng Kit em binh-thuyn ln n nh khng cho qun nh Tng

sang sng. Qun Tng mi cht g lm my bn sang nh ma, thuyn ca
ta thng nt mt nhiu, qun-s cht hng my nghn ngi. Lc by gi qun
nh Tng nh hng lm, L thng Kit ht sc chng gi, nhng s qun
mnh c ng lng chng, bn t ra mt chuyn ni rng c thn cho bn cu
th :
Nam-quc sn-h Nam c
Tit nhin nh phn ti thin th
Nh h nghch l lai xm -phm
Nh ng hnh khan th bi h

Bn L-triu ta thy s tnh nh th mi vit th sang hi Tng-triu, th

Lu Gi li gi li khng v kinh. L-triu tc gin, bn sai L thng Kit v
Tn n em 10 vn binh chia ra lm 2 o, thy b cng tin sang nh nh
Tng, ly c rng nh Tng t ra php mi lm kh trm h. Vy qun iVit sang nh c-vt nhn-dn, v.v.....
Nm t-mo (1075) L thng Kit em qun sang vy nh Khm-chu
v Lim-chu (thuc tnh Qung-ng) git hi hn 8.000 ngi. o qun
ca Tn n sang nh Ung-chu (tc l thnh Nam-ninh thuc tnh Qungty), quan -gim Qung-ty l Trng th Tit em binh li c Ung-chu,
b L thng Kit n nh Cn-ln quan (gn Nam-ninh) chm Trng th
Tit trn tin.

Qun-lnh nghe c my cu th y, ai ny u nc lng ng gic, qun

nh Tng khng tin ln c. Hai bn c chng gi nhau mi. L-triu s
nh lu khng li, bn sai s sang Tng xin hon binh.
Vua Tng thy qun mnh khng tin ln c, m li ng ch chng
a, qun-s trc sang hn 8 vn, sau cht n qu na, cho nn cng thun
hon-binh lui v, chim-gi chu Qung-nguyn (by gi l chu Qung-uyn,
tnh Cao-bng), chu T-lang (by gi l chu Thng-lang v H-lang, tnh
Cao-bng), chu T, chu Mu ( gip-gii tnh Cao-bng v tnh Lng-sn) v
huyn Qung-lang (n-chu, tnh Lng-sn).

Tn n vy thnh Ung-chu hn 40 ngy, quan tri-chu l T Dam kin

c gi mi. n khi qun nh L h c thnh, th T Dam bt ngi nh tt
c l 36 ngi cht trc, ri t t m cht. Ngi trong thnh cng btchc quan tri-chu, khng ai chu hng c. Qun nh L vo thnh git hi
gn n 58.000 (?) ngi.

Sch "Khm-nh Vit-s" c chp rng sng Ph-lng l con sng i t Bch-hc qua Namnh ri chy ra b, tc l sng Hng-h. Nhng xem trn th by gi v xt trong a-l th sng
Ph-lng chp y chnh l sng Cu, ch khng phi sng Hng-h. Nu lc by gi L
thng Kit ph qun nh Tng sng Nh-nguyt tc l khc di sng Cu, th tt nh L
cn ng mn sng Cu. Qun Quch Qu lm th no m tin n sng Hng-h c ? V li
Thi-nguyn hin by gi c huyn Ph-lng, huyn y v i nh L, nh Trn l Ph-lng
ph, m chnh con sng Cu chy qua a-ht y. C l l nhng nh chp s i trc thng
khng thuc a-l cho nn chp lm sng Ph-lng l sng Nh-h, vy ta nn ci li.
30

L thng Kit v Tn n sang nh nh Tng git hi c thy n 10

vn ngi, ri li bt ngi ly ca em v nc.

5. Nh Tng Ly t Qung Nguyn.

Tng-triu c. tin
qun nh L sang nh-ph chu Khm, chu Lim v chu Ung, ly lm
44

Nm qu-mi (1103) Di-n-chu (thuc Ngh-an) c L Gic lm phn.

L thng Kit vo nh, L Gic thua chy sang Chim-thnh em qucvng l Ch ma Na sang nh ly li ba chu Ma-linh, B-chnh, v.v... Sang
nm sau l nm gip-thn (1104) vua Nhn-tng sai L thng Kit vo nh
Chim-thnh. Ch ma Na thua chy xin tr li ba chu nh c.

n nm mu-ng (1078) L nhn Tng sai o tn Nguyn a voi sang

cng nh Tng v i li nhng chu huyn mn Qung-nguyn. Vua Tng
bt phi tr nhng ngi chu Khm, chu Lim v chu Ung m qun nh L
bt v ngy trc, ri mi tr chu huyn cho nh L. Sang nm k-mi (1079)
Nhn-tng cho nhng ngi Tu v nc , tt c ch c 221 ngi. Con trai
th thch ba ch vo trn, t 15 tui tr ln th thch: Thin-t binh; 20 tui tr
ln th thch: u Nam-triu; cn con gi th thch vo tay tri hai ch : Quankhch.

L thng Kit by gi ngoi 70 tui i nh Chim-thnh v c mt

nm th mt. ng l ngi phng Thi-ho, huyn Th-xng (thnh ph
H-ni), c tng ti, tinh thao-lc, bc nh Tng, nam bnh Chim, tht l
mt ngi danh-tng nc ta vy.

t Qung-nguyn t khi bn Quch Qu ly c, ci tn l Thun-chu

v c 3.000 qun Tng li gi, nhng v t lam-chng, mi phn cht
n nm su.

T khi bnh-phc c nc Chim-thnh ri, cc nc pha nam u

v triu-cng. Nhn-tng lm vua n nm inh-v (1127) th mt, tr-v c
56 nm, th 63 tui.

n khi nh L cho nhng ngi chu Khm, chu Lim v chu Ung v
Tu, vua nh Tng tr li chu Qung-nguyn. Nhng v c ngi ni rng
chu y c nhiu vng, ngi Tng tic ca, lm hai cu th rng :
Nhn tham Giao-ch tng.
Khc tht Qung-nguyn kim.
n ma h nm gip-t (1084) Nhn-tng sai quan binh-b Th-lang l L
vn Thnh sang nh Tng bn vic chia a-gii. L vn Thnh phn-gii mi
l, nh Tng tr nt c my huyn m trc cn gi li. T nc ta v
nc Tu li thng s nh c.
Nm inh-mo (1087) vua nh Tng phong cho Nhn-tng l Nam-bnhvng.
Nh Tng by gi suy-nhc, n nm bnh-ng (1126) nc Kim
(Mn-chu) sang ly mt c pha bc nc Tu, nh Tng di v ng
Hng-chu (thuc Chit-giang) gi l Nam-tng.

6. NH CHIM-THNH.

Nc Chim-thnh thnh-thong c
hay sang quy-nhi-u, nh th no cng khng c. Nm t-mo (1075)
trc khi i nh nh Tng, L thng Kit sang nh Chim-thnh, v
c a- ba chu ca Ch C nhng ngy trc, ri cho ngi sang .
45

CHNG V

Qun lnh th cho i phin, c ln lt 6 thng mt, c v lm rung. Nh

th vic binh khng lm ngn-tr vic canh-nng.

(Tip theo)

Gic-gi thi by gi cng t. Mt hai khi c ngi Chn-lp v ngi

Chim-thnh sang quy nhi-u mn Ngh-An, nhng l nhng m cpph vt vnh khng my ni m quan qun nh ui i c.

NH L

Thn Tng lm vua c 10 nm th mt, th 23 tui.

V. L Thn Tng
VI. L Anh Tng
1. Anh V
2. T Hin Thnh
3. Gic Thn Li
4. Vic chnh tr
VII. L Cao Tng
1. T Hin Thnh lm ph chnh
2. S ni lon
VIII. L Hu Tng
1. Trn th
2. Quyn v h Trn
XI. L Chiu Hong

VI. L ANH-TNG (1138-1175)

Nin-hiu: Thiu Minh (1138-1139)

i-nh (1140-1162)
Chnh-long bo-ng 1163-1173)
Thin-cm ch bo (1174-1175)

1. Anh V. Thn-tng mt, triu nh tn Thi-t l Thin T ln

lm vua, tc l vua Anh-tng.
Anh-tng by gi mi c 3 tui, Thi-hu l L-th cm quyn nhip
chnh. L Thi-hu li t thng vi anh V, cho nn phm vit g bt c
ln nh u tay anh V quyt on c. anh V c th ra vo ch
cung cm, kiu ngo v khinh-d nh-thn. Cc quan nh bn V i,
Nguy-n Dng, Nguy-n Quc v Dng t Minh thy anh V lng quyn
qu , u lo mu tr i, nhng s khng thnh li b git-hi c.

VI. L THN-TNG (1128-1138)

Nin-hiu: Thin Thun (1128-1132)

Thin Chng Bo T (1133-1137)

May nh thi by gi c nhiu ti gii nh T hin Thnh, Hong

ngha Hin, L cng Tn lm quan i triu cho nn anh V khng dm c
khc.

Nhn-tng khng c con, lp con ca hong- l Sng-hin-hu ln

lm thi-t, nay ln ni ngi, tc l vua Thn-Tng31.

2. T Hin Thnh.

ng T hin Thnh gip vua Anh-tng i nh dp,

lp c nhiu cng to, nh l bt c gic Thn Li, ph c gic Ngu
Hng v dp yn gic Lo, c phong lm chc Thi-y coi gi vic binh.
ng luyn tp qun-lnh, kn-chn nhng ngi ti gii lm tng hiu.
B i vy binh-th nh L lc by gi li phn-chn ln. ng gii vic v v
chm vic vn. ng xin vua khai-ha vic hc-hnh, v lm n th c
Khng-T ca nam thnh Thng-Long, t lng m nho hc.

By gi c cc quan i-thn l bn ng Trng B Ngc, Lu Khnh

m, Dng Anh Nh gip Thn-tng tr nc. Ngi va ln ngi th i x
cho cc t phm, v tr li nhng rung t tch thu ca quan dn ngy trc.
Tc truyn rng Thn Tng l con cu t c, m Ngi chnh l ng T o Hnh ha xc sinh
ra. Bc Vit ai i n cha Thy (thuc Sn Ty) cng nghe ni s tch ng T o Hnh v
ng Nguy-n Minh Khng. Chuyn hoang ng, khng th tin l s tht c.

31

46

1. T Hin Thnh Lm Ph Chnh. Khi vua Anh-tng mt, Thit Long Cn cha y 3 tui, b Chiu-linh Thi-hu mun lp ngi con
tr ng l con mnh tn l Long X ng33 ln lm vua, em vng bc t lt cho
v T hin Thnh, nhng ng nht thit khng chu, bn c theo di-chiu m
lp Long Cn, tc l vua Cao-tng.

3. Gic Thn Li.

Vua Anh-tng va mi ln lm vua c 2 nm, th

mn Thi-nguyn c gic Thn-Li lm lon. Thn Li xng l con ring vua
Nhn-tng, trc xut gia i tu, ri chiu tp nhng vong mng hn
1,000 ngi, chim gi mn Thi-nguyn, xng vng phong tc, em qun
i nh ph khp ni. Quan qun nh mi khng c.

T hin Thnh gip vua Cao-tng tr nc, n nm k hi(1179) th

mt. S chp rng khi ng au c quan Tham-tri chnh s l V tn ng,
ngy m hu h. n khi b Thi-Hu34 ra thm hi ngy sau ai thay
c ng, ng tu rng: c quan Gin-ngh i-phu Trn trung T. Thi-hu
ngc nhin ni rng ti sao khng c V tn ng? ng p: "Nu b-h
hi ngi hu-h, th xin c ngi Tn ng, hi ngi gip nc th ti xin
c ngi Trung-T".

Nm tn-du (1141) Thn Li v vy ph Ph-lng, anh V em

qun ln nh, Thn Li chy ln Lng-chu, tc l Lng-sn b ng T hin
Thnh ui bt c, em v kinh lm ti.

4. Vic Chnh Tr.

Nm gip-thn (1164) vua nh Tng i Giao-ch

qun lm An-nam quc, v phong cho Anh-tng lm An-nam quc-vng.

T hin Thnh khng nhng l mt ngi c ti thao-lc, dp gic

yn dn m thi, cch th vua tht l trung-thnh cho nn ngi i sau
thng v ng vi Gia ct Lng i Tam-quc bn Tu.

Nguyn khi trc Tu gi ta l Giao-ch qun, ri sau i l Giaochu, n thi nh ng t An-nam -h-ph. Nh inh ln t i-CVit, vua L Thnh-tng i l i-Vit. nhng Tu vn phong cho vua ta l
Giao-ch qun-vng, n by gi mi i l An-nam quc-vng. Nc ta
thnh tn l nc An-nam kh i u t y.

T hin Thnh mt ri, Triu-nh khng theo li ng y dn, c

yn Di lm ph chnh v L knh Tu lm -s. nh-thn by gi c ngi
ng n, cho nn b Chiu-linh Thi-hu khng dm mu s ph-lp.

Nm tn-mo v nm nhm-thn (1171-1172) Anh-tng i chi xem

sn-xuyn him-tr , ng-s xa gn v s sinh-hot ca dn-gian, ri sai
quan lm quyn a- nc An-nam32.

n khi Cao-tng ln ln cm quyn tr nc, th c i sn bn chi

bi, lm cung xy in, bc trm h phi phc-dch kh-s . Ngoi bin th
qun mng th bn Tu sang quy nhi-u pha bc, ngi Chim-thnh
sang nh pha nam; trong nc th ni ln nh ong dy. Vua ti khng ai lo
ngh g v chnh-tr, ch lm nhng vic nhng-lm, mua quan bn chc, hhip nhn-dn, ly tin lm nhng vic xa-x.

Nm t-mi (1175), Anh-tng phong cho T hin Thnh lm Thi-ph

Bnh-chng-qun-quc trng-s v phong vng tc. Anh-tng au, u thc
Thi-t l Long Cn cho T hin Thnh. Anh-tng mt, tr v c 37 nm, th
40 tui.

2. S ni lon. Nm bnh-thn (1208) Ngh-an c Phm Du, chiu

np nhng vong mnh, cho i cp cc thn dn, c bng lm phn. Caotng sai quan Phng-ng l Phm bnh Di i nh Phm Du. Bnh Di em
qun vo n ni nh ui Phm Du i v tch-bin c ca-ci, t ph c
nh ca.

L CAO-TNG (1176-1210)

Nin-hiu: Trinh-ph (1176-1185)

Thin-gia bo-hu (1202-1204)
Tr-bnh-long-ng (1205-1210).

33
32

Quyn a y by gi khng thy cn di tch u c.

34

47

Long X ng trc lp lm Thi T, sau v c ti phi ging xung lm th dn.

Thi Hu l m ra Cao Tng.

Phm Du cho ngi v kinh, ly vng bc t lt vi cc quan trong

triu, vu cho Bnh Di lm vic hung bo, git hi nhng k khng c ti, v
Phm Du li xin v triu ku oan.

v.

1. Trn Th. Thi-t Sam ln ngi, tc l vua Hu-tng, ri sai quan i

rc Trn-th v phong lm Nguyn-phi.
By gi Trn L b qun cp git, chng theo v ngi con th l
Trn t Khnh. Hu-tng bn phong cho t Khnh lm Chng-tn-hu v cho
ngi cu Trn-th lm Thi-y Thun-lu-b.

Cao-tng nghe li, cho vi Phm Du vo chu v triu Phm bnh Di

Bnh Di v kinh vo chu, Cao-tng truyn bt giam, li toan em lm

ti. By gi c b tng ca Bnh Di l Quch Bc em qun ph ca thnh
vo cu Bnh Di.

Nm qu-du (1213) Thi-hu lm kh Trn-th trong cung, anh

Trn-th l T Khnh em qun n chn kinh s, ni rng xin rc vua i.
Hu-tng khng bit tnh- g, nghi T Khnh c phn-nghch bn ging
Trn-th xung lm Ng-n. T Khnh nghe tin y, thn n qun mn xin li
v rc vua i. Hu-tng cng nghi lm, bn cng vi Thi-hu i ln Lngchu (Lng-sn).

Cao-tng thy bin, bn em git Phm bnh Di i, ri cng vi Thit chy ln Qui Ha (sng Thao-giang pha bc huyn Tham-nng, Ph-th).
Thi-t Sam th chy v HI-p, lng Lu-gia (by gi l lng Lu-x, huyn
Hng-nhn).

T Khnh li pht binh xin rc vua nh trc, Hu-tng s li rc

Thi-hu v huyn Bnh-hp (?).

Bn Quch Bc a xc Bnh Di ra mai tng xong ri, li vo in tn

Hong-t Thm ln lm vua.

Khi by gi b Thi-hu cho T Khnh l phn-trc, thng ch mt

Trn-th m x mng v xui Hu-tng b i. Hu-tng khng nghe. Thi-hu
nh b thuc c cho Trn-th, nhng Hu-tng bit , n ba n th n mt
na, cn mt na cho Trn-th n v ngy m khng cho i u. Sau v Thihu lm ngt qu, Hu-tng v Trn-th m bn ln ra i n nh tng-qun
L Mch huyn Yn-duyn ri li n Cu-lin (?), cho i T Khnh n
chu.

Khi Thi-t Sam chy v Hi-p vo nh Trn L. Nguyn Trn L l

ngi lng Tc-mc (huyn M-lc, ph Xun-trng, tnh Nam-nh) lm
ngh nh c, nh giu, c nhiu ngi theo phc, sau nhn bui lon cng
em chng i cp ph. n khi Thi-t Sam chy v y, thy con gi Trn
L c nhan sc, ly lm v, ri phong cho Trn L tc Minh-t v phong cho
ngi cu Trn-th l T trung T, ngi lng Lu-gia lm in-tin Ch-huys.

2. QUYN V H TRN.

Trn t Khnh em qun n h gi.

Hu-tng phong Trn-th lm Hong-hu, T Khnh lm Ph-chnh v ngi
anh T Khnh l Trn Tha lm Ni-th Phn-th. Trn t Khnh cng vi
Thng-tng-qun l Phn Ln sa-sang qun ng, lm chin-kh, luyntp vic v. T y qun-th li ni dn dn ln.

Anh em h Trn m qun v kinh dp lon, ri ln Qui-ha rc Caotng cho qun v lng Lu-gia n Thi-t, cn Trn-th th v nh Trn L.
Cao-tng v kinh c mt nm th phi bnh, n thng 10 nm
canh-ng (1210) th mt, tr-v c 35 nm, th 38 tui.

Hu-tng phi bnh, thnh-thoang c cn in, ri c ung ru say

c ngy, c vic chnh-tr u tay T Khnh quyt on c.

VIII. L Hu Tng (1211-1225)

n thng chp nm qu-mi (1228) T Khnh mt, Hu-tng cho

Trn Tha lm Ph-quc Thi-y, sang nm sau li cho ngi em h Honghu l Trn th lm in-tin ch-huy-s. T vic g trong triu cng
quyn Th c.

Nin-hiu: Kin-gia (1211-1224)

48

CHNG VI

Hu-tng c bnh mi khng khi, m Thi-t th cha c, Trn-th th

ch sinh c hai ngi con gi, ngi ch l Thun-thin cng-cha th g
cho Trn Li-u l con tr ng ca Trn Tha; con ngi em l Chiu-thnh cng
cha tn l Pht-kim th mi ln 7 tui, Hu-tng yu mn lm, cho nn mi
lp lm Thi-t. Thng 10 nm gip-thn (1224) Hu-tng truyn ngi cho
Chiu-thnh cng-cha, ri vo cha Chn-gio.

NH TRN
(1225-1400)

Thi k th nht (1225-1293)

Hu-tng tr v c 14 nm.

I. TRN THI TNG

1. Trn th
2. Vic nh-dp gic-gi
3. Vic cai-tr
4. Vic thu-m
5. Vic p-
6. Vic hc-hnh
7. Php-lut
8. Quan-ch
9. Binh-ch
10. Vic nh Chim-thnh
11. Qun Mng-c xm-phm t An-nam
II. TRN THNH TNG
1. Vic chnh-tr
2. S giao-thip vi Mng-c
III. TRN NHN-TNG
1. Vic chin-tranh
2. Vic vn-hc

IX. L CHIU-HONG (1225)

Nin-hiu: Thin-chng-hu-o (1224-1225)

Chiu-thnh cng-cha ln ngi, tc l vua Chiu-hong. By gi
quyn-chnh c Trn th . Th li t thng vi Trn Thi hu, m
ngy mu ly c-nghip nh L, bn i cc con quan vo trong cung hu
Chiu-hong, v li cho chu l Trn Cnh vo lm chc Chnh-th. n
thng chp th Chiu-hong ly Trn Cnh v truyn ngi cho chng.
Nh L n y l ht, c thy lm vua c 216 nm, truyn ngi
c 9 i.
Nh L c cng lm cho nc Nam ta nn c mt nc cngthnh: ngoi th nh nc Tu, bnh nc Chim, trong th chnh-n vic vb, sa-sang php-lut, xy vng ci nn t-ch. V vua Cao-tng hoang chi,
lm mt lng ngi, cho nn gic-gi ni ln, lon thn nhi-u s. Vua Hutng li nhu-nhc b vic chnh-tr, em giang-sn ph-thc cho ngi con
gi cn ang th-di, khin cho k gian-hng c nhn dp m ly giang-sn
nh L v lp ra c-nghip nh Trn vy.

I. TRN THI-TNG (1225-1258)

Nin-hiu: Kin-trung (1225-1237)
Thin-ng chnh-bnh (1238-1350)
Nguyn-phong (1251-1258)

49

i n Thi-tng v. Thi-tng khng chu v, ni rng: "Trm cn nh-di,

khng kham ni vic to ln, cc quan nn chn ngi khc cho khi nhc
x-tc". Th ni mi khng nghe, ngnh li bo bc quan rng: "Hongthng u l Triu-nh y!" Ni on, truyn sp sa xy cung in
cha Ph-vn. Quc-s cha y thy th, vo van ly Thi-tng v Triu,
Thi-tng bt-c-d truyn xa-gi v Kinh. c t lu Trn Li-u bit sc mnh
khng lm g ni, bn nhn lc Thi-tng ng thuyn i chi, gi lm ngi
nh c ln xung thuyn ng, xin hng. Hai anh em m nhau m khc. Th
nghe tin, n rt gm toan git Trn Li-u, Thi-tng can mi mi thi.
Sau Thi-tng ly t Yn-ph, Yn-ng, Yn-sinh v Yn-bang ( huyn
ng-triu v ph Kinh-mn, Hi-dng) cho Trn Li-u lm thi-p v phong
cho lm An-sinh-vng. Th hi ht c dng di h L, li mun cho
h L khng cn ai nh n h L na, mi nhn v t nh Trn tn l L, bt
trong nc ai l h L u phi ci l h Nguy-n.

I. Trn Th .

Thng chp nm t-du (1225) Trn Cnh ln lm vua,

tc l Trn Thi-Tng phong cho Trn th lm Thi-s Thng-quc hnhqun chinh-tho-s. By gi vua Thi-tng mi c 8 tui, vic g cng do
Trn th c. Th tuy l mt ngi khng c hc-vn nhng l mt tay
gian-hng, ch ct gy dng c-nghip nh Trn cho bn-cht, cho nn du
vic tn-bo n u, cng lm cho c. L Hu-tng tuy xut gia ia
cha ri nhng Th vn nh bng git i, cho khi s lo v sau.
Mt hm Hu-tng ngi nh c sn cha Chn-gio, Th- i qua
trng thy, mi ni rng: "Nh c th phi nh c r ci n i! " Hu-tng
nghe th, phi tay ng dy ni rng: "Nh ngi ni ta hiu ri ". c my
hm, Th cho ngi n mi Hu-tng, Hu-tng bit , vo nh sau tht
c t-tn. Th a bch quan n t khc xong ri ha tng, chn thp
Bo-quang.

Th l ngi rt gian-c i vi nh L, nhng li l mt ngi i

cng-thn ca nh Trn. Mt tay cng-n bao nhiu trong-s, gip Thi-cng
bnh-phc c gic-gi trong nc v chnh-n li mt vic, lm cho nc
Nam ta by gi c cng thnh, ngy sau c th chng-c vi Mng-c,
khi phi lm n-l nhng k hng-cng.

Cn Thi-hu l Trn-th ging xung lm Thin-cc cng-cha g

cho Trn th (Trn th v Thin-cc cng-cha l hai ch em h). Bao
nhiu nhng cung-nhn nh L th a g cho nhng T-tr ng cc mng.
Th hi Hu-tng ri, li mun tr nt cc tn-tht nh L. n
nm nhm-thn (1232) nhn lm l- Tin-hu nh L thn Thi-ng, lng
Hoa-lm (huyn ng-ngn, tnh Bc-ninh), Th sai o hm, lm nh l
trn, n khi cc tn-tht nh L vo y t-l-, th st c xung h ri t
chn sng c.

2. Vic nh Dp Gic Gi.

Nc An-nam t khi vua Cao-tng

nh L tht chnh, trong nc ch no cng c gic-gi. mn Quc-oai th
c gic Mng lm lon, Hng-chu th c on Thng chim gi t
ng ho, t xng lm vua, Bc-giang th c Nguy-n Nn c-lp xng
vng lng Ph-ng. y l mt nc m chia ra lm my giang-sn. Khi
Trn th thu-xp trong vic cp ngi nh L ri, mi em qun i nh
dp. Trc ln bnh gic Mng Quc-oai, sau v nh bn on Thng
v Nguy-n Nn. Nhng th-lc hai ngi y mnh lm, Trn th nh
khng li, bn chia t cho hai ngi lm vng ging-ha.

Th ch lo lm cho th no cho ngi nh Trn c vng-bn, cho

nn khng nhng l tn c vi nh L m thi, n lun-thng trong nh,
cng lm lon c. Chiu-thnh Hong-hu ly Thi-tng c 12 nm m
vn cha c con35, Th bt Thi-tng b i v ging xung lm cng-cha,
ri em ngi ch b Chiu-thnh tc l v Trn Li-u vo lm Hong-hu, b i
v ngi ch c thai c 3 thng.

Nm mu-t (1228) Nguy-n Nn em qun nh on Thng, chim

gi ly t ng-ho, thanh-th lng-ly. Trn th ly lm lo. Nhng
ch c my thng, th Nguy-n Nn cht. T cc chu huyn trong nc
li thng-hp lm mt.

Lm lon nhn-lun nh th, th t thng-c mi c l mt. Trn

Li-u tc gin, em qun lm lon. Vua Thi-tng b Th hip ch nh th,
trong bng cng khng yn, n hm trn ra, ln cha Ph-vn, trn ni Ynt (huyn Yn-hng, tnh Qung-yn). Trn th bit tin y, em qun thn

3. Vic Cai Tr.

35

C theo php nh L th lng no c bao nhiu ngi i

lm quan vn, quan v, th-li, qun lnh, hong-nam, lung-lo, tn-tt, v

Chiu Thnh Hong Hu by gi mi c 19 tui.

50

nhng ngi n ng c, hay l nhng ngi xiu-lc n trong lng, th xquan phi khai vo c quyn s gi l trng-tch. Ai c quan-tc m c con
c tha m th con li c vo lm quan, cn nhng ngi giu-c, m
khng c quan-tc th i i c phi i lnh. Thi-tng ln lm vua phi
theo php y, cho nn n nm mu-t (1228) li sai quan vo Thanh-ha lm
li trng-tch theo nh l ngy trc.

Cn rung ao ca cng-dn th mi mu ly ba thng thc thu.

Rung mui phi ng bng tin.
Cc th thu: C sch chp rng nh Trn nh c thu tru cau, thu hng
yn-tc, v tm, c, rau, qu, g cng nh thu c.
Cn nh vng bc tiu-dng trong nc th tiu bng phn, lng c sn,
c hiu nh nc. Khi no ng np cho vua quan, th mt tin l 70 ng,
m thng tiu vi nhau th mt tin ch c 69 ng m thi.

Nm nhm-dn (1242) Thi-tng chia nc Nam ra lm 12 l. Mi l

t quan cai-tr l An-ph-s, chnh-ph 2 vin. Di An-ph-s c quan it-x v Tiu-t-x. T ng phm tr ln th lm i-t-x, lc phm tr
xung th lm Tiu-t-x, mi vin cai-tr, hoc hai x, hoc ba bn x. Mi x
li c mt vin x-quan l Chnh-s-gim. L no cng c quyn dn-tch
ring ca l y.

5. Vic p .

Nc Nam ta mn ng ngc th lm ni, m

trung chu th nhiu sng ngi, cho nn n ma lt nc ngn, nc l chy
v ngp mt c ng-in. V vy nm mu-thn (1244) Thi-tng sai quan
cc l p hai bn b sng ci (Hng-h), gi l nh-nh-. Li t
quan coi vic , gi l H- chnh ph-s hai vin. H- ch no m
p vo rung ca dn, th nh nc c chiu theo gi rung m bi thng
cho ch rung.

4. Vic Thu M.

Ngi trong nc phn ra tng hng: con trai t 18

tui th vo hng tiu-hong-nam, t 20 tui vo hng i-hong-nam. Cn t
60 tui tr ln th vo lo hng.
Thu thn: Thu thn thi by gi ty theo s rung m nh, ai c mt hai
mu rung th phi ng mt nm mt quan tin thu thn; ai co ba bn mu,
th phi ng hai quan; ai co nm mu tr ln, th ng ba quan. Ai khng c
mu no, th khng phi ng thu.

6. Vic Hc Hnh.

Nm nhm-thn (1232) m khoa thi Thi-hc-sinh

(thi Tin-s). T i nh L cng c thi nho-s, nhng ch thi Tam-trng m
thi, n by gi mi c khoa thi Thi-hc-sinh, chia ra th bc, lm ba gip
nh cao thp. n khoa thi nm inh-v (1247) li t ra tam-khi: trng
nguyn, bng-nhn, thm-hoa. Khoa thi nm inh-v ny c L vn Hu, l
ngi lm s nc Nam trc ht c, bng-nhn. Nm y li c m khoa
thi Tam-gio: Nho, Thch, Lo, ai hn th khoa gip, ai km th khoa t.

Thu rung: Thu rung th ng bng thc: c mi mt mu th ch in

phi ng 100 thng thc.
Cn nh rung cng, th c sch chp rng i nh Trn c hai th rung
cng, mi th phn ra lm ba hng.

Xem nh th th s hc-vn i nh Trn cng rng: Nho, Thch, Lo

cng trng c. Nhng khng r cch hc-hnh v php thi-c by gi ra th
no, b i v ch ny s ch ni lc qua m thi.

1. Mt th gi l rung quc-kh: hng nht mi mu nh thu 6 thch

80 thng thc; hng nh mi mu 4 thch; hng 3 mi mu 3 thch.
2. Mt th gi l thc-in36: hng nht mi mu nh thu mt thch
tht; hng nh ba mu ly mt thch, hng ba, bn mu ly mt thch.

Nm qu-su (1253) lp Quc-hc-vin ging t-th ng-kinh v

lp ging-v-ng luyn-tp-v-ngh.

7. Php Lut.

S chp rng ng L Phng Hiu i vua L Thi Tng i nh gic lp c nhiu cng. Sau
vua nh phong tc cho ng, ng t chi, xin ln ni nm con dao, h- ri n u xin ly t lm
t nghip. Vua thun cho. L Phng Hiu ln ni Bng Sn nm con dao xung xa c 10 dm.
Vua bn ly rung chung quanh ni Bng Sn cho ng L Phng Hiu, gi l thc ao in. Sau
thnh ra tn thc in l rung th ng cng cho cc quan.

36

S chp rng nm gip-thn (1244) vua Thi-tng c nh

li cc lut-php, nhng khng ni r nh ra th no. Xt trong sch "Lchtriu hin-chng" ca ng Phan huy Ch th php nh Trn t ra l h- nhng
51

ngi phm ti trm-cp u phi cht tay, cht chn, hay l cho voi giy.
Xem nh th th hnh-lut by gi nng lm.

c, vo khong thng-lu sng Hc-long-giang (Amour). Ngi Mng-c

hung tn, m li c tnh hiu chin, ngi no ci nga cng gii, v bn tn
khng ai bng. Binh-lnh thng l qun-k, m xp-t thnh c no i y,
tht l c th-t, v ngi no cng tinh ngh chin-u.

8. Quan Ch.

Quan-ch i nh Trn cng sa-sang li c. By gi c

Tam-cng, Tam-thiu, Thi-y, T-m, T-, T-khng, lm vn-v i-thn.
T-tng th c T-hu Tng-quc, Th-tng, Tham-tri. Vn-giai nt chc,
th c cc b Thng-th, Th-lang, Lang-trung, Vin-ngoi, Ng-s, v.v...
Ngoi chc, th c An ph-s, Tri-ph, Thng-phn, Thim-phm v.v... Cn
v-giai ni-chc, th c Phiu-k thng-tng-qun, Cm-v thng-tng
qun, Kim-ng i-tng-qun, V-v i-tng-qun, Ph -tng-qun
v.v... Ngoi chc th c Kinh-lc-s, Phng-ng-s, Th-ng-s, Quan-st-s,
-h, -thng, Tng-qun, v.v...

B i tnh-cht v binh-php ca ngi Mng-c nh th, cho nn Thitmc-chn (Tmoudjine) tc l Thnh-ct-t-hn (Gengis khan), miu-hiu l
Nguyn-thi-t, mi chim gi c c vng Trung-, cng t Ba-t, sang
n pha ng-bc u-la-ba. Sau qun Mng-c li ly c nc Ty-h,
pha ty nc bc Tu, dt c nc Kim v trn sang n nc Triu-tin
(Cao-ly).
Thnh-ct-t-hn mt, ngi con th ba l A-loa-i (Agotai) ln lm
vua tc l Nguyn-thi-tng. A-loa-i truyn cho con l Qu-do (Gouyouk)
tc l Nguyn nh-tng. Qu-do lm vua c non ba nm th mt, ngi vua
Mng-c v chi khc. Ngi em con nh ch l Mng-kha (Mong-k) ln lm
vua, tc l Nguyn Hin-tng.

Quan-li i by gi, c 10 nm, th c thng ln mt hm, v 15

nm mi c thng ln mt chc.
i nh Trn tuy quan-li th nhiu, nhng vua quan c thn-cn vi nhau
lm. H- khi no vua i yn, cc quan ung ru xong ri, th ra dt tay nhau
m ma ht, khng c gi l--php nghim-khc nh nhng i sau.

Mng-kha sai hai em l Ht-l (Houlagen) sang kinh-l vic nc Bat, v Ht-tt-lit (Koubilai) sang nh nh Tng bn Tu. Trong khi qun
Mng-c sang nh nh Tng, th Mng-kha mt, Ht-tt-lit phi rt binh v
ln ngi vua, tc l Nguyn Th-t. Ht-tt-lit ln lm vua ri i quc hiu
l Nguyn.

9. Binh Ch.

T khi Thi-tng ln ngi lm vua th vic binh-lnh mt

ngy mt chnh-n thm. Bao nhiu nhng ngi dn-trng trong nc u
phi i lnh c. Cc qun-vng ai cng c quyn m tp qun-lnh. V c
y cho nn n sau ngi Mng-c sang nh, nc Nam ta c hn 20 vn
qun chng vi qun nghch. Tr nhng gic-gi nh-mn trong nc
khng k chi, nc Nam ta by gi pha nam c Chim-thnh, pha bc c
qun Mng-c sang quy-nhi-u cho nn phi nh -dp lun.

Ht-tt-lit li sang nh nh Tng. T c nc Tu thuc v

Mng-c cai-tr.
Khi Mng-kha hy cn, Ht-tt-lit em qun sang nh nh Tng, c
sai mt o qun i nh nc i-l (thuc tnh Vn-nam by gi) tng
Mng-c l Ngt-lng-hp-thai (Wouleangotai) sai s sang bo vua Trn-thitng v thn-phc Mng-c.

10. Vic nh Chim Thnh.

T khi Thi-tng ln lm vua, nc

Chim-Thnh sang cng-tin, nhng thng vn sang cp ph, v c i
li t c. Thi-tng ly lm tc gin, bn sa-son s i nh Chim-thnh.
Nm nhm-t (1252) ngi ng-gi i nh, bt c vng-phi nc Chim tn
l B-gia-la v qun dn nc y rt nhiu.

Thi-tng khng nhng l khng chu, li bt giam s Mng-c, ri sai

Trn quc Tun em binh ln gi pha Bc. By gi l nm inh-t (1257).
Trn quc Tun t qun nh khng ni, li v ng Sn-ty. Qun
Mng-c ko trn xung n sng Thao. Thi-tng phi ng-gi thn chinh,

11. Qun Mng C Xm Phm t An Nam.

Trong khi nh
L mt ngi, nh Trn ln lm vua An-nam, th nh Tng bn Tu b ngi
Mng-c nh ph. Nguyn pha bc nc Tu c mt dn-tc gi l Mng52

nhng nh khng c, chy v ng sng Hng-h37. Qun Mng-c tin

ln nh ui qun nh Trn n ng-b-u (pha ng sng Nh-h ht
huyn Thng-phc). Thi-tng phI b kinh-, chy v ng sng Thinmc (v ht huyn ng-an, tnh Hng-yn).

1. Vic Chnh Tr.

Qun Mng-c vo thnh Thng-long, thy ba ngi x Mng-c cn

phi tri, giam trong ngc, n khi c i tri ra th mt ngi cht. Ngtlng-hp-thai thy th tc gin qu, cho qun ra git ph c nam ph lo u
trong thnh.

Thnh-tng l ng vua nhn-t trung-hu vi anh em h hng rt l

t-t. Thng hay ni rng: "Thin-h l ca ng cha li, nn cho anh
em cng h ng ph-qu chung". Ri cho cc hong-thn vo ni in, cng
n mt mm, nm mt ging, tht l thn-i, ch c lc no ra vic cng,
hoc bui chu, th mi phn th-t theo l--php m thi.

nin-hiu l Thiu-long.

By gi th nguy, Thi-tng ng thuyn n hi Thi-y l Trn nht

Hiu. Nht Hiu khng ni g c, cm so vit xung nc hai ch "Nhp
Tng". Thi-tng li n hi Thi-s Trn th . Th ni rng: "u ti
cha ri xung t, th xin B-h ng lo!". Thi-tng nghe thy Th ni
cng-ci nh th, trong bng mi yn.

Cn vic nc th tht ngi c lng lo gi cho dn c yn tr. Trong

21 nm, ngi lm vua khng c gic-gi g c. Vic hc-hnh cng m mang
thm: cho Hong- Trn ch Tc l mt ngi hay ch trong nc lc y, m
hc-ng nhng ngi vn-s hc-tp. Danh nho Mc nh Chi cng hc
trng y ra.

c t lu qun Mng-c nc Nam khng quen thy-th xem ra

b mi-mt. Thi-tng mi tin binh ln nh ng-b-u. Qun Mng-c
thua chy v n tri Qui-ha, li bi ch tri y chiu-tp th dn ra n
nh. Qun Mng-c thua to, rt v Vn-nam, i ng mi-mt, n u
cng khng cp-ph g c, cho nn ngi ta gi l gic Pht.

i by gi L vn Hu lm xong b i-Vit s thnh 30 quyn,

chp t Triu V-vng n L Chiu-hong. B s ny kh i u lm t Trn
Thi-tng n nm nhm-thn (1272) i Thnh-tng mi xong. Nc Nam ta
c quc-s kh i u t y.
Thnh-tng li bt cc vng-hu, ph-m phi chiu-tp nhng
ngi ngho-i lu-lc khai-khn hoang in lm trang h. Trang-in c
t y.

Qun Mng-c tuy thua phi rt v, nhng chng bao lu vua Mngc dt c nh Tng, ly c nc Tu, ri c mun bt vua nc Nam ta
sang chu Bc-kinh, b i vy li sai s sang i l cng. Vua Thi-tng sai L
ph Trn sang s xin c ba nm sang cng mt ln.

2. S giao-thip vi Mng-C.

Nc tuy c yn, song vic

giao-thip vi Tu mt ngy mt kh thm. i by gi Mng-c nh
c nh Tng ri, ch chc ly nc An-nam, nhng v trc tng Mng-c
nh thua mt trn, v trong nc Tu vn cha c yn, cho nn vua
Mng-c mun dng k d vua An-nam sang hng-phc, khi dng canqua. Vy c vi nm li cho s sang sch-nhi-u iu n iu kia, v d vua
An-nam sang chu, nhng vua ta c nay ln mai la, khng chu i. Sau nhn
dp Thi-tng nhng ngi cho Thnh-tng, vua Mng-c sai s sang phong
vng cho Thnh-tng, v tuy khng bt nc Nam phi i phc-sc v
chnh-tr, nhng nh cho ba nm phi mt ln cng. M l cng th phi cho
nho-s, thy thuc, thy bi, thy ton-s v th-thuyn mi hng ba ngi,
cng vi cc sn-vt nh l sng t, ng voi, i-mi, chu-bu v cc vt l.

Ma xun nm mu-ng (1258), Thi-tng nhng ngi cho Thi-t l

Trn Hong, dy-bo mi vic v cch tr nc, v phng ngy sau anh
em khng tranh nhau. Triu-nh tn Thi-tng ln lm Thi-thng-hong
cng coi vic nc. Thi-tng tr-v c 33 nm, lm Thi-thng-hong
c 19 nm th mt, th 60 tui.

II. TRN THNH-TNG (1258-1278)

Nin-hiu: Thiu-long (1258-1272)
Bo-ph (1273-1278)

37

Thi-t Hong ln ngi, tc l vua Thnh-tng, i

S ta chp l sng Ph Lng.

53

Vua Mng-c li t quan t-l-hoa-xch (ting Mng-c tc l quan

Ch ng-n), i li gim-tr cc chu-qun nc Nam.

Nm inh-su (1277) Thi-thng-hong mt Thin-trng-ph (tc

l lng Tc-mc). Nm sau (1278), Thnh-tng nhng ngi cho Thi-t
Khm, ri v Thin-trng lm Thi-thng-hong.

Mng-c mun bit nhn-vt ti-sn nc Nam ta c nhng g, v

hc-vn xo-k ra sao, liu ng m nh ly cho tin. V tuy rng quyn
chnh-tr vn cho vua nc Nam, nhng t quan gim-tr dn dn lp
thnh Bo-h.

Thnh-tng tr v c 21 nm, lm Thi-thng-hong c 13 nm,

th 51 tui.

III. TRN NHN-TNG (1279-1293)

Thnh-tng b ngoi tuy vn chu thn-phc, nhng trong bng cng

bit rng Mng-c c nh ly nc mnh, cho nn c tu binh dng v
phng c ngy tranh chin. Vy tuyn inh-trng cc l lm lnh, phn qunng ra lm qun v : mi qun c 30 , mi c 80 ngi, bt phi luyn
tp lun.

Nin-hiu: Thiu-bo (1279-1284)

Trng-hng (1285-1293)

1. Vic Chnh Tr.

Thi-t Trn Khm ln lm vua, tc l vua Nhn-

tng.

Nm bnh-dn (1266) nhn s Mng-c sang, Thnh-tng sai quan

sang Tu p l- v xin ng bt nho-s, thy bi, v cc th-thuyn sang cng.
Vua Mng-c ng cho, nhng bt chu 6 iu khc:
1. Vua phi thn vo chu
2. Vua phi cho con hay l em sang lm tin
3. Bin s dn sang np
4. Phi chu vic binh-dch
5. Phi np thu-m
6. Vn c t quan gim-tr
Vua An-nam c ln-la khng chu. n nm tn-mi (1271) vua
Mng-c l Ht-tt-lit ci quc-hiu l i-nguyn, ri cho s sang d Thnhtng sang chu nhng Thnh-tng co bnh khng i.

Lc by gi s nh Nguyn i li hch iu ny, trch iu n, triunh cng c lm vic bi-ri. Nhng nh c Thnh-tng thng-hong cn
coi mi vic v cc quan triu-nh nhiu ngi c ti-tr, vua Nhn-tng li l
ng vua thng-minh, qu-quyt, m ngi trong nc th t vua quan cho ch
dn-s u mt lng c, cho nn t nm gip-thn (!284) n nm mu-t
(1288) hai ln qun Mng-c sang nh ri khng lm g c.
Tr vic chin-tranh vi qun Mng-c ra, sau s ni, trong i vua
Nhn-tng li cn gic Lo, thng hay sang quy-nhi-u ch bin-thy, b i
vy nm canh-dn (1290) vua Nhn-tng li phi ng gi i nh Lo.

2. Vic Vn Hc.

i vua Nhn-tng c nhiu gic-gi, tuy vy vic

vn-hc cng hng-thnh lm. Xem bi hch ca Hng-o-vng, th ca
ng Trn quan Khi v ca ng Phm ng Lo th bit l vn-chng i by
gi c kh-lc mnh-m lm. Li c quan Hnh-b Thng-th l ng Nguy-n
Thuyn kh i u dng ch Nm m lm th-ph. ng Nguy-n Thuyn l
ngi Thanh-lm38, tnh Hi-dng, c ting ti lm vn nh ng Hn D bn
Tu ngy xa, b i vy vua cho i h l Hn. V sau ngi mnh theo li y
m lm th, gi l Hn-lut.

Nm sau Nguyn-ch cho s sang tm ct ng-tr ca M Vin trng

ngy trc, nhng Thnh-tng sai quan sang ni rng: ct y lu ngy mt i
ri, khng bit u m tm na. Vic y cng thi.
n nm t-hi (1275) Thnh-tng sai s sang Tu ni rng: nc
Nam khng phi l nc Mng-mn m t quan gim-tr, xin i quan il-hoa-xch lm quan Dn-tin-s. Vua nh Nguyn khng cho, li bt theo 6
iu nh trc. Thnh-tng cng khng chu. T y vua nh Nguyn
thy dng-mu khng c, quyt c binh sang nh nc Nam, sai quan
bin-gii do thm a-th nc ta. Bn An-nam cng t quan phng-b.

38

54

Lng Lai H, huyn Thanh Lm, ph Nam Sch, nay thuc huyn Lang Ti, tnh Bc Ninh.

Nm qu-t (1293) Nhn-tng truyn ngi cho Thi-t tn l Thuyn,

ri v Thin-trng lm Thi-thng-hong. Nhn-tng tr-v c 14 nm,
nhng ngi c 13 nm, th 51 tui.

CHNG VII

GIC NH NGUYN I
(1284-1288)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Si Thung sang s An-nam

Trn di i theo nh Nguyn
Thot Hoan sang nh ln th nht
Trn Hng-o-vng qun thua v vn-kip
Thnh Thng-long tht-th
Toa nh Ngh-an
Hng-o-vng em vua v Thanh-ha
Trn Hm-t-quan: Trn nht Dut ph qun Toa
Trn Chng-dng-: Trn quang Khi khi-phc
Thng-long
10. Trn Ty-kt: tng nh Trn chm Toa-
11. Trn Vn-kip: Thot Hoan trn chy v Tu

1. Si Thung Sang S An Nam.

Nh Nguyn nghe tin Trn Thitng mi mt v Thnh-tng nhng-v, lin sai L--b thng-th l Si Thung
sang s, i t Giang-lng (H-bc), qua Ung-chu (Qung-ty) ri sang nc
Nam, ch khng i qua tnh Vn-nam nh cc s-thn trc.
Si Thung n kinh-thnh, ln mt kiu-ngo,ci nga i thng vo
ca Dng-minh, ri cho ngi a th vo trch Nhn-tng rng: "Sao khng
xin php triu-nh nh Nguyn, m dm t-lp, vy phi sang chu Thintriu Hong- mi xong". Nhn-tng sai quan i-thn ra tip. Thung khng
thm p l-; vua by yn mi, Thung khng thm n. nh-thn An-nam ai
cng ly lm tc gin nhng khng dm ni ra.
Sau vua phi dn yn in Tp-hin, mi mi Si Thung mi n.
ng khi ung ru, Nhn-tng bo Si Thung rng: "Qu-nhn xa nay
sinh-tr ng trong cung khng quen phong-th, khng th no i c".
55

Quan trn-th Lng-sn do-thm c tin y, sai ngi v Kinh- phi

bo. Nhn-tng ng thuyn ra sng Bnh-than39 ch sng ung ni vi sng
Thi-bnh, hi cc vng-hu bch quan li bn k chng gi.

c my hm Si Thung v nc. Nhn-tng sai s mang th sang

Tu ni khng th sang chu c. Nguyn-triu thy vua An-nam khng chu
sang chu, v c a th sang ni thoi-thc ra vic n vic kia, mun cm
qun sang nh, nhng cn cha quyt.

2.

Cc quan, ngi th ni nn cho qun Nguyn mn ng, ngi

th bo nn a sang cng xin hon binh. Duy c Trn quc Tun v
Trn khnh D quyt xin em qun i phng-gi cc ni him-yu, khng cho
qun Mng-c sang nc Nam. Nhn-tng ng nghe li y. n thng mi
nm qu-mi (1283) phong cho Hng-o-vng l Trn-quc-Tun lm Titch thng-lnh mi qun i chng gi vi qun nh Nguyn.

Trn Di i Theo Nh Nguyn.

Nm nhm-ng (1282)
Nguyn-ch li cho s sang d rng: "Nu vua nc Nam khng sang chu
c th phi a vng ngc sang thay, v phi np hin-s, thy m-dng
bi-ton, th kho mi hng 2 ngi ".

Qua thng tm nm gip-thn (1284) ng Trn quc Tun truyn hch

cho cc vng-hu hi ht qun-s ti bn ng-b-u im-duyt. Qun
thy v qun b ht c thy 20 vn.

Nhn-tng sai ngi ch h l Trn di i v L Tun, L Mc sang

thay cho mnh. Nhng Nguyn-ch khng bng lng, quyt chim gi
quyn cai-tr nc Nam, bn xung ch lp ta Tuyn-ph-ti, t quan liuthuc sang gim-tr cc chu huyn. Quan nh Nguyn sang n ni,
Nhn-tng khng nhn, ui v Tu.

ng Trn quc Tun truyn cho cc tng-s rng: "Bn-chc phngmnh thng c qun-s ra ph gic. Cc vng-hu v cc tng-s, ai ny
phi cn gi php-tc, i u khng c nhi-u dn v phi ng lng ht sc
nh gic, ch thy thua m ng lng, ch thy c m t kiu, vic qun c
lut, php nc khng thn, cc ngi phi gi ". Xong ri sai Trn bnh Trng
em qun i ng n trn sng Bnh-than, Trn khnh D em qun ra gi
mt Vn-n (thuc Vn-hi Qung-yn), cn cc tng th chia ra ng cc
ni him-yu. Trn quc Tun t dn i qun ng Vn-kip (tc l lng
Kip-bc thuc Hi-dng) tip-ng cho cc ni.

Nguyn-ch thy vy gin lm, bn lp Trn di i lm An-nam qucvng, phong cho L Mc lm Hn-lm hc-s, L Tun lm Thng-th-lnh,
v sai Si Thung dn 1.000 qun a bn y v nc.
Trn di i thy Nguyn-ch phong cho cng nhn, a v cng v;
chc trong bng l chuyn ny nh sc Mng-c, may vic xong, th c
lm vua, nhc bng khng xong, th cho l Nguyn-ch bt-p; v th mi
theo Si Thung v.

c t lu, Nhn-tng nghe tin v bo rng nh Nguyn hi ti Hqung sp sa ko sang mt Lng-sn. Vua c lo qun ta khng ch ni,
bn sai s mang l sang Tu, xin vua nh Nguyn hon binh, thngngh li.

Si Thung a bn Trn di i n gn i Nam-quan, c tin phi-bo v

Kinh-. Nhn-tng lin sai tng dn mt i qun ln n ng nh l
nghch-thn. Si Thung b tn bn m mt mt mt, trn chy v Tu, cn l
Trn di i b bt, phi ti lm lnh.

Vua nh Nguyn khng nghe, sai Thot Hoan c vic tin binh sang.
Nhn-tng thy vy, lp tc cho triu cc b-lo dn-gian hi ti in Dinhng bn xem nn ha hay nn nh. Cc b-lo u ng thanh xin
nh. Vua thy dn-gian mt lng nh vy, cng quyt khng c.

3. Thot Hoan Sang nh Ln Th Nht.

Nguyn-ch thy
Si Thung b thng chy v tc gin lm, bn sai con l Thot Hoan lm Trnnam-vng, cng vi bn Toa-, m Nhi dn 50 vn qun, gi ting mn
ng i qua nc Nam sang nh Chim-thnh.

Qun Nguyn chia ra lm hai o: mt o do tng Mng-c l Toa

em 10 vn qun t Qung-chu i hi-o sang nh Chim-thnh; cn
39

56

Lng Bnh Than, tng Vn Ti, huyn Gia Bnh, tnh Bc Ninh.

Hng-o-vng tu rng: "B-h ni cu y th tht l li nhn-c,

nhng m Tn-miu X-tc th sao? Nu b-h mun hng, xin trc hy
chm u ti i , ri sau s hng!". Vua nghe li ni trung-lit nh vy,
trong bng mi yn.

Thot Hoan th ko i binh n i-quan, sai ngi a th sang ni cho mn

ng i nh Chim-thnh.
Nhn-tng tip c th ca Thot Hoan, tr li li rng: "T bnquc sang Chim-thnh, thy lc khng c ng no tin ". S-gi v ni vi
Thot Hoan, Thot Hoan ni gin, thc qun ko sang mn Lng-sn, ri sang
quan B-tng tn l A L n d rng: "Bn-sy ch nh ng Nam-quc
sang nh Chim-thnh, ch khng c bng g u m ngi. Nn m ca i
cho qun bn-sy i, v i dn u, nh gip t nhiu lng-tho, ri khi no
ph xong Chim-thnh th s c trng ta v sau. Nhc bng khng-c thin
binh, th bn-sy s khng dong tnh, ph tan b-ci, by gi d hi li cng
khng kp ".

Hng-o-vng chiu-tp qun cc o, hi ti Vn-kip c hn

20 vn qun, th li ni to. By gi Hng-o-vng c son ra mt quyn
Bnh-th yu-lc ri truyn hch khuyn-rn cc tng-s. T hch y lm
bng Hn-vn, nay dch ra quc m nh sau ny:
"Ta thng nghe chuyn: K Tn liu thn chu cht thay cho vua Cao-; Do
Vu ly mnh ngn gio cho vua Chiu-vng; D Nhng nut than bo
th cho ch; Thn Khoi cht tay cu nn cho nc; Knh c l mt chc
quan cn nh, m liu thn cu vua Thi-tng c thot vng vy; Kiu
Khanh l mt b ti xa, m k ti mng thng Lc Sn l qun nghch-tc.
Cc bc trung-thn ngha-s ngy xa, b mnh v nc, i no khng c?
Gi-s my ngi y cng c bo bo theo li thng tnh, cht gi xo nh th
sao cho lu danh s-sch n nghn mun i nh th c?
Nay cc ngi vn dng v-tng, khng hiu vn-ngha, nghe nhng chuyn
c-tch y, na tin na ng, ta khng ni lm g na; ta hy em chuyn i
Tng, Nguyn mi ri m ni: Vng cng Kin l ngi th no? T-tng
ca Vng cng Kin l Nguy-n vn Lp li l ngi th no, m gi mt
thnh iu-ng42 nh mn, chng vi qun Mng-kha43 k hng trm vn,
khin cho dn s nh Tng, n nay cn i n su. ng ngt Ngi l
ngi nh th no? T-tng ca ng ngt Ngi l Xch tu T li l ngi
th no, m xng vo ch lam-chng xa xi, nh c qun Nam-chiu
trong vi ba tun, khin cho qun-trng i Nguyn n nay cn lu ting
tt. Hung chi ta cng cc ngi sinh i nhi-u-nhng, gp phi bui giannan ny, trng thy nhng ngy-s i li rm-rp ngoi ng, un li c
diu m x-mng triu-nh, em thn d ch m bt-nt t-ph, li cy th
Ht tt Lit m i ngc-la, th Vn-nam-vng44 vt bc vng; ca kho
c hn, lng tham khng cng, khc no nh em tht m nui h i, gi sao
cho khi tai-v v sau!

Hng-o-vng Trn quc Tun ni gin, ui A L v, ri phn binh

gi i Kh-li v Lc-chu (thuc Lng-sn) cn mnh th t dn qun i ng
gi ni K-cp. Nhng chin thuyn th ng Bi-tn40 gi mt thy.

4. Trn Hng o Vng Qun Thua V Vn Kip.

Thot
Hoan thy Hng-o-vng gi c cc ni, lin tin binh ln nh ni K-cp,
i Kh-li v i Lc-chu. Qun hai bn nh nhau ni K-cp hai ba trn
khng phn thng bi. Nhng sau v Kh-li v Lc-chu tht th, qun An-nam
phi rt v i Chi-lng41. Thot Hoan dn i binh n nh Chi-lng, Hngo-vng km th, thua chy ra bn Bi-tn, xung thuyn cng vi bn giatng, l D Tng v Yt Kiu v Vn-kip. Cc tng thu nht tn qun dn
dn cng ko v y c.
Nhn-tng nghe Hng-o-vng thua chy v Vn-kip, lin ng mt
chic thuyn nh xung Hi-ng (tc l Hi-dng) ri cho vi Hng-ovng n bn vic, nhn thy qun mnh thua, trong bng lo s, mi bo
Hng-o-vng rng: "Th gic to nh vy, m chng vi n th dn-s tnhi, hay l trm hy chu hng i cu mun dn".

Thng lu sng Lc Nam, c l l bn Ch.

Ca Chi Lng, tc gi l bu Chi Lng tng Chi Lng, gn ga Tun Mui, thuc v a ht chu
n, tnh Lng Sn. Ch y l mt ni him a nc Nam ta. Trn Hng o Vng sau li ph
qun Nguyn ch y, v n u i L, vua Thi T git tng nh Minh l Li-u Thng cng
ch y.
40

iu Ng l tn ni, thuc ph Trng Khnh, tnh T Xuyn.

Mng Kha (Mungke) l vua Mng C, anh Ht Tt Lit.
44
Khi qun Mng C ly c t Vn Nam ri, Ht Tt Lit phong cho con l H Kha Kch lm
Vn Nam Vng.
42

41

43

57

Ta y, ngy th qun n, m th qun ng, rut au nh ct, nc mt ma, ch cm-tc rng cha c s tht lt da ca qun gic, du thn ny phi
ngoi ni c, xc ny gi trong da nga, th cng nh lng. Cc ngi cng
ta coi gi binh-quyn, cng lu ngy, khng c o th ta cho o, khng c
n th ta cho n, quan cn nh th ta thng th ng, lng c t th ta tng cp,
i thy th ta cho thuyn, i b th ta cho nga, lc hon-nn th cng nhau
sng cht, lc nhn-h th cng nhau vui ci, nhng cch c-x so vi Vng
cng Kin, ng ngt Ngi ngy xa cng chng km g.
Nay cc ngi trng thy ch nhc m khng bit lo, trng thy quc-s m
khng bit thn, thn lm tng phi hu gic, m khng bit tc, tai nghe
nhc hin ngy s, m khng bit cm; hoc ly vic chi g lm vui-a,
hoc ly vic nh bc lm tiu-khin, hoc vui th v vn rung, hoc
quyn-luyn v v con, hoc ngh v li ring m qun vic nc, hoc ham
v sn-bn m qun vic binh, hoc thch ru ngon, hoc m ting ht. Nu
c gic n, th ca g trng sao cho m thng c o-gip; mo c-bc sao
cho dng ni c qun mu; du rng rung lm vn nhiu, thn y nghn
vng khn chuc; v li v bu con du, nc ny trm s ngh sao; tin-ca
u m mua cho c u gic; ch sn y th ch sao ni qun th; chn
ru ngon khng lm c cho gic say cht; ting ht hay khng lm c
cho gic it tai; khi by gi chng nhng l thi-p ca ta khng cn, m
bng-lc ca cc ngi cng ht; chng nhng l gia-quyn ta b ui, m v
con ca cc ngi cng nguy; chng nhng l ta chu nhc by gi, m trm
nm v sau, ting xu hy cn mi mi; m gia thanh ca cc ngi cng
chng khi mang ting nhc, n lc by gi cc ngi du mun vui-v,
phng c c hay khng?
Nay ta bo tht cc ngi: nn cn-thn nh ni ci la, nn gi-gn nh k
hp canh, dy-bo qun-s, luyn-tp cung tn, khin cho ngi no cng c
sc khe nh Bng Mng v Hu Ngh, th mi c th dp tan c qun gic,
m lp nn c cng-danh. Chng nhng l thi-p ta c vng-bn, m
cc ngi cng u c h ng bng-lc; chng nhng l gia-quyn ca ta
c yn-n, m cc ngi cng u c vui vi v con, chng nhng l
tin-nhn ta c v-vang, m cc ngi cng c phng-th t-ph, trm
nm vinh-hin; chng nhng l mt mnh ta c sung-sng, m cc ngi
cng c lu-truyn s-sch, nghn i thm-tho; n by gi cc ngi du
khng vui-v, cng t khc c vui-v.
Nay ta son ht cc binh php ca cc nh danh-gia hp li lm mt quyn
gi l "Binh-th yu-lc". Nu cc ngi bit chuyn-tp sch ny, theo li

dy-bo, th mi phi o thn-t; nhc bng khinh b sch ny, tri li dybo, th tc l k nghch-th.
B i c sa B i gic Nguyn cng ta, l k th khng i tri chung, th m
cc ngi c im-nhin khng ngh n vic bo th, li khng bit dy
qun-s, khc no nh quay ngn gio m i theo k th, gi tay khng m
chu thu qun gic, khin cho sau trn Bnh-l45 m ta phi chu ting xu
mun i, th cn mt-mi ni ng trong tri t na. Vy nn ta phi lm ra
bi hch ny cho cc ngi bit bng ta".

5. Thnh Thng Long Tht Th.

Cc tng-s c li khuynrn y, ai ny ht lng luyn-tp, quyt ch nh gic, cho nn ngi no cng

ly mc thch vo cnh tay hai ch "St t " ngha l git qun Mng-c. Khi
Thot Hoan ly xong cc i Lng-sn ri, tha thng nh xung Vn-kip,
qun An-nam non th, ch khng ni thua chy, bao nhiu chuyn thuyn
mt c. Qun Mng-c bt c qun An-nam thy ngi no cng c hai
ch "St t" cnh tay, gin lm, em git sch c, ri ko trn sang mt
Kinh-bc. Thot Hoan th qun cho cp ph vng V-ninh, Gia-lm, ngngn ri ko v ng ti bn ng-b-u, Hng-o-vng lp tri m ngn
phng gi.
Thot Hoan thy pha nam ngn sng Hng-h46 c tri qun An-nam
ng gi, mi sai qun ly sng i-bc bn sang, ph tan c cc tri, qun-s
khip-s b chy ht sch. Qun Mng-c by gi lm cu phao qua sng,
ko n tn chn thnh Thng-long h tri.
Hng-o-vng rc xa-ga Thng-hong v vua ra ngoi Thnglong, cc tng li gi thnh. n khi Thot Hoan vy nh, h c
thnh, bit rng Hng-o-vng rc xa-gi xung mt nam ri, lin sai
tng dn qun i ui nh.

6. Toa nh Ngh An.

Toa l tng o th hai qun

Nguyn, i ng b sang nh Chim-thnh, nhng m qun nc Chim gi
Bnh L l tn thnh, nhng s c khng chp r u v ai xy ln. Sch "Khm nh Vit S"
chp rng theo b "D a Ch" ca ng Nguy-n Tri, th i nh L c o con sng Bnh L
i ln Thi Nguyn cho tin. Vy thnh Bnh L c l vo ht Thi Nguyn. Xem li dn ca
Trn Hng o Vng th thnh Bnh L ny xy vo i inh hay i Tin L, ri L Thng Kit
i L nh qun Tng .
46
S chp l Ph Lng Giang.
45

58

np cho Thot Hoan. Thot Hoan bit Bnh Trng l tng khe-mnh, mun
khuyn-d v hng, tht-i cho n-ung, nhng Bnh Trng khng n, ddnh hi d vic nc, Bnh Trng cng khng ni. Sau Thot Hoan hi rng:
"C mun l vng t Bc khng?" Bnh Trng qut ln rng: "T th lm qu
nc Nam, ch khng thm lm vng t Bc. Ta b bt th c mt cht
m thi, can g m phi hi li-thi!" Thot Hoan thy d khng c, sai
qun em chm.

c cc ng him-yu, nh mi khng c. Nguyn cha h chiu sai

Toa theo ng b ko ra mt Ngh-an, hp vi qun Thot Hoan nh
An-nam.
Thot Hoan c bit tin y, lin sai tng m Nhi dn qun i
ng b vo tip-ng cho Toa nh t mt trong nh ra, cn mt
ngoi th chin thuyn ca nh Nguyn chia ra gi cc bn ng sng Hngh47 t Thng-long xung n khc sng i-hong (thuc huyn Nam-xang,
H-nam).

Thnh-tng thng-hong cng Nhn-tng v Hng-o-vng nghe

tin Trn bnh Trng t-tit, ai ny ng lng thng-xt.

7. Hng o Vng em Vua V Thanh Ha.

By gi
Hng-o-vng dn cc tng h-v xa-gi xung Thin-trng, nghe Toa
t vng trong ko ra, Hng-o-vng tu vua xin sai Thng-tng Trn
quang Khi a binh vo ng mt Ngh-an, gi chn ng hm, khng cho
Toa ra, v sai Trn bnh Trng li gi Thin-trng c nhau vi qun
Thot Hoan, ri rc xa-gi ra Hi-dng.

Hng-o-vng thy th nguy-cp lm, bn rc xa-gi ra Qungyn. Thuyn i v ng sng Tam-ch (thuc chu Tin-yn), sai mt tng
dn chic thuyn rng ra ca b Ngc-sn (thuc chu Vn-ninh, tnh Qungyn) lm cho nghi tnh qun gic. Tng nh Nguyn l L Hng v Khoan
Trit sai ngi do-thm bit thuyn ra Ngc-sn l gi, mi dn qun ui theo
n sng Tam-ch, Hng-o-vng rc xa-gi ln b i n lng Thy-ch
ri li xung thuyn ra sng Nam-triu (tc Bch-ng-giang, thuc Hi-dng)
ri va tnh Thanh-ha. By gi qun Nguyn th lm, ng khp cc ni, t
vng Bc-ninh, Thng-long, Thin-trng, ch no cng c qun ng.
vng Ngh-an li c Toa , ng ngt Ngi, m Nhi nh ra. Nhntng kinh-hi, Thng-hong m ngy lo s. Nh nc ngt-ng ng nguy
nh trng chng. Bn Hong-tc l Trn ch Tc, Trn t Vin u ra hng
Thot Hoan c. Ch c Hng-o-vng phng xa-gi i, tro non vt b, tri
gi dm ma, th lc tuy cng, nhng vn bn vng mt lng, tm k nh
gic, lo liu vic nc khng ri s lc no. Tht l mt ngi c ti itng, c th cu dn gip nc, ting mun i.

Trn quang Khi vo n Ngh-an, chia qun phng gi, nhng m qun nh
Nguyn th mnh, i n u nh tan n y, li c m Nhi mt b
nh vo. Quang Khi ng khng ni, phi lui qun ra mt ngoi. Cn
quan trn-th Ngh-an l Trn Kin em c nh ra hng vi Toa . Toa
cho a bn Trn Kin v Yn-kinh.
Hng-o-vng nghe tin, sai tng em qun i ln ng tt ui
theo. Khi qun Nguyn a Trn Kin n a-phn Lng-sn, qua tri Ma-lc
(?), th c ngi th-ho y tn l Nguy-n th Lc v Nguy-n Lnh em dn
binh ra nh. Li c quan qun ui n ni, qun Nguyn b chy. Trn
Kin b tn bn cht, nhng c ngi nh l L Tc cp c thy chy thot,
a n g n-khu (Lng-sn) mai-tng xong ri trn sang Tu. L Tc l
dng di Nguy-n Phu lm Th-s Giao-chu v i ng-Tn (317-419) ngy
trc. T lc trn sang Tu ri, L Tc c lm b s "An-nam ch-lc". B s
y hin by gi cn c bn Tu v bn Nht-bn.

8. Trn Hm T Quan - Trn Nht Dut ph qun Toa

: o qun ca Toa Chim-thnh ko ra nh ly t Ngh-an.
Trn quang Khi em qun li ra mt ngoi gi cc ng him-yu. Toa
nh mi khng c, m lng-tho th mt ngy mt cn, bn cng vi
m Nhi dn qun xung thuyn vt b ra ngoi Bc hp binh vi Thot
Hoan.
Trn quang Khi c tin y, cho ngi v Thanh-ha phi bo. Nhn-tng hi
qun-thn li hi k, Hng-o-vng tu rng: "Toa t Chim-thnh tr
ra, qua vng -l (Thun-ha), Hoan (Ngh-an), i (Thanh-ha), ng s gp-

Thin-trng, Trn bnh Trng thy qun nh Nguyn n bi

-mc ( khc sng Thin-mc, huyn ng-an, Hng-yn) lin em binh ra
nh, nhng chng may bi vy, phI bt. Qun Nguyn a Bnh Trng v
47

S chp l Ph Lng Giang.

59

chin-thuyn ca qun Nguyn. Quan qun nh hng qu, qun Nguyn

ch khng ni phi b chy. Quan qun ln b ui nh v n chn thnh
Thng-long h tri. Thot Hoan em i qun ra c ch, b phc binh ca
Trn quang Khi nh p li, qun Nguyn phi b thnh Thng-long chy qua
sng Hng-h49 sang gi mt Kinh-bc (Bc-ninh).

ghnh, qun-s vt-v, nay li vt b ra Bc, th sc-lc cng mi-mt.

Vy nay nn sai mt tng nn ra n ng m nh th chc ph c".
Nhn-tng nghe li, sai Chiu-vn-vng Trn nht Dut lm tng v
Trn quc Ton48 lm ph-tng cng vi tng-qun l Nguy-n Khoi em 5
vn qun ra n ng nh Toa mt Hi-dng. Thng t nm t-du
(1285) Trn nht Dut ra n Hm-t (thuc huyn ng-an, Hng-yn) th
gp chin thuyn ca Toa , Nht Dut lin phn binh ra nh. Qun Nht
Dut by gi c bn Triu Trung l tng nh Tng sang xin tng chinh, mc
o eo cung nh qun nh Tng. n khi gip trn, qun Nguyn trng thy
bn Triu Trung, t ng l nh Tng khi-phc c nc Tu, ri cho qun
sang cu An-nam, a no cng s-hi b chy. Qun ta ui nh, qun
gic thua to cht hi rt nhiu. Toa phi li ra bi Thin-trng.

Trn quang Khi em qun vo thnh m tic khao qun. n khi

ung ru vui-v, Quang Khi ngm bi th rng:

Dch nm:

Trn nht Dut thng trn, cho Quc Ton a tin v Thanh-ha.
Hng-o-vng c tin mng y, vo tu vi vua rng: "Qun ta mi thng,
kh-lc ang hng, m qun Nguyn mi thua, tt cng cht d. Vy nn nhn
dp ny m tin qun nh Thot Hoan khi phc Kinh-thnh".

ot so Chng-dng-50
Cm h Hm-t quan
Thi-bnh nghi n lc
Vn c th giang-san
Chng-dng cp gio-gic
Hm-t bt qun th
Thi-bnh nn gng sc
Non nc y nghn thu

Trn quang Khi sai ngi v Thanh-ho dng biu bo tin thng trn.
Vua Nhn-tng thy qun th mnh, trong hai thng nh c hai trn,
qun-s ai ny u nc lng nh gic, bn rc Thng-hong v ct binh-m
ra ng Trng-an (Ninh-bnh).

Vua nghe li truyn sp sa tin binh. Sc c Thng tng Trn

quang Khi trong Ngh-an ra, xin i nh Thot Hoan. Vua lin sai Quang
Khi thu-xp qun-s ra nh Thng-long v truyn hch sai Trn nht Dut
ng qun gi chn ng khng cho bn Toa ko ln hp vi Thot
Hoan.

10. Trn Ty Kt - Tng Nh Trn Chp c Toa :

9. Trn Chng-Dng- - Trn Quang Khi khi

phc Thng Long: Khi by gi i binh ca Thot Hoan ng ti Thng-

Toa ng qun Thin-trng xa cch Thot Hoan hn 200 dm, cho nn

cha bit Thot Hoan thua chy v Bc-giang ri, bn tin bnh vo ng
sng Thin-mc51 nh hp sc vi Thot Hoan lm th -gic. c my
hm Toa bit o tin qun ca mnh bi trn, m cc bn th ch no
cng c qun nh Trn n ng, mi lui v ng Ty-kt52 ri cho ngi i d
xem qun Thot Hoan ng u.

long, cn chin thuyn th li ng bn Chng-dng, a phn huyn

Thng-phc.
Trn quang Khi vi Trn quc Ton v Phm ng Lo em qun t
Thanh-ha i thuyn vng ng b ra n bn Chng-dng, sn vo nh
S chp rng khi vua Nhn Tng hi cc vng thn Bnh Than / bn vic chng gic, Trn
Quc Ton by gi mi c 15, 16 tui cng theo ra hi. V cn nh tui cho nn khng c d
bn, Quc Ton cm tc v cng, trong tay cm qu cam bp v nt ra lc no khng bit. Khi
tan hi, ai ny v lo sa son binh thuyn. Quc Ton v nh cng t hp nhng ngi thn
thuc, sm kh gii, may l c su ch: "Ph Cng ch Bo Hong n" Ri em qun i
nh gic. nh ch no qun gic cng phi li.
48

S chp l Ph Lng.
Ch Nho l:
51
Thin Mc l mt khc sng Hng H vo a ht huyn ng An, tnh Hng Yn.
52
Hin nay thuc ph Khoi Chu (Hng Yn) c lng ng Kt vo trong cch xa b sng
Hng H. Hoc pha ty gn b sng, ngy xa c lng Ty Kt m nay l mt i chng?
49
50

60

Qun An-nam t khi nh c trn Hm-t v trn Chng-dng

ri, qun-th phn chn lm. Hng-o-vng mng r, vo tu vi Nhntng xin mt mt sai Chiu-vn-vng Trn nht Dut, hp vi Thng-tng
Trn quang Khi dn qun chn cc ng, khng cho Thot Hoan, Toa i
li thng tin vi nhau, v mt mt xin t tin binh ra nh Toa , ri nh
Thot Hoan.

minh; Hng-o-vng t dn i qun ln Bc-giang nh qun Nguyn.

Qun Nguyn thua chy, Thot Hoan dn i binh chy n bn Vn-kip,
gp bn Nguy-n Khoi ra nh, qun Nguyn mi phn tn-hi mt nm.
Tng nh Nguyn l L Hng b tn bn cht. Cn Thot Hoan, Phn Tip , A
bt Xch, L Qun c sc nh ly ng m chy. Sau thy qun An-nam
ui kp qu, Thot Hoan phi chui vo ci ng ng ln xe bt qun ko
chy. V gn n chu T-ninh li gp bn Hng-v-vng Nghi-n v Hnghiu-vng y nh ui mt trn na. L Qun trng tn bn cht. Thot
Hoan, A bt Xch v Phn Tip chy thot v Tu c.

Nhn-tng nghe li y, cho Hng-o-vng ty m sai khin. Khi

qun ra n Ty-kt, Hng-o-vng chia qun ra nh tri qun Nguyn, v
t phc binh bt Toa .

Th l i-qun ca Thot Hoan lc u mi sang lng-ly bao nhiu,

by gi tan nt mt c. Trong su thng tri, t thng chp nm gip thn
(1284) n thng su nm t du (1285), qun An-nam ui 50 vn qun
Mng-c ra ngoi b-ci, chnh-n giang-sn li nh c. y cng nh c tay
Hng-o-vng c ti i-tng, cm qun vng-chi, gan bn ta st, v li
kho dng li khuyn-d, khin cho bng ngi cm-ng, sinh lng trungngha, cho nn tng-s ai ny u ht lng gip nc.

Qun ta nh hng qu, qun Nguyn khng ch ni, Toa v

m Nhi em binh ln b chy ra mt b, nhng khi chy n m sau mt dy
ni, th b qun An-nam vy nh, Toa trng tn cht, cn m Nhi th tm
ng chy vo Thanh-ha, nhng b qun ta nh ui ngt qu, phi mt
mnh ln xung chic thuyn con chy ra b, trn v Tu c.
Khi cc tng thng trn, a u Toa v np, Nhn-tng thy
ngi dng-kin m li ht lng vi cha, mi than rng: "Lm by ti nn
nh ngi ny!" ri c i o ng-ho p vo u Toa , sai quan dng l- maitng cho t-t.

V nc An-nam thi by gi vua ti ha-hp, lng ngi nh mt,

nhn-ti l-lt ko ra; m qun Nguyn sang An-nam th ng xa mun
dm, ni sng cch tr , hng mnh c lc u m thi, sau thnh ra bnhtt yu-au. Nh th m li gp phi tay Hng-o-vng Trn quc Tun
dng binh bit i thi, bit tha th tin thoi, cho nn s qun nh Nguyn
thua tan-nt l s tt-nhin vy.

Trn Ty-kt nh vo thng nm, nm t-du (1285) quan qun bt

c qun Nguyn hn 3 vn ngi, v chin-thuyn kh-gii khng bit bao
nhiu m k. Hng-o-vng c trn ton thng, m tic khao th ng ba
qun, ri ln nh mt bc, tiu-tr Thot Hoan.

11. Trn Vn Kip - Thot Hoan Trn Chy V Tu: By

gi Thot Hoan ng qun Bc-giang, nghe tin n Toa t trn, m

Nhi trn v Tu, qun-binh tng-s ai ny u ng lng c. V li tri ang
ma h nng-nc kh chu, sn-lam chng-kh bc ln, qun-s b dch-tcht hi cng nhiu. B i th c bng mun rt qun v Tu.
Hng-o-vng cng bit c Thot Hoan tt phi chy, lin sai
Nguy-n Khoi, Phm ng Lo dn 3 vn qun i ln ng ni, phc sn hai
bn rng sy bn sng Vn-kip, ch lc qun Nguyn chy n th ra
nh; sai hai con l Hng-v-vng Nghi-n v Hng-hiu-vng y dn 3 vn
qun i ng Hi-dng ra mt Qung-yn, gi chn ng v chu T61

Vua nh Nguyn nghe li, cho qun-s ngh vi thng. Cn Trn ch

Tc theo Thot Hoan v Tu, th cho ra Ngc-chu.

CHNG VII

GIC NH NGUYN II

Nhn-tng nghe tin Nguyn-triu sp sa ct qun sang nh An-nam,

bn vi Hng-o-vng vo hi rng: "Thot Hoan bi trn tr v, chuyn
ny cm-tc nh sang nh bo th, qun-th hn to hn trc, ta nn dng
k g m chng li c?" Hng-o-vng tu rng: "Nc ta xa kia, qundn h ng thi-bnh lu, khng tp n vic chin-trn, cho nn nm trc
qun Nguyn vo cp cn c k trn-trnh theo hng-gic. May nh c oailinh T-tng, v thn-v ca B-h, i n u nh c n y, cho nn
mi qut sch c b-ci. Cn nh by gi qun ta quen vic chinh-chin,
m qun nghch th i xa mi-mt. V li thy Toa , L Hng, L Qun t
trn, tt cng cht d, qun-tnh sinh nghi-s, hn khng dm ht sc m
nh. C nh ti, th chuyn ny d c qun Nguyn sang y, ta ph cng
d- hn phe trc, xin b-h ng lo".

(1284-1288)
1. Nguyn-ch nh kh i binh phc th
2. Thot Hoan sang nh ln th hai
3. Trn Vn-n Trn khnh D cp
lng ca qun Nguyn
4. Trn Bch-ng-giang m Nhi phi bt
5. Hng-o-vng i ph Nguyn-binh
6. S An-nam sang Tu xin ha
7. nh cng, pht ti
8. nh cuc ha-hiu

Nhn-tng mng r, sai Hng-o-vng c-sut cc vng-hu, m

thm qun-s, s-sang kh-gii phng vic cng th.

1. Nguyn Ch nh kh i binh phc th.

Hng-o-vng
Trn quc Tun ph c qun Nguyn ri th ko qun v Trng-an, rc
Thng-hong v Nhn-tng ra Thng-long. Giang-sn nh Trn li khi phc
u vo y c. Bn Thot Hoan bi trn v Tu, ngh khi i th thanh-th
lng-ly bao nhiu, khi v th hao binh tn tng, ly lm xu h lm. nh
xin Nguyn-ch cho thm binh-m sang nh bo th.
Nguyn-ch thy bn Thot Hoan bi trn v, gin lm, mun bt chm c,
nhng qun-thn can-ngn mi mi thi.

2. Thot Hoan Sang nh Ln Th Hai.

By gi nh Nguyn ang sp sa ct qun sang nh Nht-bn, bn

lp tc nh vic i nh Nht-bn li v sai ng thm 300 chic thuyn,
truyn hch cho ba tnh Giang-hoi, H-qung, Giang-ty t tp qun-s, nh
n thng tm th ct qun noi ng chu Khm, chu Lim sang nh nc
Nam bo th.

Qua thng mi mt, Thot Hoan dn qun noi ng Chu-khm,

chu Lim n chu T-minh; sai bn Trng Ngc lnh 2,000 qun coi vic
ch lng-thc, kh-gii li sai Trnh bng Phi, o l Xch, mi ngi dn 1

Sang ma xun thng

hai nm inh-hi (1287) Nguyn-ch kn ly 7 vn qun, 5 trm chic thuyn,
6 nghn qun Vn-nam v 1 vn 5 nghn qun bn chu ngoi b, sai Thot
Hoan lm i-nguyn-sy, A bt Xch lm Hnh-tnh-t-tha, o l Xch lm
Bnh-chng-chnh-s, m Nhi, Phn Tip lm Tham-tri chnh-s, em tt c
hn 30 vn qun sang nh nc Nam, gi danh a Trn ch Tc v nc,
lp lm An-nam quc-vng53. Li sai Vn-h Trng vn H theo ng b
ti hn 1754 vn thch lng sang cp cho qun-s.

C sch chp rng: Thot Hoan sang nh An Nam ln th hai ny c em mt tn hng o

l Nguy-n Nhan, tn ch l Nguy-n B Linh, phm ti trm quyt, tnh nguyn i nh lp
cng chuc ti. Cha tn Nguy-n Nhan l ngi Qung ng sang bun bn nc Nam, ly v
lng An Bi, huyn ng Triu, ra B Linh, cho v Tu hc, thi tin s, li cao tay ph thy.
Khi sang An Nam, n dng php gip qun Nguyn. Sau Hng o Vng bt c, a v
chm lng An Bi, l qu m n. Tc truyn rng khi tn Nguy-n Nhan cht ri hn n bay hin
ln tru gho n b con gi, m h- ai phm n n th cht, cho nn gi l Phm Nhan.
54
S c chp l 70 vn thch.
53

Quan tnh H-nam l Tuyn Kha dng s v can rng: "Qun ta bi

trn mi v, k mang du-vt cha khi, ngi au-yu cha dy, xin hy cho
qun-s ngh-ngi dng sc t lu, ri s nh k xut chinh".
62

vn qun i ng b; m Nhi, Phn Tip sut lnh thy-qun i ng b,

u tin sang An-nam.

Bc.

Quan Trn-th bin-thy phi bo v Thng-long. Cc quan xin

tuyn thm binh. Hng-o-vng ni rng: "Binh ct gii, ch khng ct
nhiu, nu nhiu m khng gii, th-d nh B Kin c trm vn qun cng
khng ch-g!"

3. Trn Vn n - Trn khnh D cp lng ca qun

Nguyn. Qun Nguyn ng mi Vn-kip lng-thc sp cn, Thot

Hoan bn sai m Nhi dn thy-qun ra ca b i-bng (huyn Nghidng, Hi-dng)56 n thuyn lng ca Trng vn H. m Nhi em
thuyn i n i Vn-n (Vn-hi, Qung-yn) gp qun ca Nhn-huvng Trn khnh D chn ng khng cho i. m Nhi thc qun nh
rt mt trn, qun Khnh D thua b chy c. Qun Nguyn ko thng ra b
i n thuyn lng.

Nhn-tng sai Hng-o-vng thng-lnh cc vng-hu, chia qun

phng-gi cc ni.
Hng-o-vng sai Trn nht Dut, Nguy-n Khoi dn 3 vn qun
ln gi mt Lng-sn; sai Trn quc Ton, L ph Trn dn 3 vn qun v gi
mt Ngh-an; t mnh thng i qun ra gi mt Qung-yn. Mt mt sai tinqun ln gn chu T-minh chia ra ng lm ba n: Sa, T, Trc, chnggi qun Nguyn; mt mt sai tng em qun ra gi cht ca sng i-than55
(thuc Hi-dng) cn i-qun ca Hng-o-vng th ng li ni Ph-sn.

Thng-hong nghe tin thy-qun Vn-n bi trn, cho s ra bt

Khnh D v hi ti.
Khnh D t khi tht trn, ang ngh k phc binh th, bng thy s ra
bt, Khnh D tip s ri ni rng: "Ti sai tng-lnh nh thi chu ti,
nhng xin khoan cho ti mt vi hm, may m ti lp c cng khc
chuc ti chng?"

Quan qun tuy ng gi nh vy, nhng qun Nguyn th to lm,

chng khng ni, phi rt v Vn-kip; Thot Hoan tin ln chim gi ni Phli v ni Ch-linh, lp tri chng nhau vi qun ta, ri sai tng l Trnh bng
Phi em hai vn lnh nh ly n Vn-kip, li sai m Nhi v A bt Xch
dn qun t sng Lc-u nh xung sng Hng-h.

c my hm m Nhi ra b gp thuyn lng ca Trng vn H,

li em qun tr vo i trc dp ng. Trng vn H em thuyn lng
theo vo sau.

Hng-o-vng rt qun v gi Thng-long v sai tng rc xa-gi

tm lnh v Hm-nam (?).

Khnh D rng m Nhi ph c qun ta, trong bng hn

chc rng khng cn ai ngn-tr g na, cho nn mi khinh thng em binh
thuyn i trc. Khnh D bn nht-nhnh thuyn-b phc qun sn i
thuyn lng ca Trng vn H n th ko ra nh.

Nhng sau khi b bn m Nhi ui ngt qu, Thng-hong v

Nhn-tng phi xung thuyn ra b i vo Thanh-ha.
m Nhi ui khng kp, em qun tr v qua Long-hng (ph Tin-hng,
Thi-bnh) bit y c Thin-lng, l lng t nh Trn, bn sai qun n ph
nt c i.

Qu-nhin Trng vn H ti cc thuyn lng vo ca b Lc-thydng (pha ng-nam huyn Honh-b tc l vnh ca Lc by gi). Khnh
D qun ra nh. Vn H ch khng ni, bao nhiu thuyn lng b qun
ca Khnh D ph cp mt c, v bt c kh gii rt nhiu. Cn Trng
vn H th chy xung chic thuyn nh trn v Qunh-chu.

Thot Hoan em binh-m tin ln vy nh Thng-long khng c,

phi rt v gi Vn-kip, Ch-linh v Ph-li, Hng-i-vng cng tin qun
ln lp tri chng vi gic.

55

Nhn-tng thy qun Nguyn li ri bn rc Thng-hong ra

Huyn Nghi Dng nay thuc v tnh Kin An.

56

63

By gi thuc huyn Gia Bnh, tnh Bc Ninh, lin vi Bnh Than.

Lo, Nguy-n ch Ngha dn qun ln phc i Ni-bng (thuc Lng-sn) ch

qun Nguyn chy ln n y thi ra m nh.

Khnh D thng trn a th v bo tip. Thng-hong mng r, x

ti trc khng hi, v bo Hng-o-vng rng: "Qun Nguyn ct trng
cy c lng-tho kh-gii, nay b ta cp c c ri, th th n khng
trng-cu c na. Nhng n cha bit tt cn c ch, vy ta nn tha nhng
qun b bt cho v bo tin vi Thot Hoan, th qun-s ca n tt ng lng, by
gi mi ph rt d-".

Cc tng i u y c ri. Hng-o-vng tin qun ln nh

gic, sc nghe tin bo rng m Nhi ko qun v n Bch-ng, Hngo-vng mi h qun-s , tr sng Ha-giang58 m th rng: "Trn ny
khng ph xong gic Nguyn, th khng v n sng ny na!" Qun-s ai ny
u xin quyt chin, ko mt mch n sng Bch-ng.

Hng-o-vng tun lnh, cho l qun Nguyn v. T y qun ca

Thot Hoan xn-xao, c bng mun v Tu, m lng-thc mt ngy mt cn.

Nhng chin-thuyn ca m Nhi, Phn Tip theo ging sng Bchng, bng chc thy tng nh Trn l Nguy-n Khoi dn chin thuyn n
khiu-chin. m Nhi tc gin thc qun xng vo nh, Nguy-n Khoi lin
quay thuyn chy. By gi ang lc thy-triu ln, mt nc mnh-mng,
m Nhi v tnh, thy ch qun chy, c vic thc thuyn ui theo.
Nguy-n Khoi nh qun i khi xa ch ng cc, ri mi quay thuyn nh
vt li. Hai bn nh ang hng, th i qun ca Hng-o-vng tip n.
m Nhi, Phn Tip thy quan qun to th lm, mi quay thuyn chy tr li.
Khi chy n khc sng c cc ng th nc thy-triu rt xung, thuyn
ca qun Nguyn vng mc phi cc, nghing nga, m v mt
nhiu. Quan qun tha thng nh cc hng, qun Nguyn cht nh r, mu
loang c khc sng. Tng Nguyn l m Nhi, Phn Tip, Tch L, C
Ngc u b bt c.

m Nhi t khi i Vn-n tr v, ch mi khng thy thuyn

lng n, bn em qun n ph tri An-hng (thuc Qung-yn) ri rt v
Vn-kip.

4. Trn Bch ng Giang - m Nhi phi bt.

Qun
Nguyn t khi thua trn Vn-n, lng-tho mt ngymt cn i, Thot Hoan
mun cho ngi v Tu cu vin v ly thm lng, Hng-o-vng bit ,
sai tng ln gi ni K-cp v i N-nhi mt Lng-sn khng cho ngi Tu
i li.
Cc tng thy vy bn vo bn vi Thot Hoan rng: "Qun ta ng y,
thnh-tr khng c, kho-tng li cn c; v by gi l ang lc ht xun sang
h, kh tri nng-nc, m li nhng ch him-yu u mt c, chi bng hy rt
qun v, ri sau s liu k khc".

Trn Bch-ng-giang nh vo thng ba nm mu-t (1288) ly c

chin thuyn ca qun Nguyn hn 400 chic v bt c qun-s rt nhiu.

Thot Hoan thy qun th ca Hng-o-vng mnh lm, cha c

th ph c, bn nghe li cc tng, sai m Nhi, Phn Tip dn thy-qun
theo ng sng Bch-ng57 v trc. Cn mt b th sai Trnh bng Phi,
Trng Qun dn binh i chn hu. Sa-son nh vi hm na th rt v.

5. Hng o Vng i Ph Nguyn Binh.

Thot Hoan
nghe tin qun thy v tan ri, dn bn Trnh bng Phi, A bt Xch, o l Xch,
Trng Qun, Trng Ngc, i ng b chy v n i Ni-bng, bng gp
qun phc ca Phm ng Lo ra nh. Cc tng ht sc gi gn Thot
Hoan, va nh va chy. Trng Qun dn 3,000 qun i on hu c sc
nh ly ng chy, b Phm ng Lo chm cht. Thot Hoan chy thot ra
c ca i, qun-s mi phn, tn hi mt 5, 6 phn.

Hng-o-vng bit mu y, bn sai Nguy-n Khoi dn binh ln qua

ng tt m sng thng-lu sng Bch-ng, kim g o nhn bt st ng
khp gia ging sng, ri phc binh ch n lc no nc thy-triu ln th
em binh ra khiu-chin, nh cho thuyn gic qua ch ng cc. H- lc no
nc thy-triu xung th quay binh li ht sc m nh. Li sai Phm ng

Ha Giang l mt ngn sng thuc v sng Thi Bnh, gip gii tnh Kin An v tnh Thi Bnh.
Nay y dn s ti cn nh ch con voi ca Hng o Vng qua sng Ha sa ly m cht.
58

57

Sng Bch ng by gi thuc huyn Thy Nguyn, tnh Kin An.

64

Bn Thot Hoan ang i, bng li c tin bo rng t ca i N-nhi n

mi ni K-cp hn 100 dm, ch no cng c n i. Nghe tin y qun-s u
xn-xao s-hi, v m sau li nghe ting m-m quan qun ui theo v sp
ko n. Thot Hoan vi-vng sai A bt Xch, Trng Ngc dn qun i trc
m ng, o l Xch i on hu.

Nguyn-ch thy qun mnh thua my ln ri, trong bng cng nn,
cho nn cng thun cho thng ha.
Thng hai nm k-su (1289) Nhn-tng sai quan a bn tng
Nguyn b bt l Tch L, C Ngc v Tu. Cn Phn Tip v lo m thnh bnh
cht, vua sai ha tng, ri cp ngi nga cho v con em hi-ct v nc.
Cc u mc cng tha cho v c. Duy c m Nhi git hi nhiu ngi, vua
cm-tc v cng, khng mun tha v, nhng li ngi ng ha-hiu, bn
dng mu ca Hng-o-vng sai ngi a i n gia b, nh m
thuyn, cho cht ui, m Nguyn-triu cng khng trch vo u c. V
sau vua Dc-tng bn triu nh Nguy-n xem n ch ny, c ph bn ch:
"bt nhn phi ngha". T ng li ph y cng l chnh ng.

A bt Xch, Trng Ngc gp phi quan qun chn ng phc hai

bn sn ni bn tn thuc c xung nh ma. Hai tng u t trn, v
qun-s cht thy nm ngn-ngang tng ng. Cn Trnh bng Phi ht sc gign Thot Hoan chy ra an-k, qua Lc-chu ri i ln con ng tt v chu
T-minh.
o l Xch i sau, chy thot c, mi nht-nhnh tn qun theo c Thot
Hoan v Yn-kinh.

7. nh cng, pht ti.

Thng t nm k-su (1289) mi nh cng,

pht ti. Bao nhiu nhng vng hu i nh gic Nguyn c cng u c
thng trt c, cn cc tng-s khc h m ai c cng to th cho quc-tnh.
Nguy-n Khoi c phong tc hu, cho n lc mt lng Khoi-l (tc l ph
Khoi by gi); Phm ng Lo c thng lm Qun Thnh-dc qun.
Cc cha Mng m c cng em dn binh ra c gic cng c phong hu.

Hng-o-vng chuyn ny thc l tr ht qun Mng-c mi hi c

tng, dn qun rc xa-gi Thng-hong v Nhn-tng v kinh-s. Khi v
n Long-hng, Nhn-tng em bn tng Nguyn b bt l m Nhi, Phn
Tip, Tch L, C Ngc vo lm l- hin-ph trc Chiu-lng.
Nhn thy giang-sn li c nh c, Thnh-tng Thng-hong c
lm hai cu th lm k-nim:
X-tc lng hi lao thc m,
Sn-h thin c in kim u.
Dch nm:
X-tc hai phen bn nga ,
Non sng thin c vng u vng.

Vua li sai vn-thn ghi-chp cng-trng ca cc tng hp bin lm

quyn sch gi l Trung hng thc lc v li sai th v tranh cc tng treo
gc cng thn.
nh cng xong ri mi xt n ti nhng ngi hng gic. Khi qun
Nguyn ang cng thch, triu thn lm k hai lng, c giy-m i li vi
gic. Sau gic thua chy v bc, triu-nh bt c trp biu hng ca cc
quan. inh-thn mun lc ra tr ti, nhng Thng-hong ngh rng lm ti
nhng tiu-nhn cng v ch, bn sai em t c trp i, cho yn lng mi
ngi. Duy nhng ngi no qu thc l hng vi gic, th mi tr ti; hoc
em cy, hoc x-t. V th bn Trn Kin, Trn vn Lng tuy cht ri,
nhng con chu phi tc h tn-tht i ra h Mai. Cn Trn ch Tc, th vua
ngh tnh cn-thn khng n b h, nhng phi gi l Trn, ngha l bo
nht-nht nh n-b vy.

V n Thng-long vua sai m tic khao th ng tng-s, cho dn-s

m hi vui-v ba ngy, gi l Thi-bnh din-yn.

6. S An Nam Sang Tu Xin Ha.

Qun nh Nguyn sang nh

An-nam tuy thua hai ba phen tht, nhng th nh Nguyn vn mnh lm, m
nc Nam ta snh vi nc Tu li l mt nc nh-mn, c-lp mt mnh,
khng nng ta vo u c; nu c tranh chin mi th s thng-bi cha
bit ra th no, m mun dn li phi lm-than, kh-s . V nhng l y, cho
nn n thng mi nm mu-t (1288) vua Nhn-tng sai quan l thin
Th sang s nh Nguyn, xin theo l cng hin nh xa.

Nhng qun-dn th c th ti c, duy c hai lng Bng-h, Ba im

trc ht theo gic, c lng phi lm binh-lnh, khng khi no c lm
quan.
65

CHNG IX

Th ng cng, pht ti xong ri, Thng-hong v ph Thin-trng,

n thng nm, nm canh-dn (1290) th mt.
Nhn-tng sai s sang co tang v xin phong.

Nh Trn

Thi K Th Hai ( 1293 - 1341 )

8. nh cuc ha-hiu.

T lc Thot Hoan thua v, vua nh

Nguyn thun cho ha-hiu, nhng trong bng vn cha ngui gin, li
mun ct binh sang nh bo th. nh-thn can, xin cho s sang d vua
An-nam sang chu xem , nu khng sang ri hy liu. Nguyn-ch nghe li,
sai Thng-th Trng lp o sang s An-nam. Nhng vua Nhn-tng ly c
c tang khng i. Sai quan l Nguy-n i Php i thay. Nguy-n i Php sang
Tu ni nm sau vua An-nam s sang chu.

I. Trn Anh Tng

1. c Vua Anh Tng
2. Trn Hng o Vng mt
3. Vic nh Ai Lao
4. S Giao Thip Vi Chim Thnh
II. Trn Minh Tng
III. Trn Hin Tng
1. Gic Ngu Hng
2. Gic Ai Lao

Qua nm sau Nguyn-triu khng thy vua An-nam sang, li sai Li-b
thng-th l Lng Tng v L--b thng-th l Trn Phu sang gic Nhntng sang chu.
Nhn-tng khng i, sai s l o t K a vt sang cng Tu.
Nguyn-triu thy vua An-nam khng sang nh kh i binh sang nh, bn bt
giam T K Giang-lng, ri sai Lu quc Kit v cc tng sa-son binhlng, chn ngy pht binh. Li sai Trn ch Tc i theo, v hi Trng sa.
Nhng lc ang sa son, th Nguyn Th-t l Ht-tt-Lit mt, Nguyn
Thnh-tng ln ngi, mi bi vic binh v cho s An-nam l o t K v
nc.

na.

I. Trn Anh Tng (1293-1314)

Nin-hiu: Hng Long

1. c Vua Anh Tng.

Thi t Trn Thuyn ln ngi, tc l vua

Anh Tng.

T nh Nguyn vi nc Nam thng ha, khng c s tranh chin

Anh Tng lc u hay ung ru v m thng hay ln ra ngoi i

chi, c khi b v li phm n.
Mt hm ung ru say n ni Nhn Tng Thng Hong Thin Trng v
kinh, cc quan u ra n rc c, m vua vn nm ng. Thng Hong gin
lm, truyn xa gi lp tc v Thin Trng v h chiu cho bch quan phi v
y hi ngh. Khi Anh Tng tnh ru, bit thng hong v kinh, s hi qu,
vi vng chy ra ngoi cung gp mt ngi hc tr tn l on Nh Hi,
mn tho bi biu dng ln t ti, ri cng vi Nh Hi xung thuyn i
sut m n ph Thin Trng. Thng Hong xem biu ri qu mng mt
lc, v tha li cho Anh Tng. V n kinh s, Anh Tng cho on Nh Hi
lm ng s trung tn, v t y khng ung ru na.
66

nn nhng ngi c ti vn hc nh bn ng Mc nh Chi, ng Nguy-n

Trung Ngn u c thi , ra lm quan gip vic triu nh. Tht l mt thi
rt thnh v i nh Trn vy.

T xa n nay vua An Nam vn c tc ly chm v rng vo i, nhng Anh

Tng khng mun theo tc ny. Mt hm Thng Hong bo Anh Tng rng:
" Dng di nh mnh vn v mnh nh gc ngy xa, nay nh vua phi theo
tc y mi c". Anh Tng tuy vng mnh nhng la khi Thng Hong bn
vic khc, ln i khng cho v. T y, vua An Nam mi khng v mnh na.

2. Trn Hng o Vng mt.

Trong i vua Anh Tng c my

ngi danh tng nh l: Thng Tng Trn Quang Khi, thng trn Chng
Dng ngy trc, mt nm gip ng (1294), v Hng o Vng Trn Quc
Tun, mt ngy 20 thng tm nm canh t (1300).

Tnh vua Anh Tng hay v: thng c lm mt tp Thy Vn Ty Bt, nhng

n lc sp mt em t i khng cho li. S c chp rng khi Anh Tng
au nng, hong hu cho i gi thy tng v lm l- xem s sinh t, Anh
Tng gt i m bo rng: " Thy tng cht u m bit c s cht". Xem
th th bit Anh Tng l mt ng vua hiu tho v li thng minh, cho nn vic
triu chnh thi by gi c cng k lm.

Hng o Vng l mt danh tng nht nc Nam, nh gic

Nguyn c cng to vi nc, c phong lm Thi S, Thng Ph, Thng
Quc Cng, Bnh Bc i Nguyn Sy, Hng o i Vng. Vua li sai
ngi v Vn Kip lm sinh t th ngi ch dinh c ca ngy ng ngy
trc.

Trong triu li c nhng ngi ti gii ht lng gip vic nc. Vn nh bn

ng Trng Hn Siu, v nh ng Phm Ng Lo u l ngi c ti tr c.

Hng o Vng lm quan n i vua Anh Tng th xin v tr s

Vn Kip. Khi ngi sp mt, vua Anh Tng c ng gi n thm, nhn thy
ngi bnh nng, mi hi rng: " Thng ph mt mai khut ni, phng c qun
bc li sang th lm th no? "

Phm Ng Lo l ngi lng Ph ng, huyn M Ho, tnh Hi Dng59, trc

theo Trn Hng o Vng nh gic Nguyn, lp c cng to. Triu nh
trng dng cho lm i tng. Ng Lo tr qun c k lut, i tng hiu nh
ngi nh, vi s tt cng chu cam kh, cho nn vn gi qun ca ng y l
ph t chi binh, nh u c y, thnh mt ngi danh tng nc Nam
ta.

Hng o Vng tu rng: " Nc ta thu xa, Triu V Vng dng

nghip, Hn em binh n nh, V Vng sai dn t sch ng ng,
khng lng tho cho gic chim c, ri em i qun sang chu Khm,
chu Lim nh qun Trng Sa61 dng on binh m nh c, l mt
thi. n i inh, L, nhiu ngi hin lng gip , by gi nc Nam
ang cng, vua ti ng lng, bng dn phn chn; m bn Tu ang lc suy
nhc, cho nn ta p thnh Bnh L (thuc Thi Nguyn) ph c qun nh
Tng, l mt thi. n i nh L, qun Tng sang xm, L sai L
Thng Kit nh mt Khm, Lim, dn n Mai Lnh, qun hng, tng dng,
l c th nh c. K n bn triu, gic Nguyn ko n vy bc bn
mt, may c vua ti ng lng, anh em ha mc, c nc u sc li m
nh, mi bt c tng kia, cng l lng tri gip ta mi c th.

ng Phm Ng Lo gii ngh v, li hay ngh vn, thng ngm bi th

thut hoi sau ny:
Honh so giang sn cp k thu60
Tam qun t h kh thn ngu
Nam nhi v li-u cng danh tri
Tu thnh nhn gian thuyt V hu.
Thi by gi vua hin, ti trung, php tc nghim trang, th ng pht phn
minh, chnh tr khng c iu g h . Vic hc hnh m mang rng ri, cho
By gi thuc tnh Hng Yn
Bi ny c ngi dch ra nm nh sau:
Ngn gio non sng tri my thu
Ba qun hng h kh thn ngu
Cng danh nu cn vng n
Lung thn tai nghe chuyn V hu

59

Ch ny Hng o Vng ni lm: Triu V Vng ng Phin Ngung tc l gn thnh

Qung Chu by gi, m chu Khm, chu Lim th gip gii nc ta. L no i nh Trng Sa
tnh H Nam m li quay tr li chu Khim, chu Lim. Chc hn ngi mnh ngy trc
khng thuc a v c l rng Hng o Vng lc ni chuyn cng t ng l kinh ca
Triu V Vng u bn nc ta by gi, cho nn mi ni nh th chng?

60

61

67

i , k kia cy c trng trn, m ta th cy c on binh; ly on

chng nhau vi trng, php dng binh thng vn phi nh th. Cn nh khi
no qun gic ko n m m, nh gi, nh la, th y li d- chng. Nu n
dng cch dn d, nh tm n l, thong th m khng ham ca dn, khng
cn ly mau vic, th y mi kh tr; th ta nn kn dng tng gii, liu xem
quyn bin, v nh nh c, phi ty c m ng bin, dng binh phi dn lng
nh cha con mt nh, th mi c th nh c. Cch y ct phi t lc bnh
th khoan sc cho dn, lm k su r- bn gc, l ci thut gi nc hay
hn c."

sang phong cnh, c c g Huyn Trn Cng Cha cho vua Chim l Ch
Mn. c t lu Ch Mn cho ngi a vng bc v cc sn vt sang cng
v xin ci. Triu thn c nhiu ngi khng thun. Ch Mn li xin dng
Chu v Chu R lm l- ci, by gi Anh Tng mi quyt thun g.
n thng su nm bnh ng (1306) cho cng cha v Chim Thnh.
Sang nm sau (1307) vua Anh Tng thu nhn hai Chu v Chu R,
i tn l Thun Chu v Ha Chu, ri sai quan l on Nh Hi vo kinh l
v t quan cai tr.

Anh Tng chu li y rt l phi.

Huyn Trn Cng Cha ly Ch Mn cha c mt nm th Ch Mn

mt, m theo tc Chim Thnh, h- khi vua cht, th cc hu phi ha thiu
cht theo.

c my hm th ngi mt, vua cng cc quan ai ny u cm

thng lm.

Anh Tng c tin y, sai Trn Khc Chung, gi mn ting vo thm

tm k a cng cha v.

Hng o Vng thc l ht lng vi vua, vi nc, tuy rng uy

quyn lng ly, m vn gi chc phn lm ti, khng dm iu g kiu ngo.
ang khi qun Nguyn quy nhi-u, ngi cm binh quyn, Thnh Tng, Nhn
Tng cho ngi c chuyn quyn phong tc: tr ra t tc hu tr xung,
cho ngi c phong trc ri mi tu sau. Th m ngi khng dm t tin
phong th ng cho ai c; phm nhng nh giu m ngi c quyn tin go
cp cho qun n, ngi ch phong cho lm gi lan tng m thi, ngha l tng
cho vay lng. Ngi cn thn nh th v vi ai cng tht l cng chnh cho
nn n khi ngi mt, t vua cho ch bch tnh ai cng thng tic. Nhn dn
nhiu ni lp n th phng ghi nh ci cng c ca ngi.

T khi Ch Mn mt ri, Ch Ch ln lm vua Chim Thnh. Nhng

Ch Ch hay phn trc, khng gi nhng iu giao c trc, cho nn nm tn
hi (1311), Anh Tng cng vi Hu V Vng Trn Quc Chn, Nhn Hu
Vng Trn Khnh D phn binh lm ba o sang nh Chim Thnh, bt
c Ch Ch em v An Nam v phong cho ngi em l Ch A B lm
vua Chim Thnh.
Ch Ch v An Nam c phong l Hiu Thun Vng, nhng chng
c bao lu th mt huyn Gia Lm. Vua sai a ha tng. T v sau
nc Chim v nc Nam thnh ra c iu th on mi.

3. Vic nh Ai Lao.

T khi qun nh Nguyn thua chy v Tu ri,

pha bc c yn, nhng pha ty nam c qun Ai Lao thng hay sang
quy nhi-u mn Thanh Ha, Ngh An. Trc vua Nhn Tng thn chinh
i nh gic li sang cp ph. Sau Anh Tng sai tng qun l Phm Ng
Lo i nh ba bn phen na. nh trn no qun Lo cng b git hi rt
nhiu, cho nn t pha Thanh, Ngh, mi c yn.

Nm mu thn (1308) Nhn Tng Thng Hong mt cha Yn T

Sn. Nm gip dn (1314) Anh Tng nhng ngi cho thi t Mnh, ri v
lm Thi Thng Hong ph Thin Trng n nm canh thn (1320) th
mt.
Anh Tng tr v c 21 nm, nhng ngi c 6 nm, th 54 tui.

4. S Giao Thip Vi Chim Thnh.

Nc Chim Thnh i vi
An Nam t ngy nh Trn ln lm vua, hai nc khng c iu g li thi. n
khi Nhn Tng i nh Lo tr v, th b i tu, trc cha V Lm ( lng V
Lm, ph Yn Khnh, tnh Ninh Bnh), sau v An T Sn (huyn Yn Hng,
tnh Qung Yn). Nm tn su (1301) Thng Hong i sang Chim Thnh

II. Trn Minh Tng (1314-1329)

Nin-hiu: i Khnh (1314 - 1323)
Khai Thi (1324 - 1329)

68

ghen nhau vi v c, i t co ra s Trn Nhc ly vng v s vu co cho Trn

Quc Chn. By gi mi r ci tnh oan ca mt ngi trung thn.

Nm gip dn (1314) Thi T Mnh ln ngi lm vua, tc l vua Minh Tng.

Thi by gi lm quan ti triu c on Nh Hi, Phm Ng Lo, Trng Hn
Siu, Mc nh Chi, Nguy-n Trung Ngn, Chu Vn An, v.v... u l nhng
ngi c ti cn tr l c.

Minh Tng lm vua n nm t t (1329), th nhng ngi cho thi t

Vng, ri v lm Thi Thng Hong.

III. Trn Hin Tng (1329-1341)

Trong nc c yn tr; giao hiu vi nc Tu th tuy rng c li

thi v ng phn a gii, nhng i khi vn c ha ho. Duy ch c
nc Chim Thnh t khi Ch Ch cht ri, th ngi Chim c hay sang quy
nhi-u pha nam, cho nn phi dng n can qua. Nm mu ng (1318),
Minh Tng sai Hu V Vng Trn Quc Chn v tng qun Phm Ng Lo
em binh i nh, vua Chim l Ch Nng phi b thnh m chy.

Thi T Vng mi c 10 tui, ln lm vua tc l vua Hin Tng.

Cn nhng vic chnh tr trong nc, th nm t mo (1315), lp l

cm ngi trong h khng c i tha kin nhau; nm bnh thn (1316) duyt
nh vn v quan cp; nm qu hi (1323) m khoa thi Thi Hc Sinh; nm y
li cm qun s khng c v mnh nh trc. Nc ta b thi v mnh t
y.

1. Gic Ngu Hng.

Nin-hiu: Khai Hu

Hin Tng ch lm vua ly v m thi, quyn chnh c tay Minh Tng Thng
Hong, cho nn tuy ngi c lm vua c non 13 nm, nhng khng c t
ch vic g.
Minh Tng Thng Hong va nhng ngi
xong, th mn Giang c Mng Ngu Hng lm lon. Thng Hong
phi thn chinh i nh. Ngi Ngu Hng tri Chim Chiu a th n
gi xin hng. Nhng khi o qun Thanh Ha i n ni, th b ngi tri
y ra nh, phi thua chy. Thng hong em i binh tin ln, thanh th
lng ly, qun Ngu Hng b chy c vo rng. Qun gic tuy thua nhng
khng tr ht c, mi n nm inh su (1377) tng nh Trn l Hng
Hiu Vng chm c th ng Ngu Hng tri Trnh K, th gic y mi
yn.

Minh Tng vn l ng vua c lng nhn hu, hay thng yu nhn

dn, nhng ch v nghe nnh thn cho nn git oan Hu V Vng Trn Quc
Chn, l ngi lm quan c cng vi nc.
Trn Quc Chn l thn sinh ra hong hu v li c cng i nh
Chim Thnh thng trn my ln. Nhng v Hong Hu cha c hong t,
triu thn phn ra lm 2 ng, mt ng th c Vn Hin Hu v Trn Khc
Chung, xin lp hong t Vng l con b th, lm thi t. Mt ng th c
Trn Quc Chn xin ch cho hong hu c con trai ri s lp thi t.

2. Gic Ai Lao.

Trong khi gic Ngu Hng cn ang quy nhi-u, gic Ai

Lao li sang nh ph. Nm gip tut (1384) Minh Tng Thng Hong li
phi thn chinh i nh. Sai ng Nguy-n Trung Ngn vo Thanh Ha sung
chc Pht Vn S vn lng i trc, Thng Hong em i qun vo sau.
Khi i qun vo n Kim Chu (thuc huyn Tng Dng, Ngh An), qun
Ai Lao nghe ting u b chy c.

Sau Vn Hin Hu cho tn Trn Nhc l y t ca Trn Quc Chn

mt trm lng vng xi n vu co cho Quc Chn lm mu phn. Minh Tng
bt Quc Chn em giam cha T Phc.

Thng Hong bn sai ng Nguy-n Trung Ngn lm bi bia khc trn

ni ghi cng. Bi bia y ch to bng bn tay, khc vo su mt tc, n
nay vn cn.

Trn Khc Chung xin vua tr Quc Chn i, ly l rng bt h th d-,

th h th kh. Minh Tng nghe li y, cm khng cho Quc Chn n ung g
c, n i kht nc qu, Hong Hu phi ly o nhng xung nc ri mc
vo vt ra cho ung. Ung xong th cht. Sau c ngi v l tn Trn Nhc
69

Vn bi bia y dch ra ch nm nh sau ny:

Hin Tng lm vua n nm tn t (1341) th mt, tr v c 13 nm,

th 23 tui.

"Chng nghiu Vn trit Thi thng hong l vua th su i nh Trn, nc

Hong Vit chu mnh tri nht thng ci trung h, trong t ngoi b u
cng thn phc. Nc Ai Lao nh mn kia dm ngnh vng ha; cui ma
thu nm t hi vua thn em su qun i tun ci ty, Th t nc Chim
Thnh, nc Chn Lp, nc Tim La v t tr ng cc do mn l Qu, Cm,
Xa, Lc, t tr ng r B Man mi ph v cc b Mn Thanh xa u mang
phng vt tranh nhau n n rc. Ch c tn nghch Bng c gi m ti,
s phi ti cha li chu ngay. Cui ma ng vua ng qun cnh ng
C, thuc chu Mt, sai cc tng v qun r mi vo tn nc, nghch Bng
theo gi chy trn. Vua mi xung chiu em qun v. Lc by gi l ngy
thng chp nhun nm t hi, nin hiu Khai Hu th 7, khc vo ".
Xem vn t th hnh nh vic Minh Tng Thng Hong i nh Ai
Lao tht l hng hch lm, nhng c s thc th qun ta by gi cha ra khi
ci, m gic Ai Lao th cha tr c. Cn nh vic th t nc Chn Lp v
nc Tim La, v.v.... sang chu, th thit t ng y l mt li lm vn ca nh
lm bia ni cho trn trng m thi, ch cha chc hp vi s thc.
Nm sau qun Ai Lao li sang cp p Nam Nhung (thuc huyn
Tng Dng, tnh Ngh An). Minh Tng thng hong li ng gi i nh
ln na. Ngi sai quan Kinh Lc i S tnh Ngh An l on Nh Hi lm
c ch qun. on Nh Hi khi qun lo hn yu, chc nh l tt
c. n khi em qun n p Nam Nhung qua sng Tit La, chng may
phi hm c sng m, b phc binh ca Lo ra nh, quan qun thua chy
c xung sng, cht ui nhiu lm. on Nh Hi cng cht ui.
Xt ra nc Ai Lao sang quy nhi-u t An Nam t i vua Nhn
Tng v vua Anh Tng. Quan qun phi i nh nhiu ln, nhng ln no
nh xong th cng ch yn c vi ba nm, ri gic li sang nh ph.
M quan qun c i nh th cng nh cho n ng sang n cp t mnh
na m thi, ch khng c lc no nh chim gi t Lo c. C l l ti t
Lo nhiu rng lm ni, phi sn lam thy chng, ng s xa si, vn ti
kh nhc, cho nn qun ta khng c lu. Cn ngi Lo th h thuc
ng s, quen phong th, tin thoi ty tin; thng trn th h tin ln nh,
bi trn th h rt qun i, mnh khng bit u m ui. B i th cho nn
qun ta vn nh c gic m gic vn cn, thnh ra c phi i nh mi.
70

CHNG X

I. Trn D Tng (1341-1369)

Nin-hiu: Thiu Phong (1341 - 1357)

i Tr ( 1358-1369)

Nh Trn - Thi K Th Ba ( 1341 - 1400 )

I. Trn D Tng
1. Vic chnh tr
2. Vic giao thip vi nc Tu
3. Vic giao thip vi Chim Thnh
4. Dng Nht LII. Trn Ngh Tng
III. Trn Du Tng
1. Vic chnh tr
2. S thi c
3. Vic nh Chim Thnh
IV. Trn Ph
1. Chim Thnh sang ph Thng Long
2. Tnh th nc Nam
3. Nh Minh sch nhi-u
4. Ngh Tng tht chnh
5. L Qu Ly git Hi-n
V. Trn Thun Tng
1. Phm S n kh i lon
2. Ch Bng Nga t trn
3. L Qu Ly chuyn quyn
4. Ngh Tng mt
VI. L Qu Ly mu s thon ot
1. Vic ti chnh
2. Vic hc hnh
3. Vic cai tr
4. Lp Ty
5. S ph lp: Trn Thiu

1. Vic Chnh Tr.

Hin Tng khng c con, Minh Tng thng hong

lp ngi em tn l Ho ln lm vua, tc l vua D Tng.

Trong nhng nm Thiu Phong, l mi my nm u, tuy D Tng

lm vua, nhng quyn chnh tr Minh Tng thng hong quyt on c, cho
nn du c phi my nm tai bin mt ma i kh, nhng vic chnh tr cn
c th t. T nm i Tr nguyn nin (1358) tr i, Thng Hong mt ri,
bn cu thn nh ng Trng Hn Siu, ng Nguy-n Trung Ngn cng mt c,
t vic chnh tr b tr- ni. K gian thn mi ngy mt c ch. ng Chu
Vn An l mt nh danh nho thi by gi v ang lm quan ti triu, thy
chnh tr bi hoi, lm s dng ln xin chm by ngi quyn thn. Vua khng
nghe, ng y b quan v ni Ch Linh.
Vua D Tng v sau c ru ch chi bi, xy cung in, o h p
ni, ri li cho gi nhng ngi nh giu vo trong in nh bc. Bt
vng hu cng cha phi t chuyn ht tung62 v bt cc quan thi nhau
ung ru, ai ung ru c mt trm thng th th ng cho hai trt.
Chnh s nh th, cho nn gic cp ni ln nh ong dy: mn Hi
Dng th c gic Ng B lm lon ni Yn Ph; cc ni th ch no cng
c gic ni ln cp ph. Dn tnh kh s , nm no cng phi i km. C
nghip nh Trn bt u suy t y.

2. Vic Giao Thip Vi Nc Tu.

By gi bn Tu, nh
Nguyn suy, trong nc ri lon, c bn Trn Hu Lng, Trng S Thnh,
Chu Nguyn Chng kh i binh nh ph.

Khi qun nh Trn nh c qun nh Nguyn, c bt c mt tn ht bi l L Nguyn Ct,

sau n li nc ta ly c truyn m t thnh bi tung, ri dy ngi mnh ht. Khi con ht ra
lm tr th mc o gm, o vc, theo nhp n nhp trng m ht. S ht tung ca Vit Nam bt
u t y.
62

71

Chu Nguyn Chng dy binh t T Chu (tnh An Huy), chim gi

thnh Kim Lng, ri trong 15 nm dt c nh Nguyn dp yn thin h,
dng nn c nghip nh Minh.

4. Dng Nht L- (1369 - 1370).

Nm k du (1369), vua D
Tng mt, khng c con. Triu nh nh lp Cung nh Vng l anh D
Tng ln lm vua, nhng m b Hong Thi Hu nht nh lp ngi con nui
ca Cung Tc Vng l Dng Nht L-.

Nm mu thn (1368) Minh Thi T sai s a th sang d nc ta,

D Tng sai quan L- B Th Lang l o Vn ch sang cng.

Nguyn m Nht L- l ngi con ht, ly ngi ht bi tn l Dng

Khng, c thai ri mi b Dng Khng m ly Cung Tc Vng, sinh ra
Nht L-. Nay ln lm vua, Nht L- mun ci h l Dng dt ngi nh
Trn, ri git b Hong Thi Hu v Cung nh Vng.

Nc Nam ta by gi tuy suy nhc, nhng m nh Minh mi nh

xong thin h, cn phi sa sang vic nc, cha dm n nc mnh, cho
nn cng cha c vic g quan trng lm.

3. Vic Giao Thip Vi Chim Thnh.

T khi vua nc Chim

Thnh l Ch A Nan mt ri, con l Ch M v r l B tranh nhau lm
vua. Ngi Chim Thnh b Ch M m theo B ; qua nm nhm thn
(1352) Ch M chy sang An Nam cu cu.

By gi Cung Tnh Vng ch Kinh S cng s b hi, v li tnh kh

cng nhu nhc, khng c tranh cnh, mi b trn ln mn Giang. Cc
quan Tn tht nh Trn mi hi nhau em binh v bt Nht L- git i, ri rc
Cung Tnh Vng v lm vua. Tc l vua Ngh Tng.

n nm qu t (1353) D Tng cho qun a Ch M v nc,

nhng quan qun i n t C Ly (thuc Qung Ngha) th b qun Chim
nh thua, phi chy tr v. Ch M cng bun ru chng bao lu th cht.

II. Trn Ngh Tng (1370-1372)

Nin-hiu: Thiu Khnh

Khi Ngh Tng git Nht L- ri, m Nht L- chy sang Chim Thnh, xin vua
nc y l Ch Bng Nga em qun sang nh An Nam. Qun Chim vc
b vo ca i An, ko ln nh Thng Long. Quan qun nh khng ni.
Ngh Tng phi lnh mnh chy sang ng Ngn ( C Php lng nh Bng).
Qun Chim vo thnh, t sch cung in, bt n b con gi, ly ht cc
bu ngc, ri rt qun v.

Ngi Chim Thnh t y c th c sang cp ph t An Nam.

Nm inh mi (1367), D Tng sai Trn Th Hng v T Bnh i
nh Chim Thnh. Quan qun i n Chim ng (thuc ph Thng Bnh,
tnh Qung Nam) b phc qun ca Chim Thnh nh bt mt Trn Th
Hng, T Bnh em qun chy tr v.

Ngh Tng l mt ng vua nhu nhc, vic g cng cho ngi ngoi thch
l L Qu Ly quyt on c.

Ngi Chim thy binh th nc Nam suy nhc, c khinh d-, cho
nn qua nm mu thn (1368) vua nc Chim cho s sang i t Ha Chu.
Vic i Ha Chu ny th s ch chp qua i m thi. V by gi nc
Nam ta, vua D Tng ch lo vic hoang chi, khng t ng g n vic V b;
m bn Chim Thnh th c Ch Bng Nga, l mt ng vua anh hng, c
nh An Nam ra nhng th trc. Vy cho nn ht sc tp trn, luyn
binh; bt qun lnh phi chu kh nhc cho quen, dn trn voi cho tin ng
lui ti: thng th cho voi i trc xng t, bi th cho voi i sau ngn gi
qun nghch. Nh cch xp t c th t, dng binh c k lut nh th, cho
nn qun Chim Thnh t mnh lm, sau dnh ph thnh Thng Long my
ln, lm cho vua ti nh Trn phi knh s my phen.

Qu Ly l dng di ngi Chit Giang bn Tu, t l H Hng Dt, t i

Ng Qu sang nc ta, lng Bo t, huyn Qunh Lu. Sao ng t t i
l H Lim di ra Thanh Ha, lm con nui nh L Hun, cho nn mi i
h l L. L Qu Ly c hai ngi c ly vua Minh Tng. Mt ngi sinh ra
vua Ngh Tng, mt ngi sinh ra vua Du Tng. V th cho nn Ngh Tng
cng tin dng lm, phong cho lm Khu Mt i S, li gia tc Trung Tuyn
Hu.
72

Nm nhm t (1372) Ngh Tng truyn ngi cho em l Knh, ri v ph Thin

Trng lm Thi Thng Hong.

Quan thng ging nm inh t (1377) mi tin qun vo ca Th Ni

(tc l ca Quy Nhn) nh ly n Thch Kiu v ng K Mang, ri ko
qun n nh thnh Bn l Kinh Chim Thnh63.

III. Trn Du Tng (1372-1377)

Ch Bng Nga lp n gi ngoi thnh, ri cho ngi sang gi hng

ni Ch Bng Nga b thnh chy trn ri, ch cn c thnh khng m thi,
xin tin binh sang ngay. Du Tng ly iu y lm tht, h lnh truyn tin
binh vo thnh. i tng l L- can mi vua khng nghe. Khi qun gn
n thnh Bn, qu nhin b qun Chim ra vy nh. Quan qun thua
to; Du Tng cht trn, tng s qun lnh cht mi phn n by tm.

Nin-hiu: Long Khnh

1. Vic Chnh Tr.

Thi T Knh ln ngi, tc l vua Du Tng, lp L

Th lm hong hu (L Th l em h Qu Ly).
Du Tng c tnh quyt on hn Ngh Tng, nhng m quyn bnh vn tay
Ngh Tng thng hong c.

By gi T Bnh lnh hu qun khng em binh ln cu, L Qu Ly

cng b chy v. Th m hai ngi v kinh, Ngh Tng thng hong ch
ging T Bnh xung lm lnh m thi.

By gi qun Chim Thnh c sang quy nhi-u mi, vua Du Tng

quyt i nh bo th, bn h chiu luyn tp qun lnh, lm chin thuyn,
v tch lng tho phng vic chinh chin, ri t thm qun hiu, cho Qu
Ly lm Tham mu qun s; di t Hoan Chu lm Ngh An, Di-n Chu lm
Di-n Chu L, Lm Bnh Ph lm Tn Bnh Ph, ri sai quan bt dn sa sang
ng s t Cu Chn (Thanh Ha) cho n huyn H Hoa (tc l huyn K
Anh by gi).

IV. Trn Ph (1377-1388)

Nin-hiu: Xng Ph

Thng Hong c tin Du Tng cht trn ri, bn lp con Du Tng l Hi-n
ln ni ngi, tc l vua Ph .

2. S Thi C.

Tuy by gi lo vic v b nhiu, nhng cng khng qun

vic vn hc; nm gip dn (1374) m khoa thi tin s, ly hn 50 ngi cho
o mo vinh quy. Trc vn c thi thi hc sinh, n by gi mi i ra l thi
tin s.

1. Chim Thnh Sang Ph Thng Long.

Qun Chim Thnh

ph c qun An Nam v git c Du Tng ri, qua thng sau em qun
sang nh Thng Long. Thng hong nghe tin gic n, sai tng ra gi i
An hi khu. Gic bit ch y c phng b, i vo ca Thn Ph (sng Chnh
i, thuc huyn Yn M, Ninh Bnh) ri ln cp ph thnh Thng Long,
khng ai chng gi c.

3. Vic nh Chim Thnh.

Nm bnh thn (1376) qun Chim li

sang ph Ha Chu. Du Tng nh thn chinh i nh. nh thn can
khng c. Sai qun dn Thanh Ha, Ngh An, vn ti 5 vn thch lng
vo Ho chu, ri rc Thng Hong ln duyt binh Bch Hc. Nhn nm
y vua Chim Thnh l Ch Bng Nga em sang cng 15 mm vng, qun trn
th Ha chu tn l T Bnh ly i, ri dng s v ni rng Ch Bng Nga
ngo mn v l-, xin vua c binh sang nh. c tin y, Du Tng quyt i
nh; sai Qu Ly c vn lng thc n ca b Di Lun (thuc huyn Bnh
Chnh, Qung Bnh) v t lnh 12 vn qun, c thy b cng tin; i n ca
b Nht L ( lng ng Hi, huyn Phong Lc, Qung Bnh) ng li mt
thng luyn tp s tt.

Thng nm nm mu ng (1378) qun Chim Thnh li sang nh t Ngh

An, ri li vo sng i Hong ln nh Thng Long ln na.
Qun Chim Thnh bit nc Nam suy nhc, c sang cp ph. Nm canh
thn (1380) li sang ph t Thanh Ha, Ngh An. Vua sai L Qu Ly lnh
thy binh, T Bnh lnh b binh vo gi Ngu Giang, huyn Hong Ha
(Thanh Ha). L Qu Ly nh ui c qun Chim v. n nm nhm tut
(1382) qun Chim li sang nh t Thanh Ha. L Qu Ly cng vi tng
63

73

Thnh Bn by gi hy cn di tch huyn Tuy Vi-n, tnh Khnh Ha.

qun Nguy-n a Phng gi bn Thn u (Ninh Bnh). Nguy-n a

Phng ph c qun Chim, ui nh n t Ngh An mi thi.

vi vua bt mi sut inh mi nm phi ng 3 quan tin thu. Thu thn sinh
ra t y.

T khi nh c trn Ngu Giang v trn Thn u, qun th An Nam hi

ni, cho nn sang thng ging nm qu hi (1383). Thng hong sai Qu Ly
vo n Li B Nng Loan (tc l ca Nng Loan by gi huyn K Anh,
H Tnh) phi bo nh nt mt nhiu thuyn, li phi rt qun v.

3. Nh Minh Sch Nhi-u.

bn Tu th by gi nh Minh dt
c nh Nguyn, li c dm t An Nam. Thng thng cho s i li
sch ci n, i ci kia; nm gip t (1384) Minh Thi T cho s sang bt An
Nam phi cp 5000 thch lng cho qun nh Minh ng Vn Nam. Nm
sau (1385) li cho s sang em 20 tng nhn An Nam v Kim Lng, ri li i
phi cng cy qu, phi np lng, ch l xem tnh th nc Nam ra th
no.

Qua thng su nm y, Ch Bng Nga cng vi tng l La Khi em qun i

ng sn l ra ng Khng Mc, t Qung Oai. kinh s nghe tin gic
Chim li sang, Thng hong sai tng l Mt n ra gi chu Tam K a
ht Quc Oai, nhng Mt n b qun Chim nh bt mt. Thng Hong s
hi, sai Nguy-n a Phng li kinh s lm n gi thnh, ri cng vi vua
chy sang ng Ngn. By gi c ngi nu thuyn li xin Thng hong c
li kinh s m chng gi vi gic. Thng hong khng nghe.

4. Ngh Tng Tht Chnh.

Vua Ngh Tng tuy gi quyn chnh tr,

nhng vic g cng do L Qu Ly. Triu nh th ch c mt xu nnh, ngi
no cng ch lo ly thn m thi, vic nc an nguy th no khng ai lo ngh
n. Nhng ngi tn tht nh Trn Nguyn n65 thy quc chnh r ri, xin
v tr s. Mt hm Thng hong n thm bn n hu s, Nguyn n tu
rng: " Xin b h th nh Minh nh cha, yu nc Chim Thnh nh con, th
quc gia s khng vic g, m lo thn cht cng khng hm !" y l ch bn
nhng chuyn lm ti t m thi, ch khng c ch mun cho nc mnh
cng thnh. Nguyn n bit rng Qu Ly sau ny tt cp ngi nh Trn,
bn kt lm thng gia, v th cho nn sau dng di nh Trn cht c, duy ch
c con ci nh Nguyn n c ph qu m thi.

Qun Chim Thnh by gi ra vo nc Nam ta nh i vo ch khng

ngi, cho nn trong my nm m vo ph kinh thnh 3 ln; ba ln thng
hong cng Hi-n phi b thnh m chy. Th m n khi gic v ri, cng
khng sa sang g phng b v sau, tht l lm nhc ci ting con chu Trn
Hng o Vng.

2. Tnh Th Nc Nam.

Trong nc by gi dn tnh i kh, nh

vua th s gic phi a ca i chn trn ni Thin Kin, tc l ni Kin Kh,
huyn Thanh Lim. ngoi b ci th ngi Chim hay vo nh ch ny,
mai vo ph ch khc, nh nc mi ngy mt hn yu, n ni phi nh n
l tng nhn l bn i Nn Thin S i nh gic Chim.

Ngh Tng Thng Hong th c m mt, khng bit ai trung ai nnh,

vn t ng l L Qu Ly ht lng vi nh vua, bn cho L Qu Ly gm v c
c ch rng: "Vn V Ton Ti, Qun Thn ng c". L Qu Ly lm
th nm dng t.

Thu m th cng ngy cng nng. Trc dn An Nam c phi nh

nghch chu thu, sng khng k, cht khng tr, ai lm lnh, th c i ch
phi lm lnh, ch khng bao gi c lm quan. Cn nhng ngi c in
th th phi ng tin, ai khng c g th thi. Khi no c binh s, th nhng
ngi c rung, c ng du, hay l c m c phi chu thc, tin v vi,
cho qun dng. n nay gic gi lun, kho tng trng thc, T Bnh64 xin

5. L Qu Ly Mu Git Hi-n.

By gi Hi-n thy Thng

hong yu dng Qu Ly, mi bn vi cc quan thy rng nu khng tr i ri
sau tt thnh ra v to. Qu Ly bit mu y, n ku van vi Thng hong
rng: " C lai ch b chu nui con, ch cha thy ai b con nui chu bao
gi". Thng hong nghe li, xung chiu trch Hi-n cn tnh tr con v
li c hi k cng thn, lm nguy x tc; vy phi ging xung lm Minh c
i Vng, v lp Chiu nh Vng l con Ngh Tng ln ni ngi.

T Bnh trc i nh Chim Thnh c ti phi y i lm lnh. Nay khng bit lm th no

c phc chc.
64

65

74

Trn Nguyn n l chu tng tn Trn Quang Khi.

Qua thng mi mt, qun Chim li vo sng Hong gian, Thng

hong sai quan tng l Trn Kht Chn67 em binh i chng gi vi gic.
Trn Kht Chn khc v ly ri ra i, Thng hong cng khc. Xem th th
bit vua ti nh Trn, by gi ly qun Chim thnh lm khip s lm.

Khi t chiu y b co ra ngoi, c my ngi tng qun toan a

qun vo in cu Hi-n ra, nhng vua vit hai ch "gii gip" v khng cho
c tri mnh ca Thng hong. Sau Hi-n b tht c cht, cn nhng
tng s ng mu git Qu Ly u b hi c.

Trn Kht Chn em qun n Hong Giang xem khng c ch no

ng qun c tin li, bn rt v ng sng Hi Triu ( vo a phn
Huyn Hng Nhn, tnh Thi Bnh v huyn Tin L, tnh Hng Yn, tc l
sng Luc).

V. Trn Thun Tng (1388-1398)

Nin-hiu: Quang Thi

1. Phm S n kh i lon.

Ngh Tng Thng Hong nghe Qu

Ly m git Hi-n ri lp ngi con t ca mnh l Chiu nh Vng ln
lm vua, tc l vua Thun Tng.

n thng ging nm canh ng (1390) Ch Bng Nga i thuyn n

xem hnh th qun ca Trn Kht Chn. By gi c thng y t ca Ch Bng
Nga c ti, s phi git, chy sang hng vi Trn Kht Chn. Nhn khi Ch
Bng Nga em hn 100 chic thuyn n gn tri ca qun nh Trn ng, tn
y t y ch ci thuyn ca Ch Bng Nga cho Kht Chn. Kht Chn mi
truyn ly sng bn vo thuyn y. Ch Bng Nga trng phi n cht.

By gi trong triu th L Qu Ly chuyn quyn, chn nhng chn tay

cai qun cc i qun lm vy cnh, ngoi cc trn th gic gi ni ln
nhiu lm. Thanh Ha c tn Nguy-n Thanh t xng l Linh c Vng
lm lon Lng Giang; tn Nguy-n K t xng l L Vng lm lon Nng
Cng. Quc Oai th c ngi s tn l Phm S n ni ln em qun v
nh Kinh S. Thng Hong, Thun Tng v Triu nh phi b chy ln Bc
giang. Phm S n ly c Kinh s, ba ngy ri rt v Quc Oai. By gi
c tng qun l Hong Phng Th ng Hong Giang66 phng gi qun
Chim Thnh, nghe tin S n phm t Kinh s mi em qun v nh ln bt
c S n v ph tan gic y.

Quan qun ra nh, qun Chim thy quc vng cht u b

chy c. Quan qun nh ui ri ct ly u Ch Bng Nga em v dng
triu nh. Thng Hong thy u Ch Bng Nga, t v mnh nh Hn Cao
T thy u Hng V, rt l vui v. on ri nh cng th ng tc cc tng
s.
Tng Chim Thnh l La Khi em xc Ch Bng Nga ha tng xong ri, dem
qun tr v nc, chim ly ngi vua Chim Thnh. Hai ngi con Ch Bng
Nga phi chy sang hng An Nam, u c phong tc hu c.

2. Ch Bng Nga T Trn.

Nm k t (1389) Ch Bng Nga li em

qun ra nh Thanh Ha. Vua sai L Qu Ly em binh vo chng gi lng
C V. Quan qun ng cc ngn sng ra gi nhau vi gic hn 20 ngy.
Gic bn phc binh, ri gi tng rt qun v. L Qu Ly em qun thy b
ui nh, b phc binh ca gic ra nh, git hi mt nhiu. Qu Ly trn
chy v kinh ngi t tng l Phm Kh Vnh, v tng qun l Nguy-n
a Phng chng nhau vi gic Ngu Giang. Bn Nguy-n a Phng thy
qun mnh yu th, gi tng by c gin thuyn ra ri n m rt qun v.

66

3. L Qu Ly Chuyn Quyn.

T khi gic Chim yn, L Qu

Ly cng ngy cng kiu hnh. Bao nhiu nhng ngi m khng tng phc
mnh th xui Thng hong git i; hong t, thn vng u b git hi. M
Thng hong th c tin Qu Ly mt cch l lng. S phu c ngi dng s tu
vi Thng hong rng Qu Ly c mun dm c nghip nh Trn, th
Thng hong li a s cho Qu Ly xem, cho nn nhng ngi trung thn
khng ai ni nng g na.

Hong Giang l khc sng Hng H v huyn Nam Xang, H Nam.

67

75

Trn Kht Chn l dng di Trn Bnh Trng.

Vic rung t th khi trc nhng nh tn tht c sai y t ra ch t

bi ngoi b, p mt vi nm cho ht nc mn, ri khai khn thnh
rung, t trang. Nay Qu Ly lp l rng tr nhng bc i vng, cng
cha ra, th nhng ngi th dn khng c c hn 10 mu, ai c tha ra th
phi a np quan, v ai c ti th c php ly rung m chuc ti.

Uy quyn ca Qu Ly mt ngy mt to, vy cnh mt ngy mt nhiu,

Thng hong sau tnh dn dn li bit ly lm s, nhng chm lm ri, th
khng sao c na; mi bt ngi v ci tranh t ph cho Qu Ly. Trong
tranh y v ng Chu cng gip vua Thnh Vng, ng Hoc Quang gip vua
Chiu , ng Gia Ct Lng gip vua Hu Ch, ng T Hin Thnh gip vua
L Cao Tng, ri bo Qu Ly rng nh ngi gip con trm cng nn nh th.
Mt hm Thng hong gi Qu Ly vo trong in m bo rng: "Nh ngi l
thn tc, cho nn bao nhiu vic nc, trm u y thc cho c; nay quc th
suy nhc, trm th gi ri; ngy sau con trm c nn gip th gip, khng th
nh ngi t lm ly". Thng hong bt chc cu y ca ng Lu B ni
vo ng Khng Minh ngy trc, t ng mua chuc c lng Qu Ly.

2. Vic Hc Hnh.

T trc th php thi khng c nh vn th; by

gi nh li lm t trng vn th v b thi m t; nht trng lm bi kinh
ngha; nh trng lm bi thi ph; tam trng lm chiu, ch, biu; t trng
lm bi vn sch. Cn nh k thi, th nm trc thi Hng, nm sau thi Hi, ai
trng Hi th vo thi mt bi vn sch na nh cao thp.

Qu Ly c i m, khu u khc lc m th rng: "Nu h thn khng

ht lng, ht sc gip nh vua, th tri tru t dit. V ngy trc Linh c
Vng (tc l Ph ) c lng lm hi, nu khng c uy linh ca b h, th nay
ngm ci di t, cn u ngy nay na m mi thn nghin ct bo
n vn nht! Vy h thn u c g khc, xin b h t lng y cho v ng
lo g ! "

Nhng quan lm gio chc cc l, ph, chu th c cp rung;

nh cc l th c quan c h; ph v chu ln th cc quan gio th c
rung 15 mu, ph v chu va th c 12 mu, ph v chu nh th
c 10 mu.

3. Vic Cai Tr.

trong triu th Qu Ly nh li phm phc ca cc

quan; nht phm mc o sc ta; nh phm sc ; tam phm sc hng; t
phm sc lc; ng lc, tht phm sc bic; bt, cu phm sc sanh; v phm
v hong n68 sc trng.

VI. L Qu Ly Mu S Thon ot
Ngh Tng mt ri, Qu Ly ln lm Ph Chnh Thi S vo trong
in, dch thin V Du ra ch Nm dy vua v bt ngi ta gi l Ph
Chnh Cai Gio Hong .

ngoi th ci cc l lm trn, v t thm quan chc l, ph, v.v.... Thanh

Ha i ra Thanh Trn; Quc Oai l Qung Oai Trn; Giang L l
Thin Hng Trn; Ngh An L l Lm An Trn; Trng An L l Thin Quan
Trn; Di-n Chu L l Vng Giang Trn; Lng Sn Ph l Lng Sn Trn; Tn
Bnh Ph l Ty Bnh Trn. V b cc ti x, ch qun gip nh c m thi.

T y Qu Ly c chuyn lm mi vic chc ng thon ot.

Vic trong nc, Qu Ly xp t li c, hoc mua chuc ly nhng ngi
vy cnh.

cc l, ph, chu, huyn th t li quan chc. L th t chnh ph An ph

s; ph th t chnh ph Trn Ph S; chu th t Thng phn, Thim phn;
huyn th t Lnh y, Ch B. L coi ph coi chu, chu coi huyn. L no
cNg phi c mt tp s sch v nhng vic inh, in, kin tng, n cui
nm th v Kinh k cu.

1. Vic Ti Chnh.

Qu Ly t ra mt cch lm tin giy thu tin ca

dn: T giy n 10 ng, th v cy ru b; n 30 ng th v ci sng; n mt
tin, th v m my; hai tin th v con ra; ba tin th v con ln; nm tin th
v con phng; mt quan th v con rng. H- ai lm giy gi th phi ti
chm. Khi c du ng ri th pht ra bt dn phi tiu, cn bao nhiu tin
ng th thu np nh vua; ai m du gim th phi ti nh l ti lm giy gi
vy.

68

76

Hong N l y t nh quan.

CHNG XI

4. Lp Ty .

Qu Ly nh di Kinh vo Thanh Ha cho d- ng

thon ot, bn sai quan vo xy thnh Ty ng Yn Tn (nay cn di
tch x Yn Tn, huyn Vnh Lc, tc gi l Ty Giai). n nm bnh t
(1396) Qu Ly bt Thun Tng phi di kinh v Ty Qua thng ba nm
sau, Qu Ly lp mu cho ngi o s vo trong cung xui Thun Tng nhng
ngi m i tu tin. Thun Tng phi nhng ngi cho con, ri i tu tin cung
Bo Thanh ti ni i Li (thuc huyn Vnh Lc, Thanh Ha).

Nh H
( 1400 - 1407 )

I. H Qu Ly
II. H Hn Thng
1. Vic v b
2. S su thu
3. Vic hc hnh
4. Vic giao thip vi Chim Thnh
5. Vic giao thip vi nh Minh
6. Nh Minh nh h H
7. Thnh a Bang tht th
8. Trn Mc Phm Giang
9. Trn Hm T Quan
10. H H phi bt

5. S Ph Lp: Trn Thiu (1398 - 1400).

Qu Ly bt
Thun Tng nhng ngi ri, lp Thi T l n ln lm vua. Thi t by gi
mi c 3 tui, tc l Thiu , nin hiu l Kin Tn.
L Qu Ly lm ph chnh t xng lm Khm c Hng Lit i
Vng, ri sai ngi git Thun Tng i.
By gi triu nh c nhng ngi nh l Thi Bo Trn Nguyn Hng,
Thng tng qun l Trn Kht Chn lp hi mu tr Qu Ly, chng may
s l ra, b git n hn 370 ngi69.
L Qu Ly li xng l Quc T Chng Hong, cung Nhn Th, ra
vo dng nghi v ca Thin T. n thng hai nm canh thn (1400) Qu Ly
b Thiu ri t xng lm vua thay ngi nh Trn.

I. H Qu Ly ( 1400 )

Nh Trn lm vua nc Nam ta k t Trn Thi Tng n Trn Thiu

, vi 12 ng vua, c 175 nm, cng vic trong nc sa sang c nhiu,
chnh tr lut l u chnh n li, hc hnh thi c th m mang rng thm ra.
Li chng vi nh Nguyn gi c giang sn, ly t Chim Thnh m thm
b ci, tht l c cng vi nc Nam. Nhng ch c iu lun thng trong
nh th by: c chu, anh em, trong h c ly ln nhau, tht l tri vi th tc.

Nin-hiu: Thnh Nguyn

Qu Ly b Thiu , nhng v tnh chu ngoi cho nn khng git, ch
ging xung lm Bo Ninh i Vng, ri t xng lm , i h l H.
Nguyn h H l dng di nh Ngu bn Tu, cho nn Qu Ly t quc hiu l
i Ngu.

Cn nh c nghip nh Trn xiu l ti vua Du Tng v vua Ngh

Tng. D Tng th hoang chi, khng chu lo g n vic nc v li lm lon
c cng k n ni dn ngho nc yu. Ngh Tng th khng bit phn
bit hin gian k quyn thn c th lm lon, thnh ra t mnh ni gio
cho gic, t mnh lm hi nh mnh vy.

69

By gi vua Chim Thnh l La Khi mi mt, con l Ba ch Li mi

ni nghip, Qu Ly nhn dp y sai tng l Mn lm thy qun tng,
Trn Tng lm b qun tng lnh 15 vn qun i nh Chim Thnh.
Nhng Trn Tng em qun i ng ni sang gn t Chim Thnh, cch
thy qun xa, hai bn khng tip ng c nhau, thnh ra b qun thiu lng
phi rt v. Trn Tng v phi ti, y ra lm lnh.

Nay Thanh Ha c nhiu ni lm n th Trn Kht Chn.

77

Qu Ly lm vua cha c mt nm, mun bt chc tc nh Trn,

nhng ngi cho con l H Hn Thng ri lm Thi Thng Hong cng
coi vic nc.

2. Vic Su Thu.

Nhng thuyn i bun bn u phi chu thu c.

Nhng thuyn hng nht mi chic phi 5 quan, hng nh 4 quan, hng ba 3
quan.
Thu in th ngy trc nh Trn nh thu rung t mi mu ba
thng thc, rung du mi mu hoc 9 quan, hoc 7 quan. Thu inh th mi
ngi phi ng 3 quan. Nay nh H nh li: rung t in th phi ng 5
thng; cn rung du th chia ra lm 3 hng: hng nht 5 quan, hng nh 4
quan, hng ba 3 quan. Thu inh th ly rung lm ngch: ai c 2 mu 6 so
tr ln th phi ng 3 quan, ai c km s y c gim bt, ai khng c
rung, v nhng ngi c nhi qu ph th c tha thu.

II. H Hn Thng ( 1401 - 1407 )

Nin-hiu: Thiu Thnh (1401 - 1402)
Khai i (1403 - 1407)

1. Vic V B.

H Qu Ly nhng ngi ri, nhng vic g cng quyt

on mnh c. H Hn Thng ch lm vua ly v m thi.

3. Vic Hc Hnh.

Vic hc hnh, thi c u sa sang li, ly ton hc

t thm ra mt trng na, ngha l trong nhng khoa thi, c t thm ra mt
k thi ton php. Cn nhng cch thi, th nhng ngi hng thi, sang
nm sau phI vo b L- thi li, ai th mi c tuyn b, ri qua nm sau
na th li thi hi, by gi c , th mi c l Thi Hc Sinh.

Nh H khng lm vua c bao lu, nhng m cng vic sa sang

cng nhiu. Trc ht H Qu Ly chnh n vic v b: b ngoi tuy ly l- m
i i vi nh Minh, nhng vn bit nh Minh c mun dm t An Nam,
cho nn thng c hi cc quan rng: " Ta lm th no cho c 100 vn qun
nh gic Bc ?" Bn lp ra h tch bt ngi trong nc c hai tui tr ln
th phi bin vo s, ai m n lu th phi pht. n lc h tch lm xong ri,
s ngi t 15 tui n 60 tui hn gp my phn lc trc. T s qun li
thm ra c nhiu.

Nh H li sa hnh lut, v t ra y t coi vic thuc thang.

4. Vic Giao Thip Vi Chim Thnh.

Nm nhm ng (1402)
tng nh H l Mn em qun sang nh Chim Thnh. Vua nc y l
Ba ch Li sai cu l B in sang dng t Chim ng (ph Thng Bnh,
tnh Qung Nam) xin bi binh. Qu Ly li bt phi dn t C Ly (Qung
Ngha) ri phn t ra lm chu Thng, Chu Hoa, chu T, chu Ngha, v
t quan An Ph S cai tr bn chu y. Li bt nhng dn c ca m
khng c rung cc b khc em v con vo khai khn t nhng chu
y, b i v khi vua Chim nhng t Chim ng v C Ly, ngi Chim u
b t m i c.

Cn nh thy binh gi mt sng, mt b th Qu Ly bt lm nhng

thuyn ln trn c sn i, di th cho ngi cho chng, tht tin cho
s chin u.
Qu Ly li t ra bn kho cha qun kh v bt nhng ngi
xo ngh vo lm nhng kh gii.
cc ca b v nhng ch him yu trong sng ln u bt ly g ng cc
ng b qun gic.

Nm qu mi (1403) nh H li mun ly nhng t Bt t Gia, Hc

Bch, v Sa Ly Nha v pha nam nhng t nhng nm trc, bn sai
Phm Nguyn Khi v Mn em thy b c thy 20 vn qun sang nh
Chim Thnh. Qun nh H vo vy thnh Bn hn mt thng tri m
nh khng , lng thc ht c, phi rt qun v. Ln ny hao binh tn
tng m khng c cng trng g.

Vic qun ch th nam bc phn ra lm 12 v, ng ty phn ra 8 v.

Mi v c 18 i, mi i c 18 ngi. i qun th c 30 i, trung qun th
c 20 i. Mi doanh c 15 i, mi on c 10 i. Cn nhng cm v, th
ch c 5 i, c mt ngi i tng thng lnh c.

78

5. Vic Giao Thip Vi Nh Minh.

Khi H Hn Thng mi ln
ngi, th cho s sang nh Minh ni di rng: v chng dng di nh Trn khng
cn ngi no na, cho nn chu ngoi ln thay quyn l vic nc.

T khi L
tr v Tu, nh H cho s sang dng biu t ti, v xin
rc Trn Thim Bnh v. V by gi Thim Bnh c ku van vi vua nh
Minh, xin cho em binh sang nh bo th, v vy nm Bnh Tut (1406) Minh
Thnh T sai c tng l Hn Quan v bn Hong Trung dn 5000 qun a
Thim Bnh v nc.

n khi vua Thi T nh Minh mt, Hong Thi Tn ln ngi tc l

vua Hu . By gi hong thc l Yn Vng L, ng Yn Kinh, quyn to
th mnh, c tranh ngi ca chu, bn kh i binh nh ly Kim Lng, ri ln
lm vua, tc l vua Thnh T, ng Yn Kinh (Bc Kinh).

Khi H Qu Ly c tin y, lin sai tng ln n ca Chi Lng,

nh qun Minh, bt c Thim Bnh em v git i. on ri bit qun
Minh tt li sang, mt mt cho s sang bin bch vic Thim Bnh ni di, v
xin theo l ting cng nh c, mt mt cho nhng cng hu c quyn m
nhng ngi o vong lm lnh, t thin h, bch h lm qun nhng lnh
m y. V cc ca sng th ng c li, gi qun gic mt b vo. V
pha nam ngn sng Nh H (tc l sng Hng H) th ng c di hn 700
dm. Li sai dn Bc Giang v Tam i sang lm nh sn pha nam sng
ln phng khi gic n, th b sang bn ny m .

Khi Thnh T dp xong d ng nh Nguyn pha bc ri, c

mun sang ly nc An Nam, cho nn nhn khi H Hn Thng sai s sang
xin phong, vua Thnh T sai quan l Dng Bt sang xem h thc th no. H
Qu Ly bn bt nhng quan vin ph lo lm t khai ni y nh li s An Nam
d sang ni. V th cho nn Thnh T khng c c g m t chi, phi phong
cho H Hn Thng lm An Nam Quc Vng.
n nm gip thn (1404) c Trn Khang mn Lo Qua i ng
Vn Nam sang Yn Kinh, i tn l Trn Thim Bnh, xng l con vua Ngh
Tng ri k r s tnh H Qu Ly tim nghch. Vua Thnh T nh Minh sai
quan ng s L sang tra xt vic y. L v tu qu tht l h H lm iu
thon ot.

6. Nh Minh nh H H.

T y nh Minh mun mn ting nh H ly t An Nam.

bn ny cha con h H cng bit y, ht sc tm cch chng gi.

Vua nh Minh trc cho hon quan

l Nguy-n Ton sang An Nam do thm, bit nc ta ph thnh, c nh
ly, cho nn thng c tm chuyn ly c dy binh. Nay nhn vic H Hn
Thng git Thim Bnh, vua Thnh T mi sai Thnh Quc Cng l Chu Nng
lm i tng, Tn Thnh Hu l Trng Ph, Ty Bnh Hu l Mc Thnh,
lm t hu ph tng, Phong Thnh Hu l L Bn, Vn Dng B l Trn Hc
lm t hu tham tng, chia binh ra lm hai o sang nh An Nam.

Nm t du (1405) nh Minh sai s sang i t Lc Chu. Trc H

Qu Ly khng chu, sau phi ct ra 59 thn C Lu nhng cho Tu.

Khi qun nh Minh n Long Chu th i tng Chu Nng cht, ph

tng Trng Ph ln thay.

Tuy vy nh Minh vn c c trch nh H lm iu tim nghch. S

nh H sang Tu th nh Minh gi li, khng cho ai v, li cho ngi sang An
Nam d xem sn xuyn o l him tr th no, liu ng tin binh.

o qun ca Trng Ph Qung Ty i t t Bng Tng sang

nh ly ca Ba Ly, tc Nam Quan by gi, ri tin sang pha ty bc v m
sng Ci70. Cn o qun ca Mc Thnh Vn Nam theo ng Mng T
sang nh ly ca Ph Lnh ( thuc tnh Tuyn Quang) ri tin sang n sng
Thao. C hai o hi Bch Hc, ng n b sng pha bc.

H H bit th no ri qun Minh cng sang nh, bn sai p thnh

a Bang (by gi x C Php, huyn Tin Phong, tnh Sn Ty), bt ly g
ng cc sng Bch Hc chn ng qun Minh sang, v chia cc v
qun ng ra gi mi ng him yu. on ri hi c ni ngoi bch
quan vn v li bn vic nn nh hay l nn ha. Ngi th bn nh, ngi
th bn ha, nhng Qu Ly nht nh nh.

Tuy rng nh H trc phng b, nhng m tng nh Minh bit

rng ngi An Nam khng phc h H, bn lm hch k ti h H, v ni rng
70

79

S chp l Ph Lng.

bn Bnh Than72 ( lng Trn X, huyn Ch Linh, Hi Dng) chy v ca

Mun Hi cng vi Nguyn Trng tm k ph gic; nhng qun Minh sc
n, li b chy ra gi ca i An (thuc ph Ngha Hng by gi).

qun Tu sang l lp dng di nh Trn ln, cu cho dn khi s kh s .

Trng Ph sai vit hch y vo nhng mnh vn nh b xung sng, tri n
u, qun s An Nam bt c, nhiu ngi khng nh v theo hng qun
Minh; v th cho nn qun Minh i n u nh c n y. Qun H
phi lui v gi thnh a Bang.

Qun Minh Mun Hi phi bnh, lui v ng bn Hm T, i

qun H ln s nh.

ch thnh a Bang, qun H lp n i lin tip pha nam sng Thao v

sng Ci tc l dc sng Hng H, ri ng cc cm gia sng, thuyn b
khng i li c, c cho qun Minh mi mt ri s nh.

Bn H Nguyn Trng rc Qu Ly v Hn Thng Ty ra, ri

em qun ln Hong Giang chng gi vi gic.

Qun Minh tin ln mt c thnh a

Bang ngn tr . Mc Thnh mi bn vi Trng Ph rng: "Mi ni n An
Nam ng gn b sng, qun sang khng c, cn thnh a Bang th ly cao
ho su, nhng ng trc c bi ct, qun c th sang y c, v ta c
chin c, nu nh th tt thnh y phi ". Trng Ph bn h lnh rng:
"Qun kia trng cy c thnh ny, m ta lp cng cng ; h- qun s ai ln
c trc th c th ng to !" Ri ngay m hm y t la thi t v lm
hiu, Trng Ph, Hong Trung nh mt ty bc, Mc Thnh, Trn Tun nh
mt ng nam, dng thang vn th ln thnh; qun H nh khng c
phi lui vo thnh, n sng hm sau o thnh cho voi ra nh. Qun Minh
v s t trm ln nga ri xng vo v dng sng bn hng lm, voi s chy
tr vo, qun Minh theo sau voi chy vo thnh, qun H thua to, phi b
chy vo Hong Giang71. Qun Minh tha th nh trn xung sng Ci, t
sch c cc n i, ri tin ln nh ly ng (tc l Thng Long), bt n
b con gi, cp ly ca ci. Bn Trng Ph tch tr lng thc, t quan
lm vic, nh k lu di.

9. Trn Hm T Quan.

8. Trn Mc Phm Giang.

10. H H Phi Bt.

7. Thnh a Bang tht th.

Qun H by gi c thy v b c 7 vn,

gi xng l 21 vn, ri phn qun b ra lm hai o i men hai bn sng, qun
thy i gia, tin ln Hm T Quan. Va i n ni b qun Minh hai mt
xng li m nh, qun b ca nh H ng khng ni, b chy c, phn th
hng gic, phn th chy xung xng cht ui. Cn thy qun th chy thot
c, nhng bao nhiu thuyn lng th m mt c.

By gi c quan An Ph S Bc Giang tn l Nguy-n Hy Chu b qun

Minh bt c, khng chu hng phi git.
H Qu Ly v H Hn Thng a bn liu thuc chy ra b, ri v
Thanh Ha, vo n Li Giang (tc l M Giang) gp qun Minh ui n,
qun H khng nh m tan. Tng nh H l Ngy Thc thy th nguy cp
lm, bo Qu Ly rng: " Nc mt, lm ng vua khng nn cho ngi ta
bt c, xin B H t t m cht i cn hay hn ! " Qu Ly gin lm, bt
Ngy Thc chm ri chy vo Ngh An.
Trng Ph, Mc Thnh bit l Qu Ly chy vo
Ngh An, bn em binh i ng b ui theo, li sai Li-u Thng em thy s
i ui mt thy. Qu Ly vo n ca K La (thuc huyn K Anh, H Tnh) b
qun nh Minh bt c. Hn Thng v nhng con chu h H u b gic
bt c c ni Cao Vng. Nhng quan nh H, ngi th ra hng, ngi th
b bt, ngi th khng chu nhc nhy xung sng t t.

Qua thng ba nm inh hi (1407) Mc

Thnh bit rng con tr ng H Qu Ly l H Nguyn Trng ng Hong
Giang, bn em thy lc cng tin ln n h tri sng Mc Phm ( lng
Mc Phm, huyn Ph Xuyn tip vi Hong Giang).
H Nguyn Trng em 30 chic thuyn ra nh b qun Mc Thnh
hai bn b sng nh p li. Nguyn Trng thua chy v ca Mun Hi (
Giao Thy, Nam nh). By gi tng nh H l H v H X cng b

Bn Bnh Than l bn ngang t lng Bnh Than, Gia Bnh, Bc Ninh qua sng Thi Bnh sang
lng Trn X hu ngn sng Kinh Thy, thuc ph Nam Sch, Hi Dng.
72

71

Hong Giang tc l khc sng Hng H thuc v huyn Nam Xang tnh H Nam.

80

Nh H ch lm vua c t nm canh thn (1400) n nm inh hi

(1407), k va 7 nm th mt.

CHNG XII

Nh Hu Trn

Xem cng vic ca H Qu Ly lm th khng phi l mt ngi tm

thng, nhng tic thay mt ngi c ti kinh t nh th, m gi s c gip
nh Trn cho c thy chung, th du gic Minh c th mnh n u i na,
cng cha hu d- cp c nc Nam, m mnh li c ci ting thm
li nghn thu. Nhng v ci lng tham xui khin, h- c th lc l sinh ra
bng mun tranh quyn, cp nc. B i th H Qu Ly mi lm s thon
ot, v nh Minh mi c ci c m sang nh ly nc An Nam. Cng v ci
c y, cho nn lng ngi mi b h H m em theo gic, n ni cha
con h H thua chy, b bt, phi em thn i chu nhc t nc ngi!

( 1407 - 1413 )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Nhng y l ci ti lm hi ring cho mt h H m thi, cn ci ti

lm mt nc Nam, th ai gnh vc cho Qu Ly ? May m sau c mt tay i
anh hng l vua L Thi T ht sc ra tay trong hn mi nm tri, cu vt
c ngi mnh ra khi tay qun Tu, ch khng th ci kh lm n l nc
Tu li bit my mi i na mi gii thot c.

Nh Minh chim gi t An Nam

Gin nh
Trn B C
Trn Qu Khoch
Trng Ph tr sang An Nam
Ha Chu tht th

1. Nh Minh Chim Gi t An Nam.

Nh Minh khng phi

c yu g nh Trn m sang nh nh H, chng qua l nhn ly ci c nh
Trn mt ngi m em binh sang ly nc Nam. Li nhn v ngi An Nam ta
hay c tnh li, c vic g th ch mun nh ngi, ch t mnh khng bit
kin nhn, khng c c gng m lm ly. Mt ngy g na m cn l ci lng
hm beo ca ngi Tu, th m h- khi no trong nc c bin lon, li chy
sang van ly rc chng sang. Khc no i rc voi v giy m vy.
Du ngi Tu c lng v ngha m sang gip mnh na th ngh cng
chng v vang g ci vic i nh ngi ta, hung chi k thc th lc no chng
cng chc nh la mnh, nh nh la tr con, bp c mnh, th m ngi
mnh vn khng bit ci di, l ti lm sao?
Ti l ci ngha dn vi nc ta khng c my ngi hiu r. Nh no
lm vua, cho c nc l ca ring ca nh y; h- ai ly mt th i tm cch ly
li, ly khng c th li i nh ngi khc ly li cho, ch khng ngh n
ci li chung trc ci li ring, ci quyn nc trc ci quyn nh, th cho
nn mnh c di mi, m vn khng bit l di.
Xem nh lc cn nh Trn, nh Minh c ly t An Nam, sau nh
Trn mt ri li dng li ni kho, v ly ting iu pht em binh sang nh
h H. n khi bt c cha con H Qu Ly ri, li by k chim gi t
81

An Nam: gi treo bng gi con chu h Trn, ri bt quan li v k lo lm t

khai rng: H Trn khng cn ai na v t An Nam vn l t Giao Chu
ngy trc, nay xin t qun huyn nh c.

2. Gin nh (1407 - 1409).

Khi trc Trng Ph treo bng

gi con chu nh Trn l gi di chc git hi, cho nn khng ai dm ra.
By gi c Gin nh Vng tn l Qu, con th vua Ngh Tng chy n M
(thuc lng Yn M, huyn Yn M, Ninh Bnh) gp Trn Triu C em
chng i theo, bn xng l Gin nh Hong , ni nghip nh Trn, t
nin hiu l Hng Khnh.

Nh Minh ly ci c gi di y chim gi ly nc Nam, ri chia

t ra lm 17 ph l: Giao Chu, Bc Giang, Lng Giang, Lng Sn, Tn An,
Kin Xng, Phong Ha, Kin Bnh, Trn Man, Tam Giang, Tuyn Ha, Thi
Nguyn, Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Tn Bnh, Thun Ha, Thng Hoa, v 5 chu
l: Qung Oai, Tuyn Ha, Qui Ha, Gia Bnh, Di-m Chu.

Ging nh kh i ngha chng vi qun Minh, nhng v qun mnh l

qun mi gp nht c, nh khng ni, phi thua chy vo Ngh An; by
gi c ng Tt l quan nh Trn, trc ra hng nh Minh c lm i tri
chu Ha Chu, nay thy Gin nh kh i ngha, lin git quan nh Minh
i, ri em qun ra Ngh An gip vic khi phc. Li t ng Triu c
Trn Nguyt H cng kh i binh nh qun nh Minh, nhng chng c bao
lu m phi bt, cn d ng chy vo Ngh An theo vua Gin nh. V vy
cho nn qun th ca Gin nh mi mnh ln. ng ng Tt li git c
hng tng nh Minh l Phm Th Cng ca Nht L. Lc by gi t An
Nam t Ngh An tr vo li thuc v nh Trn.

Cn nhng ni yu hi th t ra 12 v phng gi. Li t ra 3 ti l:

B Chnh Ti, n St Ti, Ch ng Ti, v c thy trong nc lp ra 472 nha
mn cai tr, sai quan thng th l Hong Phc coi c B Chnh v n St
Ti; L Ngh chi Ch ng Ti, Hong Trung lm ph.
Vua quan nh H th u phi em c v Kim Lng. Qu Ly v bn
Tu phi giam, ri sau y ra lm lnh Qung Ty, cn con chu v cc
tng s th c tha c khng phi ti.

3. Trn B C.

Thng chp nm mu t (1408) Gin nh hi tt c

qun Thun Ha, Tn Bnh, Ngh An, Di-n Chu, Thanh Ha, ri tin ra nh
ng . Qun ra n Trng Sn (Ninh Bnh) th cc quan thuc v nhng
k ho kit cc ni ra theo nhiu lm.

Vua nh Minh li truyn cho Trng Ph tm kim nhng ngi n dt

sn lm, nhng k c ti c c, hay vn hc rng, quen vic, hiu ton
php, ni nng hot bt cng nhng ngi hiu -, nhng ngi lc in m
mt mi khi ng, hoc c gn sc kho mnh, nhng ngi thy , thy bi,
thy thuc, v.v.... a sang Kim Lng, ban th ng cho phm hm, ri cho
v lm quan ph, quan chu, hay l quan huyn. By gi nhng bn cnh
tranh nhau m ra, duy ch c vi ngi nh ng Bi ng u, ng L T Cu
bit lim s, khng chu ra lm quan vi nh Minh.

Quan nh Minh em tin y v bo cho Minh bit. Minh sai

Mc Thnh em 4 vn qun Vn Nam sang nh dp. Mc Thnh cng vi
cc quan ch ng l L Ngh vo n bn B C (thuc x Hiu C, huyn
Phong Doanh) th gp qun Trn. Hai bn giao chin, vua Gin nh t cm
trng thc qun, tng s ai ny ht sc xung t, ph tan c qun nh
Minh, chm c L Ngh trn tin v ui Mc Thnh v n thnh C
Lng (thnh nh Minh xy, by gi lng Bnh Cch, huyn Yn).

Cng vic xp t u vo y ri. L Ngh v Hong Phc li trn

t Giao Ch, cn Trng Ph v Mc Thnh em qun v Tu, a a An
Nam v dng vua nh Minh.

By gi vua Gin nh mun tha thng nh trn ra ly li ng

Quan (tc ng ). Nhng ng ng Tt ngn li mun i qun cc l
v , ri s ra nh. T vua ti khng c ha thun, vua Gin nh li
nghe ngi ni gim, bt ng Tt v quan tham mu l Nguy-n Cnh Chn
em git i, thnh ra lng ngi ai cng chn ngn c, khng c lng gip rp
na.

By gi tuy rng nh Minh chim gi t An Nam, nhng con chu

nh Trn cn c ngi mun khi phc nghip c, v nc ta cn c nhiu
ngi khng mun lm n l nc Tu, cho nn nh Hu Trn li hng kh i
ln c my nm na.

82

Nm canh dn (1410) Trn Qu Khoch cng vi bn Nguy-n Cnh

D li em qun ra nh qun Minh Hng Chu, c thng trn, ri li ra
ng Bnh Than. cc ni li ni ln nh git qun nh Minh; nhng ch
v qun khng c thng nhip, hiu lnh bt nht, cho nn n khi qun gic
n nh, qun nh Trn li thua, phi chy v Ngh An.

4. Trn Qu Khoch (1403 -1413).

Gic nc hy cn, m vua

ti nghi hoc nhau, ri em git hi nhng ngi c lng v nc, tht l t
mnh gy nn ci v cho mnh.
By gi con ng ng Tt l ng Dung v con ng Nguy-n Cnh
Chn l Nguy-n Cnh D thy thn ph b git, u b vua Gin nh, em
qun bn b v Thanh Ha rc vua Qu Khoch vo huyn Chi La (tc l
huyn La Sn, H Tnh) ri tn ln lm vua, t nin hiu l Trng Quang.

Trng Ph mt mt a chiu ca vua Minh ly li gi nhn ngha

m d quan li nhn dn, mt mt th tin qun vo nh Trn Qu Khoch.
Thng t nm qu t (1413) Trng Ph a qun nh Ngh An, qun
Qu Khoch by gi mi phn ch cn ba bn, lng thc li khng c, phi
b chy v Ha Chu.

Lc y vua Gin nh ng chng nhau vi qun nh Minh thnh

Ng Thin (thuc huyn Hng Nhn). Qu Khoch sai tng l Nguy-n Sy ra
nh ln bt em v Ngh An. Qu Khoch tn Gin nh ln lm Thi
Thng Hong cng lo vic khi phc.

Trc Qu Khoch my ln cho ngi sang Tu cu phong, Minh

khng cho, em git s thn i. Nay Qu Khoch li sang Nguy-n Biu ra
cu phong vi Trng Ph . Trng Ph bt gi khng cho v. Nguy-n Biu
gin mng Trng Ph rng: " Chng bay trong bng th ch lo ng chim
gi, ngoi mt li ging ting em qun nhn ngha i nh dp; trc th ni
sang lp h Trn, sau li t qun huyn cai tr, ri tm k v vt ca ci,
c hip sinh dn; chng bay tht n cp hung ngc !" Trng Ph tc
gin em git i.

5. Trng Ph Tr Sang An Nam.

Vua nh Minh thy Mc Thnh

bi binh, li sai Trng Ph lm thng binh, Vng Hu lm ph em binh
sang cu vin.
Qun nh Trn by gi chia ra l my o i nh dp cc chu
huyn mn Hi Dng. Gin nh ng qun H Hng (Ninh Giang),
Qu Khoch ng Bnh Than.

6. Ha Chu Tht Th.

n thng su nm qu t (1413) qun Trng

Ph vo n Ngh An, quan Thi Ph nh Hu Trn l Phan Qu Hu ra hng,
nhng c my hm th mt. Trng Ph cho con l Qu Hu l Liu lm tri
ph Ngh An. Phan Liu mun tng cng, Qu Khoch c bao nhiu tng t
ngi no gii, ngi no d , qun s nhiu t, sn xuyn ch him, ch
khng th no, khai c cho Trng Ph bit. Trng Ph bn quyt vo Ha
Chu, v hi ch tng li bn k tin binh.

Khi Trng Ph sang n ni, tin binh nh ui, Gin nh em

binh thuyn chy v n huyn M Lng (gip Sn Ty v ph Nho Quan)
gp qun Trng Ph ui n bt c gii v Kim Lng.
Gin nh b bt ri, Qu Khoch Bnh Than sai ng Dung n gi
Hm T Quan (huyn ng An, Hng Yn). Nhng qun ca ng Dung
thiu lng, phi b chy. Qu Khoch thy qun ca ng Dung thua,
liu th gi khng ni, bn b Bnh Than chy v Ngh An.

Mc Thnh ni rng: " Ha Chu ni cao b rng kh ly lm".

Trng Ph thng trn, i n u git hi qun dn, v lm nhng

iu tn bo gm gh nh l: xp ngi thnh ni, hoc rt rut ngi treo ln
cy, hoc nu tht ngi ly u. Cn nhng ngi An Nam ai tng phc
nh Minh m git c nhiu ngi bn quc th c th ng cho lm quan.
Tht by gi tha h cho bn hung c c ch!

Trng Ph nht nh vo nh cho c, ni rng: " Ta sng cng

t Ha Chu ny, m cht cng t Ha Chu ny. Ha Chu m khng
ly c th khng mt mi no v trng thy cha thng !" Lp tc truyn
cho qun thy b tin vo nh Ha Chu.

83

n thng chn, qun Trng Ph vo n Thun Ha, Nguy-n Sy v

ng Dung na m em qun n nh tri Trng Ph. ng Dung vo
c thuyn ca Trng Ph nh bt sng ly nhng khng bit mt, v th
Trng Ph mi nhy xung xng ly ci thuyn con m chy thot c.

Gm mi bng nguyt bit bao ry.

Nh Hu Trn ni ln toan ng khi phc, nhng him v ni lng ngi
cn ly tn, th lc li hn yu, cho nn ch c 7 nm th mt.

By gi qun nh Trn t lm. Trng Ph thy vy em binh nh p

li, bn ng Dung ch khng ni phi b chy.
T khi thua trn y ri, Trn Qu Khoch th yu qu khng th chng
vi qun gic c na, phi vo n np trong rng ni. Chng c bao
lu Trn Qu Khoch, Nguy-n Cnh D, ng Dung, Nguy-n Sy u b bt,
v phi gii v Yn Kinh c. i n gia ng, Qu Khoch nhy xung b
t t, bn ng ng Dung cng t tit c.
Cha con ng ng Dung u ht lng gip nc ph vua, tuy khng
thnh cng c, nhng ci lng trung lit ca nh h ng cng lm cho
ngi i sau t ng nh n, b i vy hin nay cn c n th huyn Can
Lc, tnh H Tnh.
ng ng Dung c lm bi th thut hoi nh sau ny, m ngy nay
cn c nhiu ngi vn truyn tng:

Dch:

Th s du du ni lo h !
V cng thin a nhp hm ca
Thi lai iu thnh cng d
S kh anh hng m hn a
Tr ch hu hoi ph a trc
Ty binh v l vn thin h
Quc th v phc u tin bch
K long tuyn i nguyt ma !
Vic i bi ri tui gi vay
Tri t v cng mt cuc say
Bn tin gp thi ln cng dAnh hng l bc ngm cng cay
Vai khing tri t mong ph cha
Gip gt sng tri kh vch my
Th tr cha xong u bc
84

CHNG XIII

3. Cch n Mc.

Bt con trai con gi khng c ct tc, n b con

gi th phi mt o ngn qun di theo nh ngi Tu c.

Thuc Nh Minh

4. S Hc Hnh.

Quan nh Minh bt m nh hc cc ph, chu,

huyn, ri chn nhng thy m dng, thy thuc, thy cha, o s, ai gii
ngh g th lm cho quan dy ngh y.

( 1414 - 1427 )
1. Vic chnh tr nh Minh
2. Vic t t
3. Cch n mc
4. S hc hnh
5. Vic trm dch
6. Vic binh lnh
7. Php h thip v hong sch
8. Vic thu m
9. Vic su dch
10. Quan li

Vua nh Minh li xung ch truyn ly Ng Kinh, T Th v b Tnh

L i Ton, sai quan a sang ban cp cho ngi An Nam hc cc chu
huyn, ri li sai thy tng v o s Tng o Ti73, i truyn ging o Pht
v o Lo. Cn bao nhiu sch v ca nc Nam, t nh Trn v trc th
thu ly c ri em v Kim Lng.
C theo sch Lch Triu Hin Chng Vn Tch Ch ca ng Phan Huy
Ch th nhng sch ca nc Nam m Tu ly v l nhng sch ny:
- Hnh Th, ca vua Thi Tng nh L
- Quc Triu Thng L-, ca vua Thi Tng nh Trn
- Hnh Lut, ca vua Thi Tng nh Trn
- Thng L-, nin hiu Kin Trung
- Kha H Tp
- Ng Thi
- Di Hu Lc, ca vua Thi Tng nh Trn
- C Cu Lc
- Thi Tp
- Trung Hng Thc Lc, ca Trn Nhn Tng
- Thi Tp
- Thy Vn Ty Bt, ca Trn Anh Tng
- Thi Tp, ca Trn Minh Tng
- Trn Triu i in, ca Trn D Tng
- Bo Ha in D Bt, ca Trn Ngh Tng
- Thi Tp
- Binh Gia Yu Lc, ca Trn Hng o
- Vn Kip B Truyn, ca Trn Hng o
- T Th Thuyt c, ca Chu Vn Trinh

1. Vic Chnh Tr Nh Minh.

Trng Ph ly c chu Thun Ha

v chu Tn Bnh ri, lm s bin s dn inh hai chu y, t quan cai tr v
qun binh li phng gi ch gip gii nc Chim Thnh. n htng 8
nm gip ng (1414) Trng Ph v Mc Thnh v Tu, em nhng n b
con gi v rt nhiu.
Bn Hong Phc li sa sang cc vic trong nc khin cho
ngi An Nam ng ha vi ngi Tu. Lp ra n miu, bt ngi mnh cng
t theo tc bn Tu, ri t cch n mc cho ch s hc hnh, vic g cng bt
theo nh ngi Tu c. Cn ci g l di tch ca nc mnh nh l sch v th
thu nht em v Tu ht sch. Li t ra thu l, b thm su dch ly tin
ca, lm cho dn ta by gi phi nhiu iu kh nhc

2. Vic T T.

Hong Phc bt cc ph, chu, huyn phi lp vn miu

v lp bn th bch thn, x tc, sn xuyn, phong vn bn ma t t.

3 quyn.
10 quyn
1 quyn
10 quyn
1 quyn
1 quyn
2 quyn
1 quyn
1 quyn
2 quyn
1 quyn
2 quyn
1 quyn
2 quyn
8 quyn
1 quyn
1 b
1 b
1 b

Nh Minh by gi khng nhng l m mang Nho Hc m thi, li lp ra Tng Cng Ti v o

K Ti coi nhng vic thuc v o Pht v o Lo.
73

85

- Tiu n Thi
- Sm Lu Tp, ca Uy Vn Vng Trn Quc Toi
- Lc o Tp, ca Chiu Minh Vng Trn Quang Khi
- Bng H Ngc Hc Tp, ca Trn Nguyn n
- Gii Hin Thi Tp, ca Nguy-n Trung Ngn
- Gip Thch Tp, ca Phm S Mnh
- Cc ng Di Tho, ca Trn Nguyn o
- Tho Nhn Hiu Tn, ca H Tn V
- Vit Nam Th Ch
- Vit S Cng Mc
- i Vit S K, ca L Vn Hu
- Nh Kh Thi Tp, ca Nguy-n Phi Khanh
- Phi Sa Tp, ca Hn Thuyn
- Vit in U Linh Tp, ca L T Xuyn

1 tp
1 quyn
1 quyn
1 quyn
1 quyn
1 quyn
2 quyn
1 quyn
1 b
1 b
30 quyn
1 quyn
1 quyn
1 quyn

ra. Ci giy y bin theo nh trong quyn s ca quan gi. H- giy ca ai

m khng hp nh trong s th ngi y phi bt i lnh.
Vic cai tr trong nc th chia ra lm l v gip. ch thnh ph
th gi l phng; chung quanh thnh ph th gi l tng; nh qu th gi
l l. L li chia ra gip.
C 110 h lm mt l v 10 h lm mt gip. L th c l tr ng, gip
th c gip th.
Mi mt nm c ngi lm l tr ng coi vic trong l.
Mi mt l, mt phng hay l mt tng c mt quyn sch bin
tt c s inh s in vo y. Cn nhng ngi tn tt c qu th bin ring
ra sau, gi l k linh. u quyn sch li c ci a .

Nhng sch y by gi khng bit mt u c, khng thy quyn no

na, tht l mt ci thit hi cho ngi nc mnh.

Khi no quyn s y xong ri, th bin ra lm 4 bn, mt bn c ba

vng, cho nn gi l hong sch gi v b H, cn 3 bn ba xanh, th
b chnh ti, ph v huyn, mi ni mt bn.

Cn nhng ngi i hc, cc ph, chu, huyn, trc th ph mi

nm 2 ngi, chu 2 nm 3 ngi, huyn mi nm 1 ngi, sau ci li
ph mi nm 1 ngi, chu 3 nm 2 ngi, huyn 2 nm 1 ngi, c
lm hc tr tu cng cho vo hc Quc T Gim, ri b i lm quan.

C mi nm li ty s dinh in hn ln hay km i th no, phi

lm li ci mu s khc, gi i cho cc l, phng v tng c theo mu y
m lm.

5. Vic Trm Dch.

T thnh ng Quan (tc l H Ni) cho n

huyn Gia Lm, ph T Sn, th t trm chy giy bng nga; t huyn Ch
Linh, huyn ng Triu cho n ph Vn Ninh l ni gip t Khm Chu
nc Tu th t trm chy giy bng thuyn.

By gi l tr ng v gip th phi p nh cc kh lm.

8. Vic Thu M.

Php nh Minh nh thu c mi mu rung phi

np nm thng thc, mi mt mu bi trng du phi np mt lng t, v
mi cn t phi np mt tm la.

6. Vic Binh Lnh.

Vic bt lnh th c theo s b m bt. nhng ni

gi l v s th mi mt b phi ba sut inh i lnh, nhng t Thanh Ha v
nam ngi t, th mi h ch phi hai sut inh i lnh m thi. Nhng ch
no m khng c v s th lp n ch him yu ri ly dn binh ra gi.

Li t ra thu mui. Dn m nu mui mi mt thng c bao

nhiu phi a vo ta C, i khi no ta B chnh khm ri mi
c bn. Ai m nu lu hay l bn lu th cng phi pht nh nhau.

7. Php H Thip v Hong Sch.

Vic in h An Nam by
gi phi theo nh l bn Tu. Nhng dn inh trong nc, th ai cng phi c
mt ci giy bin tn tui v hng qun lc no c khm hi th phi a

chu, huyn no cng c mt ta Thu Kha thu thu.

9. Vic Su Dch.

Phm nhng ch no c m vng m bc th t

quan ra c dn phu i khai m. Nhng ch rng ni, th bt dn i tm
86

ng voi, sng tn; ch gn b, th bt dn phi i m ngc trai. Cn nhng

th sn nh: h tiu, hng liu, cng phi bt cng np. n nhng hu,
voi, ra, chim, vn, rn, ci g cng v vt em v Tu.

CHNG XIV

Mi Nm nh Qun Tu

T khi bn L Bn, M K sang thay Trng Ph, dn ta b bn y sch

nhi-u tht l kh s .

( 1418 - 1427 )

10. Quan Li.

Tr nhng quan li bn Tu sang cai tr ra khng k,

nhng ngi An Nam nh nhng tn Nguy-n Hun, Lng Nh Ht, Duy
Trung theo hng nh Minh, kho ng xu nnh, c lm quan to, li cng
th ca gic, lm nhng iu tn bo hung c hn ngi Tu. V, trong nhng
lc bin lon nh th, th nhng tham tn gian c, khng c ngha kh,
khng bit lim s, li cng c ch lm, cho nn dn tnh cc kh, lng ngi
su on. Cng v l y, c nhiu k tc gin ni ln nh ph, lm cho trong
nc khng lc no c yn n.

1. L Li kh i ngha Lam Sn
2. V Ch Linh ln th nht
3. V Ch Linh ln th hai
4. Bnh nh Vng v ng L Sn
5. Bnh nh Vng v ng Li Giang
6. Nguy-n Tri
7. Bnh nh Vng ph qun Trn Tr
8. V Ch Linh ln th ba
9. Bnh nh Vng ht lng phi ha vi gic.
10. Bnh nh Vng ly t Ngh An
11. Vy thnh Ty
12. Ly Tn Bnh v Thun Ha
13. Qun Bnh nh Vng tin ra ng
14. Trn Ty ng: Vng Thng tht th
15. Vy thnh ng
16. Vng Thng c ha ln th nht
17. Bnh nh Vng ng qun B
18. Bnh nh Vng t php lut tr
qun dn
19. Trn Chi Lng: Li-u Thng t trn
20. Vng Thng xin ha ln th hai
21. Trn Cao dng biu xin phong
22. T Bnh Ng i Co

1. L Li Kh i Ngha Lam Sn.

T khi nh Minh sang cai tr An

Nam, dn ta ph?i kh nhc trm ng, ting oan khng ku ra c, lng tc

87

gin ngm ngha trong tm can, ch mong mi ra cho khi ng than la.
May lc y c mt ng anh hng ni ln, ko c ngha chng vi gic
Minh, trong 10 nm y li c giang sn c, v xy p li nn c lp cho
nc Nam.

nh. Vng sang ng ni Lc Thy (Cm Thy, ph Qung Ha) i

qun Minh. n khi qun M K n, phc binh ca Vng ra nh, ui
c qun nghch, nhng v th yu lm chng gi khng ni, Vng phi b
v con gic bt c, em bi binh chy v ng ni Ch Linh.

ng anh hng y, ngi lng Lam Sn, huyn Thy Nguyn, ph

Thiu Ha, tnh Thanh Ha, h L, tn l Li. my i lm ngh canh
nng, nh vn giu c, li hay gip cho k ngho kh, cho nn mi ngi
u phc, v nhng ti t c c hng nghn ngi. ng L Li khng khi,
c ch ln, quan nh Minh nghe ting, d cho lm quan, nhng ng khng
chu khut, thng ni rng: " Lm trai sinh trn i, nn gip nn ln, lp
cng to, ting thm mun i, ch sao li chu bo bo lm y t ngi ta!"
Bn giu ting ch sn lm, n mi nhng k ho kit, chiu tp nhng k
lu vong.

3. V Ch Linh Ln Th Hai.

Thng t nm k hi (1419) Bnh nh

Vng li ra nh ly n Nga Lc (thuc huyn Nga Sn, Thanh Ha) git
c tng nh Minh l Nguy-n Sao, nhng qun ca Vng by gi hy cn
t, nh lu khng c, li phi rt v Ch Linh.
Quan nh Minh bit rng Ch Linh l ch Bnh nh Vng lui ti, bn
em binh n vy nh. Vng b vy nguy cp lm, mi hi cc tng rng:
C ai lm c nh ngi K Tn ngy trc chu cht thay cho vua Hn Cao
khng? By gi c ng L Lai liu mnh v nc, xin mc thay o ng bo ci
voi ra trn nh nhau vi gic. Qun nh Minh t ng l Bnh nh Vng
tht, xm nhau li vy nh, bt c git i ri rt qun v Ty .

n ma xun nm mu tut (1418) i vua Thnh T nh Minh, nin

hiu Vnh Lc th 16, ng L Li cng vi tng l L Thch, L Li-u kh i binh
ni Lam Sn, t xng l Bnh nh Vng, ri truyn hch i gn xa k ti
nh Minh r ci mc nh ca mnh kh i ngha nh k th ca nc.

4. Bnh nh Vng V ng L Sn.

Vng nh c ng L Lai
chu b mnh cu cha, mi trn thot c nn ln, ri mt mt cho ngi
sang Ai Lao cu cu, mt mt thu nht nhng tn qun v ng L Sn (
pha ty chu Quan Ha).

Vic nh gic Minh tuy l thun lng ngi v hp l cng bng,

nhng m th lc ca Bnh nh Vng lc u cn km lm, tng s th t,
lng thc khng . Du c dng k nh c i ba trn, nhng vn
khng c sc m chng gi vi qun nghch, cho nn phi v ni Ch
Linh74 ba ln, v phi nguy cp my phen, tht l gian trun vt v. Sau nh
hng phc nc Nam, Bnh nh Vng ly c t Ngh An, ri t mi
c th vy vng, nh ra mt Bc, ly li c giang sn nc nh.

Ngay nm y, Ngh An c quan tri ph l Phan Liu lm phn nh

Minh; H Hng c Trnh Cng Chng, L Hnh; Khoi Chu c Nguy-n
c; Hong Giang c Nguy-n a Cu, Trn Nhu; Thy ng c L
Ng, ni ln lm lon, qun nh Minh phi i nh dp cc ni cho nn Bnh
nh Vng vng Thanh Ha cng c nhn dp m dng uy sc nhu.

2. V Ch Linh Ln Th Nht.

Khi quan nh Minh l M K Ty

, nghe tin Bnh nh Vng ni ln ni Lam Sn, lin em qun n

5. Bnh nh Vng V ng Li Giang.

Nm canh t (1420)
Bnh nh Vng em qun ra ng lng Thi, nh xung nh Ty ,
tng nh Minh l L Bn c tin y, em qun n nh, i n ch Thi
Lang, b phc binh ca Vng nh ph mt trn, qun Minh b chy. Vng
li em qun ln ng Li Giang75 v n Ba Lm. Qun Minh phi li v
ng Nga Lc v Quan Du phng gi Ty .

Sch "Khm nh Thng Gim" chp l ni Ch Linh ny ph Trn nh, tnh Ngh An, tc l
vo t Cam Mn, Cam Ct gip tnh H Tnh. Nhng xem k a th vua Thi T kh i binh
Lam Sn, thuc huyn Thy Nguyn, ph Thiu Ha, v lc y vn lui ti vng Lc Thy, tc l
Cm Thy v vng Nga Sn. Vy th ni Ch Linh ny khng phi min Trn nh, m chc l
ch trong vng Thanh Ha m thi. Xem nh khi ngi thua Ch Linh th chy v L Sn chu
Quan Ha, thuc ph Qung Ha th bit. V li ngy kh i ngha t nm mu tut (1418) m mi
n nm gip thn (1424) th ngi mi bn s i nh mng Ngh An, nh tht m ni rng ni Ch
Linh ph Trn nh, tc l x Ngc Ma ngy trc, pha nam tnh Ngh An by gi th chc l
lm.
74

75

88

Li Giang l tn mt khc sng M Giang vng trn huyn Cm Thy.

T khi Bnh nh Vng em binh v Ch Linh, lng thc mt ngy

mt km, trong hai thng tri qun s phi n rau n c c bao nhiu voi nga
lm tht n ht c. Tng s mi mt, u mun ngh ngi, xin Vng hy tm
ha vi gic. Vng bt c d sai L Trn i xin ha. Quan nh Minh by gi
thy nh khng li, cng thun cho ha.

6. Nguy-n Tri.

Khi Bnh nh Vng v nh Li Giang, th c ng

Nguy-n Tri76, vo yt kin, dng bi sch bnh Ng, vua xem ly lm hay,
dng ng y lm tham mu.

ng Nguy-n Tri l con ng Bng Nhn Nguy-n Phi Khanh. i nh

H, ng thi tin s (1400). Khi ng Nguy-n Phi Khanh b nh Minh bt
v Kim Lng, ng theo khc, ln n ca Nam Quan khng chu tr li. ng
Phi Khanh bo rng: " Con phi tr v m lo tr th cho cha, ra thn cho
nc, ch i theo khc lc m lm g ? " T ng tr li, ngy m lo vic
phc th. Nay ra gip Bnh nh Vng, by mu nh k lo s bnh nh.

9. Bnh nh Vng Ht Lng Phi Ha Vi Gic.

Nm
qu mo (1423) Bnh nh Vng em qun v Lam Sn. By gi tng nh
Minh l bn Trn Tr, Sn Th thng hay cho Vng tru, nga, c mm v
thc la; Vng cng cho L Trn a vng bn ra t. Nhng sau bn Trn Tr
ng c bng gi di, bt gi L Trn li, khng cho v, v vy Vng mi tuyt
giao khng i li na, ri em qun v ng ni L Sn.

7. Bnh nh Vng Ph Qun Trn Tr.

n thng 11 nm tn
su (1421) tng nh Minh l Trn Tr em my vn qun n nh Bnh nh
Vng n Ba Lm, li c vi ngi Lo sang cng nh hai mt. Vng
mi hi cc tng li bn rng: Qun kia tuy nhiu nhng xa n, cn ang
nhc mt, ta nn a qun ra n nh tt l phi c. Bn xong, n m
em qun vo cp tri Minh, git c hn 1.000 ngi. Trn Tr thy vy
gin lm, sng hm sau truyn lnh ko ton qun n nh. Qun An Nam
phc sn trc, thy qun Minh n, lin ra nh hng qu, qun Minh
li phi lui v.

10. Bnh nh Vng Ly t Ngh An.

Nm gip thn (1424)

Bnh nh Vng hi cc tng bn k tin th. Quan thiu y l L Chch
ni rng: " Ngh An l t him yu, t rng ngi nhiu, nay ta hy vo ly
Tr Long (ph Tng Dng) ri h thnh Ngh An, lm ch tr chn ,
nhin hu s quay tr ra nh ly ng , nh th thin h c th bnh
c."
Vng cho k y l phi, bn em qun v nam, nh n a Cng,
tng nh Minh l Lng Nh Ht b chy.

ang khi hai bn cn i ch, c ba vn ngi Lo gi xng sang lm

vin binh cho Bnh nh Vng. Vng khng bit l di, qun Lo na m
ko n nh, tng ca Vng l L Thch b tn bn cht. Nhng m qun
ta gi vng n tri, qun Lo phi li v.

Ly c n a Cng ri, Vng tin qun vo nh Tr Long, i

n ni B Lip, ph Qu Chu, gp bn Trn Tr, Phng Chnh em binh
n nh, Vng bn tm ch him phc sn; khi qun Minh va n, qun ta
ra nh, chm c tng nh Minh l Trn Trung, git c s tt hn
2.000 ngi, bt c hn 100 con nga. Qun Minh b chy, Vng em
binh n vy nh Tr Long. Quan tri ph l Cm Bnh ch cu binh mi
khng c, phi m ca thnh ra hng.

8. V Ch Linh Ln Th Ba.

Sang nm sau l nm nhm dn (1422)

Bnh nh Vng t n Ba Lm tin ln nh n Quan Gia, b qun Minh v
qun Lo hai mt nh li, phi thua chy v gi n Khi Sch. Qun Minh
v qun Lo tha th n vy kn bn mt. Vng thy th nguy qu, mi
bo cc tng rng: "Qun gic vy kn ri, nu khng liu sng cht nh
tho ly ng chy ra, th cht c !" Qun s ai ny u c sc nh ph,
qun gic phi li. Vng li em qun v ni Ch Linh.

T khi Bnh nh Vng kh i ngha cho n gi, nh vi qun nh

Minh nhiu phen, c thua tri qua my trn, nhng quan nh Minh
vn ly lm khinh thng, cho nn khng tu v cho Minh Triu bit. By gi
Hong Phc v Tu ri, vua nh Minh sai Binh B Thng Th l Trn Hip
sang thay.

ng Nguy-n Tri l chu ngoi ng Trn Nguyn n, b i vy ng cng vi Trn Nguyn Hng
c tnh thn. ng Nguy-n Tri v ng Trn Nguyn Hng l ngi i cng thn nh L, sau u
b git hi c.
76

Trn Hip thy Bnh nh Vng ly c chu Tr Long, thanh th

lng ly, bn vi vng lm s tu cho vua nh Minh bit. Minh mi xung
89

tng nh Minh l Trng Hng em 300 chic thuyn lng ng Quan

mi vo, qun trong thnh ra tip, b phc binh ca inh L- nh ui. Bao
nhiu thuyn lng inh L- cp ly c c, ri ui Trng Hng ra n
Ty . Bnh nh Vng c tin y lin sai L St v Lu Nhn Ch em
binh ra tip ng inh L-. inh L- nhn dp tin ln vy thnh Ty .

chiu trch mng bn Trn Tr, Phng Ch, bt phi dp ngay cho yn gic y.
Bn Trn Tr s hi em c thy b, cng tin ln nh Bnh nh Vng.
Vng sai inh Lit em 1.000 qun i ung tt ra gi Gia77, cn
Vng th em c tng s n mn thng du t Kh Lu bc ngn sng
Lam Giang (thuc huyn Lng Sn), ri tm ch him yu phc binh i
qun Minh.

12. Ly Tn Bnh v Thun Ha.

Qua thng by, Vng sai quan

T Trn Nguyn Hn , Thng Tng L N em hn mt nghn qun vo
ly chu Tn Bnh v chu Thun Ha. i n B Chnh th gp tng nh
Minh l Nhm Nng, hai bn nh nhau, qun nh Minh b phc binh nh
chy tan c. By gi li c o thy qun ca L Ngn em hn 70 chic
thuyn i ng b vo, Trn Nguyn Hn lin em c thy b tin ln nh
h c hai thnh y, m thm my vn tinh binh a ra nh mt bc.
78

Khi qun Minh n Kh Lu, Vng bn sai ngi ban ngy th ko

c nh trng, ban m th bt t la lm nghi binh, ri cho binh sang bn
kia sng phc sn. Sng hm sau qun Minh tin ln b phc binh bn mt
ra nh, tng nh Minh l Chu Kit phi bt, Hong Thnh phi chm, cn
qun s b chy c. Trn Tr phi thu qun v gi thnh Ngh An.
Thng ging nm t t (1425) Vng em binh v nh thnh Ngh
An, i n lng a Li huyn Th Du (by gi l huyn Thanh Chng) dn
s a tru a ru ra n rc, gi tr u ni rng: khng ng ngy nay li
thy uy nghi nc c. By gi li c quan tri ph Ngc ma (ph Trn nh) l
Cm Qu em binh m v gip.

T y binh th ca Bnh nh Vng mt ngaymt mnh, cc tng

tn ngi ln lm "i Thin Hnh Ha", ngha l thay tri lm mi vic.

13. Qun Bnh nh Vng Tin Ra ng .

Nm bnh
ng (1426) Vng thy tinh binh ca nh Minh c Ngh An, ngoi ng
khng c bao nhiu ngi, bn sai L Trin, Phm Vn Xo, Trnh Kh,
B ra nh Quc Oai, Qung Oai, Gia Hng, Qu Ha, Giang, Tam i
(Bch Hc), Tuyn Quang chn ng vin binh Vn Nam sang. Sau Lu
Nhn Ch v Bi B ra nh Thin Trng, Kin Xng, Tn Hng, Thng
hng (Bnh Giang), H Hng (Ninh Giang), Bc Giang, Lng Giang chn
ng vin binh Lng Qung sang. Li sai inh L-, Nguy-n X em binh i
thng ra nh ng Quan.

Vng bn xung lnh rng: "Dn ta lu nay phi kh s v chnh

tr bo ngc ca ngi Tu, qun ta i n u cm khng c xm phm
n cht g ca ai. Nhng go thc tru b m khng phi l ca ngi nh
Minh th khng c ly". on ri, phn binh i nh ly cc ni, i n u
cc quan chu huyn ra hng c, u tnh nguyn i nh thnh Ngh An.
Vng bn em qun v vy thnh; qun Minh ht sc gi gn khng dm ra
nh.

Qun ca Bnh nh Vng i n u gi k lut rt nghim, khng

xm phm n ca ai cht g, cho nn ai ai cng vui lng theo phc. Bn L
Trin ly c Quc Oai v Tam i ri em qun v nh ng Quan.

ng khi vy nh Ngh An, tng nh Minh l L An ng

Quan em qun i dng b vo cu. Qun ca Trn Tr trong thnh cng
ra nh, Vng nh qun Minh n ca sng Gia, ri dng phc binh
nh tan qun gic. Trn Tr b chy v ng Quan, cn L An vo gi thnh,
Vng li em qun v vy thnh.

Quan tham tng nh Minh l Trn Tr em binh ra ng Ninh

Kiu79 (pha ty ph Giao Chu) v ng Thin (?) chng gi; qun L Trin

11. Vy Thnh Ty .

n thng nm, Vng sai quan T Khng

l inh L- em binh i nh Di-n Chu, inh L- i va n ni, th gp
77

Trn Nguyn Hn, c ni chp l Trn Hn, l chu Trn Nguyn n, dng di Trn Quang
Khi.
79
Nhng tn Ninh Kiu, Ninh Giang, ng Thin chc l vng huyn T Lim, huyn Thanh Oai,
v qung sng Nhu Giang v sng y. M Ninh Giang c l l khc sng y vo qung T
Lim hay Thanh Oai g .
78

Vo qung gn n Linh Cm, huyn Hng Sn, H Tnh.

90

n nh, Trn Tr thua chy v ng pha ty sng Ninh Giang (khc trn
sng y). Cht c tin bo rng c hn mt vn qun Vn Nam sang cu. L
Trin s hai o qun ca Minh hp li th kh nh, bn bo Phm Vn
Xo em hn mt nghn ngi i n chn ng qun Vn Nam; cn mnh
th cng vi B em qun n nh Trn Tr. Trn Tr thua chy; bn L
Trin ui n lng Nhn Mc bt c tng nh Minh l Vi Lng, chm
c hn 1.000, ri li quay tr v Ninh Giang hp binh vi Vn Xo nh
qun Vn Nam.

Bn L Trin, B Ninh Kiu em qun v voi n phc C Lm,

ri cho qun n nh nh M K. M K em tt c qun ui n cu Tam
La ( gip gii huyn Thanh Oai v huyn T Lim), qun phc binh ca L
Trin ra nh, qun Minh thua chy, nhiu ngi xung ng ly, chy
khng c, b chm hn 1.000 ngi. L Trin ui qun Minh n Nhn
Mc, bt c hn 500 ngi. M K mt mnh mt nga chy thot c.
Bn L Trin tha thng tin ln nh o qun Phng Chnh.
Nhng Phng Chnh thy M K thua cng rt qun lui, ri cng M K v
hi vi Phng Thng bn C S .

Phm Vn Xo n cu Xa Lc (?) th gp qun Vn Nam sang, nh

mt trn, qun nghc thua chy v gi thnh tam giang.
Trn Tr thy th ng Quan yu lm bn vit th vo Ngh An gi
Phng Chnh em binh ra cu, gi ly ch cn bn. Phng Chnh c
th bn sai Thi Phc li gi thnh Ngh An, ri em qun xung thuyn i
ng b ra ng Quan.

Vng Thng liu tt th no qun An Nam cng n nh, bn phc

binh v phng b trc c. Cht c qun ca L Trin n. Qun Minh gi ra
nh ri b chy, nh qun ta v ch him c chng st. i n y, voi xo
phi chng i khng c, ri li c phc binh ra nh, L Trin thua chy
v gi Cao B ( vng Chng c, M Lng) v cho ngi v Thanh m
(tc l huyn Thanh Tr by gi) gi bn inh L- v Nguy-n X n cu.

Bnh nh Vng nghe tin y, lin sai L Ngn, L Vn An, L Bi, L

Thn, L Vn Linh li vy thnh Ngh An; Vng t em i qun c thy b
Phng Chnh ra bc. Ra n Thanh Ha, Vng em binh vo nh thnh
Ty , nhng qun Minh gi vng thnh tr nh khng c, Vng em
qun n ng Li Giang.

inh L- v Nguy-n X em 3.000 qun v hai con voi lp tc m

hm y n Cao B, ri phn binh ra phc sn Ty ng (thuc huyn M
Lng) v Chc ng (thuc huyn Chng c)80. Cht bt c tn thm
t ca qun Minh, tra ra th bit rng qun Vng Thng ng Ninh Kiu, c
mt o qun i ln ra ng sau qun L Trin nh tp hu, i qun
sang ch ch lc no nghe sng th hai mt li cng nh.

14. Trn Ty ng - Vng Thng Tht Th.

T khi Bnh
nh Vng L Sn vo nh Ngh An n gi, nh u c y, thanh
th lng ly, qun Minh khip s, em tin v cho Minh Triu bit, Minh
lin sai Chinh Di Tng Qun l Vng Thng v Tham Tng l M Anh em
5 vn qun sang cu ng Quan. Trn Tr v Phng Chnh th phi cch ht
c quan tc bt phi theo qun i nh gic, cn Trn Hip th c gi chc
Tham Tn Qun V.

Bit mu y ri, n canh nm m hm y, inh L- sai ngi bn

sng lm hiu nh la qun gic. Qu nhin qun gic nghe ting sng
u ko a n nh. By gi phi tri ma, ng ly, qun Minh va
n Ty ng th b qun ta bn mt ra nh, chm c quan Thng
Th l Trn Hip, v Ni Quan l L Lng. Cn nhng qun s nh Minh th
cht hi nhiu lm: phn th giy xo ln nhau m cht, phn th ng xung
sng cht ui, c thy n hn nm vn ngi; cn b bt sng hn mt vn
ngi, cc c kh gii th ly c khng bit bao nhiu m k. Trn Ty
ng nh vo thng mi nm bnh ng (1426).

Vng Thng sang n t ng Quan hi tt c qun s li c

mi vn, cng vi bn Trn Hip chia lm ba o i nh Bnh nh Vng.
Vng Thng em qun n ng bn C S (thuc huyn Thch
Tht, ph Quc Oai, Sn Ty). Phng Chnh ng Sa Thi (thuc huyn T
Lim), M K ng Thanh Oai, n ly lin tip nhau mt dy di hn my
mi dm.

Ty ng v Chc ng vo qung huyn Chng M, pha ng c sng y, pha ty c

con sng con gi l sng Bi, chy vo sng y, ch Ng Ba Th.
80

91

Phng Chnh v M K chy thot c, ri cng vi Vng Thng v gi

thnh ng Quan.

Vng chia t ng ra lm bn o, t quan vn v coi vic

chnh tr.

Bn inh L- tha thng em binh v vy thnh v cho ngi v Li Giang bo

tin thng trn cho Bnh nh Vng bit.

C theo sch "Lch Triu Hin Chng a D Ch" ca ng Phan Huy

Ch th nhng trn Tam Giang, Tuyn Quan, Hng Ha, Gia Hng thuc v
Ty o; nhng trn Thng Hng, H Hng, Thng Sch, H Sch cng vi
l An Bang thuc v ng o; nhng trn Bc Giang, Thi Nguyn thuc v
Bc o; nhng l Khoi Chu, L Nhn, Tn Hng, Kin Xng, Thin
Trng thuc v Nam o.

Vng lin tin binh ra Thanh m, ri mt mt sai Trn Nguyn Hn em

100 chic thuyn i theo sng Lung Giang (?)81 ra ca Ht Giang (ca sng
y thng vi sng Ci) ri thun dng sng Nh H xung ng bn ng
B u ; mt mt sai bn Bi B em hn 1 vn qun i ln ra ng Ty
Dng Kiu (?), Vng t dn i qun n h tri gn thnh ng Quan.
Qun Minh gi trong thnh khng ra nh, bao nhiu chin thuyn th
Vng ly c c.

16. Vng Thng Xin Ha Ln Th Nht.

Vng Thng
ng Quan c b thua mi, liu th nh khng c na, mun bi binh v
Tu, nhng s mang ting, bn lc t chiu ca vua nh Minh, nin hiu Vnh
Lc (1407), ni v vic tm con chu h Trn, ri cho ngi ra ni vi Bnh
nh Vng tm ngi dng di h Trn lp ln, xin bi binh.

K t ngy Bnh nh Vng em binh vo nh Ngh An n gi, tuy rng

nh u c y, nhng cha c trn no quan h bng trn Ty ng ny.
B i v vic thng bi trong 10 phn, nh xong trn ny, th chc c 7, 8
phn ri. Qun th nh Minh ch cn trong my thnh b vy na m thi,
mt ngoi th vin binh li cha c, m du cho c sang na, th th ca Bnh
nh Vng cng vng lm ri.

Vng ngh nh nhau mi, trong nc tn hi, dn tnh kh s , bn y

theo li Vng Thng. Nhn lc by gi c ngi tn l H ng trn Ngc
Ma, xng l chu ba i vua Ngh Tng, vng bn cho ngi i n H ng
v i tn l Trn Cao, lp nn lm vua, m Vng th xng lm V Quc
Cng cu phong vi nh Minh, cho chng xong vic.

Nhng c trong Vit S th qun ca L Trin v inh L- chng qua ch c

my nghn ngi m thi, lm th no m ph c hn 10 vn qun tinh binh
ca Vng Thng ? V li s chp rng nh trn Ty ng qun An Nam git
c hn 5 vn qun Minh, li bt c hn 1 vn ngi, nh th chng ha
ra qun Minh hn lm ru! E rng nh lm s c thin v, cho nn s thc
khng c r lm. Nhng du thc h th no mc lng, i khi trn Ty
ng l mt trn nh nhau to, m Vng Thng th thua, phi rt qun v gi
thnh ng Quan ri b vy, cn Bnh nh Vng th ra bc thu phc cc
chu huyn. Vic y chc l tht c.

Vng Thng cho ngi a th ra xin ha, v xin cho em ton qun
v nc. Bnh nh Vng thun cho, nh ngy Vng Thng gi qun
cc ni v hi ti ng , ri v Tu. Vic nh nh th, nhng m by
gi c my ngi An Nam theo nh Minh, nh nhng tn Trn Phong, Lng
Nh Ht, s rng qun Minh v th mnh phi git, bn ly chuyn M Nhi
ngy trc can Vng Thng ng rt qun v. Vng Thng nghe li, b
ngoi tuy ni ha, nhng b trong sai ngi o ho, rc chng, ri cho ngi
i ln em th v Tu cu cu.

15. Vy Thnh ng .

T khi Bnh nh Vng ra ng ,

nhng k ho kit cc ni u n nc v theo, xin ht sc i nh gic.
Vng dng li y d v ly ci ngha lui ti m ging gii cho mi ngi
nghe, ri c ty ti m thu dng.

81

Bnh nh Vng bt c ngi a th, gin lm, khng giao thng

vi qun Minh na, ri sai L Quc Hng nh thnh iu Diu (huyn Gia
Lm, Bc Ninh) v thnh Th Kiu (tc l Th Cu thuc huyn V Giang, Bc
Ninh); Trnh Kh v L Khuyn nh thnh Tam Giang (tc l Tam i, nay l
huyn Bch Hc); L St v L Th nh thnh Xng Giang ( tc l Ph Lng
Thng by gi); Trn Lu, L Bi nh thnh K n. Chng bao lu nhng
thnh y u ly c c.

Chc l mt khc sng y thuc ht tnh H ng by gi.

92

1. Khng c v tnh.
2. Khng c khi mn.
3. Khng c gian dm

17. Bnh nh Vng ng Qun B .

Thng ging nm
inh mi (1427), Bnh nh Vng tin qun ln ng ch B , pha bc
sng Nh H, ri sai tng nh thnh ng Quan: Trnh Kh nh ca ng,
inh L- nh ca Nam, L Cc nh ca Ty, L Trin nh ca Bc.

V li d rng nhng qun lnh ngy thng c ti khng c git cn, tr lc

no ra trn m tri qun lnh th mi theo php m thi hnh.

Qun nh Minh mt ngy mt km, tng nh Minh gi thnh Ngh

An v thnh Di-n Chu l bn Thi Phc v Tit T u ra hng c. Bnh nh
Vng li sai Li B Thng Th l ng Nguy-n Tri, lm hch i khuyn
tng s cc ni v hng.

Vng li t ra 10 iu lm k lut cho cc tng s:

1. Trong qun n o khng nghim.
2. Khng c vic g m t chuyn ra lm cho mi ngi s hi.
3. Lc lm trn nghe trng nh, thy c pht, m chng chnh
khng tin.
4. Thy ko c dng qun m khng dng.
5. Nghe ting ching li qun m khng li
6. Phng gi khng cn thn, mt th ng.
7. Lo ring vic v con, m b vic qun.
8. Tha binh inh v ly tin, v lm s sch mp m.
9. Theo bng yu ght ca mnh m lm la mt cng qu ca ngi
ta.
10. Gian dm, trm cp.

Nhng cng v thy qun Minh yu th, c khinh nh cho nn

qun ta mt hai vin i tng. Trc th L Trin ng T Lim, khng cn
thn, b qun ca Phng Chnh n nh ln git mt; sau Vng Thng
ng Quan em binh ra nh L Nguy-n Ty Ph Lit (thuc huyn Thanh
Tr), Vng sai inh L- v Nguy-n X em 500 qun i cu. i n M ng
(thuc Hong Mai, huyn Thanh Tr) gp qun Minh, hai bn nh nhau.
Vng Thng thy qun inh L- c t, bn vy li nh bt c inh L- v
Nguy-n X. Nguy-n X trn i c, cn inh L- b git.

18. Bnh nh Vng t Php Lut Tr Qun Dn.

H- tng s ai m phm vo 10 iu y th phi ti chm.

Trc ht Vng d cm t o: ai m dng nhng php t ma gi di

nh la ngi ta th phi ti. Cn nhng dn s b lon phi lu tn i
ch khc cho v nguyn qun, c vic lm n nh c.

Cn qun lnh, th h- nghe mt ting sng m khng c ting ching, th cc

tng hiu phi n dinh nghe lnh; h- nghe hai ba ting sng v hai ba ting
ching y l c vic cnh cp, quan chp lnh phi sp hng ng, cn quan
thiu y th n dinh m nghe lnh; h- n lc lm trn m li hoc l b
nhng ngi sau khng cu, th phi ti chm, nhng gin hoc c ai
khng may cht trn m mnh ht sc mang c xc ra th khi ti.

Bnh nh Vng c mt mt vy nh thnh ng Quan v cc thnh khc,

mt mt lo vic cai tr, t ra cc iu l cho vic binh c k lut v cho
lng dn c yn.

Nhng v con gia quyn ca nhng ngi ra lm quan vi gic, th

c php theo l, ly tin m chuc82; cn nhng qun lnh nh Minh
hng th a v Thin Trng, Kin Xng, L Nhn, Tn Hng nui nng
t t.

i khi k lut trong qun ca Bnh nh Vng nh th, cho nn i u,

dn gian knh phc lm.

19. Trn Chi Lng - Li-u Thng T Trn.

T khi qun Minh

thua trn Ty ng, Trn Hip b git, Vng Thng cho ngi v tu vi Minh
xin thm binh. Minh tht kinh, lin sai Chinh L Ph Tng Qun
An Vi-n Hu l Li-u Thng, Tham Tng Bo nh B l Lng Minh, c
l Thi T, Binh B Thng Th l L Khnh, Cng B Thng Th l Hong

Vng t ra ba iu rn cc quan:
V con ca quan B Chnh th phi 70 quan; v con nhng sinh vin v th quan th 10 quan;
cn nhng con trai, con gi y t, a th 5 quan.
82

93

Phc, Hu B Chnh S l Nguy-n c Hun, em 10 vn qun, hai vn

nga, i ng Qung Ty sang nh ca Ba Ly, by gi l thng chp nm
bnh ng (1427). Li sai Chinh Nam i Tng Qun Kim Quc Cng l Mc
Thnh, Tham Tng Anh Hng B l T Hanh, Ty Ninh B l m Trung i
ng vo Vn Nam sang nh ca L Hoa.

M Yn Sn, lng Mai Sao, thuc n Chu). Vic y vo ngy 20 thng 9

nm inh mi.
Bn L St, Trn Lu tha thng ui nh qun Minh git hn 1 vn
ngi. Lc by gi o qun ca L L cng va n, hi li tin ln nh
qun Minh, chm c Lng Minh gia trn (ngy 25). L Khnh th t t
(ngy 28). Cn bn Hong Phc v Thi T em bi binh chy v thnh
Xng Giang (thnh ca nh Minh xy x Th Xng, ph Lng Giang), i
n na ng b qun ca L St ui n nh ph mt trn; Thi T c
nh ly ng chy v Xng Giang, khng ng thnh y b bn Trn
Nguyn Hn ly mt ri, qun Minh s hi qu bn lp tri p ly gia
ng chng gi.

Khi cc tng nghe vin binh ca qun Minh sp n, nhiu ngi

khuyn Vng nh ngay ly thnh ng Quan tuyt ng ni ng,
nhng Vng khng nghe, bo rng: "Vic nh thnh l h sch, nay ta hy
c dng binh sc nhuu i qun ch n th ra nh. H- vin qun m
thua, th qun trong thnh tt phi ra hng. Th c phi lm mt vic m thnh
c hai khng?" on ri bt phi gi gn mi ni cho nghim nht, li bt
ngi Lng Giang, Bc Giang, Tam i, Tuyn Quan, Quy Ha i ch khc,
b ng khng trnh qun Minh.

Bnh nh Vng sai qun thy b vy nh, sai Trn Nguyn Hn

chn ng ti lng ca qun Minh, li sai Phm Vn, L Khi, Nguy-n X
em qun thit i vo nh chm qun Minh c hn 5 vn, bt sng c
Hong Phc, Thi T v 3 vn qun. Thi T khng chu hng phi git.

n thng mi (1427) Bnh nh Vng nghe tin qun ca bn Li-u

Thng sp sang t An Nam, lin hi cc tng li bn rng: "Qun kia cy
kho khinh yu, ly nhiu bt nt t, ch ct nh cho c, ch khng t ng
n iu khc. Nay ng xa nghn dm, m i c my ngy, nu ta nhn lc
ngi nga ca chng ang mi mt, ta "d dt i lao", nh l tt c". Bn
sai L St, Lu Nhn Ch, L Linh, inh Lit, L Th em 1 vn qun v 5 con
voi ln phc sn ca Chi Lng, i qun Minh. Li sai L L, L Vn An,
em 3 vn qun c lc tc ko ln nh gic.

By gi Mc Thnh vi bn Phm Vn Xo v Trnh Kh ang gi

nhau ca L Hoa. Trc Vng cng liu rng Mc Thnh l ngi lo
luyn tt ch xem qun Li-u Thng thng bi th no ri mi tin, bn sai a
th dn bn Vn Xo c gi vng ch ng ra nh. n khi qun Li-u Thng
thua ri, Vng cho nhng tn t tng bt c, em nhng giy m n tn
ln cho Mc Thnh bit.

By gi Trn Lu ang gi ca Ba Ly (Nam Quan) thy qun Minh

n, lui v gi Ai Lu; n khi qun gic n nh Ai Lu, Trn Lu li li v
gi Chi Lng, c cch tng on, ch no cng c n, qun Minh i n u
khng ai dm chng gi, ph lun mt lc c nhng my ci n. Li-u
Thng c ui trn i. Bnh nh Vng li lm ra b khip s, cho ngi
a th sang ni vi Li-u Thng xin lp Trn Cao ln lm vua xin bi binh.
Li-u Thng tip th khng m ra xem cho ngi a v Bc Kinh, ri c tin
ln nh.

Mc Thnh c tin y, s qu, em qun chy, b qun Trnh Kh

ui theo chm c hn 1 vn ngi v bt c c ngi ln nga mi th
hn mt nghn.

20. Vng Thng Xin Ha Ln Th Hai.

Bnh nh Vng sai

a bn Hong Phc v hai ci h ph, hai du i ngn ca quan Chinh L
Ph Tng Qun v ng Quan cho Vng Thng bit.

Ngy 18 thng 9, qun Li-u Thng n gn ca Chi Lng. L St sai

Trn Lu ra nh ri b chy. Li-u Thng mng lm, ch em 100 lnh k ui
theo, b i i li sau. ui c mt on, phi ch bn ly i khng
c, phc binh ta ra nh, chm Li-u Thng ni o M Pha (by gi l

Vng Thng bit rng vin binh sang b thua ri, s hi qu, vit
th xin ha. Vng thun cho, ri cng vi Vng Thng lp n th pha
nam thnh ng Quan, hn n thng chp th em qun v Tu.

94

ai chu nghe, by gi ngi nc ti s phi tai v, lin em nhau ra phng b

cc ca i, cng l mt k gi mnh.

21. Trn Cao Dng Biu Xin Phong.

Bnh nh Vng ha
vi Vng Thng ri, qun Minh Ty v cc ni u gii binh c.
Vng sai L Thiu Dnh, L Quang Cnh v L c Huy em t biu v
phng vt sang s nh Minh.

Ng u quan qun xa xi mi n thy voi s hi, tc khc v tan. Vic

xy ra nh vy, du b i s bt c d ca ngi trong nc cng l li ca ti.
Nhng bao nhiu nhng qun v nga bt c u phi thu dng t t,
khng dm xm phm mt t g.

Nhng phng vt l:
1. Hai ngi bng vng thay mnh.
2. Mt l hng bng bc.
3. Mt i bnh hoa bng bc
4. Ba mi tm lt.
5. Mi bn i ng voi.
6. Mi hai bnh hng trm.
7. Hai vn nn hng duyn.
8. Hai mi b cy hng trm.

Dm xin hong thng ngy nay li theo nh li chiu ca vua Thi Tng Vn
Hong , tm ly con chu h Trn, ngh n ci lng thnh vo triu cng
trc nht ca t tin ti ngy xa, m x ci ti to nh g ni y, khng bt
phi ci pht nng bng ba ru, khin cho ti c ni nghip x nam,
gi chc triu cng.
Ti sai ngi thn tn mang t biu t v a tr nhng n tn nhn m ti
chn kinh s, nay li xin tu nhng danh s y"

V li em hai ci du i ngn, i h ph ca Chnh L Ph Tng Qun

cng vi s k nhng ngi quan qun nhn m b bt em tr li Minh
Triu.

Vua nh Minh by gi l Tuyn Tng xem biu bit rng gi di,

nhng cng mun nhn dp y thi vic binh, bn a t biu cho qun
thn xem, mi ngi u xin ha. Minh sai quan L- B Th Lang l L K
a chiu sang phong cho Trn Cao lm An Nam Quc Vng, b ta B
Chnh v trit qun v Tu.

Cn t biu th ng tn Trn Cao, i lc nh sau ny:

"Khi vua Thi T Cao Hong mi ln ngi, t tin ti l Nht Khu vo triu
cng trc nht, by gi ngi c ban th ng, phong cho tc Vng. T
nh ti vn ni i gi b ci, khng b thiu l- triu cng bao gi.

n thng chp nm inh mi, Vng Thng theo li c vi Bnh

nh Vng, em b binh qua sng Nh H, cn thy qun theo sau.

Mi ri nhn h H thon nghch, vua Thi Tng Vn Hong qun sang hi

ti. Sau khi dp yn ri, ngi c h chiu tm con chu h Trn gi ly
dng di cng t. By gi quan tng binh Trng Ph tm cha c khp,
xin t lm qun huyn.

By gi c ngi xui Vng rng: lc trc ngi Minh tn c lm,

nn em git c i. Vng ni rng: " Phc th bo on l ci thng tnh ca
mi ngi, nhng ci bn tm ngi c nhn khng mun git ngi bao gi.
V ngi ta hng m li cn git th khng hay. Nu mnh mun tha cn
gin mt lc, m chu ci ting mun i git k hng, th sao bng cho
mun vn con ngi sng m khi c ci mi tranh chin v i sau, li
ting thm lu truyn thin c trong s xanh".

Nguyn ti lc trc v trong nc c lon, chy trn vo x Lo Qua, cng l

mun tm chn yn thn m thi, khng ng ngi trong nc, vn quen
thi mi, nh n n trch nh ti thu trc, li c p ti phi v, bt c d
ti cng phi theo.

Vng khng git ngi Minh li cp cho thy qun 500 chic thuyn
giao cho Phng Chnh v M K qun lnh; cp lng tho cho lc qun giao
cho Sn Th, Hong Phc qun lnh; cn 2 vn ngi ra hng v b bt

Du rng trong khi vi vng, b ngi trong nc c p, nhng cng l ci ti

ti khng bit liu x. Mi y ti c xin li trc hng qun, nhng khng
95

th giao cho M Anh qun lnh em v Tu. Vng Thng th lnh b binh i
sau. Bnh nh Vng ti-n bit rt hu.

Bnh Ng i Co

23. T Bnh Ng i Co.

Tng mng:
Vic nhn ngha ct yn dn, qun iu pht ch v kh bo. Nh
nc Vit t trc, vn xng vn hin lu. Sn h cng vc chia,
phong tc bc nam cng khc. T inh, L, L, Trn, gy nn c lp; cng
Hn, ng, Tng, Nguyn, hng c mt phng. Du cng nhc c lc
khc nhau, song ho kit i no cng c.

T Bnh Ng i Co ny lm bng Hn Vn, l mt bn vn chng

rt c gi tr trong i L. Nay theo nguyn vn trong tp Hong Vit Vn
Tuyn m chp ra nh sau ny:

Vy nn:
Lu Cung s uy mt va, Triu Tit nghe ting git mnh. Ca Hm T
git ti Toa , sng Bch ng bt sng M. Xt xem c tch, c minh
trng83.

Gic Minh lc tc v bc, by gi mi tht l: Nam Quc Sn H,

Nam C; nc Nam li c t ch nh c.
Bnh nh Vng dp xong gic Minh
ri, sai ng Nguy-n Tri lm t b co cho thin h bit.

Va ri:

V h H chnh s phin h, trong nc nhn dn on bn. Qun

cung Minh tha c t ngc84, bn gian t cn bn nc cu vinh. Nng
dn en trn ngn la hung tn, vi con xung di hm tai v. Chc di
mun nghn khe, c cha ngt hai mi nm. Bi nhn ngha, nt c cn
khn, nng khoa li-m85 vt khng sn trch. No ln rng o m, no xung
b m chu, no h by hu en, no li d chim s. Tn hi c cn trng
tho mc; nheo nhc thay quan qu in lin86. K h ming, a nhe rng,
mu m by no n cha chn. Nay xy nh, mai p t, chn tay no phc
dch cho va. Nng n v nhng ni phu phen, bt b mt c ngh canh ci.
c c thay ! trc rng khng ghi ht ti; d bn thay ! nc b khng ra
sch mi. L no tri t tha cho, ai bo thn nhn nhn c.
Ta y:

Ni Lam Sn dy ngha, chn hoang d nng mnh. Ngm non sng

cm ni th th, th sng cht cng qun nghch tc. au lng nhc c, chc
l mi my nng ma; nm mt nm gai, h phi mt hai sm ti. Qun n
v gin, sch lc thao suy xt tinh; ngm trc n nay, l hng ph n
o cng k. Nhng trn trc trong cn mng m, ch bn khon mt ni
hi. Va khi c ngha dy ln, chnh lc qun th ang mnh.
Minh trng: chng c r rng.
T ngc: Ht sc tn ngc.
85
Khoa li-m: Thu m.
86
Quan: Ngi khng v; Qu: ngi ga chng; in Lin: nhng k khng c nh , khng
trng cy vo u c.
83
84

96

sc, ngn gio gic phi li. Li thm qun bn mt vy thnh, hn n rm

thng mi dit tc. S tt ra oai t h, thn th mt tro nha. Gm mi
, ni cng mn; voi ung nc, nc sng phi cn. nh mt trn sch
khng knh ngc, nh hai trn tan tc chim mung. Cn gi to trt sch l
kh, t kin hng st toang c. Thi T phi qu m xin li, Hong Phc t
tri ra hng. Lng Giang, Lng Sn thy cht y ng, Xng Giang,
Bnh Than mu tri nc. Gm gh thay ! sc phong vn cng i; thm
m thay ! sng nht nguyt phi m. Binh Vn Nam nghn L Hoa, s m
mt mt; qun Mc Thnh tan chn Cn Trm, chy thot thn. Sui mu
Lnh Cu, nc sng rn r; thnh xng an X, c ni m a. Hai mt
cu binh, cm u trn chy; cc thnh cng khu, c i gip xung u. Bt
tng gic mang v, n vy ui phc ti; th lng tri bt st, ta cng m
ng hiu sinh. M K, Phng Chnh, cp cho nm trm chic thuyn, ra
n b cha thi trng ngc. Vng Thng, M Anh, pht cho vi nghn c
nga, v n Tu cn m hi. N s cht cu ha, ng lng th phc;
ta mun ton qun l ct, c nc ngh ngi.

Li ngt v:
Tun kit nh sao bui sm, nhn ti nh l ma thu. Vic bn tu
thiu k n, ni duy c him ngi bn bc. i phen vng vy, vn m
m con mt dc ng87; my tha i ch, lung ng ng c xe h t88.
Th m trng ngi, ngi cng vng ngt, vn mt m nh k vng dng89.
th m t ta, ta phi lo toan, thm vi v nh khi chng nch90. Phn th gin
hung ngang dc, phn th lo quc b kh khn. Khi Linh Sn lng ht
my tun; khi Khi huyn qun khng mt l. C l tri mun trao cho gnh
nng, bt tri qua bch chit thin ma; cho nn ta c gng gan bn, chp ht
c nht sinh thp t. Ma u gy, ngn c pht phi, ngng vn ngh bn
ci an h. M tic qun, chn ru ngt ngo, khp tng s mt lng ph
t. Th gic mnh, ta yu m ta ch ni; qun gic nhiu, ta t m ta c
lun.
Dn hay:
em i ngha thng hung tn, ly ch nhn m thay cng bo.
Trn B ng sm vang st dy, min Tr Ln trc ph tro ba S kh hng,
qun thanh cng mnh. Trn Tr, Sn Th mt va chy tan; Phng Chnh, L
An tm ng trn trnh. nh Ty Kinh ph tan th gic, ly ng thu li
ci xa. Di Ninh Kiu mu chy thnh sng; bn Ty ng xc y ngoi
ni. Trn Hip thit mng. L Lng li phi thy. Vng Thng ht cp lo
lng, M Anh khng ng cu . N tr cng lc kit, b tay khng bit
tnh sao; ta y mu pht tm cng, chng nh m ngi chu khut. T ng
n phi thay lng i d, hiu l ti lui; ng u cn kim k tm phng, gy
mm ti nghit. Cy mnh l phi, ch quen v cho ngi; tham cng mt
thi, chng b by tr d duc. n ni a tr ranh nh Tuyn c91, nhm
v khng thi; li sai nht nht nh Thnh, Thng, em du cha chy.
Nm inh mi thng chn, Li-u Thng t Khu n ting san; li nm nay thng
mi, Mc Thnh t Vn Nam ko n. Ta iu binh gi him ngn li
Bc qun; ta li sai tng chn ngang tuyt ng lng o. Mi tm,
Li-u Thng thua Chi Lng, hai mi, Li-u Thng cht M Yn. Hai mi
lm, Lng Minh trn vong; hai mi tm, L Khnh t vn. Li dao ta ang

Th mi l mu k tht khn, v li sut xa nay cha c. Giang san

t y m mt, x tc t y vng nn. Nht nguyt hi m li minh, cn
khn b m li thi. Nn vn th xy nn chn chn, thn nghn thu ra sch
lu lu. Th l nh tri t t tng khn thing che ch , gip cho nc ta
vy.
Than i !
Vy vng mt mng nhung y nn cng i nh, phng lng bn b
thi v m hi vnh thanh. B co xa gn, ng cng cho bit.

Dc ng: ni mun v ly ng .
H t: C xe khng bn tri i ngi hin.
89
Vng dng: Trng ra bin khng thy g.
90
Chng nch: Vt ngi cht ui.
91
Vua Tuyn Tng nh Minh, nin hiu Tuyn c.
87

88

97

nch. Phn hung- chi v dit, nim quc-b chi tao trun. Linh-sn chi thc
tn kim tun, Khi-huyn chi chng v nht l. Ci thin dc khn ng d
ging quyt nhm, c d ch l chi d t vu nn. Yt can vi k, manh l chi
t tp; u giao h ng s, ph t chi binh nht tm. D nhc ch cng, hoc
cng nhn chi bt b; d qu ch chng, thng thit phc d xut k.

Bnh Ng i Co
Ci vn : nhn ngha chi c, yu ti an dn; iu pht chi s, mc tin
kh bo. Duy ng i-Vit chi quc, thc vi vn-hin chi bang. Sn xuyn chi
phong vc k th, Nam Bc chi phong-tc dic d. T Triu inh L Trn chi
triu to ng quc, d Hn ng Tng Nguyn nhi cc nht phng. Tuy
cng nhc th hu bt ng, nhi ho kit th v thng php.

Tt nng d i ngha nhi thng hung-tn, d chi nhn nhi dch cngbo. B-ng chi nh khu in xit, Tr-ln chi trc ph khi phi. S kh d chi
ch tng, qun thanh d chi i chn. Trn Tr, Sn Th, vn phong nhi tr
phch; L An, Phng Chnh, d tc d thu sinh. Tha thng trng khu, Tykinh k vi ng hu; tuyn phong tin th, ng- tn phc cu cng. Ninhkiu chi huyt thnh xuyn, lu tinh vn l; Ty-ng chi thi tch d, di x
thin nin. Trn Hip tc chi phc tm, k kiu k th; L Lng tc chi gian
, hu bc quyt thi. Vng Thng l lon nhi phn gi ch phn, M Anh
cu u nhi n gi ch n. B tr cng nhi lc tn, thc th i vong; ng mu
pht nhi tm cng, bt chin t khut. V b tt dch tm nhi ci l, kh i phc
tc nghit d tc c. Chp nht k chi kin, d gi ha tha nhn; tham nht th
chi cng, d di tiu thin-h. Toi lnh Tuyn-c chi gio ng, c binh v
ym; nhng mnh Thnh Thng chi nh tng, d du cu phn. inh-v cu
nguyt, Li-u Thng toi dn binh do Khu-n nhi tin; bn nin bn nguyt,
Mc Thnh dic phn t Vn-nam nhi lai. D tin k tuyn binh tc him d
ti k phong, d hu ti iu binh tit l d on k thc. Bn nguyt thp bt
nht, Li-u Thng vi ng qun s cng, k a Chi-lng nhi d; bn nguyt
nh thp nht, Li-u Thng vi ng qun s bi, thn t M-yn chi sn. Nh
thp ng nht, Bo-nh b Lng Minh trn hm nhi tng khu; nh thp bt
nht, thng-th L Khnh k cng nhi vn th.

C Lu Cung tham cng d th bi, nhi Triu Tit hiu i d xc vong.

Toa k cm Hm-t quan, M hu Bch-ng hi. K ch vng c,
quyt hu minh trng.
Khonh nhn H-chnh chi phin-h, tr-s nhn-tm chi on-bn.
Cung-Minh t khch, nhn d c ng dn; ngy ng hoi gian, cnh d mi
ng quc. Hn thng-sinh ngc-di-m, hm xch-t ha-khanh. Khi thin
vng dn, qu-k ci thin vn trng; lin binh kt hn, nm c i nh thp
nin. Bi ngha thng nhn, kin khn ky h dc tc; trng khoa hu li-m,
sn trch m hu kit di. Khai kim-trng, tc mo lam-chng nhi ph sn
o sa; thi minh-chu, tc xc giao-long nhi hon yu thn hi. Nhi-u dn
thit huyn lc chi hm tnh, i-n vt chc thy cm chi vng la. Cn trng
tho mc giai bt c d toi k sinh, quan qu in-lin cu bt hoch d an
k s . Tun sinh dn chi huyt, d nhun kit-hit chi vn nha; cc th mc chi
cng, d sng cng t chi gii v. Chu l chi chinh dao trng khn, l dim
chi tr trc giai khng. Quyt ng-hi chi thy, bt tc d trc k ; Khnh
Nam-sn chi trc, bt tc d th k c. Thn nhn chi s cng phn, thin a
chi s bt dung.

Ng toi nghinh nhn nhi gii, b t o qua tng cng. K nhi t

din thim binh d bao vi, k d thp nguyt trung tun nhi i-n dit. Vin
tuyn t hu chi s, thn mnh tro nha chi thn. m tng nhi h thy can,
ma ao nhi sn thch khuyt. Nht c nhi knh kh ngc on, ti c nhi iu
tn qun kinh. Quyt hi ngh bng , chn cng phong co dip. c Thi T tt hng nhi tng khon, thng-th Hong Phc din phc d
tu cm. Cng-thi tc Lng-giang, Lng-sn chi ; chin-huyt xch Xnggiang, Bnh-than chi thy. Phong vn v chi bin sc, nht nguyt thm d v
quang.

D phn tch Lam-sn, th thn hoang d. Nim th-th kh i kh cng

i, th nghch-tc nan d cu sinh. Thng tm tt th gi thy thp d nin,
thng m nga tn gi ci phi nht nht. Pht phn vong thc, mi nghin
m thao-lc chi th; tc c nghim kim, t suy cu hng vong chi l. hi
chi ch, ng m bt vong. ng ngha k s kh i chi th, chnh tc th phng
trng chi nht.
Ni d nhn ti thu dip, tun kit thn tinh. Bn tu tin hu gi k
php k nhn, mu m duy c gi hu qu k tr. c d cu dn chi nim,
mi ut-ut nhi dc ng; c i hin chi xa, thng cp-cp d h t. Nhin
k c nhn chi hiu, mang nhc vng dng; do k chi thnh, thm chng
98

K Vn-nam binh vi ng qun s ch L-hoa, t ng nghi h ht nhi

tin d ph m. K Mc Thnh chng vn Thng qun i bi Cn-trm,
toi ln t bn hi nhi cn c thot thn. Lnh-cu chi huyt x phiu, giangthy v chi yt; an-x chi thi sn tch, d tho v chi n hng. Lng l c
binh, k bt tuyn chng nhi u bi; cc thnh cng khu, dic tng gii gip
d xut hng. Tc th thnh cm, b k iu ng-h kht lin chi v; thn v
bt st, d dic th Thng- hiu sinh chi tm. Tham-tng Phng Chnh,
ni-quan M K, tin cp hm ng bch d su, k hi nhi do th hn phi
phch tng. Tng-binh Vng Thng, tham-chnh M-Anh, hu cp m s
thin d tht, d hon quc nhi ch t c lt tm kinh. B k y t tham sinh,
nhi tu hiu hu thnh; d d ton qun vi thng, nhi dc dn c tc.

CHNG XV

NH L
(1428-1788)

Thi-K Thng-Nht (1428-1527)

I. L Thi T
1. Bnh-nh-vng ln ngi tn
2. Vic hc-hnh
3. Lut-l
4. Vic cai-tr
5. Php qun-in
6. Vic binh-lnh
7. Cng thn b git
II. L Thi Tng
III. L Nhn Tng
1. Cai-tr
2. Vic thu-l
3. Vic canh-nng
4. Nh sinh-t
5. Vic sa phong-tc
6. a- nc Nam
7. i-Vit s-k
8. Vic vn-hc
9. Vic v-b
10. nh Chim-thnh
11. nh Lo-qua
12. nh Bn-man
13. Vic giao-thip vi Tu
V. L Hin Tng

Phi duy k mu chi cc k thm vi-n, ci dic c kim chi s v kin

vn. X-tc d chi in an, sn xuyn d chi ci qun. Kin khn k b nhi
phc thi, nht nguyt k hi nhi phc minh. Vu d khai vn th thi bnh chi
c, vu d tuyt thin c v-cng chi s. Th do thin a t tng chi linh, hu d
mc tng m hu, nhi tr nhin d.
-h! Nht nhung i-nh, ngt thnh v cnh chi cng; t hi vnhthanh, dn b duy-tn chi co. B co h nh, hm s vn tri.

99

Vic cu phong v vic chu cng nc Tu l vic th bt-c-d, v

rng nc ta i vi nc Tu th ln nh khc nhau nhiu lm; v li nc ta
mt mnh l-loi pha nam khng c vy-cnh no c, nh vy, nu m c
khng-c, khng chu km mt t, th khng bao gi yn c. M du b
ngoi mnh chu km nc Tu, nhng k thc b trong vn t ch, ch ngi
Tu khng xm-phm g n vic nc mnh. Th cng l mt s giao-thip
khn-kho, lm cho nc c yn-tr.

VI. L Tc Tng v L Uy Mc
VII. L Tng Dc
1. Vic thu-m
2. i-Vit thng-gim
3. S bin-lon
VIII. L Chiu Hong v L Cung Hong
1. Gic Trn Cao quy-nhi-u ng-
2. Quan trong Triu lm lon
3. Mc ng Dung chuyn quyn

Vua Thi-t ln ngi ri, phong th ng cho cc cng-thn: bn vn th

ng Nguy-n Tri ng u, bn v th ng L Vn ng u, c thy l 227
ngi u c quc-tnh c. Ngi li phong cho ng Nguy-n Tri l Quanphc-hu, ng Trn nguyn Hn l T-tng-quc, ng Phm vn Xo lm
Thi-y.

I. L Thi T ( 1428 - 1433 )

Nin-hiu: Thun Thin

Nhng ngi cng-thn vo bc th nht th c th ng tc l

Thng-tr-t, bc th nh th c tc l i-tr-t, bc th ba th c tc
l Tr-t.

1. Bnh nh Vng Ln Ngi Tn. Bnh-nh-vng l

L Li c cng dp gic Minh, em li giang-sn cho nc nh. Nhng v
trc phi ly c lp con chu nh Trn cu ha vi nh Minh, cho nn
phi tn Trn Cao ln lm vua. Nay vic chin-tranh xong, lng ngi theo
v Bnh-nh-vng, m Trn Cao cng bit chng khng ai cho mnh
yn, bn trn vo chu Ngc-Ma (thuc ph Trn-ninh) nhng b quan qun
ui bt c, em v bt phi ung thuc c m cht.

2. Vic Hc Hnh.

Vua Thi-t sa-sang vic hc-hnh, t

trng Quc-t-gim t kinh- cho con chu cc quan vin v nhng
ngi thng dn tun-t vo hc-tp; m nh hc v t thy dy nho-hc
cc ph v cc l. Ri li bt cc quan vn v t t phm tr xung phi vo
thi Minh-kinh-khoa, ngha l quan vn th phi thi kinh-s, quan v th phi thi
v-kinh. cc l cng m khoa thi Minh-kinh cho nhng ngi n-dt ra
ng-th m chn ly nhn-ti.

Trn Cao cht ri, Bnh-nh-vng ln ngi tc l vua Thi-t nh L,

t quc-hiu l i-Vit. Nm y l nm mu-thn, lch Ty l nm 1428.

Nhng ngi i tu o Pht, o Lo cng bt phi thi kinh in

nhng o y; h- ai thi trng th mi cho php c lm tng v o-s, ai thi
hng th phi v tc lm n.

Vua Thi-t sai s sang cu phong bn Tu, nhng m nh Minh

khng chu, bt phi tm con chu nh Trn lp ln lm vua. S nh Minh
i v hai ba ln, sau vua Thi-t bt cc quan vin v ph lo trong nc lm
t khai rng con chu nh Trn tht khng cn ai na, v xin phong cho ngi
l L Li lm vua nc Nam. Vua nh Minh thy vy mi thun phong vng
cho ngi.

3. Lut L.

t ra lut-l mi theo nh hnh-lut nh ng: c

ti xuy, ti trng, ti , ti lu v ti t.

T y l c 3 nm phi sang cng nh Minh mt ln, m ln no

cng phi c hai ngi bng vng gi l: "i thn kim nhn". C l l lc
nh trn Chi-lng c git mt tng nh Minh l Li-u Thng v Lng Minh,
cho nn phi c hai ngi bng vng th mng.

Ti xuy chia ra lm 5 bc t 10 roi n 50 roi; ti trng cng chia ra

lm 5 bc, t 60 n 100 trng; ti chia ra lm 3 bc: lm dch inh,
lm lnh chung voi, v lm lnh n-in; ti lu chia ra lm 3 bc : lu

100

i cn chu, lu i vi-n chu v lu i ngoi chu92; ti t cng chia ra lm 3

bc: ti tht c v chm, ti chm bu u v ti lng-tr.

5. Php Qun in.

By gi thng nhng ngi khng c

cng-lao g vi nh-nc th lm rung nhiu nng, m nhng k phi nh
ng dp bc lao-lung kh-s , lc v mt tc t cng khng c. V th cho
nn vua Thi-t nh ra php qun-in ly cng in, cng th m chia
cho mi ngi, t quan i-thn cho n nhng ngi gi yu c qu, ai cng
c mt phn rung, khin cho s giu ngho trong nc khi chnh-lch
lm.

H- ai c vo hng bt ngh93 th trc phi tu xin ngh, khi vo

ngh xong ri li phi tu vua xt li. Nhng ngi cu thn c cng t
ng-phm d thng, c ai phm ti hay l ti lu th cng tha c; con chu
nhng ngi c ngh cng m c ti, th c theo ci th bc tp m ca
ng cha m gim cho. Nhng quan vin, qun dn ai c lm-li, nh ra phm
n ti lu tr xung th c cho chuc. Nhng ngi 70 tui tr ln, 15 tui
tr xung hay l c ph-tt m phm ti lu tr xung, th cng c cho
chuc. Nhng ngi 80 tui tr ln, 10 tui tr xung hay l c-tt, th c
th-t gim bt cho. Nhng ngi phm ti g hay l phm ti n-trm, n-cp
ca ngi ta m t mnh ra th nhn trc, th c lng ti m gim cho t
nhiu.

6. Vic Binh Lnh.

Khi gic Minh hy cn nc Nam, th

phi cn c nhiu qun binh, cho nn lc qun An-nam ta mi ra ng-, c
thy c 25 vn, sau ly c ng- ri cho 15 vn v lm n, ch li
10 vn phng-v m thi, nay li chia qun ra lm 5 phin, mt phin li
lu ban cn bn phin cho v lm rung, c ln lt thay i nhau m v.

Trong nc by gi c nhiu ngi du-ng c ru ch c bc,

khng chu lm n t-t, vy nn t ra php nghim trng-tr : ai nh bc bt c phi cht ngn tay mt ba phn; nh c, bt c phi cht
ngn tay mt mt phn; khng c vic g qun-t nhau ru ch, phi nh
100 trng, ngi dung cha nhng k y cng phi ti, nhng m c gim
i mt bc.

7. Cng Thn B Git.

Vua Thi-t vn l mt ng vua anh

ti, nh ui c gic Minh, m li sa-sang c nhiu cng-vic ch-li
cho nc, nhng khi ngi ln lm vua ri, c tnh hay nghi-ng, chm git
nhng ngi cng-thn nh ng Trn nguyn Hn v ng Phm vn Xo. Hai
ng y gip ngi c cng to, v sau ch v s gim-pha m u phi cht
oan c.

S nghim-pht nh th, th c thi-qu tht, v l lm tn-hi n

thn-th ngi ta, nhng m cng c cng-hiu, khin cho trong nc bt c
th ngi c i khng chu lm g, ch i nh la ngi m kim n.

Ngh m bun thay cho my ngi cng-thn i xa, ch lm v hai

ch cng danh, m em tm lng son st i ph-t qun-vng trong lc nguynan, mong c cht hin-vinh cho tha ci ch trng-phu i. Ng u
: chim bay ht, cung tt ct i, th nhanh cht ri, ch sn phi git; n khi
cng vic xong ri, th khng nhng l mt thn mnh cng khng c trn
vn m c h-hng thng cng phi v ly. Th mi bit ch c n Trng t
Phng nh Hn l ngi kin c hn c !

4. Vic Cai Tr.

Khi vua Thi-t mi Ngh-an ra ng-, th

chia nc ra lm bn o, nay li t thm mt o na gi l Hi-ty-o,
gm c Thanh-ha, Ngh-an, Tn-bnh v Thun-ha.
Trong cc o, o no cng c quan Hnh-khin gi s-sch v
vic qun-dn. Cn nh cc x-thn th c x no c hn 100 ngi tr ln,
gi l i x, t ba ngi x quan; x no c 50 ngi tr ln, gi l trung x,
t hai x quan; x no c 10 ngi tr ln gi l tiu x, t mt ngi x
quan coi vic trong x.

Vua Thi-t lm vua c 6 nm th mt, th c 49 tui.

II. L Thi Tng ( 1434 - 1442 )

Nin-hiu: Thiu Bnh ( 1434 - 1442 )

i Bo ( 1440 - 1442 )

Lu i cn chu l vo Ngh-an, i vi-n chu l vo B-chnh, i ngoi chu l vo Tn-bnh.

93
Bt ngh l : Ngh thn, ngh c, ngh hin, ngh nng, ngh cng, ngh qu, ngh cn, ngh tn.
Xem sch Chu-l- th bit r.
92

101

L c ti sc, bn bt theo hu. i n huyn Gia-nh (nay l huyn Gia-bnh

Bc-ninh) th vua mt. Triu-nh ti cho Nguy-n th L git vua, bt ng
Nguy-n Tri lm ti v tru di c ba h.

Khi vua Thi-tng ln lm vua th ngi mi c 11 tui, cho nn cngvic g cng quan Ph-chnh l L St quyt nh ht c.

Vua Thi-tng lm vua c 9 nm, th c 20 tui.

L St l mt ngi t hc nhng v trc theo vua Thi-t lp c

cng to, quan lm n i-t-. Nay lm Ph-chnh, thng hay cy quyn,
tri php, lm nhiu iu kiu-hnh, h- triu-thn ai l ngi khng tng-phc
th tm cch lm hi.

III. L Nhn Tng ( 1443 - 1459 )

Nin-hiu: i Ha ( 1443 - 1453)

Vua Thi-tng tuy cn tr tui nhng vn c tnh thng-minh, lm vua

c t lu th ra thn chnh ly, ri git L St i thu ly quyn. Song cng
v t tui m li khng c ngi ph-t, cho nn sau thnh say-m tu sc lm
lm iu khng c chnh-nh.

Din Ninh ( 1454 - 1459 )

Khi vua Thi-tng mt, thi-t l Bng C mi ln 2 tui. Cc quan i-thn l

bn L Kh, Nguy-n X, lp thi-t ln lm vua, tc l Nhn-tng, b
Hong-thi-hu ra nhip chnh.

i Thi-tng lm vua th trong nc phi my nm i hn, nc lt

v hong-trng lm hi ma-mng, dn phi i kh. mn mng-mn li
c i ba m gic ni ln lm lon, c khi vua phi thn chinh i nh, c
khi ch sai quan i tiu-tr, cng dp yn c. Cn vic giao-thip vi nhng
nc ln-bang, nh Tim-la (Thi-lan), Chim-thnh, Ai-lao th nhng nc y
u c s thn i li v thng c tin cng c.

Trong my nm b thi-hu cm quyn, th c my vic quan-trng

nh l t ra 14 iu h-lut v vic t-in; i cch thi ly ngi lm li,
b thi m-t v thi kinh-ngha, ch thi vit v thi tnh m thi. Li o sng
Bnh-l94 tnh Thi-Nguyn cho tin ng vn-ti.

trong th chnh-n vic thi-c li. L c 5 nm mt ln thi hng,

6 nm mt ln thi hi. Php thi th k -nht lm mt bi kinh-ngha, bn bi
t-th ngha, mi bi phi 300 ch tr ln; k -nh th lm bi chiu, bi ch
v bi biu; k -tam lm bi thi ph; k -t th lm mt bi vn sch phi
1.000 ch tr ln.

Cn ngoi, th vua nc Chim-thnh l B Cai c hay sang cp

ph t Ha-chu. Triu-nh my phen sai quan vo nh ui, nhng
vn khng cha. n nm bnh-dn (1446) Triu-nh sai L Th, L Kh em
qun sang nh Chim-thnh ly c thnh -bn, bt c B Cai v c
phi tn em v ng-kinh, ri lp ngi chu vua B- l M-kha-quiLai ln lm vua.

n nm nhm-tut (1442) m khoa thi tin-s, bao nhiu nhng ngi

thi u c khc tn vo bia phn-chn lng ngi vn-hc. Cc
tin-s c khc tn vo bia Vn-miu kh i u t y.

Nm mu-thn (1448) li c x Bn-man xin ni thuc nc ta, t

lm chu Qui-hp. t Bn-man pha ng-nam gip tnh Ngh-an, tnh
Qung-bnh, pha ty-bc gip tnh Hng-ha, tnh Thanh-ha.

Nhng cch-thc tiu-dng tin v la vi trong nc cng nh li

c; c 60 ng l mt tin; la th c di 30 thc, rng 1 thc 5 tc tr ln l
mt tm; giy th 100 t lm mt tp.

Tuy vy, nhng v b Thi-hu hay nghe nhng li ni gim, chm git
cc quan cu-thn nh l L Kh, L khc Phc, lm cho nhiu ngi khng
phc.

Thng by nm nhm-tut (1442), Thi-tng i duyt binh huyn

Ch-linh. By gi ng Nguy-n Tri v tr s tri Cn-sn, thuc huyn Chlinh. Khi vua i qua c vo thm, v thy ngi hu ng y l Nguy-n th

94
"Khm-nh Vit-s" chp rng sng Bnh-l chy t Thi-nguyn v n Ph-l, th c l sng
Bnh-l l sng C-l chng?

102

minh thm ra v li lng-ly mt phng, k t xa n nay cha bao gi

cng-thnh nh vy.

Nm qu-du (1453), Nhn-tng mi bt u thn chnh. Trc ht

ngi truy-tng cho nhng ngi cng-thn v cp rung quan-in cho con
chu cc ng L St, L Ngn, v L khc Phc.

Thnh-tng ln ngi ri phong tc v cp rung quan in cho cc

cng-thn. Ngi li truy-tng nhng ngi cng-thn b git oan ngy trc, v
cho tm con chu ng Nguy-n Tri v, cp cho 100 mu rung phng-th
t-tin.

Li sai ng Phan ph Tin lm b quc-s k t vua Thi-tng nh

Trn cho n khi thuc nh Minh, c thy l 10 quyn.
Trc cc vng-hu v cc quan vn-v u c theo phm-hm ca
mnh m n lc ly thu trong 50 h hay l 100 h. Nay Nhn-tng li cho
thm tin tu-bng na.

Nhng ngi m c quc-tnh, nay ngi cho phc tnh li cho

khi mt tn h.

1. Vic Cai Tr.

T trc n gi triu-chnh vn theo li c ca

nh Trn : trn th c t hu Tng-quc, ri n L--b, Li-b, Ni-cc-vin,
Trung-Th, Hong-Mn, v ba s Mn-h, li c ng-o Hnh-khin coi
s-sch qun-dn cc o. n khi Nghi Dn cp ngi, t ra lc B v lc
Khoa. Lc B l : Li-b, H-b, L--b, Binh-b, Cng-b v Hnh-b. Lc
khoa l : Li-khoa, L--khoa, Binh-khoa, Hnh-khoa, H-khoa v Cng-khoa.

Vua Nhn-tng c l cng nn c mt ng vua hin, nhng chng

may ngi c ngi anh l Lng-sn-vng Nghi Dn, trc lm Thi-t, sau
v ngi m phi ti cho nn phi b. n nm k-mo (1459), Nghi Dn
ng mu vi bn L c Ninh, Phm n, Phan Ban v Trn Lng, na m
tro thnh vo git Nhn-tng v Hong-thi-hu, t xng lm vua, ri cho s
sang Tu cu phong.

Quan lc b th c Thng-th lm u, ri n t hu Th-lang, Langtrung, Vin-ngoi-lang, T-v.

Nhn-tng tr-v c 17 nm, th 19 tui.

Thnh-tng t thm ra lc t l : i-l-t, Thi-thng-t, Quanglc-t, Thi-bc-t, Hng-l-t, Thng-bo-t. Quan Lc T th c T-khanh,
Thiu-khanh v T-tha.

IV. L Thnh Tng ( 1460 - 1497 )

Nin-hiu: Quang Thun ( 1460 - 1469)

Hng c ( 1470 - 1497 )

Ngi li lp ra quan ch v l--nghi theo nh bn Tu. Cc quan vn v

c phn rung t, li c tin tu bng. Nhng ai m lm iu g nhng-lm
th u phi nghim tr.

Nghi Dn cp ngi vua c 8 thng, nhng v tnh hay nghe li

dua-nnh, chm git k cu thn, cho nn lng ngi khng ai phc, n thng
su nm canh-thn (1460) cc quan i-thn l bn Nguy-n X, inh Lit mu
chm Phm n v Phan Ban gia ngh-s-ng, ri ng ca thnh li
vo bt Nghi Dn git i, rc con th t vua Thi-tng l Bnh-nguyn-vng
T-Thnh ln lm vua, tc l vua Thnh-tng.

Ngi li nh l tr s, cho cc quan ni ngoi : ai lm quan n 65 tui

th c xin v tr s, cn nhng ngi lm nha-li n 60 tui cng c xin
v.
Trc vua Thi-t chia ra lm 5 o, c ph, l, trn, chu, huyn, x.
o th t quan Hnh-khin, Tuyn-ph chnh ph-s; ph th t Tri-ph; l
th t An-ph-s; trn th t Trn-ph-s; huyn th t Chuyn-vn-s v
Tun-st-s; x th t X-quan.

Thnh-tng l mt ng vua thng-minh, th m rt c hiu, vi b

ti i ly lng thnh. Ngi tr-v c 38 nm, sa-sang c nhiu vic
chnh-tr, m -mang s hc hnh, chnh-n cc vic v-b, nh dp nc
Chim, nc Lo, m thm b-ci, khin cho nc Nam ta by gi uc vn103

Thnh-tng chia nc ra lm 12 o l Thanh-ha, Ngh-an, Thunha, Thin-trng, Nam-sch, Quc-oai, Bc-giang, An-bang, Hng-ha,
Tuyn-quang, Thi-nguyn, Lng-sn. Mi o c ta , ta Tha v ta
Hin. Ta th c chnh ph -tng-binh, coi v vic binh; ta Tha th c
Tha-chnh chnh-ph-s, coi v vic chnh; ta Hin th c Hin-st chnhph-s, coi v vic hnh.

4. Nh T Sinh. Vua Thnh-tng li lo n cc chng bnh lm

hi dn. Ngi lp nh T-sinh nui nhng ngi au-yu, v khi no u
c dch t- th sai quan em thuc i cha bnh.
5. Vic Sa Phong Tc. Dn ta by gi sng-tn o Pht,
hay lm nh lm cha. Nhng l- hn v l- tang th lm nhng iu tri vi l
thng, nh l nh no c tang-ch th lm c bn n-ung, ri by ra cc tr
ht xng, lm mt cuc vui chi. L- hn th n l- hi ri, ba bn nm mi
cho rc du v nh chng.

Li t ra chc Gim st-ng-s i xem xt cng-vic cc o

cho khi s nhng-nhi-u.
Sau nhn c t Qung-nam mi ly ca Chim-thnh li t ra lm
13 x l Thanh-ha, Ngh-an, Sn-nam (trc l Thin-trng), Sn-ty (trc
l Quc-oai), Kinh-bc (trc l Bc-giang), Hi-dng (trc l Nam-sch),
Thi-nguyn, Tuyn-quang, Hng-ha, Lng-sn, An-bang, Thun-ha, Qungnam. nhng x him-yu nh Ngh-an, Thun-ha, Tuyn-quang, Hngha, Thi-nguyn, Lng-sn, Qung-nam u t chc Th-ng kinh-lc-s
phng gi. Trong 13 x y li chia lm 52 ph, 172 huyn v 50 chu.
Cn di ph huyn th c hng, phng, x, thn, trang, sch, ng,
nguyn, tr ng c thy l 8.006.

Thnh-tng cm khng cho lm cha mi, tin ca v cng-phu m

lm vic c ch. Cm nhng nh c l- tang khng c by cuc ht xng.
Vic hn th khi nhn l- hi ri, phi chn ngy cho rc du, v l c ci
ri ngy hm sau i cho cha m, ba ngy th i l- t ng.
Ngi li t ra 24 iu, sc cho dn-x thng thng ging c
gi ly thi tt :
1. Cha m dy con phi c php-tc, trai gi u c ngh-nghip, khng c
ru-ch c-bc, tp ngh ht-xng hi phong-tc.

2. Vic Thu L.

By gi thu inh mi ngi ng nin ng 8

tin; cn thu rung, thu t v thu t bi trng du th c k mu m ng
thu, m th t no cng chia ra lm ba hng.

2. Ngi gia-tr ng t mnh phi gi l--php cho c nh bt-chc; nu

con em lm cn, th bt ti ngi gia tr ng.

Vic lm s h, th c 6 nm mt k, quan ph huyn phi dn cc xtr ng v Kinh khai s h-khu cc x.

3. V chng cn-kim lm n, n-ngha trn-vn, duy ch c khi no ngi v

phm ti tht-xut th mi c b, ch khng c khin i cu dung lm
hi n phong-ha.

3. Vic Canh Nng. Vua Thnh-tng ly s nng-tang lm

trng, cho nn ngi ch v vic y lm. Thng thng ngi sc cho ph
huyn phi ht sc khuyn bo dn lm vic cy rung trng du.

4. Lm k t- nn yu-mn anh em, ha-thun vi hng-ng, phi ly l-ngha m c-x; nu tri php th ngi tn-tr ng nh-p dy-bo, c ti to
th phi em np quan trng-tr.

t quan H- v quan Khuyn-nng coi vic cy cy trong nc.

Bt quan H-b v quan Tha-chnh cc x phi tu cho ngi bit nhng t
b hoang bt ph huyn c dn phu khai-khn lm rung.

5. chn hng-ng tng-tc, c vic hon-nn th phi gip- ln nhau;

nu ai c ting l ngi hnh-ngha tt, th cc quan ph huyn s ti phi
bm ln ta Tha, ta Hin, tu vua m tinh biu cho.

Lp ra c thy 42 s n-in, t quan trng-nom s khai-khn,

khin cho dn khi phi i-kh.

6. n-b c li m cha m v chng trng-tr th nn phi sa mnh i

li, khng c t-tin trn i, lm h mt nt n-b.
104

18. Ph huyn phi lp bia cc ni s -ti cm con-trai con-gi khng

c cng tm mt bn, cho c phn bit.

7. Ngi n-b ga khng c cha nhng a trai tr trong nh, ni di

l con nui m hnh nhng vic gian dm.

19. Cc x-thn phi chn mt vi ngi gi-c, o-c lm tr ng, nhng

ngy thong-th em dn ra nh, tuyn ging nhng li co d, khin dn
bt-chc lm iu thin, thnh ra m tc.

8. Ngi n-b ga chng, i vi cc con v c, hoc v l, nng hu, nn

c lng thng-xt, khng c mu-m chim ot gia-ti lm ca ring
mnh.

20. Trong ht ph huyn c k cng-ho xm-chim in-th, c-hip c-c

v xui-gic ngi ta kin-tng, th cho x-thn co gic ln quan x-tr, nu
m n-nc th phi bim-bi.

9. n-b ga chng, cha c con-ci, phi nh chng gi tang-l-,

khng c chuyn-vn, ca-ci mang v nh mnh.
10. Lm n-b th phi theo chng, khng c cy cha m mnh ph-qu m
khinh nh chng, nu khng nh th th bt ti n cha m.

21. Cc nh vng, cng, i-thn dung tng nhng a tiu-nhn, a ngi

khn l-, v cho ngi nh i c-hip dn-gian m mua r cc vt, th
cho dn c u co trng tr.

11. K s-phu nn qu phm-hnh v gi php quan, nu c xu-nnh nhng k

quyn qu cy th lm cn th phi cch b i khng k n na.

22. Nhng ngi lm quan ph, huyn m bit khuyn-bo dn-gian lm iu

l--ngha khim-nhng, c quan Tha-chnh, Hin-st xt thc, th c cho
vo hng tt; nu ai khng chm dy-bo dn th cho l ngi khng xng
chc.

12. K in-li ch vic gi s-sch giy-m lm vic quan, nu lm nhng

s in-o n t, th quan trn s xt ra m trng tr.
13. Quan dn u phi hiu-, v chm-ch lm rung, cng gip ln
nhau; khi i lm vic quan, khng c tr- bing, trn-trnh. Nu ai c ting
l ngi lng-thin th cc quan ph huyn phi trnh ta Tha, ta Hin
tu m tinh biu cho.

23. Cc ngi huynh-tr ng chn x-thn v phng bit dy bo con em

trong lng cho nn c phong-tc tt, th quan ph huyn phi bm ta Tha,
ta Hin tu vua ban khen cho.
24. Cc dn mng-mn ngoi b-ci, nn gi li di-hun, khng c tri
o lun-thng nh cha, anh, ch, bc cht th con em khng c chim
ly nhng th-thip, nu m tri php, th s tr ti rt nng.

14. K thng-mi phi ty thi gi m bun-bn vi nhau, khng c thay

i thng u, v t-tp -ng i trm-cp; nu phm iu y th tr ti
rt nng.

6. a Nc Nam. T xa n nay nc Nam ta vn

khng c a-, Thi-tng bn sai quan cc o xem xt trong ht mnh
c nhng ni sng g, him-tr th no phi v a- ra cho r-rng v ch
no t c ch kim c nhng s-tch g phi ghi-chp vo cho tng-tn, ri gi
v b H lm quyn a-d nc ta.

15. Vic hn-gi t-t phi gi l--php, khng c lm cn.

16. Ch dn-gian c m trng du-h hoc cng-t, th con-trai con-gi n
xem, khng c ng ln ln, khi thi dm.
17. Cc hng qun bn ng, c ph-n i xa n tr, th phi phng gi.
Nu h-hip -nhc ngi ta, vic pht-gic ra, th ngi phm cng vi
ch nh u phi tr ti c.

7. i Vit S K. Thnh-tng sai Ng s Lin lm b i-Vit

s-k chia ra lm 2 bn. Mt bn k t Hng-bng-th cho n thp-nh Squn c 5 quyn. Mt bn k t inh Tin-hong cho n L Thi-t c 10
quyn. C thy l 15 quyn.
105

8. Vic Vn Hc.

10. nh Chim Thnh.

Vua Thnh-tng nh php thi hng, sa

php thi hi, chn ly nhn-ti. Thng ngi ra lm ch cc k thi nh, v
ngi lp ra l xng danh cc Tin-s v l cho v vinh qui.

Nm canh-thn (1470) l nm
Hng-c nguyn-nin, vua nc Chim-thnh l Tr Ton mun sinh s vi
nc Nam. Mt mt th cho ngi sang cu vin-binh bn nh Minh, mt mt
th em qun sang nh ph t Ha-chu.

Ngi m rng nh Thi-hc ra. Pha trc th lm nh Vn-miu, pha

sau th lm nh Thi-hc, v lm ra cc phng c cho nhng k sinh-vin
hc. Lm kho B-th m cha sch. S hc by gi cng ngy cng m mang thm.

Vua Thnh-tng cho s sang Tu k chuyn Tr Ton lm nhi-u, ri

ngi t lm tng, c i-binh hn 20 vn sang nh Chim-thnh; khi qun
vo n Thun-ha, Thnh-tng ng qun li luyn-tp v sai ngi ln
sang v a- nc Chim-thnh bit cho r ch him ch khng ri mi
tin binh ln nh ly ca Th-ni (ca Bnh-nh).

Ngi li hay ngm thi, t ra Qunh-uyn cu-ca, xng lm Tao-n

nguyn-sy, cng vi k triu-thn l bn ng Thn nhn Trung, Nhun, c
thy 28 ngi xng ha vi nhau. Non xanh nc bic ch no cng c th
ca ngi.

Tr Ton nh thua, rt qun v gi kinh-thnh -bn. Qun AnNam ko n vy nh, ph c thnh, bt c Tr Ton.

Ngi sai ng Thn nhn Trung v ng Nhun lm b Thin-nam

d-h-tp, 100 quyn ni v vic chnh l hnh-lut i Hng-c. Ngi lm
ra mt quyn Thn-chinh k-s, k vic ngi i nh Chim-thnh, Lo-qua v
cc mng.

By gi c tng Chim-thnh l B tr Tr chy v t Phan-lung, sai

s vo cng v xin xng thn. Thnh-tng c mun lm cho nc Chim
yu th i, mi chia t ra lm ba nc, phong lm ba vua, mt nc gi l
Chim-thnh, mt l Ha-anh v mt nc na l Nam-phan.
Cn t -bn, t i-chim v t C-ly th vua Thnh-tng ly
lp thm o Qung-nam, c 3 ph, 9 huyn, ri t quan cai-tr, v chn
dn inh t 15 tui tr ln, ai l ngi thng-minh ham hc th cho lm sinh, dy cho s hc-hnh v s l--ngha.

9. Vic V B.

Tuy rng vua Thnh-tng ht lng sa-sang mi

vic trong nc, nhng ngi cng hiu rng phm mt nc m cng-thnh
th tt l phi c v-b, cho nn ngi bt cc quan tng-binh phi chm gingtp trn-, phi luyn-tp s-tt phng khi c vic.

Khi Tr Ton phi bt ri, em l Tr Toi trn vo ni, sai ngi

sang ku vi nh Minh v xin phong lm vua. Thnh-tng bit tin y lin sai
ng L Nim em 3 vn qun vo bt c Tr Toi gii v kinh-s. Sau vua
nh Minh c sai s sang bo ngi phi tr t Chim-thnh, nhng ngi khng
chu.

Ngi i nm V-qun ra lm nm ph l : Trung-qun ph, Nam

qun-ph, Bc-qun ph, ng-qun ph v Ty-qun ph. Mi mt ph th
c 6 v, mi v c 5 hay l 6 s , mi s c s qun 400 ngi. Qun c 5
ph c chng 6, 7 vn ngi. Ngi li t ra 31 iu qun lnh tp thy
trn; 42 iu tp b trn.

T khi vua Thnh-tng nh c Chim-thnh ri, thanh-th nc

Nam lng-ly, nc Lo v cc mng pha ty u v triu cng c.

Li t ra l c ba nm mt k thi v. Tng-s ai u th th ng, ai

hng th pht, khin mi ngi u vui lng v vic v-b.
i vua Thnh-tng my nm v trc cng c yn n, nhng my
nm v sau th phi chinh-chin nhiu ln. Khi th phi nh gic Lo, khi th
nh nhng gic c trong nc; nhng ch c nh Chim-thnh, nh Loqua v nh Bn-man l phi dng n i-binh.
106

Tu c mun dm-ng cng khng dm lm g. V li qun An-nam by gi

i nh Lo, dp Chim, thanh-th bao nhiu, nh Minh cng phi ly l--ngha
m i An-nam, cho nn s giao-thip ca hai nc vn c ha-bnh.

11. nh Lo Qua.

n nm k-hi (1479) c t-tr ng x

Bn-man l Cm Cng c lm phn, xui ngi Lo-qua95 em binh quynhi-u min ty nc ta. Thnh-tng lin sai quan Thi-y l L th Vc cng
vi cc tng qun l Trnh cng L, L nh Ngn, L Lng v L nhn Hiu
chia lm 5 o i t Ngh-an, Thanh-ha v Hng-ha sang nh ui vua
Lo-qua n sng Kim-sa96 gip vi nc Din-in. Trn y qun An-nam
c ton thng.

Xem nhng cng vic ca vua Thnh-tng th ngi tht l mt ng

anh-qun. Nhng s vn-tr v s v-cng nc Nam ta khng c i no
thnh hn l i Hng-c. Nh c vua Thi-t th giang-sn nc Nam mi
cn, v nh c vua Thnh-tng th vn-ha nc ta mi thnh, vy nn ngi
An-nam ta khng bao gi qun cng c hai ng vua y.

12. nh Bn Man.

Gy nn s nh Lo-qua l cng v h
Cm Bn-man mun lm iu phn-nghch.

Thnh-tng lm vua c 38 nm th c 56 tui.

Nguyn t Bn-man trc xin ni thuc, i lm chu Qui-hp,

nhng vn cho t-tr ng l h Cm c i i lm Ph-o. Sau i lm
Trn-ninh ph, c 7 huyn, v t quan ph huyn gim-tr. Nay Cm
Cng cy c ngi Lo-qua gip-, bn ui qun An-nam i, chim ly t,
ri em qun chng gi vi quan qun.

V. L Hin Tng ( 1497 - 1504 )

Nin-hiu: Cnh Thng

Thi-t l Tng ln ni ngi lm vua, tc l vua Hin-tng.

Ngi l mt ng vua thng-minh ha-hu. Thng khi bi triu ri,
ngi ra ngi ni chuyn vi cc quan, h- ai c iu g tri phi, ngi ly li mi m nh-bo, ch khng gt mng bao gi. Ngi vn hay ni rng : "Vua
Thi-t gy-dng c-, vua Thnh-tng sa-sang mi vic, ta nay ch
nn lo gn-gi np c, v m -mang s nhn-chnh ra cho sng r cng-c ca
ng cha trc."

Thnh-tng bn ng gi thn-chinh, nhng i n Ph-lit, c tin

thng trn ca qun ta sang nh Lo-qua, ngi tr v, sai ng L Nim em
binh i nh. Cm Cng nh thua cht, cn nhng ngi Bn-man xin hng.
Thnh-tng phong cho ngi h Cm Cng l Cm ng lm Tuyny-i-s v t quan cai-tr nh trc.

Ngi theo ci ch- y m tr dn, cho nn trong my nm ngi lm

vua khng c gic-gi g, m nhng vic chnh-tr u theo nh i Hng-c,
ch khng thay-i g c. Nht l v vic cy rung trng du, ngi lu tm
khuyn-nh quan dn, khin mi ngi phi ht sc gi-gn, bt o sng,
khai ngi, p ng, lm xe nc, cho tin vic v nng. Vic vn-hc
cng vy, khng bao gi ngi tr-ni. Nhng ngi tr-v c c 7 nm th
mt, th c 44 tui.

13. Vic Giao Thip Vi Tu.

Nc ta by gi tuy phi
theo l xng thn vi nh Minh, nhng vua Thnh-tng vn ht lng phng-b
mt bc. Thnh-thong c nhng ngi th-dn sang quy-nhi-u, th lp tc
cho quan qun ln ti-u-tr v cho s sang Tu phn-gii mi s cho minhbch. C mt hm c tin rng ngi nh Minh em binh i qua a-gii,
Thnh-tng lin cho ngi ln do-thm thc h. Ngi bo vi triu-thn rng :
"Ta phi gi-gn cho cn-thn, ng cho ai ly mt mt phn ni, mt tc
sng ca vua Thi-t li." Ngi c lng v nc nh th, cho nn du nc

VI. L Tc Tng ( 1504 ) v

L Uy Mc ( 1505 - 1509 )

95
Lo-qua, l t thng Lo v pha ty Bc-Vit by gi tc l Luang-Prabang. C khi gi l
nc Nam-chng.
96
Theo a-d nc Tu, th Kim-sa-giang l khc trn sng Trng-giang. Sng y chy pha bc
qua tnh Ty-khng v T-xuyn. y c l l nh chp s ln vi khc sng Lan-thng-giang l
khc trn Cu-long-giang

Nin-hiu: Thi Trinh v oan Khnh

107

Hin-tng mt, truyn ngi li cho ngi con th ba tn l Thun, tc

l vua Tc-tng.

dc.

Tc-tng lm vua c 6 thng th mt. Triu-nh tn ngi anh th

hai ca ngi l Tun ln lm vua, tc l vua Uy-mc.

Gin-tu-cng git vua Uy-mc ri t lp lm vua, tc l vua Tng-

Vua Tng-dc tnh hay chi-bi v xa-x, nh l sai ngi th tn l

V nh T lm ci in 100 nc, xy ci Cu-trng-i, bt qun dn lm
trong my nm tri khng xong, m tht l hao-tn tin-ca, cht hi nhiu
ngi. Ri li ng chin-thuyn bt n-b cho chi h Ty. Li t-thng
c vi nhng cung-nhn i tin triu. V hoang dm nh th cho nn s nh
Minh sang trng thy ngi, bo rng ngi l tng ln, s lon-vong chc l
sp ti vy.

T vua Uy-mc tr i th c-nghip nh L mi ngy mt suy dn, v

rng t v sau khng c ng vua no lm c vic nhn-chnh, v li
thng hay say-m tu sc, lm nhng iu tn-c, cho nn thnh ra s gicgi, thon-dot, n ni v sau du c trung-hng ln c, nhng quyn
chnh-tr vn v tay k cng-thn.

1. Vic Thu M.

Vic thu-m lc by gi th i-khi cng

nh my triu trc, nhng khng bit r tin-ti sn-vt ng-nin thu c
nhng g. n i vua Tng-dc thy s chp rng trc th thu vng thu
bc ng nin thu c :
Vng mi, th tt gi l "kim-kim"..
480 lng
Vng mi
2.883 lng
Bc
4.930 lng
Nay vua Tng-dc nh l i li mi nm thu c :
Vng mi th "kim-kim"
449 lng
Vng mi
2.901 lng
Bc
6.125 lng

Vua Uy-mc mi ln lm vua th git t-mu l b Thi-hong Thihu, git quan L--b Thng-th l ng m vn L- v quan -ng-s l ng
Nguy-n quang Bt, v l rng khi vua Hin-tng mt, b Thi-hu v hai ng y
c khng chu lp ngi.
lm iu bo-ngc, li say m tu-sc; m no cng cng vi
cung-nhn ung ru, ri n khi say th git i. C khi bt qun s ly gy
nh nhau lm tr chi. Tnh hung-c, m li hay phn-trc. Cho nn
s Tu sang lm th gi Uy-mc l Qu-vng.
By gi Uy-mc li hay tin dng my k ngoi-thch v tm nhng
ngi c sc mnh lm tc-v. B i th cho nn Mc ng Dung l ngi
nh c vo thi -lc-s, c lm chc -ch-huy-s. Cn nhng tntht v cng-thn th b nh-ui, dn s th b h-hip, lng ngi ta-on,
thin-h mt c trng-cy, triu-thn c nhiu ngi b quan trn i.

Nhng vng bc y l np vo kho chi vua tiu-dng. Cn cch

thu-np th no th khng r.

2. i Vit Thng Gim.

i by gi c quan Binh-b
Thng-th l ng V Qunh lm xong b i-Vit thng-gim; chia ra t h
Hng-Bng cho n thp-nh S-qun lm ngoi-k, cn t inh Tin-hong
n L Thi-t lm bn-k, c thy l 26 quyn. Vua sai ng L Tung son bi
tng-lun v b s y.

Thng chp nm k-t (1509) c Gin-tu-cng tn l Oanh chu vua

Thnh-tng, l anh em con ch con bc vi ngi, b bt giam. ng t tin
cho ngi canh ngc mi c ra, trn v Ty-, ri hi vi cc quan cuthn em binh ra nh bt vua Uy-mc v Hong-hu Trn-th git i.

3. S Bin Lon.

Thi by gi vua th hoang chi, triu-thn th

tuy l c bn ng Nguy-n vn Lang, ng L Tung, ng Lng c Bng, v.v...
nhng ngi th gi cht, ngi th xin thi quan v. V cng khng c ai l
ngi c th ngn gi c vua v kinh-doanh c vic nc, cho nn trong
nc gic-gi ni ln khp c mi ni. t Kinh-bc th c Thn duy Nhc,

VII. L Tng Dc ( 1510 - 1516 )

Nin-hiu: Hng Thun

108

Ng vn Tng, lm lon huyn ng-ngn v huyn Gia-lm; t Sn-ty th

c Trn Tun nh ph. Li c tn Phng Chng lm gic ni Tam-o;
Trn cng Ninh chng gi huyn An-lng. t Ngh-an th c L Hy, Trnh
Hng, L vn Trit lm phn. Li huyn Thy-ng (Hi-dng) c Trn
Cao thy sm ni rng phng ng c thin-t kh, bn cng vi -ng
nh ly t Hi-dng, Thy-ng, ng-triu, ri t xng l vua -thch
ging sinh, b i th thin-h theo c hng vn ngi.

Lc trong triu cn ang ri lon, cha bit ai l vua th Nguy-n hong

D bn B- c tin Trnh duy Sn git vua Tng-dc, bn em qun
v t ph Kinh-thnh v bt V nh T, l ngi c vic lm n-i cho
vua Tng-dc, em chm ngoi thnh.

Trn Cao em qun v ng t B-, bn kia sng Nh-h, chc

sang ly Kinh-. Sau quan qun sang nh, Trn Cao lui v ng Chu-sn,
thuc ph T-sn. Vua sai An-ha-hu l Nguy-n hong D sang ng qun
B- chng gi.

Nhng by gi Kinh-thnh b tn-ph ri, Trnh duy Sn phi rc

vua vo Ty-kinh.

Bn Trnh duy Sn li lp con Cm-giang-vng l Y ln lm vua, tc

l vua Chiu-tng.

1. Gic Trn Cao Quy Nhi-u ng .

Gic Trn
Cao thy Triu-nh b kinh-, bn em qun sang chim ly, ri tim
hiu lm vua.

Tuy trong nc gic cp nh th, nhng vua cng khng chu sasang vic g c, li khinh-d cc quan triu-thn. By gi c Nguyn-quncng l Trnh duy Sn, trc vn c cng i nh gic, nhng sau v hay can
vua m phi nh. Trnh duy Sn tc gin bn mu vi L qung v Trnh
ch Sm lp vua khc, ri gi mn ting i nh gic, m em binh vo
ca Bc-thn git vua Tng-dc.

Triu-nh vo n Ty-kinh, truyn hch i cc ni ly binh ra nh

Trn Cao.
Trnh duy Sn, Nguy-n hong D, Trnh Tuy, Trn Chn v cc quan
cu thn phn binh ra vy ng-kinh. Trn Cao phi b thnh chy ln t
Lng-nguyn (c l l Lng-sn).

Ngi tr-v c 8 nm, th c 24 tui.

Triu-nh li v ng-kinh, ri sai Trnh duy Sn ln Lng-nguyn

ui nh Trn Cao. Trnh duy Sn khinh ch qu, b gic git mt. Quan
gic li v ng B-. Vua sai Thit-sn-b l Trn Chn em qun nh
tp hu, ph c qun ca gic.

VIII. L Chiu Tng v

L Cung Hong ( 1516 - 1527 )

Nin-hiu: Quang Thiu ( 1516 - 1526 )

Thng Nguyn ( 1527 )

Trn Cao li chy v Lng-nguyn, v thy s-nghip khng thnh,

bn nhng quyn li cho con l Thng ri ct tc i tu trn cho khi nn.

Bn Trnh duy Sn git vua Tng-dc ri, hi triu-nh li nh lp

con Mc--vng l Quang Tr, mi c 8 tui, nhng V-t-hu l Phng Mi
bn nn lp chu ba i vua Thnh-tng l con Cm-giang-vng tn l Y,
14 tui. ng Trnh duy Sn bt Phng Mi chm ngay ch ngh-s, ri lp
Quang Tr. Quang Tr mi lm vua c ba ngy, cha kp i nin-hiu th b
Trnh duy i l anh Trnh duy Sn em vo Ty-kinh. Quang Tr vo y
c my ngy li b git.

2. Quan Trong Triu Lm Lon.

Tuy gic Trn Cao

ph c, nhng m lc by gi vua Chiu-tng hy cn tr tui, cha quyton c, m Triu-thn th khng c ai l ngi c ch gip nc, n ni
ngoi th gic lm lon, trong th cc quan sinh ra him-th, em qun nh
ln nhau, nh l Nguy-n hong D v Trnh Tuy, hai ngi i nh gic v ri
mi ngi ng qun mt ni chng-c vi nhau, vua can ngn cng khng
c.
109

 trong triu th bn Trnh duy i mu s lm phn, b ngi t co

ra, phi git c ng.

Vua bt ba ngi em git i, nhng bn tn Knh tn ng vn khng

gii binh. Mc ng Dung li di vua v Bo-chu (thuc huyn T-lim). Th
gic vn mnh, ri li c Trnh Tuy v Nguy-n S lm phn, thng vi bn tn
Knh lp L Do ln lm vua, ng hnh-in T-lim.

Bn Nguy-n hong D v Trnh Tuy c nh nhau mi, sau Trn Chn

bnh Trnh Tuy em qun nh Nguy-n hong D. Nguy-n hong D b
chy v gi Thanh-ha.

Vua li phi cho ngi vo gi Nguy-n hong D ln na. Nguy-n

hong D em binh Thanh-ha ra cng vi Mc ng Dung i nh gic.
Nhng Hong D xut binh nh trc, bi trn, phi rt qun v Thanh.

Vua sai bn Mc ng Dung i nh Nguy-n hong D. Nhng ng

Dung tip c th ca Hong D vit ring cho mnh, bn khng nh, em
qun tr v.

c t lu Mc ng Dung tr c bn L Do, Trnh Tuy v Nguy-n

S, ri li hng c bn Hong duy Nhc, Nguy-n Knh, Nguy-n ng em v
lm vy-cnh ca mnh. T quyn bnh v c ng Dung.

By gi quyn-bnh v c Trn Chn v li c ngi ni rng Trn

Chn c lm phn, vua bn cho ngi vi Trn Chn vo thnh ri ng ca
thnh li, bt git i.

3. Mc ng Dung Chuyn Quyn.

Mc ng Dung
by gi quyn-th hng-hch, ra vo cung cm tim dng nghi-v thin-t.
Cc quan ai c v nh vua m can-gin iu g, th ng Dung tm cch git i.
Cc quan triu-thn c nhiu ngi thy quyn ln v c h Mc, cng b vua
m theo ph Mc ng Dung.

B tng ca Trn Chn l bn Hong duy Nhc, Nguy-n Knh,

Nguy-n ng nghe tin Trn Chn phi git, bn em qun vo nh ph kinhthnh. Vua phi chy sang lnh mnh t Gia-lm, ri cho ngi vo Thanhha vi Nguy-n hong D ra nh gic. Nguy-n hong D khng ra.

Vua Chiu-tng thy vy, mi mu ngm vi bn ni thn l Phm

Hin v Phm Th nh Mc ng Dung, li cho ngi vo Ty-kinh vi
Trnh Tuy em binh ra lm ngoi ng. m n canh hai vua chy ln Sn-ty
thu-xp binh-m nh h Mc.

Chiu-tng khng bit mong cy vo ai c, phi cho ngi sang

Hi-dng vi Mc ng Dung v gip. Mi thon-ot gy nn t .
Nguyn Mc ng Dung l chu 7 i ng Mc nh Chi, ngy trc
vn lng ng-cao, huyn Bnh-h (thuc Hi-dng), sau di sang lng
C-chai (thuc huyn Nghi-dng, tnh Kin-an by gi). Mc ng Dung tha
tr nh ngho, lm ngh nh c, nhng c sc mnh, thi -lc-s, lm
n -ch-huy-s v triu vua Uy-mc; n triu vua Tng-dc c phong
l V-xuyn-hu.

Sng hm sau Mc ng Dung mi bit vua xut ngoi, lin sai Hong
duy Nhc em qun ui theo, n Thch-tht, Duy Nhc b qun s -ti bt
c git i.
Mc ng Dung cng vi cc quan trong triu lp Hong- l Xun
ln lm vua, tc l Cung-hong, i nin-hiu l Thng-nguyn. Nhng
kinh-thnh s vua Chiu-tng vin qun v nh, cho nn Mc ng Dung
rc Hong- Xun v t Gia-phc, nay l Gia-lc thuc tnh Hi-dng.

Nay vua Chiu-tng gi sang, nht thit trao c binh quyn nh

gic Hong duy Nhc.
Mc ng Dung em vua v B- ri cho ngi mt d bn
Nguy-n Knh, Nguy-n ng v hng. Bn y ni rng Trn Chn b git l ti
Ch Khi, Trnh Hu, Ng Bnh gim-pha. Nu nh vua lm ti ba ngi y
th xin v hng.

Khi vua Chiu-tng chy ln Sn-ty, nhng ngi ho-kit cc ni

theo v cng nhiu, nhng v vua nghe li nhng k hon-quan l bn Phm
in, khng theo li bn ca cc tng, cho nn lng ngi ly-tn, mi vic
hng c. Vua cho ngi vo Thanh-ha vi Trnh Tuy ba bn ln, Trnh Tuy
do-d mi khng ra. Sau Trnh Tuy cng vi Trnh duy Tun em hn mt vn
110

qun ra gip, th vua li nghe li bn Phm in bt Nguy-n b K l thuc

tng ca Trnh Tuy em git i. Trnh Tuy tc gin em qun bt vua Chiutng v Thanh-ha.
Nm gip-thn (1524) Mc ng Dung em qun vo nh Thanhha, Trnh Tuy thua trn ri cht, vua Chiu-tng b bt em v ng-h
(thuc huyn Th-xng), ri cho ngi n git i.
Vua Chiu-tng lm vua c 11 nm, th 26 tui.

PHN IV

Cch hai nm sau l nm inh-hi (1527), Mc ng Dung bt cc

quan nh L tho bi chiu truyn ngi cho nh Mc.

T Ch Thi-i

Cung-hong v b Hong-thi-hu u b git c. By gi triu-thn

c V Du, Ng Hon, quan -ng-s l Nguy-n vn Vn, quan Hn-lm
hiu-l l Nguy-n thi Bt, quan L--b thng-th l L tun Mu, quan Li-b
thng-th l m thn Huy, quan Tham-chnh-s l Nguy-n duy Tng,
quan Quan-st-s l Nguy-n t Cng, tc Bnh-h-b l Nghim b K,
quan -ng-s l Li kim Bng, quan H-b thng-th l Nguy-n thiu Tri,
quan Ph -ng-s l Nguy-n hu Nghim, quan L--b t Th-Lang l L v
Cng u l ngi khoa-gip c, ngi th nh vo mt Mc ng Dung hay
l ly nghin mc p vo mt, hay chi mng, b ng Dung git i. C
ngi th theo vua khng kp, nhy xung sng m cht, ngi th quay u v
Lam-sn ly ri t-t. Nhng ngi y u l ngi c ngha-kh ting
thm v sau.

Thi K Nam Bc Phn Tranh

( 1528 - 1802 )

Nh L, k t vua Thi-t cho n vua Cung-hong va mt trm nm

(1428-1527), c 10 ng vua. Nhng trong by nhiu ng, tr vua Thi-t ra,
th ch c vua Thnh-tng v vua Hin-tng l ln tui mi ln ngi, cn th
ng no ln lm vua cng cn tr tui c. V th cho nn vic triu-chnh mi
ngy mt suy-km, li c nhng ng vua hoang-dm, lm lm iu tn-bo
n ni trong nc xy ra nhiu s bin lon.
Vy vn nh L phi lc trung-suy, nhng cng-c vua Thi-t v vua
Thnh-tng lm cho lng ngi khng qun nh L, cho nn du nh Mc c
cp ngi cng khng c lu bn, v v sau h Trnh tuy c chuyn-quyn
nhng cng ch gi ngi cha, ch khng dm cp ngi vua.
111

NH HU L

khng xng vua, v b ngoi vn tn-ph nh L. Sau ny ta hy chp tm c

cc i vua v cc i cha cho r s k truyn. Cn nhng cng-vic v
thi by gi th ta s bn ring r tng mc cho r-rng.

Thi-k phn tranh

(1533-1788)

I. NAM TRIU BC
B C TRIU
NAM TRIU

B C TRIU
Thi T Mc ng Dung
(1527-1529)
Nin hiu: Minh-c

CHNG I

Lch Triu Lc K
1. Nam-triu Bc triu
2. Trnh Nguy-n phn tranh

L Trang Tng
(1533-1548)
Nin hiu: Nguyn-ha

Nc Nam ta t khi Ng Vng Quyn nh ui c qun NamHn, vua inh Tin-hong dp yn c lon Thp-nh S-qun lp thnh mt
nc t-ch, i n qua i kia k truyn c non 600 nm. n u thplc th-k, b i v vua nh L hoang dm v , b vic chnh-tr -nt, cho
nn trong nc lon-lc, nh Mc nhn dp m lm s thon-ot. Nh L tuy
mt ngi, nhng lng ngi cn t ng nh n cng-c ca vua Thi-t
v vua Thnh-tng, cho nn li theo ph con chu nh L trung-hng ln
pha nam, lp ra mt Triu-nh ring vng Thanh-ha, ngh-an chng
nhau vi nh Mc. y l thnh ra Nam-triu v Bc-triu; hai bn nh nhau
trong nm su mi nm tri.

Trang-tng hy l Duy-Ninh,
con rt vua Chiu-tng. ng
Nguy-n Kim lp ngi ln lm
vua t Cm-chn (Lo), sau
a ngi v Thanh-Ha, lp
hnh-in Vn-li.
Trang-tng lm vua c 16
nm, th 31 tui.

L Trung Tng
(1548-1556)
Nin hiu: Thun-bnh

n khi nh L nh c h Trnh gip rp, dt c nh Mc, t ng l

giang-sn li thng-nht nh c, ai ng h Trnh v h Nguy-n li sinh ra lng
ghen-ght, gy nn mi th-on, ri mi h hng-c mt phng, chia nc ra
lm hai mnh: h Nguy-n gi x Nam, h Trnh gi x Bc, mi h chim-gi
mt X lm c-nghip ring ca mnh. T giang-sn chia r, Nam Bc
phn tranh, y l mt thi-i ring trong lch-s nc ta vy.

Trung-tng hy l Duy Huyn,

con vua Trang-tng. Ngi lm
vua c 8 nm, th 28 tui.

Nh Hu-L t khi trung-hng ln, con-chu vn gi ngi lm vua,

nhng quyn chnh-tr c h Trnh. Cn pha nam th t sng Linh-giang
tr vo l c-nghip ca h Nguy-n. Tuy vy, hai h ch xng cha, ch
112

Thi Tng Mc ng Doanh

(1530-1540)
Nin hiu: i-chnh
Nh L trung-hng ln
Thanh-ha.

Hin Tng Mc Phc Hi

(1541-1546)
Nin hiu: Qung-ha

L Anh Tng
(1556 - 1573)
Nin hiu: Thin-hu (1557)
Chnh-tr (1558-1571)
Hng-phc (1572-1573)
Anh-tng hy l Duy-bang,
chu huyn-tn ng L Tr, anh
vua Thi-t ngy trc. Vua
Trung-tng khng c con, cho
nn ng Trnh Kim mi i tm
ngi v lp nn lm vua.
Khi Trnh Kim mt ri, quyn
v Trnh Tng, ngi phi trn v
Ngh-an. Trnh Tng sai ngi
ui theo bt v git i. Ngi
lm vua c 16 nm, th 42
tui.
L Th Tng
(1573 - 1599)
Nin hiu: Gia-thi (1573-1577)
Quang-hng (1578-1599)
Th-tng hy l Duy-m,
con th 5 vua Anh-tng. Trnh
Tng lp ngi ln lm vua t lc
cn 7 tui.

II. TRNH NGUYN

NGUY N PHN TRANH

Tuyn Tng Mc Phc Nguyn

(1546 - 1561)
Nin hiu: Vnh-nh (1547)
Cnh-lch (1548-1553)
Quang-bo (1554-1561)

L KnhKnh- tng (1600(1600- 1619)

Nin hiu: Thn-c (1600) - Hong-nh (1601-1619)
Knh-tng hy l duy-tn, con vua Th-tng. Ngi lm vua
n nm k-mi (1619) b Trnh Tng bt phi tht c m t tn.
Tr-v c 20 nm, th 32 tui.
TRNH
NGUYN
NGUY N

Mc phc Nguyn c nh ly
Thanh-ha nhng khng c.

Bnh An Vng Trnh Tng

(1570 - 1620)
Miu hiu: Thnh t Trit Vng

Mc Mu Hp
(1562-1592)
Nin hiu:
Thun-phc (1562-1565)
Sng-khang (1566-1577)
Din-thnh (1578-1585)
oan-thi (1586-1587)
Hng-tr (1588-1590)
Hng-ninh (1591-1592)

Trnh Tng tranh quyn ca

anh, ni nghip Trnh Kim nh
ph nh Mc, ly li t ng. Lp ra nghip cha Trnh,
nhng vn tn vua L.

Mc Mu Hp lm vua c
30 nm. Sau b Trnh Tng bt
c em v chm Thnglong v em u vo bu
Thanh-ha.

oan Qun Cng

Nguy-n Hong
(1600 - 1613)
Truy tn l Thi-t Gia-d
Hong-, ng thi gi l
cha Tin.
ng Nguy-n Hong l con th
hai ng Nguy-n Kim, vo trn
t Thun-ha v Qung-nam
lp ra nghip cha Nguy-n.
Ly t ca Chim-thnh lp
ra ph Ph-yn. Mt nm qusu (1613), th 89 tui.

Nh Mc mt ngi t y.
Nhng con chu c nh nh
Minh bnh-vc, cn c gi
t Cao-bng ba i na.

Thy Qun Cng

Nguy-n Phc Nguyn
(1613 - 1635)
Truy tn l Hi-tng Hin vn
Hong-, ng thi gi l
cha Si. Ngi l con th 6 ng
Nguy-n Hong, ci h l
Nguy-n-phc.

Trong i ngi lm vua,

Trnh Tng dt c h Mc, ly
li t ng-. Ngi lm vua
c 27 nm, th 33 tui.
113

L Chn Tng (1634(1634- 1649)

Nin-hiu: Phc-thi

L Thn Tng (1619(1619- 1643) (ln th nht)

Nin-hiu:
Vnh-t (1620-1628)
c-long (1629-1643)
Dng-ha (1635-1643)

Chn-tng hy l Duy-Hu, con vua Thn-tng, lm vua

c 6 nm, th 20 tui.

Thn-tng hy l Duy-K, con vua Knh-tng. Lm vua n

nm qu-mi (1643) th nhng ngi cho Thi-t, m lm Thithng-hong.

Trong i ngi, vua nh Minh l Qu-vng ng Qungty sai s sang phong cho ngi l An-nam quc-vng.

TRNH

NGUYN
NGUY N

TRNH

NGUYN
NGUY N

Trnh Tng mt nm qu-hi

(1635).

ng Nguy-n-phc Nguyn
chng vi h Trnh Qungbnh. Mt nm t-hi (1635),
th 73 tui.

Trnh Trng nh h Nguy-n

pha nam.

ng Nguy-n-phc Lan mt
nm mu-t (1648), th 48 tui.

Thanh Vng
Trnh Trng
(1623 - 1657)
Miu-hiu l:
Vn-t Ngh-vng
Trnh Trng nh h Mc
Cao-bng v kh i s nh nhau
vi h Nguy-n t Qungbnh.

Dng Qun Cng

Nguy-n Phc Tn
(1648-1687)

Nhn Qun Cng

Nguy-n Phc Lan
(1635-1648)

Truy tn l Thi-tng Hiu-trit

Hong-, ng thi gi l
cha Hin.

Truy tn l Thn-tng Hiuchiu Hong-, ng thi gi

l cha Thng.

ng Nguy-n-phc Tn nh
nhau vi h Trnh t Nghan. Ly t Chim-thnh lp ra
ph Ninh-ha v ph Dinkhnh (tc l t Khnh-ha by
gi).

ng Nguy-n-phc Lan l con

th hai cha Si, nh nhau vi
h Trnh Qung-bnh.

114

L Thn Tng (1649(1649- 1662) (ln th hai)

Nin-hiu: Khnh-c (1649-1652) - Thnh-c (1653-1657) Vnh-th (1658-1661) - Vn-khnh (1662)

L Gia Tng (1672(1672- 1675)

Nin-hiu:
Dng-c (1672-1773) - c-nguyn (1674-1675)

Chn-tng mt khng c con. Trnh Trng li rc Thntng Thi-thng-hong v lm vua. Ln th hai ny ngi lm vua
c 13 nm th mt, th 56 tui.

Gia-tng hy l Duy-Hi, con th ba vua Thn-tng. Lc

ngi ln hai tui th Thn-tng mt, Trnh Tc em v nui trong
ph. Khi vua Huyn-tng mt, khng c con, Trnh Tc lp ngi ln
lm vua, c 4 nm, th c 15 tui.

TRNH
Trnh Trng mt nm inh-du
(1657)

NGUYN
NGUY N

TRNH

Nguy-n-phc Tn (Cha Hin)

Trnh Tc

Ty Vng Trnh Tc
(1657-1682)
Miu-hiu:
Hong-t Dng-vng

Hi-tng hy l Duy-Hp, con th t vua Thn-tng. Khi

Thn-tng mt, b Trnh-th mi c thai c bn thng, Trnh Tc
em v nui bn ph. Gia-tng mt khng c con, Trnh Tc lp
ln lm vua c 29 nm ri truyn ngi cho Thi-t m lm Thithng-hong.

L HUYNHUYN- TNG (1663(1663- 1671)

Nin-hiu: Cnh-tr
Huyn-tng hy l Duy-V, con th hai vua Thn-tng.
Trong i ngi lm vua mi kh i u thng s vi nh Thanh, v
cm o Gia-t. Ngi lm vua c 9 nm, th 18 tui.

Trnh Tc

Nguy-n-phc Tn (Cha Hin)

L Hi Tng ( 16761676- 1705)

Nin-hiu: Vnh-tr (1678-1680) - Chnh-ha (1680-1705)

Trnh Tc nh con chu nh

Mc ly li t Cao-bng. t
ra l vo chu vua khng ly, s
tu khng vit tn, v t ging
ngi bn t ngai vua ng.

TRNH

NGUYN
NGUY N

NGUYN
NGUY N
Nguy-n
Hin)

phc

Tn

(Cha

115

TRNH

NGUYN
NGUY N

Trnh Tc mt nm nhm-tut
(1682)

Nguy-n-phc Tn mt nm
inh-mo (1687), th 68 tui.

nh Vng Trnh Cn
(1682-1709)
Miu-hiu l:
Chiu-t Khang-vng

Hong Quc Cng

Nguy-n Phc Trn
(1687 - 1691)

Trnh Cn lm cha c 28
nm th mt, truyn ngi cha
cho chu huyn-tn l Trnh
Cng.

L D Tng (1706(1706- 1729)

Nin-hiu: Vnh-thnh (1706-1719) - Bo-thi (1720-1729)
D-tng hy l Duy-ng, lm vua c 24 nm, b Trnh
Cng bt phi truyn ngi cho Thi-t l Duy-Phng. Mt nm
tn-hi (1731), th 52 tui.
TRNH

NGUYN
NGUY N

Trnh Cn mt nm k-su
(1709).

Nguy-n-phc Chu mt nm tt (1725), th 51 tui, c 146

ngi con.

Truy tn l Anh-tng Hiungha Hong-, ng thi gi

l cha Ngha.
Lp ph Ph-xun l ch
kinh- by gi. Mt nm tnmi (1691), th 43 tui.

An Vng
Trnh Cng
(1709 - 1729)
Miu-hiu l:
Hi-t Nhn-vng.

T Quc Cng
Nguy-n Phc Chu
(1691 - 1725)

Mt nm k-du (1729).

nh Quc Cng
Nguy-n Phc Tr
(1725-1738)
Truy tn l Tc-tng Hiu-ninh
Hong- m -mang t Gianh, v bo-h nc Chn-lp.

Truy tn l Hin-tng Hiuminh Hong-, ng thi gi

l Quc-cha.
ng Nguy-n-phc Chu ly ht
nc Chim-thnh (nay l t
Bnh-thun) v li ly t Gianh, H-tin ca Chn-lp.

116

L Duy Phng (1729(1729- 1732)

Nin-hiu: Vnh-khnh

L Tng (1735(1735- 1740)

Nin-hiu: Vnh-hu

Duy-phng lm vua c 3 nm, b Trnh Giang vu cho t thng

vi v Trnh Cng, phi b, ging xung lm Hn-c-cng, ri
n nm nhm-t (1732) th b git.

-tng hy l Duy-Thn, con vua D-tng, Trnh Giang b

con vua Thun-tng m lp ngi.

TRNH
Trnh Cng mt.

Nm canh-thn (1740) Trnh Doanh bt ngi phi nhng

ngi cho con vua Thun-tng, ri lm Thi-thng-hong, mt nm
k-mo (1759), th 41 tui.

NGUYN
NGUY N
Nguy-n-phc Tr.

Uy Nam Vng
Trnh Giang
(1729 - 1740)
Miu-hiu l:
D-t Thun-vng
Trnh Giang lm cha xa-x v
hung-c qu , gic-gi ni ln
rt nhiu.

Trnh Giang b b nm canhthn (1740), lm Thi-thngvng. Em l Trnh Doanh ln

thay.

Nguy-n-phc Tr mt nm
mu-ng (1738), th 43 tui.

Trnh Doanh nh-dp gicgi trong nc.

Thun-tng hy l Duy-Tng. Ngi l con vua D-tng,

trc c lp lm Thi-t, sau b Trnh Cng b lp DuyPhng. Trnh Giang li b Duy-Phng lp ngi ln lm vua, mt
nm t-mo (1735), th 37 tui.

Trnh Giang

NGUYN
NGUY N

Minh Vng
Trnh Doanh
(1740 - 1767)
Miu-hiu l:
Ngh-t n-vng

L Thun Tng (1732(1732- 1735)

Nin-hiu: Long-c

TRNH

TRNH

V-Vng
Nguy-n Phc Khot
(1738 - 1765)
Truy tn l Th-tng Hiu-v
Hong-.
ng Nguy-n-phc Khot nh
Chn-lp m thm t Gianh.

L Hin Tng (1740(1740- 1786)

Nin-hiu: Cnh-hng

NGUYN
NGUY N

Hin-tng hy l Duy-Diu, con vua Thun-tng. Lm vua

c 46 nm, th 70 tui.

Nguy-n-phc Tr

117

TRNH

NGUYN
NGUY N

Trnh Doanh mt nm inhhi (1767).

V-vng Nguy-n-phc Khot

xng vng-hiu nm t-du
(1765).

Tnh Vng
Trnh Sm
(1767 - 1782)
Miu-hiu l:
Thnh-t Thnh-vng
Trnh Sm dp yn gic
x Bc. Ly t Thun-ha v
Qung-nam ca cha Nguy-n.
Nhng v say-m nng ng
th Hu, mi b con tr ng lp
con th, lm thnh ra ci mi
bin-lon. Mt nm nhm-dn
(1782).
Tn Vng
Trnh Cn
Lm cha c 2 thng b
qun Tam-ph b i, lp anh l
Trnh Khi ln lm cha.
oan Nam Vng
Trnh Khi
(1783 - 1786)
B Ty-sn bt c, phi t t
nm bnh-ng (1786).

L Mn (1787(1787- 1788)
Nin-hiu: Chiu-thng
Mn- l chu ch-tn vua Hin-tng. Ngi b qun Ty-sn
nh thua chy sang Tu cu-cu, sau nh thua li tr sang Tu, b
quan Tu lm nhc, ri mt Yn-kinh.

nh Vng
Nguy-n Phc Thun
(1765 - 1777)
Truy tn l Diu-tng Hiunh Hong-.

TRNH

NGUYN
NGUY N

n Vng
Trnh Bng

Nguy-n-vng Nguy-n-phc
nh khi-phc t Gia-nh.

Khi qun Ty-sn v Nam ri,

ng h Trnh li lp Trnh Bng
ln lm cha. Vua gi Nguy-n
hu Chnh ra nh h Trnh,
Trnh Bng b i tu.

i ngi lm cha b Trng

phc Loan chuyn quyn. Qun
Ty-sn ni ln nh pha nam,
qun h Trnh nh pha bc.
Sau qun cha Trnh vo ly
mt Ph-Xun, nh-vng chy
vo Gia-nh b tng Ty-sn l
Nguy-n vn Hu git mt. Ngi
th 24 tui.
Nguy-n Vng
Nguy-n Phc nh
Tc l vua Th-t Cao-hong nh Nguy-n kh i binh Gianh.

118

Nm canh-dn (1530) Mc ng Doanh ln lm vua, t nin-hiu l

i-chnh. ng Doanh tuy lm vua nhng cng vic trong nc thng do
ng Dung quyt on c.

CHNG II

NAM-TRIU BC-TRIU

Mc ng Doanh lm vua c 10 nm, n nm canh-t (1540) th

mt, truyn ngi li cho con l Mc phc Hi.

(1527-1592)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Mc phc Hi ln ni ngi, i nin-hiu l Qung-ha.

Chnh-tr nh Mc
Vic nh Mc giao-thip vi nh Minh
H Nguy-n kh i ngha gip nh L
Quyn v h Trnh
Trnh Tng thng-lnh binh-quyn
Khi-phc thnh Thng-long
Nh Mc mt ngi
Vic nh Hu-L giao-thip vi nh Minh
Con-chu nh Mc Cao-bng

2. Vic Nh Mc Giao-Thip Vi Nh Minh.

T khi nh Mc
cp ngi nh L ri, quan nh L c ngi sang ku cu bn Tu xin
vin binh. Vua nh Minh sai quan i n Vn-nam cng vi quan Tunph s -ti tra-xt bn An-nam thc h th no.
Quan nh L sang Vn-nam k r vic h Mc lm iu th nghch.
Quan nh Minh tu vi vua xin c binh-m sang nh.
Vic nh sang nh h Mc khng phi l vua nh Minh c v g h
L, nhng chng qua cng mun nhn lc nc Nam c bin, ly c m sang
lm s chim gi nh khi trc sang nh h H vy. Ta phi bit rng phm
nhng vic nc n giao-thip vi nc kia th thng l ngi ta mn ting
"v ngha" m lm nhng vic "v li" m thi.

1. Chnh-Tr Nh Mc.

Nm inh-hi (1527) Mc ng Dung cp

ngi nh L ln lm vua, t nin-hiu l Minh-c.
Nh Mc tuy lm vua, nhng cn s lng ngi nh nh L, cho
nn cng-vic g cng theo php nh L c, ri li tng phong cho nhng
ngi v nh L m tun-tit, v lc dng nhng con-chu cc quan cu thn,
phong cho quan-tc d v vi mnh. Nhng m k th trn-trnh vo
ch sn-lm, k th i ra ngoi-quc, k th i h tn, khng my ngi chu
phc. Li c k tc-gin v h Mc lm iu gian-c, t hp nhng ngi
ngha-kh ni ln nh ph, nh L cng Uyn, Nguy-n Ng, Nguy-n th
Trng, kh i-ngha t Thanh-ha, nhng v th-lc khng , cho nn phi
thua. Sau li c L ni ln nh h Mc t M-giang, my phen c
thng trn, nhng cng v khinh ch cho nn n ni phi b bt.

Nm inh-du (1537) vua nh Minh bn sai Cu Loan lm -c,

Mao b n ln Tn-l-qun-v, em qun sang ng gn ca Nam-quan ri
truyn hch i mi ni, h- ai bt c cha con Mc ng Dung th th ng cho
quan-tc v hai vn bc. Li sai ngi a th sang cho Mc ng Dung bo
phi a s rung-t nhn-dn sang np v chu ti, th c tha cho khi
cht.

hng.

Mc ng Dung sai bn Nguy-n vn Thi sang s nh Minh xin

n thng 11 nm canh-t (1540), Mc ng Dung thy qun nh

Minh sa-son sang nh, s-hi qu chng, bn Mc phc Hi li gi
nc, ri cng vi bn V nh Qu c thy hn 40 ngi, t tri mnh ra hng,
sang chu ti ca Nam-quan, ly phc xung t np s in-th v s
dn-inh, li xin dng t 5 ng: l ng T-phu, ng Kim-lc, ng C-

Mc ng Dung bt chc li nh Trn, lm vua c ba nm th

nhng ngi cho con l Mc ng Doanh ri v C-trai, lm Thi-thnghong.
119

Khi y li c mt ngi tng gii tn l Trnh Kim, lng Sc-sn,

huyn Vnh-lc, ph Qung-ha. ng Nguy-n Kim thy ngi c ti, g con
gi l Ngc Bo cho, cng ra sc gip nh L, dt nh Mc.

xung, ng Li-u-ct, ng La-ph, v t Khm-chu. Li em vng bc dng

ring cho nh Minh.
Quan nh Minh tuy lm b hng-hch ni em binh sang nh, nhng
cng s phi ci v nh my nm bnh-nh ngy trc, v li c tin bc
ca ng Dung ri, ci lng nhit thnh v quc cng ngui i, cho nn mi
tu vi vua nh Minh xin phong cho Mc ng Dung lm chc -thng-s
hm quan nh-phm nh Minh.

Vua ti nh L nng-nu Sm-chu chiu-tp qun-s, mi n

nm canh-t (1540), ng Nguy-n Kim mi em qun v nh Ngh-an. Nm
nhm-dn (1542) Trang-tng mi ct qun v nh Thanh-ha v Ngh-an,
qua nm sau (1543) th thu phc c t Ty-, quan Tng-trn nh Mc l
Dng chp Nht ra hng.

Mc ng Dung lm ti nh L m li git vua cp ly ngi, y

l mt ngi nghch thn; lm ch mt nc m khng gi ly b-ci, li
em ct t m dng cho ngi, y l mt ngi phn quc. Lm ng vua m
khng gi c ci danh-gi cho trn-vn, n ni phi c i trn ra tri mnh
li, i n qu ly trc ca mt ngi tng ca qun nghch cu ly ci
ph-qu cho mt thn mnh v mt nh mnh, y l mt ngi khng bit lims.

4. Quyn V H Trnh.

Nm t-t (1545) ng Nguy-n Kim em qun

tin nh Sn-nam, i n huyn Yn-m, b Dng chp Nht l hng tng
nh Mc nh thuc c cht. Nhng binh-quyn giao c li cho con r l
Trnh Kim.
Trnh Kim rt qun v Thanh-ha, lp hnh-in n Vn-li (thuc
huyn Thy-nguyn, Thanh-ha) cho vua , ri chiu-m nhng k hokit, luyn-tp qun-s, tch tr lng-tho lo vic nh h Mc.

i vi vua l nghch thn, i vi nc l phn quc, i vi cch

n- ca loi ngi, l khng c nhn-phm; mt ngi nh th ai m knh
phc? Cho nn du c ly c giang-sn nh L, du c mn c th nh
Minh bnh-vc mc lng, mt ci c-nghip dng ln b i s gian-c hn-h
nh th, th khng bao gi bn-cht c. Cng v c y cho nn con chu h
L li trung-hng ln c.

By gi c nhng ngi danh-s nh l cc ng Phng khc Khoan

(tc l trng Bng), ng Lng hu Khnh u vo gip nh L. Giang-sn by
gi chia lm hai: t Thanh-ha tr vo thuc nh L, lm Nam-Triu; t Snnam tr ra thuc v h Mc, lm Bc-Triu.

3. H Nguy-n Kh i-Ngha Gip Nh L.

Khi Mc ng Dung
lm s thon-ot th cc quan cu thn trn-trnh i cng nhiu. Tha y c
ngi con ng Nguy-n hong D, tn l Nguy-n Kim (hay l Nguy-n hong
Kim)97 lm quan Hu-v in-tin Tng-qun An-thanh-hu, trn sang Ai-lao.
Vua nc y l X-u cho n x Sm-chu (thuc Trn-man ph, t Thanhha). ng Nguy-n Kim n Sm-chu ri cho ngi i tm con-chu nh L
s khi-phc. n nm qu-t (1532) tm c mt ngi con rt vua
Chiu-tng tn l Duy-Ninh lp ln lm vua, tc l Trang-tng.

Nm bnh-ng (1546) Mc phc Hi mt, truyn ngi li cho con l

Mc phc Nguyn, nin-hiu Vnh-nh.
Nm mu-thn (1548) vua Trang-tng mt, Trnh Kim lp Thi-t tn
l Duy Huyn ln lm vua, c 8 nm th mt, tc l Trung-tng.
Vua Trung-tng mt khng c con, m by gi dng-di h L cng
khng c ai, vic binh-quyn th trong tay Trnh Kim c.
Tc truyn rng Trnh Kim lng-l mun t xng lm vua, nhng
cn cha dm nh hn b no, cc quan cng khng ai bit lm th no cho

Xem sch Vit Nam Khai Quc Ch truyn, th ng Nguy-n Kim tc l ng Nguy-n Hong Kim,
l con ng Nguy-n Hong D, chu ng Nguy-n Vn Lang, u lm quan nh L c.
97

120

Vic tranh chin vn c nh trc: khi th Trnh Kim ra nh Snnam, khi th Mc knh in vo nh Thanh-ha, hai bn khng bn no c
hn.

phi. Sau Trnh Kim cho ngi ln ra Hi-dng hi ng Nguy-n bnh

Khim98, tc l Trng Trnh, xem nn lm th no.
ng Nguy-n bnh Khim khng ni g c, ch ngnh li bo y-t
rng: "Nm nay mt ma, thc ging khng tt, chng my nn tm ging c
m gieo m". Ni ri li sai y-t ra bo tiu qut-dn cha v t hng,
ng ra chi cha, ri bo tiu rng: "Gi cha th Pht th n on".

5. Trnh Tng Thng-Lnh Binh-Quyn.

Nm canh-ng (1570)
Trnh Kim mt, trao quyn li cho con tr ng l Trnh Ci lo vic nh
dp. Nhng Trnh Ci hay say m tu sc, tng-s khng my ngi phc;
li c em l Trnh Tng mun cp quyn ca anh, bn cng vi bn L cp
, Trnh Bch rc vua v n Vn-li, ri chia qun ra chng vi Trnh Ci.

S-gi v k chuyn li cho Trnh Kim nghe. Trnh Kim hiu , mi

cho ngi i tm con chu h L. Sau tm c ngi chu huyn-tn ng L
Tr, l anh vua Thi-t, tn l Duy Bang, lng B-v, huyn ng-sn, rc
v lp ln lm vua.

ng khi hai anh em h Trnh nh nhau, th Mc knh in li em

hn 10 vn qun vo nh Thanh-ha, Trnh Ci liu th ch khng ni, bn
em qun v hng h Mc, c gi quan-tc nh c. Qun nh Mc tha
th tin ln n sng M-giang, trn sang ng t H-trung, ri n vy
nh An-trng (thuc huyn Thy-nguyn) l ch vua nh L ng.

By gi nh L th lo nh h Mc khi phc li t ng-, nh

Mc th mun tr h L nht-thng thin-h. Nhng t khi ng Nguy-n
Kim mt ri, v trong my nm v i vua Trung-tng, Trnh Kim c gi th
th t Thanh-ha, sa-sang vic binh-lng, i ngy ra nh h Mc.

By gi vua Anh-tng v ng-sn, phong cho Trnh Tng lm ttha-tng, tit ch ch qun, chng gi vi qun nh Mc. Trnh Tng sai
cc tng gi mi ni rt l chc-chn. Mc knh in nh mi khng c,
lu ngy ht lng phi rt qun v Bc.

Nh Mc sai Mc knh in, l ch Mc phc Nguyn cm qun i

nh h L.
Mc knh in em binh vo nh Thanh-ha c thy k hn mi
phen, phen no cng phi thua tr v, Trnh Kim cng ra nh Sn-nam k
va 6 ln, nhng khng c ln no c ton thng. Ch c nm k-mi
(1559) Trnh Kim em 6 vn qun ra nh mt Bc, ly c nhng tnh
Sn-ty, Hng-ha, Thi-nguyn, Kinh-bc, Lng-sn, v cc huyn mt Hidng, t ng sp thnh-cng, nhng li b Mc knh in em mt o
qun i ng b vo nh Thanh-ha nguy-cp lm, Trnh Kim li phi b
min Bc v gi t Ty-. Thnh ra hai bn c gi nhau mi: nh L tuy
trung-hng, nhng giang-sn vn cha thu c li nh c, m nh Mc c
lm vua, th cng ch lm vua min Bc m thi.

Qun nh Mc rt v ri, vua phong cho Trnh Tng lm Thi-y

Tr ng-quc-cng, v thng th ng cho cc tng-s. Li sai ng Phng khc
Khoan i chiu-tp nhng hoang dn Thanh-ha v yn-nghip lm n, v
chnh-n vic chnh-tr li.
By gi vic g cng do Trnh Tng quyt-on c, uy-quyn hnghch, vua cng ly lm lo. L cp thy vy, mu vi vua tr h Trnh,
nhng Trnh Tng bit dng mu git Cp , vua Anh-tng bit s khng
thnh, lo s lm, bn cng vi bn hong-t chy vo Ngh-an.
Trnh Tng thy vua xut ngoi ri, bn cho ngi i rc hong-t
th nm l Duy m, lng Qung-thi, huyn thy-nguyn v lm vua, ri sai
Nguy-n hu Liu em binh i ui theo vua Anh-tng.

Nm tn-du (1561) vua nh Mc l Phc Nguyn mt, con l Mc

mu Hp ln ni ngi lm vua.

Anh-tng vo n t Ngh-an, thy qun ui n, vi-vng n vo

trong vn ma, nhng b Hu Liu tm thy a v, n huyn Li-dng th
Trnh Tng sai ngi n git i, ri ni rng vua tht c cht.

ng Nguy-n Bnh Khim lm quan nh Mc, c phong l Trnh Quc Cng cho nn mi gi
l Trng Trnh, sau v tr s lng Trung An, huyn Vnh Li, tnh Hi Dng.
98

121

Trnh Tng thy qun Mc n, bn t mnh dc tng-s th nh

cho c bo th. Qun h Trnh nh rt hng, qun nh Mc nh
khng ni, thua to, cht n hng vn ngi. Mc mu Hp b chy. Qun
h Trnh tha th ui trn gn n thnh Thng-long. Nhng va n tt
Nguyn-n, cho nn Trnh Tng nh-chin li cho qun-s ngh-ngi n tt.
Qua sang thng ging nm nhm-thn ( 1592 ) Trnh Tng lp n t tri t v
cc vua nh L ri t ba iu c cm qun-s.

Trnh Tng git vua Anh-tng ri, thng th ng cho nhng ngi ng
ng vi mnh, v chia qun ra phng gi cc ni chng vi qun nh Mc.
T nm qu-du (1573) cho n nm qu-mi (1583) va 10 nm,
Trnh Tng c gi vng t Thanh-ha, Ngh-an, cho qun nh Mc vo
nh phi hao binh tn tng. Trong by nhiu nm, tng nh Mc l Mc
knh in, Nguy-n Quyn, v Mc ngc Li-n, khi th vo nh Thanh-ha, khi
th vo nh c mt Thanh v mt Ngh, nhng m khng bao gi thnh cng,
phen no cng c mt vi trn ri li thua, phi rt qun v.

1. Khng c vo nh dn m ly n v ci-uc.
2. Khng c cp ly ca-ci v cht ly cy-ci.
3. Khng c dm hip n-b con-gi, v khng c
v t th m git ngi.

T nm t-mo (1579) tr i, Mc knh in mt ri, Mc n Nhng

em binh vo nh h L, nhng cng khng c trn no.

Ai phm ba iu y th c theo qun-php m tr. on ri, tin qun

ln nh Thng-long thnh.

6. Khi-Phc Thnh Thng-Long.

n nm qu mi (1583) Trnh
Tng xem th mnh mnh, mi c binh m ra nh Sn-nam ly c thc
go em v. T v sau nm no cng ra nh, bt qun nh Mc phi i
th cng ra th. V nh Mc thy th nh L mt ngy mt mnh, bn bt
qun-dn p ba tng ly, o ba ln ho ngoi thnh i-la lm k thb.

Mc mu Hp thy qun nh L li tin ln, bn sai Mc ngc Li-n,

Bi vn Khu, Nguy-n Quyn v Trn bch Nin li gi thnh Thng-long,
ri em qun sang sng Nh-h v ng lng Th Khi.
Trnh Tng sai tng chia qun vy nh cc ca thnh. Qun nh
Mc gi khng ni, ba tng ly u phi ph c bn Mc ngc Li-n, Bi vn
Khu phi b thnh m chy, Nguy-n Quyn th b bt.

Qun nh L ra nh trn no c trn y, Trnh Tng bn quyt c

i binh ra nh Thng-long.

Trnh Tng ly c thnh Thng-long ri bt qun ph nhng ho ly

i, sau phng ra lm bnh a, ri v Thanh-ha em tin thng trn cho vua
bit.

Nm tn-mo ( 1591 ) Trnh Tng sai Di-n-qun-cng Trnh vn Hi,

Thi-qun-cng Nguy-n tht L em binh trn-th cc ca b v cc ni himyu. Sau Th-qun-cng L Ha li gi ng-dinh v c a ht Thanh-ha.
Phng b u ri, bn em hn 5 vn qun chia ra lm 5 i, sai quan Thiph Nguy-n hu Liu, quan Thi-y Hong nh i, Ln-qun-cng H th
Lc, Th-qun-cng Ng cnh Hu, mi ngi lnh mt i, cn Trnh Tng t
lnh 2 vn qun ra ca Thin-quan (Ninh-Bnh) qua ni Yn m ( huyn Ansn ) t Tn-phong (tc l Tin-phong ) ri ko v ng Tt-lm ( ? ) .

S khng ni r ti lm sao Trnh Tng ly c Thng-long m

khng nh rn i, li b v Thanh-ha. C l l ti qun h Trnh tuy thng
trn, nhng tng s u mi-mt c, v li th h Mc hy cn mnh, li gi
khng ni, cho nn phi b m v.
Trnh Tng b Thng-long v Thanh-ha, nhng Mu Hp khng
bit nhn ly dp y m sa sang vic v-b, chnh-n vic chnh-tr, li c say
m tu sc, bc i cc tng-s, n ni cng-vic hng nt, thn mnh b
hi.

Vua nh Mc l Mc mu Hp cng iu-ng tt c qun bn v v

qun nm ph c hn 10 vn, sai Mc ngc Li-n v Nguy-n Quyn lnh hai
o t hu, Mu Hp t dn trung-qun n ng i trn vi qun Trnh
Tng.
122

By gi Bi vn Khu c ngi v tn l Nguy-n-th nhan sc hn

ngi, Mc mu Hp mun git Vn Khu i ly Nguy-n-th lm v.

chu h Mc hn 100 ngi v cc quan vn v u v y c, ri treo bng

chiu m qun-s, chng bao lu c su by vn ngi. Mc Ton l con
Mc mu Hp cng theo v vi Mc knh Ch.

Vn Khu bit em v vo huyn Gia-vi-n ( thuc Ninh-bnh )

Mu Hp cho qun vo bt. Vn Khu phi xin v hng vi Trnh Tng.

Trnh Tng thy Knh Ch li ni ln, thanh th to lm, quan qun

nh mi khng c, bn em qun sang nh huyn Cm-giang v Thanhlm, bt c Knh Ch v con chu h Mc cng cc quan c thy hn 60
ngi.

7. Nh Mc Mt Ngi.

Trnh Tng c Vn Khu v hng, mng

lm, lin sai Hong nh i ra n Vn Khu ri em i lm tin i, t mnh
li em i binh tr ra Trng-an, gp qun nh Mc sng Thin-phi ( v
cui huyn -yn v huyn Phong-doanh, tnh Nam-nh ), nh nhau mt
trn, ly c 70 chic thuyn, tng nh Mc l Trn bch Nin v hng.

Trnh Tng nh c trn y, ri v Thng-long, sai quan vo rc

vua Th-Tng ra ng-, m triu v thng th ng cho cc tng-s.
Nm sau, tng nh Mc l Mc ngc Li-n tm c mt ngi con
Mc knh in l Mc knh Cung lp ln lm vua, chim gi chu Yn-bc
t Lng-sn lm cn-bn. Nhng chng bao lu quan Thi-y l Hong
nh i em binh ln nh. Mc knh Cung v Mc ngc Li-n phi chy sang
Long-chu. t lu Ngc Li-n cht c th li dn Knh Cung rng : "Nay h
L li dy ln c, y l s tri nh; cn dn ta th c ti g, m ta n
kh s mi v vic chin-tranh ? Vy ta nn nh phn lnh mnh nc
ngoi, ch ng c em lng cnh-tranh m li mi ngi Tu sang lm hi
dn nc mnh. "

Qun Trnh Tng ko ra Bnh-lc, sang Thanh-oai ng bi Tinhthn ( by gi l x Thanh-thn huyn Thanh-oai ) ri tin ln n sng Htgiang, ca sng y ra sng Hng-h, gp tng nh Mc l Mc ngc Li-n,
nh ui mt trn ly c chin thuyn k hng nghn chic.
Mc mu Hp c tin qun mnh thua to, b thnh Thng-long chy
sang Hi-dng v ng kim-thnh thuc Hi-dng.
Trnh Tng ra n Thng-long, ri sai Nguy-n tht L, Bi vn Khu v
Trn bch Nin sang nh Mu Hp Kim-thnh, ly c vng bc ca ci
nhiu lm, v bt c m Mu Hp em v.

Trung-hu thay, my li dy li ca Mc ngc Li-n! Ch tic v h Mc

khng ai chu theo!

Mc mu Hp thy qun mnh thua lun, bn giao quyn chnh-tr cho

con l Mc Ton ri t mnh lm tng em qun i nh.

T nh Mc mt ngi lm vua, ngy sau tuy Mc knh Cung nh c

nh Minh bnh-vc c v t Cao-bng, nhng cng l mt ch nhmn gn ch bin-thy m thi.

By gi quan nh Mc l bn Ung, Ng To, c thy 17 ngi v

hng nh L.

Nh Mc lm vua t Mc ng Dung cho n Mc mu Hp l t nm

inh-hi ( 1527 ) n nm nhm-thn ( 1592 ) k va c 65 nm.

Trnh Tng sang ng qun huyn Vnh-li, ri sai Phm vn Khoi

em qun i ui nh Mu Hp huyn Yn-dng v huyn V-ninh ( nay l
V-giang ). Mc mu Hp phi b thuyn chy ln b, vo n trong ci cha
huyn Phng-nhn. Vn Khoi ui n y, c ngi ch dn bt c em
v Thng-long, lm ti sng ba ngy, ri chm u vo bu trong Thanh-ha.

Trnh Tng tuy lp c cng to dt c nh Mc, ly li c t

ng-, nhng nh Minh vn c bnh nh Mc khng chu nhn nh L.
V con chu nh Mc hy cn nhiu; nay xng vng ch ny, mai kh i lon
ch khc, cho nn Trnh Tng phi mt mt dng tr m gi cho nh Minh khi
quy nhi-u, v mt mt dng lc m nh dp d-ng h Mc.

By gi c con Mc knh in l Mc knh Ch t ng-triu bit

tin Mc mu Hp b bt, bn t lp lm vua, ng huyn Thanh-lm. Con
123

8. Vic Nh Hu-L Giao-Thip Vi Nh Minh.

9. Con chu nh Mc Cao-Bng.

Khi Trnh
Tng thu-phc c thnh Thng-long ri, ngi nh Mc sang ku vi vua
nh Minh rng h Trnh ni ln tranh ngi, ch khng phi con-chu nh L.

T khi Mc mu Hp v Mc
knh Ch b bt ri, con chu h Mc n cc ni mong ng khi-phc.
By gi c Mc knh Chng xng lm Trng-vng, chim-gi t huyn
ng-triu cho n t Yn-qung.

Vua nh Minh sai quan n Nam-quan khm-xt vic y.

Nm bnh-thn ( 1596 ) Trnh Tng sai quan Trn-th Hi-dng l

Phan Ngn nh bt c Knh Chng.

Thng 3 nm bnh-thn ( 1596 ) vua Th-tng sai quan H-b Thngth l Ung v quan -ng-s l Nguy-n vn Giai ln Nam-quan tip
quan Tu. Sau li sai hai ng hong-thn l L Cnh, L Lu cng vi quan
Cng-b t-th-lang l Phng khc Khoan em 10 ngi k-mc, 100 cn vng,
1,000 cn bc, ci n An-nam -thng-s ca nh Mc v ci n An-namquc-vng ca vua nh L ngy trc, sang cho quan nh Minh khm.
Nhng quan nh Minh li bt vua Th-tng phi thn hnh sang hi ca
Nam-quan.

Li c ngi Mc knh Dng l con Mc knh Chi chim-gi t Ynbc ( Lng-sn ) xng lm Uy-vng, nhng cng chng bao lu b qun h
Trnh bt c.
Cn Mc knh Cung trc chy sang Long-chu, sau li v cng
vi ng mnh nh ph t Cao-bng v t Lng-sn. Trnh Tng sai quan
ln ui nh, nhng Mc knh Cung sang ku vi nh Minh, vua nh Minh
cho a th sang bt nh L phi t Cao-bng cho con chu h Mc.

Trnh Tng sai Hong nh i, Nguy-n hu Liu em mt vn qun i

h gi, a vua sang ph hi. Sang n ni, quan nh Minh li i phi np
ngi vng v n vng nh tch c, ri khng chu n hi. Vua ch lu,
khng xong vic li phi tr v.

Nh L bt-c-d phi t Cao-bng cho h Mc .

n thng t nm sau, s nh Minh li sang mi vua Th-tng ln hi

Nam-quan. Triu-nh sai quan Thi-y Hong nh i em 5 vn qun i
h gi sang hi Nam-quan.
n khi xa gi v, Trnh Tng em cc quan i n mng ri sai
Cng-b t-th-lang Phng khc Khoan lm chnh-s, quan Thi-Thng tkhanh Nguy-n nhn Thim lm ph s, em l- sang Yn-kinh cng nh
Minh v xin phong.
Vua nh Minh ch phong cho vua Th-tng lm An-nam -thng-S.
ng Phng khc Khoan dng s tu rng : "-thng-s l chc c ca h
Mc, ch vua nc Nam l dng di h L, m phong cho chc y th khng
xng-ng " . Vua nh Minh tr li rng : vn bit h L khng v nh h Mc,
nhng lc u mi phong hy tm cho chc y, ri v sau s phong vng.
ng Phng khc Khoan phi chu m v. T nh Minh vi nh L
li thng s nh trc.
124

b g c. B i th cho nn h Trnh nh chu ngi th nh trong nc m

gi quyn c nc.

CHNG lll

Trnh-Nguy-n phn tranh

2. H Nguy-n Xng Cha Min Nam.

Nguyn khi xa ng
Nguy-n Kim kh i-ngha gip nh L nh nh Mc i ly c t Thanh-ngh
ri , sau em qun ra nh Sn-nam b hng tng nh Mc nh Mc l
Dng chp Nht nh thuc c cht, binh quyn giao c li cho r l Trnh
Kim nh gic.

1. H Trnh xng cha min Bc

2. H Nguy-n xng cha min Nam

ng Nguy-n Kim c hai ngi con l Nguy-n Ung v Nguy-n Hong

cng lm tng lp c nhiu cng. Ngi anh l Nguy-n Ung c phong
l Lang-qun-cng, ngi em l Nguy-n Hong c phong l Thi-y onqun-cng.

1. H Trnh Xng Cha Min Bc.

T khi Trnh Tng dt c

h Mc, thu giang sn li cho nh L ri, mi ngy mt kiu hnh, chim gi
ly quyn chnh tr v li h hip nh vua. H Nguy-n trong Thun-ha thy
h Trnh chuyn quyn, cng t xng c-lp min Nam, lm thnh ra Nam
Bc i ni v gy nn s chin tranh rt l tn-hi cho nc nh.

Nhng v Trnh Kim s h Nguy-n tranh mt quyn mnh, bn kim

chuyn m git Nguy-n Ung i. Cn Nguy-n Hong cng s Trnh Kim c
m hi, cha bit th no mi cho ngi ra Hi-dng hi ng Nguy-n bnh
Khim. ng y bo rng : "Honh-sn nht i, vn i dung thn " ngha l
mt dy Honh-sn99 kia c th yn thn c mun i.

Nm k-hi ( 1599 ) i vua Th-tng nh L, Trnh Tng thu-xp xong

vic thng s vi nh Minh, v chu nhng t Cao-bng cho con-chu
nh Mc ri, trong nc yn dn, bn t xng lm -nguyn-sy Tngquc-chnh Thng-phu Bnh-an-vng ri nh l cp bng cho vua c thu
thu 1.000 x, gi l lc thng-tin, cp cho vua 5.000 lnh lm qun tcv. Cn nhng vic t quan, thu thu, bt lnh, tr dn, u thuc v h Trnh
c. Ch c khi no thit triu hay l tip s th mi cn n vua m thi.

Nguy-n Hong mi ni vi ch l b Ngc Bo xin Trnh Kim cho vo

trn pha Nam.
Nm mu-ng ( 1558 ) i vua An-tng, Trnh Kim mi tu vua cho
Nguy-n Hong vo trn t Thun-ha. By gi nhng ngi h hng huyn
Tng-sn cng nhng qun lnh t Thanh-ngh nhiu ngi a c v con
theo i. Nguy-n Hong vo ng X i-t ( sau gi l kho Cy-kh ), thuc
huyn ng-xng, tnh Qung-tr.

T v sau, h Trnh c th tp lm vng, tc gi l cha Trnh.

Uy quyn h Trnh by gi hng-hch nh th v cc quan li theo v
h Trnh c. Gi-s Trnh Tng c mun dt nh L i m lm vua, th cng
khng kh g. Tuy vy m Trnh Tng khng dm lm, l ti sao ? Ti l rng
pha Bc s nh Minh sinh s li thi, li c h Mc cn gi t Cao-bng
nh c lm iu g phn-trc, th e qun nghch ni ln ly th L tho Trnh
lm c.

Nguy-n Hong l mt ngi khn-ngoan m li c lng nhn-c,

thu-dng ho-kit, yn-i nhn-dn, cho nn lng ngi ai cng mn-phc.
n nm k-t ( 1569 ) ng ra chu vua An-trng. Qua nm sau
Trnh Kim gi quan tng-binh Qung-nam l Nguy-n b Qunh v gi t
Ngh-an, v li cho ng vo trn c t Thun-ha v t Qung-nam. L mi
nm phi np thu l 400 cn bc, 500 tm la.

V chng mt Nam cn c h Nguy-n, th-lc cng chng km-hn

g, m li c c-lp tranh quyn vi h Trnh. Chi bng khng ly nc
cng nh ly nc, khng lm vua m li hn vua. V bao gi c phi i
nh-dp ni no, vn ly lnh thin t m sai khin mi ngi, khng ai bt-

99

125

Ni Honh Sn l ni o Ngang tnh Qung Bnh

CHNG IV

Nm nhm-thn ( 1572 ) nhn lc Trnh Kim mi mt, con l Trnh

Ci v Trnh Tng nh nhau, nh Mc em qun vo nh Thanh-ha v sai
tng l Lp Bo em mt ton qun i 60 chic thuyn, b i ng hi-o
ko vo ng lng H-x v lng Lng-uyn ( thuc huyn Minh-linh )
nh Nguy-n Hong.

S Chin Tranh
1. H Trnh nh h Mc Cao Bng.
2. Nh Thanh dy nghip.
3. Tnh th h Nguy-n min Nam.
4. nh nhau ln th nht.
5. nh nhau ln th hai.
6. nh nhau ln th ba.
7. nh nhau ln th t.
8. nh nhau ln th nm.
9. nh nhau ln th su.
10. nh nhau ln th by.

ng mi sai mt ngi con gi p l Ng-th gi lm cch a vng

bc sang ni vi Lp Bo xin cu ha. Lp Bo mng r, khng phng b g c,
b qun h Nguy-n nh ln, bt c git i, v nh tan qun nh Mc.
Nm qu-t ( 1593 ) Trnh Tng ly c thnh Thng-long, bt
c Mc mu Hp, nhng m ng nh Mc cn nhiu, phi nh dp nhiu
ni, Nguy-n Hong a qun-binh v sng-ng ra ng-, hng 8 nm,
gip Trnh Tng nh h Mc, lp c nhiu cng to. Nhng m Trnh
Tng vn c ghen ght khng mun cho ngi v Thun-ha, m ngi cng
khng c dp g m v c.
Nm canh-t ( 1600 ) nhn v h Trnh kiu hnh qu, cc quan c
nhiu ngi khng phc ; bn Phan Ngn, Ng nh Hm, Bi vn Khu kh i
binh chng li vi h Trnh ca i-an ( thuc Nam-nh ), Nguy-n Hong
mi em bn b tng-s gi cch ni i nh gic, ri theo ng hi-o v
Thun-ha.

1. H Trnh nh H Mc Cao Bng.

Nm k hi (1599),
vua Th Tng mt, Trnh Tng cng vi cc quan triu thn lp hong t l
Duy Tn ln lm vua, tc l vua Knh Tng. Qua nm sau (1600) bn Phan
Ngn, Ng nh Hm v Bi Vn Khu ni lon ca i An. Trnh Tng
Thng Long s bn mt th ch, bn rc vua vo Thanh Ha.

Nguy-n Hong v Thun-ha ri, s h Trnh nghi-ng, bn em

ngi con gi l b Ngc T g cho Trnh Trng l con trai Trnh Tng. Ngi
gi t Thun-ha, cho ngi con th su vo trn t Qung-nam dng ra
kho tng, tch-tr lng thc.

ng h Mc thy thnh Thng Long b khng, bn rc b th mu

ca Mu Hp l Bi Th v tn ln lm quc mu, ri cho ngi ln n Mc
Knh Cung t Cao Bng.

T y tr i, Nam Bc phn-bit, b ngoi th lm ra b ha-hiu,

nhng b trong th vn lo vic phng-b chng c vi nhau.

Phan Ngn v Bi Vn Khu li nghi ng nhau ri git ln nhau, cn

Ng nh Hm th v gip nh Mc.
Trnh Tng em Knh Tng vo Thanh Ha ri thu xp ra ly li Thng
Long, nhng cn s mt Thun Ha c bin chng, bn sai quan vo y d
Nguy-n Hong; on ri em thy b i qun ra Bc, nh bt c Bi Th
git i, cn Mc Knh Cung b chy sang Kim Thnh Hi Dng, sau thy
ng ca mnh thua c, li b Kim Thnh chy ln Cao Bng.
126

Trnh Tng ly li Thng Long ri sai quan vo rc vua ra, v sai cc

tng i ti-u tr ng h Mc mt Thi Nguyn, Lng Sn v Yn Quang.

2. Nh Thanh Dy Nghip.

Khi Trnh Trng An Nam ta mi ln

ni nghip lm cha v ang phi nh dp h Mc t Cao Bng, th bn
Tu nh Minh mt nc.

Trnh Tng cng ngy cng kiu hnh qu, vua cng khng chu c,
li nhn h Trnh c con l Trnh Xun mun ganh quyn vi ngi con tr ng
l Trnh Trng, vua Knh Tng mi mu vi Trnh Xun git Trnh Tng,
nhng chng may s khng thnh. Trnh Tng bc vua phi tht c cht, v
bt Trnh Xun giam my thng ri tha.

Nguyn x ng bc nc Tu c mt x gi l Mn Chu, c ging

ngi N Chn . V i nh Tng ngi N Chn lp nn mt nc ln
gi l Kim, xng c 120 nm, ri b nh Nguyn ly mt. Nh Nguyn
t Vn H Ph cai tr t Mn Chu.

Trnh Tng git vua Knh Tng ri, lp Hong T l Duy K ln lm

vua, tc l vua Thn Tng.

Sau nh Minh dt c nh Nguyn, tuy Mn Chu nh Minh c t

v a, nhng m ngi x y vn t cai tr ly.

Nm qu hi (1623) Trnh Tng au, hi cc quan li giao binh quyn

cho con l Trnh Trng, v cho Trnh Xun lm ph.

t Mn Chu by gi chia lm bn b:

Trnh Xun khng bng lng, em binh lm lon, t ph kinh thnh,

Trnh Tng thy bin, chy v x Hong Mai, vo nh Trnh , ri cho gi
Trnh Xun n bt git i. c my hm Trnh Tng mt cha Thanh
Xun, thuc huyn Thanh Tr.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Trnh Trng ln ni nghip lm cha. Nhng v ng Trnh Xun cn

lm lon, cho nn mi a vua v Thanh Ha. Vua phong cho Trnh Trng
lm Thi y Thanh Quc Cng, tit ch thy b ch qun.

Mn Chu B
Trng Bch B
ng Hi B
H Lun B

(thuc v Kin Chu V a)

(thuc v Kin Chu V a)
(thuc v D Nhn V a)
(thuc v Hi Ty V a)

V cui i nh Minh, Trng Bch B c mt ngi tn l N Nh

Cp Xch, tc l vua Thi T nh Thanh, nh ly tt c t bn b, ng kinh
Thm Dng, l Thnh Kinh by gi.

By gi c Mc Knh Khoan l chu Mc Knh Cung xng lm Khnh

Vng t Thi Nguyn. Trc b qun h Trnh nh ph my trn, phi
ln n np t Cao Bng, nay th"y ngi nh h Trnh lm lon, li em
qun vo ng lng Th Khi, huyn Gia Lm. Nhng chng bao lu Trnh
Trng Thanh Ha ra nh. Knh Khoan li phi chy v Cao Bng.

N Nh Cp Xch mt, con ln ni nghip tc l Thanh Thi Tng. Sau

nhn c ci Truyn Quc T ca nc Tu, Thi Tng mi ci quc hiu l
i Thanh.
Con Thi Tng tn l Phc Lm ln lm vua, tc l Thanh Th T,
nh ly c c t Liu Ty ca nh Minh.

Trnh Trng dp yn t ng , li vo rc vua ra, v t xng lm

Nguyn Sy, Thng Quc Chnh Thanh Vng, ri sai con l Trnh Kiu
em qun ln nh Cao Bng (t su 1625) bt c Mc Knh Cung em v
git i. Mc Knh Khoan th chy sang Tu, ri cho ngi v dng biu xin
hng.

Khi tng nh Minh l Ng Tam Qu ang chng vi qun nh Thanh

Sn Hi Quan th L T Thnh ni ln vy nh Yn Kinh. Vua Trang Lit
nh Minh gi Ng Tam Qu v cu, nhng v n na ng, Tam Qu c
tin Yn Kinh tht th, Trang Lit v Hong Hu b git, Tam Qu li
tr v Sn Hi Quan.

Triu nh phong cho Knh Khoan lm Thi y Thng Quc Cng, v

cho gi t Cao Bng theo l cng tin.
127

L T Thnh cho ngi gi Tam Qu v hng, Tam Qu khng v. T

Thnh em qun n nh Sn Hi Quan. Tam Qu xin hng nh Thanh
ly binh v nh T Thnh.

l cho phi ci ngha hn nhn vi nhau, sau l nhn th xem tnh ngoi Bc
ra th no."
By gi min Nam li c nhng ngi ti gii gip rp nh cc ng
Nguy-n Hu Dt, ng o Duy T, v ng Nguy-n Hu Tin u l ngi c
ti tr c.

L T Thnh nh thua, phi b Yn Kinh m chy, qun nh Thanh

vo gi Yn Kinh ri di kinh s v .
Cc qun cu thn nh Minh lp Phc Vng ln lm vua Nam
Kinh, nhng sau v cc tng khng ha vi nhau, Phc Vng phi ra hng.

Nguy-n Hu Dt l ngi lng Gia Miu, huyn Tng Sn, tnh Thanh
Ha, hc rng, ti cao, v li c ti hng bin, nh gic gii, tht l mt bc
vn v kim ton.

Phc Vng hng Thanh ri, ng Vng xng Phc Chu,

chng bao lu cng b bt, phi nhn n m cht.

o Duy T l ngi lng Hoa Trai, huyn Ngc Sn, ph Tnh Gia,
tnh Thanh Ha. V ng l con nh xng ht cho nn khng c i thi, ng
phn tr mi i vo min Nam tm ng lp cng, nhng cha gp c
ngi tin c cho, bn vo chn tru cho mt nh ph gia lng Tng Chu,
ph Hoi Nhn (nay l Bnh nh). ng lm bi "Nga Long Cng" t v
mnh vi ng Gia Ct Lng. Sau c quan Khm L l Trn c Ha bit Duy
T l ngi c ti, em v nui, v g con gi cho, ri a dng cha Si.
Cha dng lm Ni tn, phong lm Lc Kh Hu100.

Dng di nh Minh l Qu Vng xng t Triu Khnh (thuc

tnh Qung Ty) c my nm, b qun nh Thanh n nh, phi chy sang
Din in. Vua Din in bt Qu Vng np cho Ng Tam Qu. Tam Qu
em git i. T y nh Thanh nht thng nc Tu.
Khi Qu vng xng t Qung Ty, c mun nh An Nam
cu vin, cho nn mi phong cho vua Thn Tng nh L lm An Nam Quc
Vng v phong Trnh Trng lm ph vng.

Nguy-n Hu Tin cng l ngi Thanh Ha, lng Vn Trai, huyn

Ngc Sn, v ngh tinh thng, dng binh rt c k lut, tht l mt ngi lm
tng c ti vy.

Khi y pha bc nc Tu ang lon, h Mc th v hng, Trnh

Trng mi nhn dp quyt i nh h Nguy-n pha nam.

Nhng ngi y gip cha Nguy-n, by mu nh k, luyn tp qun

lnh, xy n p ly chng vi qun h Trnh101.

3. Tnh Th H Nguy-n Min Nam.

T khi Nguy-n Hong

v Thun Ha ri, b ngoi tuy vn cha ra mt chng vi h Trnh, nhng b
trong th ht sc lo s phng b. Xem nh nm qu su (1613), khi Nguy-n
Hong sp mt, gi ngi con th 6 l Nguy-n Phc Nguyn vo dn rng:
"t Thun, Qung ny bn bc th c ni Hong Sn, sng Linh Giang, bn
nam th c ni Hi Vn v ni Bi Sn tht l mt ni tri cho ngi anh
hng dng v. Vy ta phi thng yu nhn dn, luyn tp qun s m gy
dng c nghip v mun i." Xem li y th bit h Nguy-n c mun
c lp chng vi h Trnh.

Khi nhng n ly kin c, binh lng ri, cha Si mi ra

mt khng thn phc h Trnh na, v sai tng ra chim gi ly t Nam B
Chnh l t pha nam sng Linh Giang lm ch chng gi. T h
Trnh v h Nguy-n nh nhau tai hi trong khong 45 nm t Qung Bnh,
H Tnh by gi.

Khi ngoi Bc, Trnh Tng mt, cha Si l ng Nguy-n Phc

Nguyn bo cc quan rng: "Ta mun nhn dp ny m ra nh h Trnh,
nhng him v cng vic cha xong, vy th hy sai ngi ra phng iu, trc

o Duy T gip cha Si c 8 nm th mt, th 63 tui.

o Duy T lp n Trng Dc huyn Phong Lc (Qung Bnh). V xy ci ly di ca
Nht L (ca ng Hi) tc l ci Trng thnh Qung Bnh by gi. Ngi ta thng gi ly y
l ly Thy, ngha l ly ca o Duy T p ra.
100
101

128

Cha Si sai chu l Nguy-n Phc V lm tit ch cng vi Nguy-n

Hu Dt em binh m ra gi cc ni him yu. Qun h Trnh n nh, cht
hi rt nhiu. Bn Nguy-n Hu Dt li t ra mt k khin cho qun Trnh
phi rt v, sai ngi i ni phao ra rng ngoi Bc c Trnh Gia v Trnh
Nhc sp lm lon.

4. nh Nhau Ln Th Nht.

Nm inh mo (1627) nhn khi nh

Minh bn Tu cn ang chng nhau vi nh Thanh, v h Mc Cao Bng th
v hng, Trnh Trng mi sai quan vo Thun Ha gi ting nh vua sai vo i
tin thu t ba nm v trc.

Trnh Trng nghe tin y trong bng sinh nghi, khng bit thc h th
no, bn rc vua v rt qun v Bc.

T sc lm bng ch nm nh sau ny:

"Hong thng sc d cho Thi bo Thy quc cng l Nguy-n Phc Nguyn
c bit rng:
Mnh lnh triu nh,
o lm ti phi nn tun th;
Thu m ph huyn,
Tng ngoi ci khng c t chuyn.
Trc y trm c sai Cng b thng th l Nguy-n Duy Th, B Kh Hu l
Phan Vn Tr vo Thun Ha, o t tnh , ch bo ng ha phc, cho
tnh bit m phc tng quyn chnh triu nh. Khng ng nh ngi mang
lng dng dng, ti ng ti lui, ni thoi thc cho li thi ngy thng,
n ni thu m thiu thn, khng vic chi thu, o lm ti nh th phi
cha? Nh ngi nay nn i li trc, gi gn php tc. Phm ngch thu
trong hai x Thun, Qung, t nm qu hi v trc, c phi mt ma th
x c cho; cn t nm gip t n nay phi tnh cho s theo l trc, ti
thuyn em ra np cho ; v phi chnh t binh m, hot thn n kinh
triu h, hoc phi sai con i thay, coi xem nghi v trong nc, v t
gii tm lng lm ti. Nu th th triu nh s phong thm cho chc tc vinh
hin, rng t n t tng. Nhc bng thoi thc khng n, th tc l
phm ti vi triu nh.

5. nh Nhau Ln Th Hai.

Nm canh ng (1630) cha Si nghe

li o Duy T, sai ngi em sc d ra tr vua L, ri sai tng nh ly pha
nam ngn sng Linh Giang chng vi qun h Trnh. n nm qu du
(1633) nhn khi cha Si c ngi con th ba tn l nh, trn th t Qung
Nam, c mun tranh quyn, bn sai ngi a th ra Thng Long xin cha
Trnh em qun vo nh bn sng lm hiu, th s lm ni ng. nh li xin
cha Si cho ra Trn th t Qung Bnh cho tin lm mu gian, nhng
cha Si c lng ng, khng cho.
Khi Trnh Trng c ci th ca ngi nh gi ra, lin em i binh
vo ng ca Nht L (ca ng Hi).
Cha Nguy-n sai Nguy-n Vn Thng v Nguy-n Hu Dt em qun ra
chng gi.
Qun H Trnh n i hn 10 ngy, khng thy tin tc g ca ngi
nh, bn lui qun ra ch.
Qun lnh i lu thnh ra li bing, qun h Nguy-n mi xut k
bt , ra nh ui.

Khm tai d sc!"

Trnh Trng thy s khng thnh, rt qun v.

Cha Si tip s nhng khng chu np thu. Trnh Trng li sai s

mang sc vua L vo d cha Si cho con ra chu, v ly 30 con voi cng 30
chic thuyn a i cng nh Minh. Cha Si khng chu.

6. nh Nhau Ln Th Ba.

Nm t hi (1635) cha Si l Nguy-n

Phc Nguyn mt, con l Nguy-n Phc Lan ln ni nghip lm cha, gi l
cha Thng.

Trnh Trng thy vy, bn quyt nh h Nguy-n, sai Nguy-n Khi

v Nguy-n Danh Th em 5.000 qun i lm tin phong vo ng x H
Trung (tc gi l Cu Doanh), ri em i binh, rc vua L i nh mt Nam.
129

ng Hong Sn, Phm Tt Ton ng t Bc B Chnh phng gi

qun h Nguy-n.

Lc y ngi nh Qung Nam nghe tin cha Si mt ri, anh ln ni

nghip, bn pht binh lm phn - By gi c Nguy-n Phc Kh gip cha
Thng, sai qun vo nh bt c ngi nh, ly ngha "Anh em l tnh
ring, php nc l ngha ln" em git i.

Lc by gi trong Nam th cha Thng mt, truyn nghip cha li

cho con l Nguy-n Phc Tn, gi l cha Hin. ngoi Bc th vua Chn
Tng mt, khng c con, Trnh Trng li rc Thn Tng, Thi Thng Hong,
v lm vua ln na.

Trnh Trng thy anh em h Nguy-n tranh nhau, sai tng vo nh

t Nam B Chnh, git c tng h Nguy-n l Bi Cng Thng ri tin ln
ng ca Nht L.
n nm qu t (1643) Trnh Trng em i binh v rc vua L vo
t Bc B Chnh. Nhng by gi ang tit thng t, kh tri nng lm, qun s
cht hi rt nhiu, Trnh Trng phi rt v Bc.

H Trnh vo nh h Nguy-n my phen, nh phen no th hao

binh tn tng phen y, th m vn khng chu thi vic chin tranh. n
nm t t (1655) qun nh Trnh li vo nh t Nam B Chnh. By gi cha
Hin mi quyt em qun ra nh h Trnh.

7. nh Nhau Ln Th T.

Nm mu t (1648) Trnh Trng sai

c Tin Qun Cng L Vn Hiu em qun thy b vo nh min Nam;
b binh tin ln ng t Nam B Chnh; cn thy qun th vo nh ca
Nht L.

8. nh Nhau Ln Th Nm.

Thng t nm t t (1655) cha Hin

sai Thun Ngha Hu l Nguy-n Hu Tin, Chiu V Hu l Nguy-n Hu Dt
em qun qua sng Linh Giang ra nh t Bc B Chnh, tng h Trnh l
Phm Tt Ton v hng.

102

By gi c hai cha con Trng Phc Phn c sc gi ly Trng Dc,

qun h Trnh nh m khng tin ln c.

Qun nh Nguy-n tin ln n Honh Sn, gp qun ca L Hu

c, nh ui mt trn, ri tha thng nh n n H Trung, L Vn Hiu
chng khng ni, phi cng vi L Hu c rt qun v gi An Trng (tc l
thnh Ngh An by gi).

Cha Nguy-n sai con l Nguy-n Phc Tn em binh ra chng gi vi

h Trnh, khi ra n Qung Bnh, Nguy-n Phc Tn hi cc tng li bn rng:
"Qun kia tuy nhiu, nhng ngi nh gii th t. Nu n m, ta cho voi
xng vo ri em i qun n nh l chc ph c". on ri, mt mt
cho thy qun i phc sn sng Cm La chn ng qun Trnh chy v;
mt mt sai Nguy-n Hu Tin em 100 con voi n canh nm xng vo tri
qun Trnh, qun b tip sau vo nh ph. Qu nhin qun Trnh thua to
chy v Bc, li gp qun thy ca h Nguy-n n ng ui nh mi n
sng Lam Giang mi thi.

Nguy-n Hu Tin em binh n ng huyn Thch H, L Vn Hiu

v L Hu c li sang ng x i Ni.
Trnh Trng thy bn L Vn Hiu binh bi H Trung, bn cho s
vo triu v kinh, v sai Trnh Trng vo lm Thng lnh, kinh lc t Ngh
An.

Trn y qun h Nguy-n bt c my ngi tng v 3.000 qun

ca h Trnh.

L Vn Hiu b n chn, v n na ng th cht; cn bn L

Hu c, V Lng u phi ging chc c.

Trnh Trng thy qun mnh thua, sai L Vn Hiu cng vi Trn Ngc
Hu lnh mt vn qun ng H Trung, L Hu c cng vi V Lng

Trnh Trng tin binh ln n huyn K Hoa, cho thy binh vo ng

ca K La.

102

Nguy-n Hu Tin thy qun h Trnh tin, bn rt qun v sng

Linh Giang nh qun nghch. Nhng m Trnh Trng thy t nhin qun

C ni chp l Trnh o hay l Hn Tin.

130

Nguy-n b v nh vy, s c mu k g, khng dm ui, bn ng qun li

Lc Xuyn, ri cho 500 ngi vo ng n H Trung.

Trnh Ton vo n Ngh An, c ch qun tin ln n Thch H, sai

o Quang Nhiu v Dng H em binh n ng lng Hng Bc v
lng i Ni, sai L S Hu, Bi S Lng em thy qun n ng Nam
Gii, v sai V Vn Thim em thy qun n ng Chu Nhau.

Nguy-n Hu Tin thy qun h Trnh khng ui, bn em qun n

nh qun Trnh Lc Xuyn; cn Nguy-n Hu Dt th em thy binh ra nh
ca K La, ui chin thuyn ca h Trnh v ca Chu Nhai.

Nguy-n Hu Tin thy qun h Trnh c ng nh vy, bn sai bn

Dng Tr, Tng Phc Khang cng vi Nguy-n Hu Dt em thy b qun n
nh qun Trnh Nam gii, ly c hn 30 chic thuyn, ri trn xung
sng Lam Giang nh V Vn Thim Chu Nhai, V Vn Thim phi b
thuyn m chy.

Nguy-n Hu Tin v Nguy-n Hu Dt tha thng tin binh ln nh

qun h Trnh, ri chim gi ly n Lc Xuyn. Binh tng h Trnh phi
chy v An Trng.
By gi nhng huyn pha nam sng Lam Giang (tc l sng C by
gi) l huyn K Hoa, huyn Thch H, huyn Thin Lc, huyn Nghi Xun,
huyn La Sn, huyn Hng Sn, huyn Thanh Chng, c thy l by huyn
u thuc v h Nguy-n c.

Trnh Ton thy cc o thy binh ca mnh thua, bn rt v ng

bn Hot, bng nghe tin ton qun ca o Quang Nhiu b vy Hng
bc, lp tc em qun n cu, hai bn nh nhau lng i Ni, qun h
Nguy-n chy v H Trung. Trnh Ton v o Quang Nhiu em qun ui
n Tam Lng, b qun ca Nguy-n Hu Tin v Nguy-n Hu Dt n ng
nh ph. Trnh Ton li thua, phi chy v An Trng.

Tin qun Trnh thua Lc Xuyn ra n Thng Long, Trnh Trng ging
Trnh Trng xung lm c, ri sai con l Trnh Tc vo Ngh An lm
Thng lnh chng gi vi qun h Nguy-n.

Trnh Ton t khi vo trn th t Ngh An, hu i tng s, yu mn

qun dn, lng ngi u phc; nhng chng c bao lu, Trnh Trng mt,
Trnh Tc ln thay, thy em c nhiu ngi mn phc, ly lm nghi k, bn
cho con l Trnh Cn vo cng trn t Ngh An, c gi cho khi bin
lon. on ri cho ngi vo i Trnh Ton v kinh, trch sao khng v chu
tang, bt b ngc giam cht.

Bn Nguy-n Hu Tin thy qun Trnh Tc li tin, lin lui qun v

ng H Trung gi trn th. Nhng by gi ngoi Bc lm vic, Trnh
Trng phi gi Trnh Tc v, tng l o Quang Nhiu li trn th t
Ngh An, ng An Trng, sai Thn Vn Quang, Mn Vn Lin ng lng
Tip V (thuc huyn Thin Lc), thy qun ng sng Khu c (thuc
huyn Nghi Xun).

Binh quyn Ngh An giao li cho Trnh Cn. n thng su nm

inh su (16570 Trnh Cn chia qun lm 3 o, sai L Hin lm tng trung
qun, sai Hong Ngha Giao lm tng t qun, sai Trnh Th Cng lm tng
hu qun, sang sng Lam Giang ri tin ln nh tng nh Nguy-n l Tng
Hu i lng Nam Hoa (thuc huyn Thanh Chng).

Qua nm bnh thn (1656) qun h Nguy-n n nh n Tip V,

bn Thn Vn Quang b chy, Nguy-n Hu Tin em qun n ng sng
Tam Ch. Cn Nguy-n Hu Dt tin binh n ni Hng Lnh, gp qun h
Trnh nh ui n t Mn Tng, ri li gp thy binh caV Vn Thim,
nh ph mt trn, Vn Thim thua chy. Qun h Nguy-n tha thng tin
ln n lng Minh Lng v lnh Bnh Lng gp qun ca o Quang Nhiu,
hai bn nh nhau mt trn rt d. o Quang Nhiu thua chy v An Trng,
dng biu t ti v xin vin binh.

Nhng v c ngi bo trc, bn Nguy-n Hu Tin phng b c,

n khi qun Trnh n, th mc k phi thua, may nh c qun Trnh Cn tip
ng, cho nn mi rt v c.

Trnh Trng sai ngi con t l Ninh Qun Cng Trnh Ton (tc hay
gi l ng Ninh) vo lm thng lnh trn th t Ngh An.

T qun hai bn c gi nhau sng Lam Giang, thnh thong nh

nhau mt trn, nh thng chp nm mu tut (1658), nh lng Tun L(huyn Hng Sn), qun h Nguy-n phi li; n thng tm nm canh t
131

 rt v Nam ri. Lc y qun h Trnh sang sng n nh n Khu c.

Hu Dt mi dng k nghi binh cho qun Trnh khng dm tin ln, ri
em binh chy v, n Honh sn mi gp qun ca Nguy-n Hu Tin. By
gi qun Trnh Cn va ui n, hai bn nh nhau mt trn cht hi rt
nhiu.

(1660) nh Nghi Xun, qun h Trnh thua b thuyn m chy; qua thng 9
nm y ang khi qun h Nguy-n cn ng lng Hoa Vin (tc l lng Xun
Vin by gi), Trnh Cn nh sang ly ni Ln Sn gi trn th, bn sai
Hong Ngha Giao v Phan Kim Ton em binh sang ssng Lam Giang lng
m Cng, v sai L Hin103 i xung pha Hi Thng ri sang sng, ch n
na em th hai o cng tin c.

Trnh Cn lui v ng K Hoa. Cn bn kia Nguy-n Hu Tin ng

Nht L. Nguy-n Hu Dt ng ng Cao, gi cc ch him yu. T by
gi 7 huyn vng sng Lam Giang li thuc v t Bc.

o qun ca o Ngha Giao i n Ln Sn b qun ca Nguy-n

Hu Dt nh v vy ngt lm. By gi Trnh Cn ng th chin trn ni
Quyt Dng ( gn Bn Thy by gi), trng thy qun mnh b vy nguy cp
lm, lin sai qun sang cu, v truyn cho thy qun n b sng m bn ln,
qun h Nguy-n phi li.
Cn o qun ca L Hin v Mn Vn Lin sang n lng T Ao gp
qun h Nguy-n, hai bn nh nhau, Mn Vn Lin t trn, nhng qun h
Nguy-n phi b Hoa Vin lui v ng Nghi Xun.

Trnh Cn thy qun h Nguy-n gi gn mi ni chc chn lm, liu

th nh khng c, bn sai o Quang Nhiu li trn th t Ngh An v
kim lnh c t Bc B Chnh phng gi mi ni, ri v Thng Long.

9. nh Nhau Ln Th Su.

n thng 10 nm tn su (1661)
Trnh Tc c i binh v em vua L vo nh cha Nguy-n: sai Trnh Cn lm
thng lnh, o Quang Nhiu lm Tng sut, L Hiu v Hong Ngha Giao
lm c sut, L S Trit v Trnh T lm c th, em binh sang sng Linh
Giang ri n ng lng Phc T.

Lc y i qun ca Nguy-n Hu Tin ng Nghi Xun, cn

Nguy-n Hu Dt th ng Khu c. Cha Hin cng em binh n tip
ng, ng lng Ph L (nay l lng Ph An thuc huyn Bnh Chnh, Qung
Bnh). Nguy-n Hu Dt ln v ra mt cha Hin, k u ui mi vic nh
ly th no, cha Hin mng lm, cho Hu Dt mt thanh bo kim bng vng
v li sai tr li nh gic.

Quan Trn th Nam B Chnh ca h Nguy-n l Nguy-n Hu Dt

ng lng Phc Lc chia qun ra p ly, gi vng mi ni, qun Trnh nh
mi my thng khng c.

Nguy-n Hu Tin bit vic y, trong bng ly lm khng bng lng, v

by gi li nhn c nhng s tt mi hng t Ngh An, thng hay b trn,
Hu Tin bn hi ch tng li bnx em nn nh hay l nn lui v. Mi
ngi u mun lui v, duy ch c Nguy-n Hu Dt khng chu.

n thng 3 nm nhm dn (1662), qun mt, lng ht, Trnh Tc

phi thu qun v rc vua v Bc. Nguy-n Hu Dt em binh ui nh n
sng Linh Giang mi thi.

Khi cc tng h Nguy-n ang bn bc, th c tin rng Trnh Cn sai

bn L Hin i men b b n lng Cng Gin, bn Hong Ngha Giao n
lng Lng Tru v lng Mn Tr ng, ri tin ln nh lng An in v lng
Ph Lu; qun h Nguy-n thua. c tin y Nguy-n Hu Tin quyt em
qun v, nhng b ngoi gi tng truyn ln cho cc tng rng n ti 28 th
cc o u phi tin sang nh An Trng, Nguy-n Hu Dt em binh i hu
tip. on ri, dn ring cc tng n na m rt qun v Nam B Chnh,
khng cho Nguy-n Hu Dt bit. Nguy-n Hu Dt sm sa u vo y, ch
mi khng c tin tc g, n khi cho ngi i thmv ni mi bit qun mnh
103

Nm y Thn Tng v ri n thng 9 th mt. Trnh Tc lp Thi t l

Duy V ln lm vua tc l vua Huyn Tng. Huyn Tng lm vua c 8 nm
th mt. Trnh Tc li lp Hong l Duy Hi ln lm vua, tc l vua Gia
Tng.

10. nh Nhau Ln Th By.

T nm tn su (1661) qun h
Trnh thua t Bc B Chnh ri, Trnh Tc v phi lo vic nc v phi nh
dp h Mc t Cao Bng, cho nn khng dm ng n pha Nam; mi
nm nhm t (1672) Trnh Tc li em my vn qun v rc vua Gia Tng v

C sch chp l L Thi Hin.

132

t Bc B Chnh nh h Nguy-n, sai Trnh Cn lm thy qun Nguyn

Sy, L Hin lm b qun Thng sut.

CHNG V

Cha Hin cng sai em th t l Hip lm Nguyn Sy em binh ra

cng Nguy-n Hu Dt v Nguy-n M c gi cc ni him yu ng ch,
cha Hin em i binh i tip ng.

Cng Vic H Trnh Lm

t Bc

Qun h Trnh n nh ly Trn Ninh rt hng, hai ba phen sp

ph c ly, nhng Nguy-n Hu Dt ht sc chng gi, qun Trnh nh mi
khng c, phi li v Bc B Chnh. n thng chp, tri ma rt v li
nghe tin rng Trnh Cn i n Linh Giang phi bnh nng, Trnh Tc bn sai
L Hin li trn th Ngh An, L S Trit lm c ng H Trung gi
cc ni yu l, ly sng Linh Giang, tc l sng Giang by gi m phn gii
hn Nam Bc, ri rt qun v Thng Long.
T Nm Bc thi vic chin tranh, mi n khi Ty Sn kh i binh,
th h Trnh mi nhn dp vo nh ly t Thun Ha.

1. Vic giao thip vi nh Thanh

2. Vic ly t Cao Bng ca h Mc
3. Quan ch
4. Vic binh ch
5. Hnh lut
6. Thu inh, thu in v su dch
7. Cc th thu
8. S chi thu
9. Vic khai m
10. Vic c tin
11. S ong lng
12. Vic in sch
13. Vic hc hnh thi c
14. Trng hc v
15. Lm quc s
16. S nh dp gic gi trong nc: Gic Ngn gi; Gic
Ninh xa: Nguy-n hu Cu; Nguy-n danh Phng;
Hong cng Cht; L duy Mt

K t nm inh mo (1627) i vua Thn Tng ln th nht, n nm

nhm t (1672) i vua Gia Tng, va 45 nm, h Trnh, h Nguy-n nh nhau
c thy 7 ln. Trong by nhiu ln, h Nguy-n ch ra nh h Trnh c mt
ln, ly c 7 huyn pha nam sng Lam Giang, nhng v cc tng h
Nguy-n khng ng lng vi nhau, cho nn li phi b v gi t c.
Cn nh th lc binh lng th h Trnh mnh hn h Nguy-n, nhng
ngi Bc phi i nh xa xi, vn ti kh khn, m ngi Nam th nh t
nh mnh, c n ly chc chn, tng s ht lng, cho nn thnh ra hai bn
i ch ch khng lm g c nhau, ch kh cho nhng dn s, phi su
dch vt v, v b tn ph thit hi rt nhiu.

1. Vic Giao Thip Vi Nh Thanh.

Nm qu mo (1663),
lc y nh Minh mt ri, vua nh Thanh c cho s sang d vua An Nam
v triu cng. By gi Trnh Tc mi cho s em cng l sang Yn
Kinh (tc l Bc Kinh) cu phong cho vua L. n nm inh mi
(1667) vua Khang Hy nh Thanh sai s sang phong cho vua L lm An
Nam Quc Vng.
133

T hai nc thng s vi nhau nh thng. V sau du c li thi v

nhng vic gic cp v vic gii hn pha thng du, nhng bao gi vua
nh Thanh cng ch ly s ha bnh, cho nn vic g cng trang tri xong xui.

nay mi mt hn. Dng di hc Mc hoc b bt, hoc v hng, c nhiu

ngi c tha, cho lm quan vi h Trnh.

3. Quan Ch.

Trc khi h Mc cp ngi nh L th quan ch vn theo

nh i Hng c, nhng t khi nh L trung hng v sau, chnh quyn v h
Trnh, cho nn quan ch c khc t nhiu. Trc th trn cng c quan Tham
tng v quan Bi tng coi vic chnh tr, tc l gi chc T tng i xa,
ri n cc quan Thng th lc b.

2. Vic Ly t Cao Bng ca Nh Mc.

Nm t su (1625)
Mc Knh Khoan xin v hng, c phong lm Thi y Thng Quc Cng,
cho gi t Cao Bng. Song n nm mu dn (1638) Knh Khoan mt, con l
Mc Knh V (c ch gi l Mc Knh Hon) khng nhn chc v khng chu
v cng, li t xng lm vua hiu l Thun c.

Lc b l: Li b coi vic thuyn chuyn cc quan vin, vic thng

hm th ng tc, vic cch chc ging trt, tc l coi mi vic ring v quan
li trong nc. H b coi vic in th v nhn dn, thu kha, lng tin thu
vo pht ra. L- b coi vic nghi l- t t, vic hc hnh thi c, vic o m
phm phc v ph n, vic lm chng lm biu, vic i s nc n nc kia,
vic coi thin vn, lm lch, lm thuc, bi ton, vic quan h tng ni, o s,
vic m nhc ca xng. Binh b coi cc v quan, qun lnh v vic phng b
bin gii v.v.... Hnh b coi vic hnh php, kin tng. Cng b coi vic xy
p thnh tr, cung in, cu cng, ng x, sng ngi, rng ni.

T h Mc c thnh thong em qun v cp ph mn Thi

Nguyn, quan qun nh ui nhiu l, nhng khng tr hn i c.
Nm inh t (1667) Trnh Tc em em i binh cng cc tng l
inh Vn T, L Chn, L Hin ln nh ly t Cao Bng, Mc Knh V phi
b chy sang Tu. Trnh Tc mi treo bng, chiu tp dn s v lm n, v t
quan cai tr, li sai V Vinh lm c trn t Cao Bng, inh Vn T lm trn
th t Tht Tuyn (tc l Tht Kh by gi).

n nm mu tut (1718), i vua D Tng, Trnh Cng li t ra

Lc phin bn ph cha, cng nh Lc b bn nh vua, coi mi vic
chnh tr.

Mc Knh V bn Tu, ly vng bc t lt cho quan nh Thanh

tu xin vi Thanh bt h Trnh tr li t Cao Bng cho h Mc. Thanh
cho Knh V v Nam Ninh, ri sai s sang thng ngh vi Nam triu v vic
y. Triu nh An Nam v s nh Thanh bn i bn li mi, sau Trnh Tc phi
chu tr li cho h Mc t 4 chu Cao bng l chu Thch Lm, Qung
Uyn, Thng Lang, H Lang v triu quan c trn V Vinh v.

V vic v b th trc c Ng ph l: Trung qun ph, ng qun

ph, Ty qun ph, Nam qun ph, Bc qun ph. Mi mt ph t mt
c ph c quan t hu c coi vic c qun. Trong i vua Thnh Tng,
th Thanh Ha, Ngh An thuc v Trung qun; Hi Dng, An Bang thuc v
ng qun; Sn nam, Thun ha, Qung nam thuc v Nam qun; Tam
Giang, Hng Ha thuc v Ty qun; Kinh Bc, Lng Sn thuc v Bc qun.
n nm gip thn (1664) i vua Huyn Tng, Trnh Tc li t thm chc
Ch ng ph s v Th ph s coi ht thy cc qun.

V sau Ng Tam Qu phn nh Thanh t Vn Nam v t Qung

Ty, Mc Knh V cng v ng vi Tam Qu m chng li nh Thanh. n
khi Tam Qu cht ri, nh Thanh ly li t Qung Ty, h Trnh mun
nhn dp y m tr h Mc cho xong, bn mt mt sai inh Vn T v Nguy-n
Hu ng ln nh Mc Knh V. n thng tm nm inh t (1667), inh
vn T ly c thnh Cao Bng. Mc Knh V cng h hng chy sang Long
Chu, b qun nh Thanh bt gii sang tr cho An Nam.

Cc quan chc thi by gi, chia ra lm ba ban: vn ban, v ban v

gim ban. Theo thng l, th ch c vn ban v v ban m thi. Nhng t khi
h Trnh gi quyn bnh v li yu dng cc ni gim, thng cho ra lm quan
coi vic chnh tr, cho nn mi t ra gim ban. Ban ny n cui i Cnh
hng (1740-1786) mi b.

T khi Mc Mu Hp phi bt, h Mc tht th Thng Long ri, con

chu chy ln mn ngc, nh th nc Tu c gi t Cao Bng, tng
truyn c 3 i, l Mc Knh Cung, Mc Knh Khoan v Mc Knh V; n
134

Trnh chia ra lm hai th binh: mt th gi l u binh th ly lnh ba ph t

Thanh Ha v bn ph t Ngh An, l c ba sut inh ly mt tn lnh; mt
th gi l nht binh th ly lnh t trn t Bc l Sn Nam, Kinh Bc, Hi
Dng, Sn Ty, l c 5 sut inh ly mt tn lnh.

T khi h Trnh cm quyn, th bn nh vua gi l Triu nh, bn ph

cha gi l Ph Liu. Phm nhng vic chnh tr v qun dn u do bn ph
cha nh ot ht c, cho nn ngi ta thng dng Ph liu, ch khng my
khi dng ch Triu nh, v Triu nh ch c ci h v, ch khng c quyn g
na.

Lnh u binh th ng kinh thnh, kn vo lm qun Tc v canh

gi nhng ni n vua ph cha. Nhng lnh y c cp cho cng in,
li c thm chc sc.

S kn chn cc quan li th l c my nm li kho hch mt ln, ai

khng xng chc th phi ging xung.

Lnh nht binh th ch gi cc trn, v hu h cc quan, cn th

cho v lm rung, c khi no cn dng n th mi gi, nh l v i Trnh
Doanh c lm gic gi, phi nh dp nhiu ni, th mi gi n lnh t trn,
c thy c chng 11.500 ngi, chia ra lm 20 v. Sau li i ra lm c,
lm i, mi c c 200 ngi, 100 ngi ti ng, cn 100 ngi cho v
lm rung, ri c ln lt thay i nh m v.

Khi no quan vin v hu tr th c n dn lc, nh l quan nht

phm th mi nm c 400 quan tin dn lc ca bn nm x; quan nh
phm c 300 hoc 250 quan ca hai ba x; quan tam phm c 250 hoc
150 quan ca mt hai x; quan t phm c 150 quan ca mt x; quan ng
phm c 100 quan ca mt x.
i by gi li t ra mt php rt hay, nh l cm khng cho cc
quan vin lp trang tri ch mnh lm quan, b i v thng c nhiu ngi
quyn th m h hip ly rung t ca dn, ri nui nhng gian c lm ti
t, quy nhi-u mi ngi, n ni c nhiu ni dn phi xiu tn i. y
cng l mt vic hi cho dn, v li c th gi lim cho quan vy.

5. Hnh Lut.

Hnh lut v i y th i khi cng nh i Tin L.

Hnh php th chia ra lm 5 th gi l ng hnh: xuy, trng, , lu v t.
Nhng trc th ti g cng c cho chuc c106, n i vua Huyn Tng,
Trnh Tc nh li: tr nhng ngi c d vo bt ngh107 ra, cn ai phm ti
g c chiu theo ti nng nh m lun hnh, ch khng cho chuc na.

Nhng v sau, t i Trnh Giang tr i, nh cha chi bi xa x, li c

nhiu gic gi, phi tm cch ly tin, t ra l c t phm tr xung ai np
600 quan th c thng chc mt bc. Cn nhng ngi chn trng m ai
np 2.800 quan th c b tri ph, 1.800 quan th b tri huyn104.

Trc th ai phi ti lu, li phi ti cht tay na. n i vua D

Tng, Trnh Cng mi b ci lut cht tay v i li nh l ai phi cht hai
bn tay va phi lu i vi-n chu th ci lm ti chung thn; ai phi cht mt
bn tay v phi lu ngoi chu th i lm ti 12 nm; ai phi cht hai ngn
tay tr v phi lu cn chu, th i lm ti 6 nm. Cn nh ai phm ti
trm cp th khng k vo l y.

Nh th, h- ai c tin th c quyn tr dn, ch khng cn c ti

nng g c, thnh ra ci phm gi ca nhng ngi lm quan i by gi cng
km dn dn i.

Nhng vic n mng, trm cp v nhng vic h, hn, in th th

phi theo th t m xt x. Nh vic n mng th quan ph huyn xt, ri

4. Vic Binh Ch.

Khi nh L trung hng ra nh h Mc, s qun ch

c hn 56.000 ngi m thi105. V sau, t lc nh c nh Mc ri, h

Vic bn phm hn c t i vua D Tng nh Trn v i vua Thnh Tng nh L. Nhng

m by gi ch cho ly hm m thi, ch khng c thc chc.
105
Khi vua L Thi T ra nh nh Minh th s binh by gi c 25 vn, chia ra lm 5 qun, gi
l trung qun, tin qun, hu qun, t qun, hu qun. n khi nh dp xong ri, cho 15 vn v
lm rung, cn li 10 vn chia ra lm 5 o gi l ng o, ty o, nam o, bc o v hi
ty o.

Ti trng th c mi mt trng l quan tam phm phi chuc 5 tin, quan t phm phi
chuc 4 tin, quan ng phm 3 tin, quan tht bt phm 2 tin, t cu phm cho xung n th
nhn th 1 tin. Ti lm lnh coi chung voi th phi chuc 60 quan, lm lnh n in th 100
quan. Ti lu cn chu th phi chuc 130 quan, vi-n chu th 290 quan. Ti t th phi chuc
330 quan.
107
ni i vua L Thi T.

104

106

135

y, cc th thu trc nh l vy. n nm qu mo (1723), quan

tham tng l ng Nguy-n Cng Hng theo php t, php dung v php iu
ca nh ng m chm chc, sa sang li, nh sau ny:

ln Tha ti v hin ti hi ng xt li. Vic trm cp, Kinh th do

quan Lnh xt li, cc trn th do quan Trn th xt li.
Phm nhng vic i tng tiu tng m huyn ph hay l Tha ti,
Trn ti, x khng xong, th n Hin ti xt li. Hin ti khng xong, th n
Gim st xt li. Gim st v Lnh khng xong, th n Ng s i xt
li.

Php t, tc l php nh thu in th, c mi mu cng in l phi

np 8 tin thu, m rung no cy hai ma th chia ba, quan ly mt phn
thc. Nhng t bi ca quan, c mi mu np thu 1 quan 2 tin; ch no
trng du th np mt na bng t, ch no khng trng du th np c bng
tin.

Nhng vic nhn mng th hn cho 4 thng, vic trm cp in th

th 3 thng, vic hn nhn u th 2 thng, ch l khng cho lu, lm mt
cng vic ca dn.

Cc rung t in ngy trc khng ng thu, n by gi mi nh:

rung hai ma mi mu 3 tin, rung mt ma mi mu 2 tin.

6. Thu inh, Thu in v Su Dch. Trc t c su nm

lm s h tch mt ln, ri c ty s dn inh nhiu t m nh thu, gi l
"qui" ng nin mi tn inh c ty hng, hoc ng mt quan hay l mt
quan tm tin, tc l thu thn. n nm k du (1669) i vua Huyn Tng,
quan Tham Tng l ng Phm Cng Tr xin t ra php bnh l, ngha l lm
s inh nht nh mt ln, ri lng no phi ng bao nhiu sut inh, c theo
nh th m ng mi, ch c thm ra cng khng k, m c cht i cng
khng tr.

Php dung, tc l php nh thu thn, c mi sut inh l ng nin

ng 1 quan 2 tin. Nhng ngi sinh , lo hng v hong inh108 th ng
mt na.
Php iu, tc l php bt dn ng tin su dch, c mi mt sut
inh, mt nm 2 ma, ma h phi ng 6 tin, ma ng phi ng 6 tin.
Quan ly tin y m lm cc vic, khng phin n dn na.

7. Cc Th Thu.

i by gi nh thu cc th th sn, thu m, thu

, thu ch, v.v.... nhng m nhng thu y, khi nh khi thi, khng c
nht nh.

Lp php y l cho dn khi phi lm s, m quan cng khi phi

tra xt, nhng phi mt iu bt tin l v sau s inh hn km bao nhiu,
quan khng bit c na. n nm qu t (1713) i vua D Tng, s chp
rng s dn ni tch phi ng thu cho nh vua c thy ch 206.315 sut m
thi.

1. Thu Tun Ti: Cc thuyn b ch hng ha i bun bn trong sng

cng phi chu thu. Trong nc lp ra c thy 23 s tun ti thu
thu; nh tre g th c 10 phn nh thu mt phn; nhng tp ha
th 40 phn nh thu mt phn.
2. Thu mui: Nm tn su (1721) Trnh Cng t quan Gim Dng
nh thu mui, c 10 phn, quan ly 2 phn. Nhng ngi bun
mui phi lnh th ca quan Gim dng, th mi c mua mui, m
trc phi mua ca quan , rI sau mi c mua ca nhng ngi
lm mui. V nh thu nh th, cho nn gi mui cao n mt tin
mt u mui, dn s n ung kh s . B i vy n nm nhm t
(1732) Trnh Giang b thu mui khng nh na.

Cn nh thu in th nm k hi (1719) i vua D Tng, Trnh

Cng sai ci quan ph huyn v quan Tha Chnh, Hin st lm vic c in
m chia tin thu cho cc dn x cho u. L by gi c o cng in
cng th m nh thu, gi l "thu", chia ra lm ba hng. Hng nht mi mu
ng nin ng 1 quan, hng nh 8 tin, hng ba 6 tin.
Nhng su dch nh l vic t t trong n vua ph cha, vic sa
sang trng thi, vic lm cu cng, p ng s, gi iu v.v.... th c ty
nghi m b cho cc sut inh ly tin m cung ng cho .
108

136

Lo hng l nhng ngi t 50 tui n 60 tui. Hong inh l ngi mi c 17 n 19 tui.

n nm bnh thn (1746) Trnh Doanh li lp li php nh thu

mui, c chia ra 50 mu rung mui lm mt bp, mi bp phi np
40 hc thu mui, mi mt hc nh gi l 180 ng tin, tc l ba
tin.
3. Thu th sn: Nm gip thn (1724), Trnh Cng nh l nh thu
cc th sn, nh l vng, bc, ng, km, sn, dim tiu, than g, than
, tre, g, t la, qu, c, mm, cc dng vt nh l ru, mt,
du, v cc thp vt nh l giy, chiu, vi, v.v....

11. S ong Lng.

S ong lng th trc vn theo li c, c 6 hp

l mt thng, nhng t nm gip thn (1664) ng Phm Cng Tr nh li, ly
mt ci ng gi l hong chung qun lm chng. Ci ng y ng c 1200
hc thc en, gi l mt thc, ri c 10 thc lm mt hp, 10 hp lm mt
thng, 10 thng lm mt u, 10 u l mt hc.

12. Vic In Sch.

Ngi nc ta hc ch Nho lu m nhng sch

hc nh l T Th, Ng Kinh ton th dng sch in ca Tu c. Nm gip dn
(1734) i vua Thun Tng, Trnh Giang mi bt khc bn in, in cc sch pht
ra mi ni v cm khng cho mua sch in bn Tu na. y cng l mt s li
cho s ti chnh ca nc ta.

8. S Chi Thu.

V thi Trnh Giang lm cha, c lm gic gi phi chi

tiu nhiu vic, cho nn nm k mi (1731) cc quan xin t quan cng vi
H phin m lm s bin r ng nin thu vo c bao nhiu v pht ra mt
bao nhiu, liu s chi dng cho va.

13. Vic Hc Hnh Thi C.

S hc hnh v i Hu L, th i khi
cng ging nh i Tin L, trong nc u cng ly Nho hc lm trng.
Quc T Gim th t quan t tu v quan t nghip lm ging quan, mi
thng mt ln tiu tp, ba thng mt ln i tp.

9. Vic Khai M.

Nc ta t i by gi Tuyn Quang th c m ng
T Long, m bc Nam Xng v Long Sinh. Hng ha th c m ng
Trinh Lan v Ngc Uyn. Thi Nguyn th c m ng Sng Mc, Yn
hn, Lim tuyn, Tng sinh, V nng; m vng Kim m, Tam lng; m km
Cn minh. Lng sn th c m ng Hoi vi-n.

Cn vic thi c l vic nh nc chn ly nhn ti dng lm vic

nc, th i no cng c. T khi nh Mc v nh L tranh nhau ngi vua, Bc
Triu h Mc vn m khoa thi Thng Long; Nam triu h L v bn vic binh,
cho nn n mi nm Canh Thn (1580) mi m khoa thi Hi Ty ; t
v sau c ba nm mt k thi Hi, nhng m cch thc thi c cn s lc, n
nm Gip thn (1664) i vua Huyn Tng, Trnh Tc mi nh li qui thc thi
Hi.

Nhng m y u l ngi Tu sang khai c, bao nhiu quyn li v

tay ngi Tu ht, ca 10 phn nh nc khng c mt. M nhng phu Tu
sang lm m thng hay quy nhi-u dn s. Tuy rng nm inh du (1717)
Trnh Cng nh l rng nhng ngi Tu sang khai m; ch ng lm ch
c n 300 ngi, ch ng va 200 ngi, ch t 100 ngi m thi. Th
m v sau c ni phu khch ng n hng vn ngi, ri sinh s nh nhau,
thng phi dng binh lnh i nh dp mi mi xong.

Cn nh thi Hng, th n nm Mu Ng (1678) mi nh cc iu l

r rng. T c ba nm mt k thi Hng: Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Sn Nam,
Sn Ty, Kinh Bc, Hi Dng, Thi Nguyn, Hng Ha, Tuyn Quang, Lng
Sn, Yn Qung u c trng thi c. Nhng m s thi Hng by gi h
lm, khng nghim nh i Hng c. Nh l v i vua D Tng, nin hiu
Bo Thi th t l ai i thi phi np tin minh kinh ly tin lm nh trng
v khon n quan trng.

10. Vic c Tin. Nh Hu L trung hng ln ri, vn tiu tin Hng

c, v trn no cng c s c tin; nhng v c lm s nhng lm cho nn
n nm qu du (1753) Trnh Doanh mi b s c tin cc trn, m ch
hai s gn t Kinh s m thi. n nm bnh thn (1776) i Cnh Hng vua
Hin Tng, khi h Trnh ly c t Thun Ha ri, li m l c tin
Ph Xun, c ra 3 vn quan tin Cnh Hng na.

n nm canh ng (1750) i Cnh Hng, nh nc thiu tin, li t

ra l thu tin thng kinh, h- ai np ba quan th dc i, m khng phi kho
hch. Thnh ra lc by gi nhng ngi i lm rung, i bn tht, ai cng

i by gi cng c c ra bc lng tiu dng. Mi mt lng l 10

ng, mi ng gi hai tin. Bc y cht ra m tiu cng c
137

c np quyn vo thi, n ni lc vo thi, ngi tranh nhau vo trng xo

p ln nhau, c ngi cht. Vo trong trng ngi th dng sch, k i
thu ngi lm bi, hc tr vi quan trng th thng vi nhau, thnh ra ci
ch thi. Php thi c by gi tht l by.

i thn nh Nguy-n Cng Hng, L Anh Tun v lm lm iu tn c. Tnh

ng y tn ngc li hay tiu dng xa x, thu m mt ngy mt nhiu, su
dch mt ngy mt nng, dn tnh kh s , gic gi ni ln khp c mi ni,
ng s trm dch i khng c, phi lm n ha hiu trn nh ni
phng khi c vic g th t la bo

14. Trng hc v.

i vua D Tng, Trnh Cng li m ra trng

hc v, t quan gio th dy cho con chu cc quan vo hc v kinh
chin lc, c mi thng mt ln tiu tp, ba thng mt ln i tp. Ma xun
ma thu th tp v ngh, ma ng ma h th tp v kinh.

By gi trong triu th c my ngi tn tht nh l L Duy Mt, L

Duy Qui, L Duy Chc109 cng vi my ngi triu thn l Phm Cng Th, V
Thc, nh t kinh thnh tr h Trnh, nhng chng may vic l ra phi
b chy. ngoi cc trn th ch no cng c gic, Hi Dng th c
Nguy-n Tuyn, Nguy-n C ni ln lng Ninh X (thuc huyn Ch Linh), V
Trc Onh ni ln lng M Trch (thuc huyn ng An), t Sn Nam
th c Hong Cng Cht, u ly ting ph L dit Trnh lm c, b i vy cho
nn dn mt ng nam mang ba vc gy i theo gic. Ton no ng th k
c hng vn ngi, ton no t th cng c n hng trm hng nghn ngi,
ri i cp ph cc hng thn v vy cc thnh p, quan qun nh dp
khng c.

Li t ra l 3 nm mt ln thi v. Thi l i khi l phi bn cung,

ma gio, ma gm, phi nga m bn cung v chy b v bn cung, ri sau
cng hi ngha sch xt hc lc, hi phng lc xt ti nng.
Nm canh thn (1740) Trnh Doanh lp v miu, chnh v th th V
Vng, Khng thi cng, Tn v t, Qung t, v.v.... ng sau th th Hng
o Vng Trn Quc Tun, v li lp miu ring th Quan Cng. C xun
thu hai k t l-.

ang lc gic cp nh th, Trnh Giang c dm dt v , li o

hm lm nh di t cho khi s sm st, cn vic chnh tr th cho
nhng hon thn l bn Hong Cng Ph chuyn quyn lm by. Cc quan
ph liu l Nguy-n Qu Cnh, Nguy-n Cng Thi, V cng T bn trut Trnh
Giang m lp em l Trnh Doanh ln lm cha, lo vic nh dp cho yn
gic gi.

15. Lm Quc S.

T khi ng V Qunh lm sch i Vit Thng

Gim, mi n i vua L Huyn Tng nh Hu L, Trnh Tc mi sai quan
Tham Tng l Phm Cng Tr son sch Vit S Ton Th, k t vua Trang
Tng nh Hu L cho n vua Thn Tng, chia ra lm 23 quyn; nhng m b
s y khng in. n nm bnh thn (1676) i vua Hi Tng sai H S Dng
xt li b quc s, nhng chng bao lu ng y mt, li sai L Hi v Nguy-n
Qu c chp ni t vua Huyn Tng cho n vua Gia Tng, thm vo 13
quyn, gi l Quc S Thc Lc.

i by gi gic cp th nhiu, nhng m nhng gic to phi nh

lu, th c Nguy-n Tuyn, Nguy-n C, v V Trc Onh t Hi Dng;
Hong Cng Cht, V nh Dung Sn Nam; Nguy-n Danh Phng, Nguy-n
Din, T, Bng, Sn Ty; Nguy-n Hu Cu mt ng nam; L Duy Mt
mt Thanh Ha v Ngh An. May lc y li c nhng quan nh gic gii nh
Hong Ngha B, Hong Ng Phc, Phm nh Trng, Nguy-n Phan, Bi Th
t, v.v.... cho nn Trnh Doanh v Trnh Sm mi dn dn dp yn c cc
ni.

Nm t t (1775) i Cnh Hng, Trnh Sm sai Nguy-n Hon, L Qu

n, Ng Thi S, Nguy-n Du son quc s, chp thm t Hi Tng cho n
i Tng, gi l Quc S Tc Bin, c thy l 6 quyn.

16. S nh Dp Gic Gi Trong Nc.

V thi Trnh Tc,

Trnh Cn, Trnh Cng lm cha, th ng no cng ht lng lo vic tr dn, v
li nh c nhng ngi ti gii nh Phm Cng Tr, Nguy-n Cng Hng, v.v...
u ht sc gip , cho nn sa sang c nhiu vic, nc c yn tr.
Nhng m t khi Trnh Giang ln ni nghip cha, git vua L, hi c cc quan

Gic Ngn Gi: Nm canh thn (1740 trong khi t Hi Dng, lng
Ninh X, c Nguy-n Tuyn, Nguy-n C lm lon, th t Sn Nam, lng
Ngn Gi, c V nh Dung, on Danh Chn, T Cao, cp ph rt d, git
109

138

Duy Mt v Duy Qui l con vua D Tng, Duy Chc l con vua Hi Tng.

c quan c lnh l Hong Kim Qua. Th gic mnh lm, Trnh Doanh phi t
lm tng em binh i nh, bt c V nh Dung em chp, v i tn x
Ngn Gi lm Lai Cch (nay l Gia Ha).

Nguy-n Hu Cu l mt ngi kit hit nht trong bn lm gic thi

by gi, m li qu quyt, ra vo bt trc lm; c khi b vy hng my vng,
m ch mt mnh mt nga ph vy ra, ri ch trong my ngy li c hng vn
ngi i theo. V rng ngy thng cp c thc go ca thuyn bun, em
cho dn ngho, cho nn i n u cng c ngi theo, mun ly bao nhiu
qun lng cng c.

Gic Ninh X: Trc ht Nguy-n Tuyn, Nguy-n C, V Trc Onh

v Nguy-n Din dy binh t nm k mi (1739) lm lon Hi Dng, ri vy
vng t T Sn, Thun Thnh, Nam Sch v Hng Chu. Nguy-n C th
gi t Lm Gia Phc, Nguy-n Tuyn th gi ni Phao Sn Ch Linh,
lm n, xy ly lin lc vi nhau, qun lnh k c hng my vn ngi, quan
qun i nh c nhiu ngi phi bt.

Cc tng s ai cng s, duy ch c ng Phm nh Trng l nh

c Hu C m thi, cho nn Hu Cu o m m ng y xung sng.
T Phm nh Trng th khng cng sng i vi Nguy-n Hu Cu.
Cng v l y cho nn nm bnh dn (1749) Hu Cu cho ngi em vng v
t lt cho Th Giai v ngi ni gim l Nguy-n Phng nh xin
hng, Trnh Doanh thun cho v li phong cho lm Hng Ngha Hu, li sai
quan Thim Tri l Nguy-n Phi Sng em t d ra bo Phm nh Trng ng
nh Nguy-n Hu Cu na. Phm nh Trng khng khng mt mc khng
chu, bo Nguy-n Phi Sng rng: "Nhng ngi lm tng ngoi du c
mnh vua cng c iu khng nn chu. ng vng mnh vua i gi gic v
hng th ng c i, ti vng mnh vua i nh gic, th ti c nh". Ni xong,
ct qun i ngay.

Nm tn su (1745) quan thng lnh Hi Dng l Hong Ngha B

ph c cc n ca gic Phao Sn, Ninh X v Gia Phc; Nguy-n
Tuyn thua chy ri cht, V Trc Onh khng bit i u mt. Cn Nguy-n
C th chy ln Lng Sn c my thng li v ng Triu, nhng v ht
lng phi vo np ni Nga Vn Sn, b quan Hip ng l ng Phm nh
Trng bt c ng cng em v kinh lm ti. T gic C v gic Tuyn
mi tan.
Nguy-n Hu Cu: Nguy-n Hu Cu, tc gi l qun He, ngi Hi
Dng, trc i n cp, sau theo Nguy-n C lm gic. n khi Nguy-n C
b bt ri, Nguy-n Hu Cu em ng v gi ni Sn v t Vn n.
Nm qu hi (1743), Hu Cu git c quan Thy o c binh l Trnh
Bng, ri t xng lm ng o Thng Quc Bo Dn i Tng Qun,
thanh th lng ly mn y. Sau b Hong Ng Phc em binh n vy ni
Sn, Hu Cu ph vy ra, v nh ly thnh Kinh Bc, quan Trn ph l
Trn nh Cm, v quan c ng l V Phng nh thua Th Cu phi
b n tnh m chy; Kinh S, c tin y rt ly lm bo ng.

Lc y Phm nh Trng c m ngi huyn Thanh Ha, huyn T

K, huyn Vnh Li v huyn Thng Hng, t lm 4 c, giao cho hai ngi
th h cai qun. ph liu bn Th Giai nhn ly iu y m ni gim
vi Trnh Doanh. Nhng Trnh Doanh vn bit Phm nh Trng l ngi
trung thnh, khng ni g n vic y, li lm mt bi th a ra cho ng y
ng y yn lng.
Nguy-n Hu Cu tuy xin v hng, nhng vn c cp ph cc ni,
sau li v ph t Sn Nam. Mt hm Phm nh Trng nh ui Hu Cu
Cm Ging, Hu Cu ni vi th h rng: "Ta va mi thua, c tin v Kinh,
tt nhin khng ai phng b, nay ta ln v nh c l c". Ni on, ngay
m hm y ko qun v bn B . n ni th tri va sng; c tin bo,
Trnh Doanh t em qun ra gi bn Nam Tn. Phm nh Trng bit tin y
lp tc em qun v nh mt sau, Hu Cu li thua b chy.

Hong Ng Phc em binh v, cng vi Trng Khung ly li thnh

Kinh Bc, nhng th Nguy-n Hu Cu vn mnh, ph qun ca Trng
Khung lng Ngc Lm (thuc huyn Yn Dng), ui qun ca quan thng
lnh inh Vn Giai Xng Giang (thuc huyn Bo Lc) ri li v vy dinh
Th Cu.
Trnh Doanh sai Hong Ng Phc v Phm nh Trng em binh n
nh Hu Cu Xng Giang, git c tng ca gic l tn Thng, ly c
qun nhu chin m tht l nhiu.
139

T khi thua trn B ri, Hu Cu v cng vi Hong Cng Cht

cp huyn Thn Kh v Thanh Quan. Phm nh Trng v Hong Ng
Phc li em binh xung nh ui.

chng bay n n cho ta. Vy ai c cha gi con di, th cho lui ra, cn th nn
cng vi ta m liu mt trn sng cht bo n n nc, cho khi ph ci
ting ru my!". Th h khng ai chu li, u xin cng xng vo, ph c
n Hng Canh. Doanh Phng rt qun v gi n Ngc Bi, qun Trnh
Doanh tin ln ui nh. Nguy-n Phan sai th h cm on binh cho t
tin i trc m vo, i qun theo sau. Gic gi khng ni b chy tan c.
Nguy-n Danh Phng chy vo ni c Tn, quan qun ui n lng Tnh
Luyn huyn Lp Thch th bt c. Trnh Doanh em qun v Kinh , i
n lng Xun Hi, huyn Kim Anh, gp ngi ca Phm nh Trng gii
Nguy-n Hu Cu n. Trnh Doanh bn m tic khao qun, bt tn Phng
dng ru, tn Cu thi kn, ba qun hm y tht l vui v.

Hong Cng Cht chy vo Thanh Ha, Hu Cu chy vo Ngh An

hp ng vi tn Din Hng Lm (thuc huyn Nam ng). Phm nh
Trng em qun vo nh ph tri gic, ri ui Hu Cu ra n lng Hong
Mai bt c, ng ci em v np cha Trnh. By gi l nm tn v (1751)
tc l nm Cnh Hng th 12.
Nguy-n Danh Phng: Nm canh thn (1740) tn T v tn Bng lm
lon t Sn Ty, quan Chnh Ty i Tng qun l V T L nh bt
c c hai tn y huyn An Lc (thuc ph Vnh Tng). By gi th h tn
T l Nguy-n Danh Phng, tc gi l qun Ho, em d ng v gi ni Tam
o. Mt mt th m qun tr lng v mt mt th cho ngi v ni di xin
hng.

V n Kinh s, tn Cu v tn Phng u phi chm c.

Hong Cng Cht: Hong Cng Cht cng vi Nguy-n Tuyn, Nguy-n
C ni ln mt lc. Trc ph t Sn Nam v ht Khoi Chu. n nm t
su (1745) li bt c v git quan trn th Sn Nam l Hong Cng K, sau
v quan qun ui nh, Cng Cht chy vo Thanh Ha ri ra Hng Ha
cng vi tn Thnh lm lon vng y. Nm tn t tn Thnh b quan qun
bt c, tn Cht chy ln gi ng Mnh Thin (pha bc Hng Ha) ri
chim gi c my chu gn y, ng c hng vn ngi. T tn Cht
c cp ph t Hng Ha v t Thanh Ha. Mi n nm k su (1769)
Trnh Sm mi sai quan thng lnh l on Nguy-n Thc em qun Sn Ty
ln nh ng Mnh Thin. Khi quan qun ln n ni th Hong Cng Cht
cht ri, con l Hong Cng Ton chng gi khng ni, b chy sang Vn
Nam. ng tan c.

Lc by gi tn Cu tn Cht ang lm lon pha ng nam, cho nn

Trnh Doanh cng tm cho hng.
Nm gip t (1744) tn Phng em hn mt vn qun v gi t Vit
Tr, sang cp ph bn huyn Bch Hc. By gi quan c sut Sn Ty l
Vn nh c em binh n vy nh, Danh Phng chy sang gi lng Thanh
Linh (huyn Bnh Xuyn, t Thi Nguyn). T Danh Phng lp i n
ni Ngc Bi (gip huyn Bnh Xuyn v huyn Tam Dng), trung n t
Hng Canh, ngoi n t c K, ri t xng l Thun Thin Khi Vn i
Nhn, lm cung in, t quan thuc, thu cc th thu t Tuyn Quan,
thanh th lng ly trong non 10 nm tri, thnh ra mt nc ring trong nc
Nam vy.

L Duy Mt: Nm mu ng (1738) i vua Tng, bn hong thn l

L Duy Mt, L Duy Qui v L Duy Chc nh mu git h Trnh, nhng chng
may s khng thnh phi b chy vo Thanh Ha. Sau Duy Qui v Duy Chc
phi bnh mt, cn Duy Mt gi t thng du pha ty nam. Nhng ngi
ng mu vi Duy Mt u b h Trnh bt c git c. By gi Duy Mt c
bt c Phm Cng Th em ra hi rng: "ng l ngi khoa gip sao li
theo nghch?" - Cng Th ci m ni rng: " lu nay danh phn khng r,
ly g m phn thun nghch?" Ni ri ging c ra chu hnh.

Nm canh ng (1750) Trnh Doanh t em i qun i ng Thi

Nguyn n nh ph c n c K. Khi qun tin ln n n Hng
Canh, gic bn sng, n ra nh ma, quan qun khng tin ln c Trnh
Doanh mi ly gm trao cho ng Nguy-n Phan m bo rng: "n ny ph
khng c th ly qun php m tr!" Nguy-n Phan em qun sn vo ri c i
o chin bo ra, xung nga i b, v bo nhng ngi th h rng: "Qun s
c tn trong s sch, vic g c qun php. Chng bay l ngi ring ca
ta m hm nay l bui ta phi b mnh gip nc, v li chnh l ngy

L Duy Mt t khi chy v Thanh Ha, chiu tp binh s, ri t nm

canh thn (1740) l Cnh Hng nm u, v nh t Hng Ha v Sn Ty,
140

sau li cng vi gic l tn Tng gi n Ngc Lu (thuc huyn Thch

Thnh). n khi tng h Trnh ph c n Ngc Lu, tn Tng t trn, L
Duy Mt li chy vo Ngh An, ri sang Trn Ninh gi ni Trnh Quang lm
cn bn.

Thi k th ba l vo khong Trnh Giang, Trnh Doanh v Trnh Sm.

V Trnh Giang tht chnh cho nn trong thi k ny c lm gic gi, quan qun
phi nh ng dp bc trong ba bn nm tri, thnh ra khng lm c vic
g ch li, n ni dn ngho nc yu, chnh tr iu tn, b i vy cho nn
chng bao lu m nh Trnh , nh L cng mt.

Nm gip t (1764) L Duy Mt sai ngi em th vo cu cu vi

cha Nguy-n l V Vng. Nhng cha khng mun gy s vi h Trnh, cho
nn khng gip.
Nm inh hi (1767) c tin Trnh Doanh va mt, con l Trnh Sm
ln lm cha, L Duy Mt em qun v nh t Hng Sn v t Thanh
Chng ri li rt v Trn Ninh. Trnh Sm cho ngi a th sang v v
khng c, mi quyt dng binh dt mi lon.
Nm k su (1769) Trnh Sm sai Bi Th t lm thng lnh t Ngh
An, Nguy-n Phan lm chnh c lnh t Thanh Ha, Hong nh Th lm
c binh t Hng Ha, c ba o u tin sang nh Trn Ninh. Khi qua6n
ca Bi Th t v Nguy-n Phan n vy Trnh Quang. L Duy Mt nh c
gi him khng ra nh. Khng ng l ngi con r l Li Th Chiu lm
phn, m ca ly cho qun h Trnh vo. Duy Mt bit c ni bin, bn cng
vi v con t t m cht
***
Tm li m xt, th nhng cng vic ca h Trnh sa i min Bc
cng nhiu, v c th chia ra lm ba thi k:
Thi k th nht vo khong Trnh Kim, Trnh Tng v Trnh Trng.
Lc by gi cn phi nh h Mc pha Bc, ri li chng vi h Nguy-n
pha Nam, cho nn trong thi k y ch c vic chin tranh ngoi m thi,
cn nhng cng vic trong nc khng sa sang c my.
Thi k th hai l vo khong Trnh Tc, Trnh Cn v Trnh Cng.
Lc by gi vic chin tranh yn, trong nc bnh tr, cho nn trong thi k
y cc chac mi sa sang v chnh n li nhng php tc, lut l, vic thu
kha, s hc hnh, thi c, v.v....

141

3. Lnh-s-ti gi vic t t, tt nht v vic chi-cp lng cho

qun chnh dinh. C quan Nha-y lm u.

CHNG VI

Cng-vic h Nguy-n lm
min Nam

Mi ti li c quan Cai-hp, Th-hp v cc li-ti lm mi vic.

ngoi cc dinh, th c ni ch t c mt Lnh-s-ti kim c vic X-sai-ti v
Tng-thn-li-ti, c ni th t X-sai-ti v Lnh-s-ti coi vic qun dn, t
tng, inh in, s sch, thu kha, v.v. ngha l ty ni quan-trng hay l
khng, m thm bt quan-vin.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Quan-ch
Thi-c
Vic v-b
Vic thu-kha
S tin chi-thu trong nc
Ly t Chim-thnh
M t Nam Vit v s giao-thip
vi Chn-lp
8. Vic giao-thip vi nc Tim-la
9. Vic lp dinh nh ph

ph huyn, th t tri-huyn, tri-ph, coi vic t tng, thuc h th c

-li, thng-li, chuyn vic khm xt. Li c hun o, l--sinh, chuyn vic
t-t ch s ti. Cn vic thu thu th t quan khc coi v vic y.
n i cha Thng Nguy-n phc Lan (1635-1648) li t thm
chc ni-t, ngoi-t, ni-hu, ngoi-hu, gi l t tr gip cha tr dn.
V ng quan v th t chc: ch ng-inh, ch ng-c, cai-c, caii coi vic binh.

2. Thi C.

Nm inh-hi (1674) cha Nguy-n m khoa thi gi l

thi chnh v thi hoa-vn.

H Nguy-n gi ring mt ci pha nam, lp ra nghip cha, lutruyn i n qua i kia, b i vy cho nn chnh-tr, thu-l, binh-lnh, vic
g cng t sa-sang v xp t ly nh l mt nc t-ch vy.

Thi chnh chia ra lm ba k: k -nht thi t-lc, k -nh thi

th-ph, k -tam thi vn-sch. Quan tri-ph tri-huyn lm s-kho, quan
cai-b, k-lc, v-y lm gim-kho. Nhng quyn u, th chia ra lm ba
hng: hng th nht gi l gim-sinh, c b ra lm tri-ph, tri-huyn; hng
th nh gi l sinh c b lm hun o; hng th ba cng gi l sinh
c b lm l--sinh, hoc lm nhiu-hc.

1. Quan-Ch.

Lc h Nguy-n cha ra mt chng nhau vi h

Trnh th quan-li vn ngoi Bc b vo nhng m t khi cha Si l Nguy-n
Phc Nguyn khng chu np thu cho nh L, v em qun chng gi vi
qun h Trnh bc B-Chnh th cc quan-vin u do cha Nguy-n t ly
c.

Thi hoa-vn th cng phi ba ngy, mi ngy ch phi lm c mt bi

th m thi. Ai u th c b vo lm vic Tam-ti.

Chnh dinh l ch cha ng th t tam-ti gip cha coi vic chnh-tr.

Tam-ti l: X sai-ti, Tng-thn-li-ti, Lnh-s-ti.
1. X-sai-ti gi vic t tng vn n. C quan -tri, K-lc lm u.
2. Tng-thn-li-ti gi vic thu tin thu thu, chi-pht lng-thc
cho quan cc o. C quan cai-b lm u.

Nm t-hi (1695) Quc-cha Nguy-n Phc Chu (1691-1725) m

khoa thi trong ph cha, gi l thi Vn-chc v thi Tam-ti. Thi Tam-ti l thi
X-sai ti, thi Tng-thn-li-ti v thi Lnh-s-ti. Thi Vn-chc th thi t-lc, thph, vn-sch; thi X-sai-ti th hi v vic binh-lnh, tin lng, t tng; thi
Tng-thn-li-ti v Lnh-s-ti th ch lm mt bi th m thi.
142

5. S tin chi-thu trong nc. Nm qu u (1753) Vvng sai quan Ch ng-thi-gim l Mai vn Hoan tnh s vng, bc v tin
thu vo pht ra mi nm l bao nhiu.

Nm canh-thn (1740), V-vng Nguy-n Phc Khot (1738-1765)

nh li php thi: nhng ngi u k -nht gi l nhiu-hc, c mi-n sai
5 nm; u k -nh v k -tam th c mi-n sai chung thn; u k -t
gi l hng-cng, c b i lm tri-ph, tri-huyn.

By gi s tin th c nm thu vo c hn 338.100 quan, m pht ra

mt hn 364.400 quan; c nm c hn 423.300 quan, m pht ra mt hn
369.400 quan. Vng th c nm thu c 830 lng, c nm c 890 lng.
Bc th th gip-ngn (?) c nm thu c 240 lng, c nm c 390 lng;
th dung-ngn (?) c nm c 2.400 lng, c nm c 1.800 lng; th
k-ngn (?) c nm c 10.100 ng, c nm c 400 ng, cng c nm
khng c ng no.

Xem nh vy th s thi-c min Nam i by gi cn s-lc lm.

3. Vic V-B.

H Nguy-n by gi phi chng nhau vi h

Trnh cho nn phi lo vic v-b hn. Qun th chia ra lm nm c gi l:
trung c, t c, hu c, tin c, hu c. S qun chng non ba vn ngi.
Nm tn-mi (1631) cha Si lp ra s c sng i-bc v m trng
bn, trng tp voi, tp nga, c hng nm luyn-tp phng-b chin-tranh.

Tnh ng li t nm bnh-dn (1746) n nm nhm-thn (1752)

ngha l trong 7 nm, s vng c 5.768 lng, s gip ngn c 9.978
lng, s dung-ngn c 14.276 lng, s k-ngn c 21.150 ng.

4. Vic Thu-Kha. in-th chia ra lm 3 hng nh

thu. Li c hng gi l thu in, kh th, ngha l rung t xu th thu nh
li nh hn rung t thng.

T tr i mi nm phi lm s k r ra trong nm vng bc v tin

thu vo v pht ra mt bao nhiu, l c n ngy mng ba thng ging nm
sau dng ln cha xem.

Nhng cng in th cp cho dn cy-cy np thu; cn ai khai-khn c

t hoang ra lm rung, th cho l t in.

Nhng tin tiu trong nc, th c tin ng v tin km, khc hai ch
thi-bnh.

Thu m. t Qung-nam, Thun-ha c m vng; t Qungngha c m bc; t B-chnh c m st. Cc m y u nh thu c.

6. Ly t Chim-Thnh.

Trc Trnh Kim ch cho Nguy-n

Hong vo trn-th t Thun-ha m thi; sau n nm canh-ng (1570) h
Trnh i quan trn-th Qung-nam l Nguy-n B Qunh v trn t Ngh-an,
t Qung-nam cho Nguy-n Hong kim lnh.

Thu xut-cng nhp-cng. L c nhng tu Thng-hi v

Qung ng li, th phi np 3.000 quan, n lc i phi np 300 quan. Tu
M-cao, Nht-bn li, th phi np 4.000 quan, n lc i phi np 400
quan. Tu Tim-la, L-tng li, th phi np 2.000 quan, n lc i phi
np 200 quan. Tu cc nc phng Ty li, th phi np 8.000 quan, n
lc v phi np 800 quan.

Nm tn-hi (1611) Nguy-n Hong vo nh nc Chim-thnh ly

t lp ra ph Ph-yn; chia ra lm hai huyn l ng-xun v Tuyn-ha.
n nm qu-t (1653) vua nc Chim-thnh l B Thm sang quy-nhi-u
t Ph-yn, cha Hin l Nguy-n Phc Tn mi sai quan cai-c l Hng Lc
sang nh. B Thm phi dng th xin hng. Cha Nguy-n t
sng Phan-lang tr vo cho vua Chim, cn t sng Phan-lang tr ra ly lm
Thi-ninh-ph, sau i lm ph Din-khnh (tc l Khnh-ha by gi), t
dinh Thi-khang Hng Lc lm thi-th.

Thu y chia ra lm 10 thnh: 6 thnh th em vo kho, cn 4 thnh

np cho quan-li, binh-lnh coi v vic thu thu.

143

Nm qu-du (1693) vua nc Chim-thnh l B Tranh b khng tin

cng, cha Nguy-n l Nguy-n Phc Chu sai quan tng-binh l Nguy-n hu
Knh (con Nguy-n hu Dt) em binh i nh bt c B Tranh v bn thnt l T tr Vin, K b T cng thn-thuc l B n em v Ph-Xun. Cha
Nguy-n i t Chim-thnh lm Thun-ph, cho T tr Vin, K b T lm
chc Khm-l v ba ngi con ca B n lm c gi Thun-ph, li bt
phi i y phc theo nh ngi Vit-nam ph d dn Chim-thnh. Qua
nm sau li i Thun-ph ra lm Thun-thnh-trn, cho K b T lm t-c. Nm inh-su (1697) cha Nguy-n t ph Bnh-thun ly t Phan-l
(Phan-tri) Phan-lang (Phan-rang) lm huyn Yn-phc v huyn Ha-a.

quan em 3.000 qun sang nh Mi-xuy (nay thuc huyn Phc-chnh,

tnh Bin-ha) bt c vua nc y l Nc ng Chn em v giam Qungbnh mt , ri tha cho v nc, bt phi triu-cng v phi bnh-vc ngi
Vit-nam sang lm n bn y.
Nm gip-dn (1674), nc Chn-lp c ngi Nc ng i i cuvin nc Tim-la nh Nc ng Nn.
Nc ng Nn b chy sang cu cu dinh Thi-khang (nay l Khnhha). Cha Hin bn sai Cai-c o Nha-trang l Nguy-n dng Lm cng vi
Nguy-n nh Phi lm tham-mu em binh chia ra hai o sang nh Nc ng
i, ph c n Si-gn, ri tin qun ln vy thnh Nam-vang. Nc ng
i phi b thnh chy vo cht trong rng. Nc ng Thu ra hng. Nc ng
Thu l chnh dng con tr ng cho nn li lp lm chnh
quc-vng ng Long-c, Nc ng Nn lm -nh quc-vng, ng
Si-gn, bt hng nm phi triu cng.

T nc Chim-thnh mt hn.
Nc Chim-thnh chnh l nc Lm-p ngy trc tng qua my
trm nm, cng vi h L, h Trn i ch, chng vi qun Mng-c, khng
cho xm phm vo ci, lp nn mt nc c vua, c ti, c chnh-tr, c lutphp. Nhng ch him v ngi nc y c hay sang cp ph t Vit-nam,
thnh ra hai nc khng my khi ha hiu c vi nhau.

Nm k-t (1679) c quan nh Minh l tng-binh trn-th t Longmn (Qung-ty) Dng ngn ch, ph-tng Hong Tin, tng-binh chu
Cao, chu Li, v chu Lim (thuc Qung-ng) l Trn Thng Xuyn, phtng Trn an Bnh, khng chu lm ti nh Thanh, em 3.000 qun cng 50
chic thuyn sang xin lm dn Vit-nam. Cha Hin nhn mun khai-khn
t Chn-lp, bn cho vo t ng-ph (tc l t Gia nh). Bn Ngn
ch chia nhau t Lc (tc l t ng-nai thuc Bin-ha), M-tho
(thuc nh-tng), Ban-ln (thuc Bin-ha) ri cy rung lm nh lp ra
phng-ph, c ngi phng ty, ngi Nht-bn, ngi Ch-v n bun
bn ng lm.

l i ch th khng sao trnh khi c ci lut chung ca toha l: khe cn, yu cht. V vy cho nn t khi vua Thnh-tng nh L
ly t Qung nam v chia nc Chim ra lm 3 nc ri, th t v sau
th-lc nc y mi ngy mt km, dn tnh mi ngy mt suy. Chng nhng
l n ni mt nc vi cha Nguy-n m chng-loi Chim-thnh by gi
cng chng cn c my nghn ngi na. Mt nc trc nh th, m nay
nh th, du rng nc y ng ha vi nc ta mc lng, song ngh cng
thng-tm thay cho nhng nc yu-hn khng trnh khi c ci ha: c
nh b c ln nut.

Nm mu-thn (1688) nhng ngi khc M-tho lm lon. Hong

Tin git Dng ngn ch i, ri em chng ng n Nan-kh, lm tu
c sng chng nhau vi ngi Chn-lp. Vua Chn-lp l Nc ng Thu
cng o ho p ly lm k c th v b khng chu thn-phc cha
Nguy-n na.

7. M t Nam-Vit v s giao thip vi Chn-Lp.

Nguyn nc Chn-lp vo qung di sng M-kng, c lm sng nhiu

ngi, rung t th nhiu m nc Nam ta thng hay mt ma, dn-tnh phi
i kh lun, v li vo lc cha Nguy-n, cha Trnh nh nhau, cho nn
nhiu ngi b vo khn t, lm rung M-xoi (B-ra) v ng-nai (nay
thuc Bin-ha).

By gi cha Nguy-n l Nguy-n-phc Trn sai quan em qun i

nh dp, dng mu git c Hong Tin v bt vua Chn-lp phi theo l
triu-cng.

Nm mu-tut (1658) vua nc Chn-lp mt ri, ch chu tranh

nhau, sang cu cu bn cha Nguy-n. Cha Nguy-n by gi l cha Hin sai
144

Nm mu-dn (1698) cha Nguy-n l Nguy-n-phc Chu sai ng

Nguy-n hu Knh lm kinh-lc t Chn-lp, chia t ng-ph ra lm dinh,
lm huyn, ly ng-nai lm huyn Phc-long v Si-gn lm huyn Tn-bnh.
t Trn-bin dinh (tc l Bin-ha) v Phan-trn dinh (tc l Gia nh) sai
quan vo cai-tr. Li chiu-m nhng k lu dn t Qung-bnh tr vo lp
ra thn-x v khai-khn rung t. Cn nhng ngi Tu t Trn-bin
(Bin-ha) th lp lm x Thanh-h, nhng ngi t Phan-trn (Gia nh) th
lp lm x Minh-hng. Nhng ngi y u thuc v s b nc ta.

thnh La-bch. T Nc ng Thm Tim-la c thnh-thong em qun v

nh Nc ng Ym.
Nm gip-ng (1714) qun ca Nc ng Thm v ly thnh La-bch v
vy nh Nc ng Ym nguy-cp lm. Nc ng Ym sai ngi sang Gia nh
cu-cu. Quan c Phin-trn (Gia-nh) l Trn thng Xuyn v quan
ph-tng Trn-bin (Bin-ha) l Nguy-n cu Ph pht binh sang nh, vy
Nc ng Thu v Nc ng Thm trong thnh La-bch. Nc ng Thu v Nc
ng Thm s-hi, b thnh chy sang Tim-la. Bn ng Trn thng Xuyn lp
Nc ng Ym ln lm vua Chn-lp.

By gi li c ngi khch Qung ng tn l Mc Cu, trong khi nh

Thanh cp ngi nh Minh bn Tu, b sang Chn-lp, thy ph Si-mt
c nhiu ngi cc nc n bun-bn, bn m sng nh bc, ri ly tin
chiu-m nhng lu dn lp ra 7 x, gi l H-tin. Nm mu-t (1708) Mc
Cu xin thuc v cha Nguy-n; cha phong cho lm chc tng-binh, gi t
H-tin.

Nm tn-hi (1729) qun Chn-lp sang quy-nhi-u ht Gia nh.

Cha Nguy-n bn t s iu-khin thng-nhip vic binh mn y.
Nm bnh-thn (1736) Nc ng Ym mt, con l Nc ng Tha ln lm
vua. n nm mu-thn (1747) Nc ng Thm li bn Tim-la v, c binh
nh ui Nc ng Tha i, ri chim ly ngi lm vua. Nc ng Tha phi b
chy sang Gia nh.

n khi Mc Cu mt, cha Nguy-n li phong cho con Mc Cu l

Mc thin T lm chc c, trn H-tin. Mc thin T p thnh, xy
ly, m ch, lm ng v rc thy v dy Nho-hc khai-ha t H-tin.

c t lu Nc ng Thm mt, con l Nc n, Nc Hin v Nc

Ym tranh nhau. Cha Nguy-n bn sai quan iu-khin l Nguy-n hu Don
em qun sang nh bn Nc n v em Nc ng Tha v nc.

Thi by gi t Chn-lp c lon lc lun. Nm k-mo (1699) vua

nc y l Nc ng Thu em qun chng vi qun cha Nguy-n, cha sai
quan tng-sut Nguy-n hu Knh sang nh. Qun ta sang n thnh Namvang, Nc ng Thu b chy, con Nc ng Nn l Nc ng Ym m ca thnh
ra hng. Sau Nc ng Thu cng v hng, xin theo l triu-cng nh c. Qun
ta rt v.

Nc ng Tha v c my thng li b ngi con th hai ca Nc ng

Thm l Nc Nguyn em qun Tim-la sang nh ui i. Nc ng Tha chy
sang cht Gia nh.

c t lu vua th hai l Nc ng Nn mt, vua th nht l ng Nc

ng Thu phong cho con Nc ng Nn l Nc ng Ym lm quan v li g con
gi cho. Sau Nc ng Thu gi yu, truyn ngi cho con l Nc ng Thm.

Nc Nguyn v lm vua Chn-lp thng hay h-hip r Cn-man110

v li thng s vi cha Trnh ngoi Bc lp mu nh cha Nguy-n.
Cha Nguy-n bit tnh- y, n nm qu-du (1753), sai Nguy-n c Trinh
sang nh Nc Nguyn. Nm t-hi (1755) Nc Nguyn thua b thnh Namvang chy sang H-tin nh Mc thin T.

Nm t-du (1705) Nc ng Thm nghi cho Nc ng Ym c lm

phn, bn kh i binh nh nhau. Nc ng Thm li em qun Tim-la v gip
mnh. Nc ng Ym phi chy sang cu cu Gia nh.

Nm sau Mc thin T dng th v ni rng Nc Nguyn xin dng hai

ph Tm-bn v Li-lp chuc ti, v xin cho v nc. Cha Nguy-n
khng mun cho. By gi ng Nguy-n c Trinh dng s by-t cch khai-thc
nn dng k "tm thc" ngha l nn ly dn dn nh con tm n l, th mi

Cha Nguy-n sai quan cai-c l Nguy-n cu Vn sang nh Nc ng

Thm. Nguy-n cu Vn sang ph c qun Tim-la; em Nc ng Ym v

110

145

Cn-man l ch nhng ngi Chim Thnh sang t hp ti x Chn Lp

chc chn c. Cha Nguy-n nghe li y bn nhn hai ph v cho Nc

Nguyn v Chn-lp.

V sau nc La-hc gm c c nc Tim, mi gi l nc Tim-lahc. n u nh Minh (cui th-k th XIV) vua nc y sang cu phong bn
Tu, vua Thi-t nh Minh mi phong l nc Tim-la111.

Nm inh-su (1759) Nc Nguyn mt, ch h l Nc Nhun lm

gim-quc. Nc Nhun cn ang lo xin cha Nguy-n phong cho lm vua,
th b ngi con r l Nc Hinh git i, ri cp ly ngi lm vua.

Nc Tim-la lc u cn nh-yu, thng b ngi Chn-lp p-ch.

Sau cng-thnh dn dn ln, ri vo khong nm Vn-lch (1573-1620) nh
Minh, nc Tim-la li nh Chn-lp m hng-b c phng y.

Quan tng-sut l Trng phc Du tha k sang nh, Nc Hinh thua

chy b thuc-h git cht, by gi con Nc Nhun l Nc Tn chy sang nh
Mc thin T H-tin. Mc thin T dng th v xin lp Nc Tn lm vua
Chn-lp. Cha Nguy-n thun cho, sai Thin T em Nc Tn v nc.

Trong thi y vua Tim-la l Phra Naroi dng di nh Ayouthia dng

mt ngi Hi-lp tn l Constantin Phaulcon lm tng. Ngi y xin vua
giao-thip vi nc Php. B i vy nm 1620 mi c bn s-thn Tim-la sang
bi-yt Php-hong Louis XIV ti Versailles.

Nc Tn dng t Tm-phong-long t n cha Nguy-n. Cha bn

sai ng Trng phc Du v Nguy-n c Trinh em dinh Long-h v x Tmbo, tc l ch tnh-l tnh Vnh-long by gi, v li t ra ba o l ngkhu o Sa-c, Tn-chu o Tin-giang v Chu c o Hu-giang.

Tha by gi cha Nguy-n cn ang khai sng t Ph-yn, Khnhha, nhng v sau cha Nguy-n ly ht t Chim-thnh, li ln sang t
Chn-lp. Ngi Tim-la c mun ngn-tr gi ly Chn-lp lm ca
mnh. Nhng v th cha Nguy-n mnh hn, cho nn phi chu cha
Nguy-n sang bo-h Chn-lp.

Nc Tn li dng 5 ph l Hng-c, Cn-bt, Trc-sm, Si-mt v

Linh-qunh t n Mc thin T. Mc thin T em nhng t y dng cha
Nguy-n, cha cho thuc v trn H-tin cai-qun.

Tuy vy nc Tim-la thng hay dng nhng ngi phn i vi vua

Chn-lp, ri gip binh-lc cho v lm lon trong nc. Nhiu khi qun ta
phi sang nh ui qun Tim-la gip quc-vng Chn-lp. Cng c khi
qun Tim-la sang nh t H-tin, nh nm t-t (1715) ngi Chn-lp l
Nc Thm em qun Tim-la sang cp ph, quan tng-binh H-tin l Mc
Cu phi b thnh m chy.

Vy t 6 tnh Nam-Vit by gi l t ly ca nc Chn-lp m

ngi Vit-nam khai-thc ra.

8. Vic giao-thip vi nc Tim-La.

Tim-la l mt
nc v pha ty-nam sng M-kng dng i ngi Thi sang y.

Qun ta v qun Tim-la giao chin nhiu ln, cho nn hai bn

khng thng s vi nhau. Mi n nm canh-ng (1750) i cha Nguy-n l
V-vng Nguy-n-phc Khot, th mi thy s chp rng cha sai quan em
th sang trch nc Tim-la dung-tng k nghch-thn lm lon nc Chnlp.

C theo s ta v s Tu th thot u tin gi l nc Ph-nam. n

qung nh Ty v nh ng bn Tu l vo qung th-k th su, th by th
t Ph-nam chia ra lm hai: mt na v pha ng c mt dn-tc khc n
lp ra nc Chn-lp, cn mt na v pha ty th ngi Ph-nam gi l
nc Xch-th.

Nm t-hi (1755) nc Tim-la sai s sang xin ng nh thu nhng

thuyn ca nc y sang bun-bn t cha Nguy-n. Cha p th li rng
thu y l quc-l t ra khng th b i c.

Vo qung nh Tng, nh Kim (th-k th XI, th XII) th nc Xch-th

li chia ra lm hai: mt nc gi l La-hc, mt nc gi l Tim. Lc nh
Nguyn lm vua bn Tu (th-k th XIII, th XIV) th s c chp hai nc y
sang cng.

111

146

Nc Thi Lan ngy nay.

Vua Tim-la v n H-tin sai ngi a th sang gi Mc thin T

v ging-ha. Mc thin T khng chu. Vua Tim-la bn Trn Lin
li gi H-tin, ri bt con gi Mc thin T v Chiu Thy em v nc.

Nm inh-hi (1767) qun nc Din-in sang nh Tim-la bt

c vua nc y l Phong-vng112 v con l Chiu c cng my vn ngi
dn em v Din-in. Cn nhng ngi con ca Phong-vng l Chiu x
Khang th chy sang Chn-lp v Chiu Thy th chy sang H-Tin.

Nm sau Mc thin T thy vic khng xong, bn sai ngi sang Timla xin ha. Vua Tim-la gi Trn Lin v v cho ngi con gi ca Mc thin
T v H-tin. Cn Chiu Thy th em git i.

By gi nc Tim-la khng c vua, chc Phi-nh (Phya) t Mang-tt

l Trnh quc Anh bn kh i binh t lp lm vua. Trnh quc Anh l ngi
Triu-chu, tnh Qung ng, cha tn l Yn sang t Tim-la lm tr ng
Mang-tt. Yn cht, Trnh quc Anh ln ni nghip xng l Phi-nh, l mt
chc x-tr ng vy.

T Mc thin T li v gi t H-tin.

9. Lp dinh nh ph.

Lc u, Nguy-n Hong mi vo trn

t Thun-ha th ng dinh lng i-t (thuc huyn ng-xng, gn tnhl tnh Qung-tr). c 13 nm sau (1570) Nguy-n Hong li di vo lng
Tr-bt huyn y, tc l Ct Dinh. n nm bnh-dn (1626) cha Si l
Nguy-n phc Nguyn sp sa chng nhau vi cha Trnh, mi di dinh vo
lng Phc-an (thuc huyn Qung-in, tnh Tha-thin by gi) v i ch t
s l ph.

Trnh quc Anh ln lm vua ri sai s sang bt vua Chn-lp l Nc

Tn phi sang cng. Nc Tn ly l rng Trnh quc Anh khng phi l dng
di ngi Tim-la, khng chu cng.
Vua Tim-la ly iu y lm him, sai tng l Bn Ma em ngi
Chn-lp tn l Nc Non v nh Nc Tn. Nc Tn gi vng cc ni, qun
Tim-la khng lm g c li phi rt v.

Nm bnh-t (1636) cha Thng l Nguy-n phc Lan li di ph vo

lng Kim-long (thuc huyn Hng-tr, tnh Tha-thin).

Trnh quc Anh bit con vua c l Chiu Thy cn H-tin, s ngy
sau sinh ra bin lon, bn n thng 10 nm tn-mo (1771) em binh-thuyn
sang vy nh H-tin. Quan tng-binh l Mc thin T gi khng ni phi b
thnh chy.

Nm inh-mo (1687) cha Nguy-n l Nguy-n phc Trn em ph v

lng Ph-xun, tc l t Kinh-thnh by gi, gi l chnh dinh. Ch ph c
lm Thi-tng-miu, th cha Hin.

Vua Tim-la tng l Trn Lin, li gi H-tin ri tin qun sang

nh Chn-lp. Quc-vng l Nc Tn phi b chy. Vua Tim-la ng
qun thnh Nam-vang v lp Nc Non ln lm vua Chn-lp.

Nm gip-t (1744) V-vng mi xng vng-hiu i ph ra lm

in, sa-sang php-tc, v nh triu-phc. Li chia nc ra lm 12 dinh.

Thng 6 nm sau (1772) cha Nguy-n sai quan tng-sut l Nguy-n

cu m lnh chc iu-khin em binh-thuyn i nh qun Tim-la. Qun
ca Nguy-n cu m tin sang n Nam-vang, qun Tim-la b chy v Htin, Nc Non cng chy v Cu-bt.

1. Chnh dinh (Ph-xun)

2. Cu dinh (i-t)
3. Qung-bnh dinh
4. V-x dinh
5. B-chnh dinh
6. Qung-nam dinh
7. Ph-yn dinh |
8. Bnh-khang dinh
| t Chim-thnh
9. Bnh-thun dinh
|
10. Trn-bin dinh
}

Nc Tn li v lm vua Chn-lp.

112

Vua nc Tim La by gi c bnh hi, cho nn s gi l Phong Vng

147

11. Phin-trn dinh

12. Long-h dinh

} t Chn-lp
}

CHNG VII

Ngi u-chu sang nc

Nam

Dinh no cng t quan Trn-th, quan Cai-h, quan K-lc coi

vic cai-tr. Cn ph Qung-ngha v ph Qui-nhn th thuc v tnh Qungnam, cho nn mi ph t ring quan Tun-ph v quan Khm-l coi mi
vic. t H-tin th t l Trn, c quan c cai-tr.
Tm li m xt, h Nguy-n lm cha min nam, nhng trc th vn
gi chc vua L phong cho, mi n u th-k th XVIII nm nhm-ng
(1702) Nguy-n phc Chu mi sai ngi sang cng vua nh Thanh xin
phong lm vua, nhng Thanh-triu ni rng nc Nam cn c h L khng
phong c cho h Nguy-n. Vic y li im i. Nguy-n-phc Chu bn xng l
quc-cha v c ci n i-Vit-Quc Nguy-n Cha Vnh Trn Chi Bo
lm ci Truyn-quc-bo, n i vua Th-t mi thi. n nm gip-t (1744)
Nguy-n-phc Khot mi xng vng-hiu v i li ch , nh ra triu-nghi.

I. S I TM T
1. Ngi u-chu sang -ng
2. Ngi u-chu sang t Vit-nam
II. S I TRUYN GIO
1. o Thin-cha
2. o Thin-cha sang nc Vit-nam

By gi t pha nam tuy c-lp, nhng h Nguy-n ch xng cha,

ch khng xng vua v vn khng t quc-hiu. Nhng ngi ngoi-quc
thng gi t cha Nguy-n l Qung-nam quc. y l v Qung-nam c
ph Hi-an (Faifo) l ch ngi Tu v ngi cc nc ra vo bun bn, cho
nn mi ly tn Qung-nam m gi.

Nguyn ngi u-la-ba i du-lch thin-h l v c hai c: mt l i

m t bun-bn, hai l truyn-b tng-gio Thin-cha cc nc.

1. S i tm t. Ngi u-chu sang ng - T i La-m,

c sch chp ngi u-chu sang n nc Tu, nhng khng r cch
giao-thip ra lm sao; n thp-tam th-k mi c ng Marco Polo, ngi nc
I-ta-li sang triu nh Nguyn v i vua Th-t Tt Lit hng 17 nm, ri sau
i qua n--dng v nc, lm ra quyn sch: "Th-gii k-quan" (Les
merveilles du monde), k nhng chuyn ng y bit.

Cn nhng cng-vic h Nguy-n lm pha nam quan-trng cho

nc Nam ta hn c, l vic m -mang b-ci, khin cho nc ln ln, ngi
nhiu ra, v nht l chiu-m nhng ngi ngho-kh trong nc a i khaiha nhng t ph-nhiu b hoang, lm thnh ra Nam-Vit by gi phn-ph
hn c mi ni, y l ci cng h Nguy-n vi nc Nam tht l to lm vy.

V sau vo thp-ng th-k, ng Kha Lun B (Christophe Colomb)

dng a-bn ch nam (boussole) nh i qua i-ty dng sang n , ri tm
thy chu A-m-l-gia (Amrique); n nm 1479, ngi B o-nha (Portugal)
tn l Vasco de Gama i vng qua Ho-vng-gic (Cap de Bonne Esprance)
sang n--dng vo t n . Nm 1521 li c ngi B o-nha tn l
Magellan i qua n dng sang Thi-bnh-dng vo t Phi-lut-tn
(Philippines).

148

T v sau ngi B o-nha (Portugal) mi sang Ty-ban-nha

(Espagne) v ngi Ha-lan (Hollande) mi sang ng ly t thuc a v
m ca hng bun-bn nh sau ny:

i by gi ngi Anh-ct-li v ngi Php-lan-ty cng vo bunbn nc ta. Nm nhm-t (1672) i vua L Hi-tng, ngi Anh-ct-li em
chic tu Zant vo xin m ca hng bun-bn, cha Trnh cho xung Phhin, nhng v sau s bun-bn khng c thnh-li, ngi Anh-ct-li ch
n nm inh-su (1697) ri thi.

Nm qu-hi (1563) v i Gia-tnh nh Minh, ngi B-o-nha n

t o-mn (Macao) nc Tu.

Cn ngi Php-lan-ty th t nm canh-thn (1680) c tu vo xin

m ca hng Ph-hin; n nm nhm-tut (1682) li c chic tu Saint
Joseph Tim-la sang em phm-vt dng cha Trnh.

Nm mu-thn (1568) ngi Ty-ban-nha sang ly t Phi-lut-tn lm

thuc a.
Nm bnh-thn (1596) ngi Ha-lan sang ly t Tr-v (Java) lm
thuc a. V sau dn dn ngi B-o-nha, ngi Php-lan-ty (France) v
ngi Anh-ct-li (Angleterre) n t n .

trong Nam th nm bnh-dn (1686) c ngi Php tn l Verret

c php m ca hng c-lao Cn-ln. n nm k-t (1749) li c mt
ngi Php tn l Poivre i chic tu Machault vo ca Hi-an, xin vo ytkin cha Nguy-n v dng t quc-th cng phm-vt t tnh giao hiu ca
hai nc. Cha Nguy-n cng p th li, thun cho ngi Php
vo thng-thng. Nhng chng c bao lu th cng-ty ca Php n
bi i, cho nn s thng thng vi ngi Php cng bi.

Ngi u-chu sang t Vit-nam. Ngi u-chu sang bun-bn

nc ta, th c ngi B-o-nha n x Nam trc ht c, m ca hng
ph Hi-an (tc l Faifo) thuc t Qung-nam. y li c ngi Tu, ngi
Nht-bn v ngi Ha-lan n bun-bn nhiu lm. Sch ca ng Maybon
v Russier c chp rng nm gip dn (1614) i cha Si c ngi B-onha tn l Jean de la Croix n lp l c sng t Thun-ha, m by gi
Hu ngi ta cn gi ch y l Phng c.

2. S i truyn gio.

o Thin-cha. Nguyn khi xa ton

x u-la-ba khng c nht nh mt tng-gio no c. Mi dn-tc th mt v
thn ring ca mnh. Thng hay ly ci lc hot ng ca to-ha m t ngtng ra cc v thn, ri lm n, lm i, th cng. Nh dn-tc Hi-lp
(Grec) v dn-tc La-m (Romain) th thn Giu-bi-te (Jupiter), thn A-b-lng
(Apollon) v cc v thn khc vy. Duy c dn-tc Do-thi (Juifs) t Tiu t-, nay l t Palestine c c-lp, ch th mt v thn gi l Jhovah
sinh-ha vn vt v ngi; cho nn ngi ch phi th mt v thn y m thi.
n i dn La-m kim-tnh c c t Tiu -t-, t bc A-phi-l-gia
v t ty-nam u-la-ba, dn Do-thi cng thuc v La-m, m o Do-thi
by gi cng suy lm ri. Lc y c Gia-t ra i, nhn o Do-thi m
lp ra o mi113 dy ngi ly s yu-mn v tn-knh Thin-cha lm gc,
ly bng t-bi nhn th, coi ngi nh anh em rut tht lm ct. T v sau
cc mn em o y i truyn-b cc ni. ng Saint Pierre th sang lp
gio ng ti Kinh-thnh La-m, ng Saint Paul th i truyn o khp
trong nc.

ngoi Bc th trc c tu ca ngi B-o-nha ra vo bun-bn, nhng

mi n nm inh-su (1637) i vua Thn-tng nh L, Thanh -vng
Trnh Trng mi cho ngi Ha-lan n m ca hng Ph-Hin (gn ch
tnh-l Hng-yn by gi). V sau y c ngi Nht-bn, ngi Tu, ngi
Tim-la n bun-bn k c 2.000 nc nh, lm thnh ra ch vui-v lm, cho
nn tc-ng by gi c cu rng:
"Th nht Kinh-k, th nh Ph-hin"
Lc by gi ngi B-o-nha sang bun-bn trong Nam nhiu hn,
m ngoi Bc th c ngi Ha-lan nhiu hn, nhng tha y ngi hai nc
y hay tranh-cnh vi nhau, b i th cha Trnh v cha Nguy-n u c
mun nhn c y m nh h gip mnh. Song v li bun-bn cho nn h
khng chu ra mt gip hn, thnh ra lu ngy cc cha cng chn v li lithi v vic tng-gio, cho nn n nm canh-thn (1700) i vua L Hi-tng,
ngi Ha-lan thi khng vo bun-bn ngoi Bc na.

o ca ng Gia T lp ra cho nn ta thng gi l o Gia T, li v o y ch th Thin

Cha m thi, cho nn li gi l o Thin Cha. C phi gi l C c b i ch Christ l bc cu
th.
113

149

T v sau cc gio-s c dn dn vo nc dy o, m ngi mnh

cng ngy cng theo o cng nhiu. Nhng v nc ta t xa n nay vn
theo Nho-gio, ly s th-cng ng cha lm trng, ly s t-t thn-thnh lm
phi, m l nc th ly s cng-t lm mt vic rt quan-trng. t nhin
thy nhiu ngi mnh theo o Thin-cha, b c cc thi c, ch chuyn v
mt mt theo o mi, b i vy cho nn trong Nam ngoi Bc, vua cha u
cho o y l mt t o, lm hy-hoi c ci phong-ha ca nc nh xa
nay, bn xung ch cm khng cho ngi trong nc theo o mi na, v t
ra php nghim bt ti nhng k khng tun theo ch y.

Lc u o Thin-cha b nhiu phen vua La-m nghim-cm, dng

cc hnh m git hi cc gio-s v nhng ngi theo o mi, nhng du
nguy-nan th no mc lng, cc mn c mt nim i truyn o khp bn
phng. Mi n u -t th-k (313) vua La-m l Constantin mi cho
ging o Thin-cha mi ni trong nc. T by gi tr i o Thin-cha
mi ni trong nc. T by gi tr i o Thin-cha mt ngy mt thnh,
lp Gio-hong thng-nht vic gio, t Gim-mc coi vic gio cc
ni, li sai gio-s i truyn o khp trong thin-h: h- u c ngi l c
gio-s n dy o. B i vy cho nn chng bao lu m ton u u theo o
Thin-cha c.

C theo trong s th nm tn-v (1631) trong Nam, cha Thng l

Nguy-n-phc Lan cm khng cho ngi Ty vo ging o trong nc.

Bn ng ta th t i nh ng (618-907) s chp c Cnh-gio114

tc l mt phi Gia-t-gio sang Tu, nhng v by gi o Pht ang thnh,
cho nn o Cnh-gio mt dn i. Mi n i nh Nguyn, nh Minh mi
tht c gio-s sang ging o Gia-t nc Tu.

Nm qu-mo (1663) ngoi Bc, cha Trnh l Trnh Tc bt ui cc

gio-s v cm khng cho ngi mnh theo o Gia-t.

o Thin-cha sang nc Nam. nc Nam ta t khi c ngi

u-la-ba sang bun bn, th tt l c gio-s sang dy o. C theo sch Khm
nh Vit-s, th t nm Nguyn-ha nguyn-nin i vua Trang-tng nh L
(1533) c ngi Ty tn l I-n-khu i ng b vo ging o Thin-cha
lng Ninh-cng, lng Qun-anh, thuc huyn Nam-chn (tc l Nam-trc) v
lng Tr-l, thuc huyn Giao-thy.

Nm gip-thn (1644) cha Hin min Nam bt git nhng ngi i

ging o -nng.
Nm bnh-t (1696) i vua L Hi-tng, Trnh Cn bt t ph ht c
nhng sch o v nh o cc ni v ui nhng ngi ging o ra ngoi
nc.

Sch Nam-s ca Trng vnh K chp rng nm bnh-thn (1596) i

ng Nguy-n Hong c ngi gio-s Ty-ban-nha tn l Diego Adverte vo
ging o trong Nam trc ht c. Nhng lc by gi li c my chic tu
Ty-ban-nha cng n, cha Nguy-n s c quy-nhi-u g chng, bn ui i.

Nm nhm-thn (1712) i vua L D-tng, Trnh Cng bt nhng

ngi theo o Gia-t phi co trn v khc vo mt bn ch "hc Hoa-lan
o"115.
Nm gip-tut (1754) i Cnh-hng, Trnh Doanh li nghim-cm
mt cch rt ngt, khng cho ngi ta i theo o, v li git c cc otr ng v o .

n nm t-mo (1615) i cha Si, gio-s l P. Busomi li n

ging o, ri n nm gip-t (1624) c gio-s tn l Jean Rhodes, ngi
Php-lan-ty, n ging o Ph-xun v lp ra cc gio ng. Nm bnhdn (1626) i vua L Thn-tng, gio-s l Baldinoti vo ging o ngoi
Bc, b cha Trnh khng cho, phi b i. c t lu ng Jean Rhodes trong
Nam ra Bc vo yt-kin cha Trnh v em dng cc ng-h qu lc, cha
Trnh cho ng Jean Rhodes c ging o ti Kinh .

T v sau vic cm o mt ngy mt nghim, m ngi i ging

o cng khng ly lut nc lm s, c c sc d cho c nhiu ngi theo
o. Ri dn dn ngi trong nc phn ra bn lng bn gio, ghen-ght
Hoa Lan tc l Ha Lan (Hollande). Ngi Ha Lan sang bun bn ngoi Bc trc ht c
cho nn mi gi l o Ha Lan. V lc by gi ngi Vit Nam ta khng phn bit c nhng
nc no, h- thy ngi Ty th thng c gi l Ha Lan
115

Cnh gio l mt phi o Gia T ca ngi ch gio tn l Nestorius lp ra t ng th k

ng La M, ri truyn sang nc Ba T (Perse) v nc Tu.
114

150

nhau hn ngi cu ch. Vua quan th thy dng php thng khng cm
c, mi dng n cc hnh m trng-tr, git hi bao nhiu ngi v ti.

CHNG VIII

Tm li m xt, th gi s ngi ngoi quc vo nc ta m ch c vic

bun bn m thi, th chc rng nc ta xa nay vn l mt nc vn hin,
vua quan ta cng khng c l g m ngn-cm; nhng b i v khi quan-h
n vic sng-tn, th d hay d th no mc lng, ngi ta ai cng cho s
sng-tn ca mnh l phi hn, thnh ra khng ai khoan dung cho ai, ri c
phi dng th-lc m -nn nhau. Cng v th cho nn v sau nc ta
khng chu suy-xt l phi-tri cho k-cng, lm lm s tn-c n ni mt
c s ha-hiu vi cc nc Ty dng v gy nn ci mi bin-lon cho
nc nh vy.

Vn Trung Suy ca Cha

Nguy-n
1. Trng Phc Loan chuyn quyn
2. Ty Sn dy binh
3. Qun h Trnh vo ly Ph Xun
4. Cha Nguy-n vo Gia nh
5. Nguy-n Vng kh i binh nh Ty Sn
6. Nguy-n Vng nh cu vin nc Php Lan Ty
7. Nguy-n Hu ph qun Tim La

1. Trng Phc Loan chuyn quyn. T ng Nguy-n Hong tr

i, h Nguy-n lm cha trong Nam: pha bc chng nhau vi h Trnh, pha
nam nh ly t Chim thnh v t Chn Lp, truyn n i V Vng l
Nguy-n Phc Khot mi xng vng hiu. V Vng nh triu nghi, lp cung
in t Ph Xun, v phong cho ngi con th 9 l Nguy-n Phc Hiu lm
th t.
Nm t du (1765) V Vng mt. By gi th t mt ri, con th t l
Nguy-n Phc Dng hy cn nh, m ngi con tr ng ca V Vng cng
mt ri. T di chiu li nh lp ngi con th hai ln ni nghip cha116.
Nhng khi y ngi quyn thn l Trng Phc Loan, mun chuyn quyn
lm by, bn i t di chiu i m lp ngi con th 16 ca V Vng, mi c
12 tui, ln lm cha, gi l nh Vng.
Trng Phc Loan l ngi tham lam, lm nhiu iu tn c, trong nc ai
ai cng on gin, b i th cho nn, pha nam th c Ty Sn dy binh nh

116

151

Tc l hong kho vua Th T, sau truy tn l Hng T Hiu Khang Hong .

ph ti t Qui Nhn; mt bc th c qun h Trnh vo ly t Ph Xun,

lm cho c nghip h Nguy-n xiu vy.

bao lu t t Qung Ngha by gi vao cho n Bnh Thun u thuc v Ty

Sn c.

2. Ty Sn Dy Binh.

3. Qun H Trnh vo ly Ph Xun.

ang khi trong Nam c

quyn thn chuyn chnh trong, Ty Sn nh ph ngoi, ngoi Bc
cha Trnh l Trnh Sm bit tnh trng nh vy, bn sai i tng l Hong
Ng Phc em thy b hn 3 vn qun cng vi Hong Phng C, Hong
nh Th, Hong nh Bo vo t B Chnh nh h Nguy-n, gi ni l
vo nh Trng Phc Loan.

Lc by gi huyn Ph Ly (nay i l Ph Ct)

t Quy Nhn, c ngi tn l Nguy-n Nhc kh i binh phn i vi cha
Nguy-n.
Nguyn ng t bn i ca Nguy-n Nhc l h H cng mt t vi
H Qu Ly ngy trc, ngi huyn Hng Nguyn, t Ngh An, gp lc
cha Trnh, cha Nguy-n nh nhau, b bt em vo p Ty Sn117 thuc t
Quy Nhn. n i ng thn sinh l H Phi Phc di nh sang p Kin
Thnh, nay l lng Ph Lc, huyn Tuy Vi-n, sinh c 3 ngi con: tr ng l
Nhc, th l L, th ba l Hu.

n thng 10 nm gip ng (1774) qun Hong Ng Phc sang sng

Linh Giang, sai Hong nh Th em binh n nh ly ly Trn Ninh, nh c
ni ng, cho nn khng nh m ly c ly. Trnh Sm c tin Hong Ng
Phc ph c thnh Trn Ninh ri, bn quyt k em i binh i vo tip
ng. n thng chp th qun ca Ng Phc tin ln ng lng H X
(thuc huyn Minh Linh, Qung Tr) ri truyn hch i ni rng qun Bc ch
vo nh Trng Phc Loan m thi, ch khng c g khc c. Cc quan
Ph Xun bn mu bt Phc Loan em np.

Anh em ng Nhc mun kh i lon, mi ly h m l Nguy-n kh i

s cho d- thu phc nhn tm, v rng t trong Nam vn l t ca cha
Nguy-n.
Nguy-n Nhc trc lm bin li Vn n, cho nn sau ngi ta
thng gi l bin Nhc. Nhng v tnh hay nh bc, tiu mt c tin thu, s
phi ti, b i vo rng lm gic. n nm tn mo (1771) mi lp n tri
t Ty Sn, chiu np qun s, ngi theo v cng ngy cng ng. Thng
hay ly ca nh giu cho nh ngho, cho nn nhng k ngho kh theo phc
rt nhiu.

Hong Ng Phc bt c Trng Phc Loan ri, li tin binh n

huyn ng Xng, sai ngi a th n Ph Xun ni rng Phc Loan tuy
tr, nhng m Ty Sn hy cn, vy xin em binh n hi ti Ph Xun
cng i nh gic.
Cha Nguy-n bit mu Hong Ng Phc chc nh la ly kinh
thnh, bn sai Tn Tht Tip cng vi quan Ch ng c l Nguy-n Vn Chinh
em thy b qun ra n ng sng Bi p Giang (nay gi l Phu l huyn
Qung in). Hong Ng Phc sai Hong nh Th em binh i ln ng
ni ri tin binh hai mt nh p li, qun h Nguy-n v tan b chy c, qun
Bc tin ln ly thnh Ph Xun, cha Nguy-n v cc quan chy vo Qung
Nam.

Th Nguy-n Nhc mi ngy mt mnh, qun nh cha nh khng

c. V li Nhc l mt ngi c can m v lm c tr; mt hm nh vo
ly thnh Qui Nhn, bn lp mu, ngi vo trong ci ci, cho ngi khing
vo np quan Tun Ph y l Nguy-n Khc Tuyn. Nguy-n Khc Tuyn
t ng l tht, cho a vo trong thnh. n na m, Nhc ph c ra, m ca
thnh cho qun mnh vo nh ui quan qun i, gi ly thnh Qui Nhn
lm ch cn bn. By gi li c my ngi khch bun tn l Tp nh v L
Ti cng m qun ni ln theo gip Ty Sn. Nguy-n Nhc chia qun ra lm
5 n l: trung, tin, hu, t, hu, ri tin ln nh ly t Qung Nam. Chng

By gi Trnh Sm ng H Trung, c tin Hong Ng Phc ly

c Ph Xun ri, mng lm, sai quan a cho Ng Phc 100 lng vng, v
cho cc tng s 5000 lng bc, li phong cho Ng Phc lm i Trn Ph, t
Thun Ha lo vic ly t Qung Nam. on ri Trnh Sm rt qun v
Bc.

p Ty Sn nay l t thn An Kh v thn Cu An thuc ph Hoi Nhn. V anh em Nguy-n

Nhc kh i nghip ch y, nn mi gi l Ty Sn.
117

152

qun, Ty Sn Hiu tr ng, sai Nguy-n Hu Chnh em c v n kim vo cho

Nguy-n Nhc.

4. Cha Nguy-n vo Gia nh.

Cha Nguy-n vo n Qung

Nam ng Bn Vn, lp chu l Nguy-n Phc Dng ln lm ng cung,
lo vic nh gic. c my thng qun Ty Sn Quy Nhn ko ra nh ly
Qung Nam, qun Cha Nguy-n nh khng ni, thua chy v ng Tr
Sn.

Nguy-n Nhc khng lo mt bc na, bn lp mu nh ly t

Nam, em con gi mnh l Th Hng dng cho ng Cung v khong i
mt cch rt tn knh, ri sai ngi gi n ni vi Tng Phc Hp xin v hng
lo s khi phc li t Ph Xun. Tng Phc Hp cho s n xem h thc,
Nguy-n Nhc a ng Cung ra tip, ri vit th cho s a v ni ly ngha
ph lp ng Cung, in an x tc, Tng Phc Hp tin l thc tnh, khng
phng b g na.

Cha Nguy-n liu chng khng chng gi c, bn cng ngi chu

l ng Nguy-n Phc nh xung thuyn chy vo Gia nh, ng Cung
li Qung Nam chng gi vi gic. ng cung ng n lng Cu
(thuc huyn Ha Vinh).

Nguy-n Nhc bit r tnh hnh, sai em l Nguy-n Hu em qun n

nh Tng Phc Hp. Qun h Nguy-n thua to b chy v gi Vn Phong.
Nguy-n Nhc cho ngi a tin thng trn ra cho Hong Ng Phc bit. Ng
Phc xin cha Trnh phong cho Nguy-n Hu lm Ty Sn Hiu Tin Phong
Tng Qun.

Nguy-n Nhc bit ng cung yu th, v li mun ly ting m sai

chng, bn sai ngi i rc ng cung v ng ph Hi An (Faifo, thuc
Qung Nam).
Ngay lc y qun ca Hong Ng Phc qua Hi Vn Sn vo ly
n Trung Sn v n Cu huyn Ha Vinh, Nguy-n Nhc sai ngi
khc l Tp nh lm tin phong, L Ti lm trung qun, t mnh lm hu tp
ra nh nhau vi qun h Trnh lng Cm Sa (thuc Ha Vinh). Qun ca
Tp nh u l ngi khch Qung ng v nhng ngi mi to ln, ai ny
c i trn ra i khn cm phang, eo khin, nh tht l hung mnh. Qun
tin i ca Ng Phc ng khng ni, Ng Phc mi sai Hong nh Th v
Hong Phng C em k binh vo xng trn, ri b binh nh trn vo. Tp
nh thua chy. Nguy-n Nhc v L Ti phi li v gi bn Bn ri a ng
Cung v Quy Nhn. Tp nh vn l ngi bo ngc, Nguy-n Nhc mun
nhn dp thua trn bt git i. Tp nh bit b chy v Qung ng b
quan nh Thanh bt c em chm.

Qun Hong Ng Phc ng Chu , gip t Qung Ngha, n

thng chp nm y l nm t t (1775) b dch cht mt nhiu. Ng Phc vit
th ra xin cha Trnh cho rt v gi Thun Ha. Trnh Sm thun cho. Hong
Ng Phc v n Ph Xun th mt, cha Trnh sai Bi Th t vo thay, v sai
L Qu n vo lm Tham Th cng gi t Thun Ha.
t Thun Ha by gi k t t Nam b chnh tr vo l 2 ph: Triu
Phong v Qung Bnh118, 2 huyn, 8 chu. S nhn inh c 126.857, s
rung t rng c 265.508 mu, nhng m tr t rng v cc th i, th
cn c 153.181 mu phi ng thu.
T khi qun h Trnh lui v Thun Ha ri, t Qung Nam li thuc
v Ty Sn. Nm bnh thn (1776) Nguy-n Nhc sai em l Nguy-n L em
thy qun vt b vo nh Gia nh, ly c thnh Si Cn. Cha Nguy-n
phi chy v Trn Bin (tc l Bin Ha).

Lc by gi pha nam c quan Lu th t Long H l Tng Phc

Hp em qun nh ly li c ba ph l Bnh Thun, Din Khnh v Bnh
Khnh, ri li tin binh ra nh t Ph Yn; pha bc th c qun h Trnh
ng Qung Nam, Nguy-n Nhc liu th chng khng ni, bn sai Phan Vn
Tu em th v vng la ra ni vi Hong Ng Phc xin np t Qung Ngha,
Quy Nhn, Ph Yn v xin lm tin khu i nh h Nguy-n.

By gi ng Sn c Thnh Nhn kh I binh chng vi Ty Sn

ly li thnh Si Cn. Nguy-n L ly thc go ri rt qun v Quy Nhn.

Hong Ng Phc cng mun dng Nguy-n Nhc nh t Gia

nh, bn lm biu xin cha Trnh cho Nguy-n Nhc lm tin phong tng
118

153

Triu Phong ph c 5 huyn; Qung Bnh ph c 3 huyn 1 chu.

Phc Khung, Tng Phc Lng v nh ui tng c Chu, ly li thnh

Si Cn. By gi Nguy-n Phc nh mi c 17 tui, cc tng u tn lm i
Nguyn Sy, Nhip Quc Chnh.

Nguy-n Nhc thy th mnh mt ngy mt mnh, bn sai sa li thnh

Bn (l kinh thnh c ca Chim Thnh ngy trc) ri n thng ba nm
bnh thn (1776) t xng lm Ty Sn Vng v phong chc tc cho mi
ngi. By gi Ty Sn em ng Cung ra cha Thp Thp. ng Cung
bn trn xung thuyn chy v Gia nh.

c t lu vua Ty Sn li sai tng c Chu, t khu Uy, v quan h

gi Phm Ngn em qun thy vo nh Trn Bin v Phan trn cng cc
min mt b. Thanh Nhn em qun ng Sn nh chm c t khu
Uy, ui c qun Ty Sn i, ng Nguy-n Phc nh bn sai L Vn Qun
em binh ra nh ly thnh Bnh Thun v thnh Din Khnh.

Ngi khch L Ti trc b Nguy-n Nhc theo gip cha Nguy-n,

ri sau li phn li, nh cha Nguy-n, nay nghe ng cung trn v, li em
binh rc v Si Cn lp ln lm Tn Chnh Vng, tn nh Vng lm Thi
Thng Vng cng lo s khi phc.

T khi khi phc c t Gia nh ri, Nguy-n Phc nh sai s sang

thng vi nc Tim La, v li sai Thanh Nhn, H Vn Ln em binh i
nh Chn Lp, lp con Nc Tn l Nc In ln lm vua H Vn Ln li
bo h. t Gia nh th ngi sa sang mi vic: t quan cai tr cc dinh,
nh l thu thu nui binh lnh, lm chin thuyn, tp binh m phng b
vic chin tranh.

Nm inh du (1777) Nguy-n Nhc sai ngi ra xin vi cha Trnh

cho trn th t Qung Nam, Trnh Sm by gi cng chn s dng binh, bn
nhn dp phong cho Nguy-n Nhc lm Qung Nam trn th, Tuyn y i s,
Cung Qun Cng.
Nguy-n Nhc c phong ri, khng phi phng gia mt bc na,
bn sai Nguy-n L v Nguy-n Hu em thy b qun vo nh Gia nh. L
Ti chng khngh ni phi b chy. Tn Chnh Vng chy v bn Tr (thuc
nh Tng) ri li chy v Ba vt (thuc Vnh Long), cn Thi Thng Vng
th chy v Long Xuyn. Nhng chng bao lu Nguy-n Hu em qun ui
bt c c Thi Thng Vng v Tn Chnh Vng, em git i.

Nm canh t (1780) Nguy-n Phc nh xng vng hiu ri phong cho

Thanh Nhn lm chc Ngoi Hu, Ph Chnh, Thng Tng Cng, v
thng th ng cho cc tng s. Nhng sau v Thanh Nhn cy cng lng
quyn, cho nn Nguy-n Vng mi git i. Cng v vic y cho nn ng Sn
trc ht lng gip Nguy-n Vng, sau u b c, v li phn li, thnh ra
li thI phi nh dp mi.

Nguy-n L v Nguy-n Hu ly xong t Gia nh, tng c Chu

li trn th, ri em qun v Quy Nhn. Qua nm sau l nm mu tut (1778)
Nguy-n Nhc t xng hiu, t nin hiu l Thi c, gi thnh Bn l
Hong Thnh, phong cho Nguy-n L lm Tit Ch, Nguy-n Hu lm Long
Nhng Tng Qun.

Thng 10 nm tn su (1781) vua nc Tim La l Trnh Quc Anh sai

tng l Cht Tri (Chakkri) v S Si, hai anh em sang nh Chn Lp. Nguy-n
Vng sai quan Ch ng c l Nguy-n Hu Thoi v H Vn Ln em 3000
qun sang cu. Trong khi qun Nam v qun Tim La cn ang chng gi
nhau Chn Lp, th Vng Cc vua nc Tim La bt giam c v con ca
hai anh em Cht Tri, b i vy hai tng y mi giao kt vi Nguy-n Hu Thoi
th phi cu nhau trong lc hon nn. on ri Cht Tri em qun v Tim
La. Ngay lc y bn nc Tim c gic ni ln, vua nc y b ngi Phan
Nha Vn Sn ui i cp mt ngi. Cht Tr v n Vng Cc, sai ngi i
tm quc vng l Trnh Quc Anh em git i, v bt git c Phan Nha Vn
S, ri t lp lm vua, xng l Pht Vng, phong cho em l S Si lm nh
vng, chu l Ma Lc lm tam vng. H Chakkri lm vua n nay hy
cn, v cc vua u xng l Rama.

5. Nguy-n Vng Kh i Binh nh Ty Sn.

Khi Thi Thng

Vng v Tn Chnh Vng b bt, th ngi chu Thi Thng Vng l
Nguy-n Phc nh, chy thot c. n khi Nguy-n L v Nguy-n Hu v
Quy Nhn ri, Nguy-n Phc nh li t tp nhng ti t c, kh i binh t t
Long Xuyn, tin ln n Sa c, v cng vi quan ch ng dinh l Thanh
Nhn, quan cai i L Vn Cu119 v cc tng l Nguy-n Vn Hong, Tng
L Vn Cu l ngi Vnh Tng t Gia nh, trc theo Chu Vn Tip sau lm thuc
tng Thanh Nhn.
119

154

Thng ba nm nhm dn (1782) vua Ty Sn l Nguy-n Nhc v

Nguy-n Hu em hn 100 chic thuyn vo ca Cn Gi, nh nhau vi qun
Nguy-n Vng Tht K Giang (tc Ng By). Trn y qun Nguy-n Vng
thua to, c ngi nc Php tn l Mn He (Manuel) lm ch mt chic tu
phi t tu m cht. Nguy-n Vng phi b thnh Si gn chy v t Tam
ph (Ba ging), ri ra lnh o Ph Quc.

Nguy-n Vng theo li y, ben giao Hong T Cnh v ci quc n

cho ng B a Lc, li lm t quc th cho ng y c quyn t tin sang
thng ngh vi chnh ph Php xin vin binh.
T quc th y c 14 khon, i lc ni nh ng B a Lc sang xin
nc Php gip cho 1500 qun v tu b, sng ng, thuc n, mi c th.
Nguy-n Vng xin nhng cho nc Php ca Hi An (Faifo), o Cn Nn
v ring cho ngi nc Php c c quyn vo bun bn nc
Nam120.

Vua Ty Sn bnh xong t Gia nh, rt qun v Quy Nhn, hng

tng l Nhn Trp li gi thnh Si Cn (tc Si Gn).
Khi qun Nguy-n Nhc v Nguy-n Hu v Quy Nhn ri, cc tng
nh Nguy-n li ni ln nh qun Ty Sn. By gi c Chu Vn Tip l
ngi Quy Nhn, nhn lc lon, t chng gi ni Tr Lang (thuc Ph Yn).
n khi cha Nguy-n b Ph Xun chy vo Gia nh, Chu Vn Tip em
binh ra gip. Sau chng may cha Nguy-n tht th ng hi, Nguy-n Vng
ln ni nghip. Vn Tip theo gip, c phong lm chc ch ng c, em
binh ra nh Ty Sn, b thua, phi b v gi Tr Lang. Nay c tin Gia nh
li tht th, Vn Tip bn em qun t Ph Yn v hp vi qun cc o, nh
ui qun Ty Sn i, ly li c thnh Si Cn ri cho ngi ra Ph Quc
n Nguy-n Vng v.

Nguy-n Vng li lm mt ci th ring dng cho vua nc Php,

v sai quan ph v y l Phm Vn Nhn, quan cai c l Nguy-n Vn Lim
theo h v Hong T Cnh by gi mi c 4 tui.
Mi s xp t c ri, nhng v cn tri ma gi cho nn ng B
a Lc cha kh i hnh c. Nguy-n Vng tuy nghe li ng B a Lc
nh sang cu cu nc Php, nhng trong bng cha quyt hn, cn c
mun nh nc Tim La.
Nguyn lc nh thua Si Cn, Chu Vn Tip chy sang Tim La
cu cu. n thng 2 nm gip thn (1784) vua Tim La sai tng l Cht Si
a em thy qun sang H Tin, tm Nguy-n Vng mi sang bn vic.
Nguy-n Vng li tip c mt biu ca Chu Vn Tip, cho nn mi n
hi vi tng nc Tim, ri cng sang Vng Cc xin binh cu vin.

Nguy-n Vng v sa sang mi vic chng gi vi Ty Sn, nhng

qua nm qu mo (1783) vua Ty Sn li sai Nguy-n L v Nguy-n Hu em
binh vo nh. Nguy-n Vng li phi rc vng mu v cung quyn ra Ph
Quc. n thng 6 nm y, Nguy-n Hu ra nh Ph Quc. Nguy-n Vng
chy v Cn Nn; qun Ty Sn li em thuyn n vy Cn Nn; nhng may
nh c cn bo nh m c thuyn ca Ty Sn, cho nn Nguy-n Vng mi
ra khi trng vi, chy v o C Ct, ri li tr v Ph Quc.

Tim Vng tip i Nguy-n Vng rt hu, v sai hai tng l Chiu
Tng, Chiu Sng em hai vn qun cng 300 chic thuyn sang gip
Nguy-n Vng. Qun Tim La sang ly c Rch Gi, Ba thc, Tr n, Mn
tht, Sa c. Khi nh Mn tht, Chu Vn Tip b thng nng m mt. T
qun Tim th i n u quy nhi-u dn s, lm nhiu iu tn c, cho
nn lng ngi on hn lm.

6. Nguy-n Vng nh Cu Vin Nc Php Lan Ty.

Lc by gi lng thc ht sch, Nguy-n Vng cng vi nhng ngi i theo

phi hi rau v tm c chui m n, th lc cng kit, tht l nguy nan qu.
Nhn v khi trc Nguy-n Vng c quen mt ngi nc Php lm gim mc
o Gia T, tn l B a Lc (Pierre Pigneau de Bhaine, vque d'Adran) khi
y ang t Chantaboun (thuc nc Tim La), ngi bn sai ngi n bn
vic. ng B a Lc ni nn sang cu cu nc Php, nhng phi cho Hong
T i lm tin th mi c.

7. Nguy-n Hu Ph Qun Tim La.

Tng Ty Sn gi t Gia
nh l Trng Vn a, thy qun Tim La sang nh ph, th lc mnh lm,

T quc th ny v ci th ca Nguy-n Vng vit cho vua nc Php nay hy cn Ngoi

Giao B ti Paris.
120

155

bn sai ngi v Quy Nhn phi bo. Vua Ty Sn sai Nguy-n Hu em binh
vo chng gi.

CHNG IX

Nguy-n Hu vo n Gia nh nh qun Tim La n gn Rch Gm

v Xoi mt pha trn M Tho, ri nh ph mt trn, git qun Tim ch cn
c vi nghn ngi, chy theo ng thng o trn v nc. Nguy-n Hu
ph c qun Tim La ri, em binh ui nh Nguy-n Vng. Nguy-n
Vng by gi ht c lng thc, cng vi my ngi chy v Trn Giang, ra
o Th Chu, o C Ct, ri sang Tim La.

H Trnh Mt Nghip Cha

1.
2.
3.
4.

nh dp xong, Nguy-n Hu em qun v Quy Nhn c l

ng Vn Chn li trn t Gia nh.

Cha Trnh b tr ng lp th
Kiu binh
Ty Sn ly Thun Ha
Ty Sn dt h Trnh

1. Cha Trnh b tr ng lp th. T khi qun cha Trnh ly c

t Thanh Ha ri, Trnh Sm c ch, cng thm kiu hnh, li c mun
cp ngi nh L, bn sai quan Th Lang l V Trn Thiu sang nh Thanh
dng biu ni rng con chu h L khng c ai ng lm vua na, v li sai
quan ni gim i vi V Trn Thiu em tin ca sang t lt m xin phong
lm vua. Nhng sang n ng nh H, th V Trn Thiu em t biu t
i, ri ung thuc c m cht, b i vy vic cu phong li b, khng ni n.

Nguy-n Vng bit th khng mong cy c ngi Tim La, bn gic

ng B a Lc em Hong t i sang nc Php cu vin. ng B a Lc i
ri, Nguy-n Vng rc vng mu v cung quyn sang tr Vng Cc
ch c c hi li v khi phc.

Sau Trnh Sm say m nng ng Th Hu, b con tr ng l Trnh

Khi m lp ngi con ca ng Th l Trnh Cn lm th t. T ngi th
theo ng Th, ngi th ph Trnh Khi, trong ph cha chia ra b ng.
Thng chn nm nhm dn (1782) Trnh Sm mt di chiu lp Trnh
Cn lm cha v Huy Qun Cng Hong nh Bo lm ph chnh. Trnh Cn
cn t tui m li lm bnh, khng my ngi chu phc, b i vy cho nn
thnh s bin lon.

2. Kiu Binh.

Nguyn t khi h Trnh gip nh L Trung Hng v sau, t

Kinh K ch dng lnh Thanh, lnh Ngh gi l u binh lm quan tc v.
Nhng lnh y thng hay cy cng lm nhiu iu tri php. Nm
gip dn (1674) i Trnh Tc, lnh tam ph tc l lnh Thanh, lnh Ngh
git quan Tham Tng Nguy-n Quc Trinh v ph nh Phm Cng Tr. Nm
tn du (1741) qun u binh li ph nh v chc git quan Tham Tng Nguy-n
Qu Cnh. Nhng lc qun u binh lm lon nh vy, tuy nh cha c bt
156

nhng a th xng lm ti nhng chng quen thi, v sau h- hi c iu

g bt bnh, th li ni ln lm lon.

lp x Ngh, nhng m V T Giao s khng dm lm, Hu Chnh bn b

vo vi vua Ty Sn l Nguy-n Nhc.

n nm nhm dn (1782) Trnh Sm mt, ng Th v Hong nh

Bo lp Trnh Cn ln lm cha. Con tr ng Trnh Sm l Trnh Khi mu vi
qun tam ph tranh ngi cha. By gi c tn bin li thuc i Tip bo
tn l Nguy-n Bng, ngi Ngh An, ng ln lm u, vo ph cha nh ba
hi trng lm hiu, qun u binh ko n vy ph, vo git Hong nh Bo,
b Trnh Cn v ng Th Hu, lp Trnh Khi ln lm cha.

Nguyn khi trc Nguy-n Hu Chnh theo Hong Ng Phc vo nh

Qung Nam thng vn i li quen Nguy-n Nhc, cho nn Nguy-n Nhc tin
dng, i lm thng tn. T Nguy-n Hu Chnh by mu nh k xin vua
Ty Sn ra nh Thun Ha v t Bc H.
V, t khi Hong Ng Phc mt ri, Trnh Sm sai Bi Th t vo
trn th t Thun Ha, sau li sai Phm Ng Cu vo thay Bi Th t. Phm
Ng Cu l ngi nhu nhc v mu, m li c tnh tham lam, ch lo vic lm
giu, ch khng ngh g n vic binh. Quan ph c th l Nguy-n Lnh Tn
vit th v by t mi l v xin Trnh Sm cho tng khc vo thay Phm
Ng Cu. Trnh Sm khng nghe, li i Nguy-n Lnh Tn v.

Trnh Khi phong quan tc cho Nguy-n Bng v trng th ng cho

qun tam ph. T qun y mt ngy mt kiu, c i cp ph cc nh,
khng ai kim ch c. Nm gip thn (1784) qun tam ph li ph nh quan
tham tng Nguy-n Ly, nh Dng Khung v git Nguy-n Trim trc ca
ph cha. Khi by gi Nguy-n Ly chy thot c ln Sn Ty cng vi em l
Nguy-n iu bn nh rc Trnh Khi ra ngoi, ri gi binh cc trn v tr
kiu binh. Nhng s l ra, qun kiu binh vo canh gi ph cha, Trnh Khi
khng ra c. Qun y li chia nhau ra gi cc ca . Qun cc trn cng
s cha b hi u phi rt v. T qun kiu binh ko nhau hng trm hng
nghn i cp ph cc lng. H- c a no i l loi th dn lng li bt git i,
thnh ra qun vi dn xem nhau nh cu ch, m cc vn thn v tng cng
b tay m chu khng lm sao c. Sau c quan tham tng l Bi Huy Bch
d dnh mi mi dn dn hi yn.

Vua Ty Sn bit t Thun Ho khng phng b, bn sai em l

Nguy-n Hu lm tit ch, r l V Vn Nhm lm t qun c, Nguy-n
Hu Chnh lm hu qun c, em qun thy b ra nh Thun Ha.
Mt hm Phm Ng Cu thy mt ngi khch bun ni thut s, n
bo Ng Cu rng: "Hu vn tng cng phc lc nhiu lm, nhng nm nay
c hn nh c l phi m au, nn lp n lm chay mi c yn lnh".
Phm Ng Cu nghe li y lp n cu khn by m ngy, bt qun s phi
phc dch khng c ngh ngi cht no. Cht nghe tin qun Ty Sn ly
c n Hi Vn, tng gi n l Hong Ngha H t trn, li thy bo
rng thy qun ca Ty Sn vo ca b, thy b hai mt u ko n nh.
Ng Cu ht hong, t n chy v dinh, gi binh tng chng gi,
nhng qun lnh u mi mt c, khng ai c lng mun nh.

Lc by gi trong ang c kiu binh lm lon, ngoi Ty Sn nhn

dp em qun vo nh ph, b i th cho nn c nghip h Trnh nt vy.

3. Ty Sn Ly Thun Ha.

Nguyn khi trc Hong nh Bo trn

th t Ngh An, c nhiu th h gii, m trong bn y c mt ngi huyn
Chn Lc, thuc Ngh An, tn l Nguy-n Hu Chnh, hng cng t lc 16
tui, tc gi l cng Chnh, tnh ho hoa, lm c tr, nhiu can m, m li c
ti bin bc. Trc theo Hong Ng Phc, thng i nh gic b, gic s
lm, gi l chim d; sau khi Hong Ng Phc mt ri, Hu Chnh v theo
Hong nh Bo.

Phm Ng Cu li c tnh a nghi. Nguy-n Hu Chnh bn lm mt

ci th ngoi gi cho ph tng l Hong nh Th, r v hng Ty Sn, ri
gi tng sai ngi a nhm sang cho Ng Cu. Ng Cu bt c th y nghi
cho Hong nh Th nh tm. n khi qun Ty Sn n nh, Hong nh
Th em qun bn b ra trn i ch bn ht thuc n. Ng Cu ng ca
thnh li khng ra tip ng. Hong nh Th cng hai con v t tng l V T
Kin u t trn c.

n khi kiu binh git Hong nh Bo ri, c ngi em tin Hu

Chnh bit, Hu Chnh vo bn vi quan trn th Ngh An l V T Giao t
157

Khi qun Ty Sn ko n nh thnh, Phm Ng Cu ko c trng

m ca thnh ra hng. Qun h Trnh gi cc n u tan v b chy.
Trong my ngy m t Thun ha ra n Linh Giang u thuc v Ty Sn c.
By gi l thng nm nm bnh ng (1786) i Cnh hng nm th 47.

Hong, quan coi n y b chy. Hu Chnh ly c hn trm vn hc

lng, ri t la lm hiu, qun Nguy-n Hu ko n ng gi y.
Trc kia thnh Ph Xun v ri, tin bo n Thng Long, cc quan
bn rng: x y vn khng l t ca triu nh, by gi mt cng khng hi g.
V th, ch sai Trnh T Quyn em 27 c vo gi t Ngh An. Trnh T
Quyn thu xp hn 10 ngy cha xong, n khi i c 30 dm th c
tin bo Ty Sn n ng sng V Hong ri. T Quyn bn em qun
xung gi mt Kim ng. Quan trn th Sn Nam l Bi Th Dn em b
binh xung ng x Ph Sa, thuc huyn ng An. inh Tch Nhng em
thy qun ra gi ca Luc By gi gi ng Nam thi to, n m Nguy-n
Hu sai ly tng g ln trn my chic thuyn ri nh trng ko c th
thuyn cho tri i. inh Tch Nhng trng thy t ng l qun Ty Sn n
nh, gin thuyn ra trn thnh ch nht, ri truyn ly sng m bn. Bn mi,
sau mi bit ngi trn thuyn l tng g. Lc qun Ty Sn tin ln nh,
th inh Tch Nhng ht c thuc n, phi b thuyn m chy. Qun ca
Bi Th Dn v Trnh T Quyn cng tan c. Nguy-n Hu h c thnh Sn
Nam ri, ri mt mt truyn hch i cc l ni ly ngha ph L dit Trnh, mt
mt ko qun ln ly Thng Long.

4. Ty Sn Dt H Trnh.

Nguy-n Hu ly c t Thun Ha ri,

sai ngi gii Phm Ng Cu v Qui Nhn nh ti phi chm, on ri
Nguy-n Hu hi cc tng li bn sai ngi ra sa sang n ng Hi, v
nh gi a gii c sng La H. Nguy-n Hu Chnh ni rng: "ng phng
mnh ra nh mt trn m bnh c t Thun Ha, uy kinh c chn Bc h.
Phm ci php dng binh, mt l thi hai l th ba l c, c ba iu nh
u cng c. By gi t Bc H tng th li, qun th kiu, triu nh
khng c k cng g c, nu ng nhn ly ci uy thanh ny, em binh ra nh
th lm g m khng c. ng khng nn b mt ci c, ci thi v ci th
y". Nguy-n Hu ni rng: " Bc H c nhiu nhn ti, khng nn coi lm
thng". Hu Chnh p li rng: "Nhn ti Bc H ch c mt mnh Chnh,
nay Chnh b i, th nc khng c ai na, xin ng ng c ngi g!"
Nguy-n Hu ci m ni rng: " y! ngi khc th khng ngi, ch ngi c
ng thi!" Hu Chnh tht st i ri ni rng: " Ti t bit ti hn, nhng m
ti ni th l c t cho ng bit ngoi Bc khng c nhn ti thi".
Nguy-n Huu ly li ni ngt yn lng Hu Chnh v bo rng: " Nh L
lm vua my trm nm nay, by gi cp ly, cha chc lng ngi theo
mnh." Hu Chnh ni: "Nay Bc H c vua li c cha, y l mt s c kim
i bin. H Trnh ting rng ph L, thc l hip ch, c nc khng ai phc.
V xa nay khng ai lm g gip nh L, l ch s ci th mnh m thi,
nay ng m, ph L dit Trnh th thin h ai chng theo ng." Nguy-n Hu
ni: "ng ni phi lm, nhng ta ch phng mnh i nh t Thun Ha m
thi, ch khng phng mnh i nh Bc H, s ri can ti kiu mnh th lm
th no ?" Hu Chnh ni: "Kiu mnh l ti nh, vic ng lm l cng to. V
lm tng ngoi c iu khng cn phi theo mnh vua, ng li khng bit
hay sao?"

By gi kinh thnh th qun kiu binh khng sai khin c, m

qun Ty Sn th n ni ri. Trnh Khi mi cho gi Hong Phng C,
Sn Ty v, em qun ng h Vn Xun (x Vn Ph, Thanh Tr) cn thy
binh th ng bn Ty Long (Th Xng) phng gi. Qun Ty Sn tin
ln nh tan thy qun ca nh Trnh, Hong Phng C phi b chy. Trnh
Khi mc o nhung y cm c ln voi thc qun vo nh, nhng th Ty Sn
mnh lm, nh khng c, Trnh Khi b chy ln Sn Ty. i n lng H
Li, huyn Yn Lng, gp tn Nguy-n Trang nh la bt em np cho Ty
Sn. Trnh Khi v n lng Nht Chiu ly gm ct c t tn. By gi l
nm bnh ng (1786). Nguy-n Hu cho ly vng l- m tng tng cho cha
Trnh, ri vo thnh Thng Long yt kin vua L.
H Trnh gip nh L trung hng ln, ri gi ly quyn chnh, lp ra
nghip cha, lu truyn t Trnh Tng n Trnh Khi c 216 nm (15701786) n y l ht.

Nguy-n Hu bn sai Nguy-n Hu Chnh em thy binh i tin phong

vo ca i An nh ly kho lng bn sng V Hong. Nguy-n Hu t
em binh i sau, c vi Hu Chnh n sng V Hong t la ln lm hiu.
Nguy-n Hu Chnh em qun i qua Ngh An, Thanh Ha, quan trn
th l Bi Th Toi v T Danh Thy khng ai dm ra c ch; khi ra n V
158

L. Nguy-n Nhc s em lu ngoi Bc H c s bin chng, bn em 500

qun ra Thun Ha, ri ly thm 2000 qun, i khng k ngy m ra Thng
Long.

CHNG X

Nh Hu L Mt Ngi Vua

Vua Chiu Thng c tin vua Ty Sn ra Bc, bn em bch quan ra

n ngoi Nam Giao. Nhng Nguy-n Nhc c i thng, ri cho ngi n
ni rng: xin ngy khc tip kin. c my hm Nguy-n Nhc mi vua
Chiu Thng sang ph ng l l- tng kin. Nguy-n Nhc ngi gia, vua
Chiu Thng ngi bn t, Nguy-n Hu ngi bn hu, cc quan vn v ng
hu hai bn.

1. Ty Sn rt qun v Nam
2. Nguy-n Hu Chnh chuyn quyn t Bc
3. Ty Sn ly t Bc H

Khi vo lm l- xong ri, vua Chiu Thng xin nhng my qun

khao qun. Nguy-n Nhc ni rng: "V h Trnh hip ch, cho nn chng ti
ra gip nh vua; nu bng t nc h Trnh th mt tc cng khng li,
nhng m ca nh L th mt tc cng khng dm ly. Xin mong nh vua
gng sc lm vic, gi yn ci t, i i giao hiu vi nhau, y l ci
phc ca hai nc y."

1. Ty Sn Rt Qun V Nam.

Nguy-n Hu dt c h Trnh
ri, vo thnh Thng Long, xung lnh cm qun lnh khng c cp ph
dn gian, v nh ngy xin yt kin vua L n Vn Th.
By gi vua Hin Tng ang au, khng ngi dy tip c, ngi mi
Nguy-n Hu vo ngi gn sp ng, ly li n tn m ph d. Nguy-n Hu tu
by ci l em binh r ph L dit Trnh, ch khng dm c dm ng g.
Vua mng r m t Nguy-n Hu.

on ri vua Chiu Thng v in, hm sau anh em Ty Sn bn rt

qun v Nam, v thy Nguy-n Hu Chnh l ngi gio quyt, nh b li
Bc H, bn mt truyn cho cc tng thu xp qun thy b, kho tng c g ly
ht, ri n na m ngy 17 thng 8, ko qun v Nam. Sng hm sau
Nguy-n Hu Chnh bit Ty Sn v ri, s hi lm, hong ht b c c,
chy xung chic thuyn bun vo Ngh An, theo vua Ty Sn. Nguy-n Nhc
thy Hu Chnh li theo v, khng n b, cho li cng vi Nguy-n Du gi
t Ngh An.

Khi qun Ty Sn ra n Thng Long, cc quan triu thn chy trn c,

ch cn c my ngi ni gim li hu h vua. Nguy-n Hu Chnh thy vy
vo tu vi vua xin xung chiu tuyn triu cc quan v triu; c my hm
c mi ngi lc tc ko nhau tr v. Vua bn nh n ngy mng 7
thng 7 lp i tro in Knh Thin, Nguy-n Hu em cc tng v ly v
dng s qun s, dn inh, t r ci ngha tn ph nht thng, ngha l t
v sau nh L c quyn t ch.

By gi quyn bnh t Bc H v c vua nh L, tht l mt c hi

t c lp li ci nn t ch ca nh L, nhng tic v vua Chiu Thng
khng c ti quyt on, m nh thn lc by gi khng c ai l ngi bit
kinh lun: h- thy c gic th b chy, gic i ri th ko nhau ra bn ngc
bn xui, ngi th nh lp li nghip cha, k th mun tn ph nh vua. Li
c dng di h Trnh l Trnh L v Trnh Bng chia ng ra nh nhau
tranh quyn. Vua Chiu Thng bt c d phi phong cho Trnh Bng lm n
Vng, lp li ph Cha. ng h Trnh li toan ng hip ch nh vua,
vua Chiu Thng phi xung mt chiu vi Nguy-n Hu Chnh ra gip.

Vua phong cho Nguy-n Hu lm Nguyn Soi Uy Quc Cng, v li

g cho b Ngc Hn Cng Cha l con gi ca ngi. Chng bao lu vua Hin
Tng mt, Hong Tn l Duy K ln ni ngi, t nin hiu l Chiu Thng.
Nguyn lc trc vua Ty Sn l Nguy-n Nhc vn khng c ra
nh Bc H, n khi tip c th ca Nguy-n Hu ni sp ra nh ngoi
Bc, Nguy-n Nhc vi vng sai ngi ra Thun Ha ngn li. Nhng khi s
thn ra n ni, th Nguy-n Hu c binh i ri. Sau li tip c th ni
rng qun Ty Sn ly c Thng Long ri, v cn phi li gip nh
159

Vua Chiu Thng thy qun ca Nguy-n Hu Chnh thua ri, bn

b Kinh , chy sang Kinh bc, v sai L Qunh cng vi hn 30 ngi tn
tht em b Hong Thi Hu, b Hong Phi v Hong T ln Cao Bng. Cn
vua th cng vi Hu Chnh v ng ni Mc Sn t Yn Th.

2. Nguy-n Hu Chnh Chuyn Quyn t Bc.

Nguy-n
Hu Chnh t khi tr v Ngh An, chiu m dng s, ngy m luyn tp, nhn
c chiu nh vua gi vo, bn thu xp c hn mt vn qun ra gip vua L.
Trnh Bng em qun ra chng gi, nh thua phi b chy. Hu Chnh vo
yt kin vua Chiu Thng v chuyn gi binh quyn.

Tng Ty Sn l Nguy-n Vn Ha em binh ln nh bt c Hu

Chnh em v lm ti Thng Long.

Trnh Bng c kh i binh my ln toan s khi phc, nhng khng

thnh co6ng, cho nn cng chn s i bn b i tu, v sau khng bit cht
u. H Trnh mt t y.

V Vn Nhm git Nguy-n Hu Chnh ri, cho i tm vua Chiu

Thng khng c, bn tn Sng Nhng Cng tn l L Duy Cn ln lm
gim quc thu phc lng ngi.

Nguy-n Hu Chnh nh ui h Trnh i ri, vua phong cho chc

i T Bng Trung Cng. T Hu Chnh cy cng khinh ngi, lm
lm iu tri php, vua cng ly lm lo. Nhng khng bit trng cy vo ai,
cho nn nh phi chu vy.

By gi cc quan khng ai theo, Sng Nhng Cng trong in ch

c vi ngi hong thn v my vin v tng, sm ti hu h, cn th khng
ai tu hi vic g c. Ngy ngy c i b sang chu chc bn dinh V Vn
Nhm. Vn Nhm cng khng bit x lm sao. Ngi kinh thnh thy vy gi
Sng Nhng Cng l thy li gim quc. Khi Bc Bnh Vng Nguy-n
Hu sai V Vn Nhm ra nh Nguy-n Hu Chnh th c lng nghi V Vn
Nhm, cho nn li sai Ng Vn S v Phan Vn Ln lm tham tn qun v
chia bt binh quyn. n khi Vn Nhm ly c Thng Long, bt c Hu
Chnh ri, c cy ti v ra b kiu ngo. Ng Vn S em y vit th v
ni V Vn Nhm mun lm phn. Bc Bnh Vng lp tc truyn ln ko
qun k, m ngy i gp ng ra Thng Long, na m n ni bt V Vn
Nhm git i, ri truyn gi cc quan vn v nh L cho vo yt kin, t quan
lc b v cc quan trn th, L Duy Cn lm gim quc, ch trng vic t
l-, dng Ng Thi Nhm lm Li B T Th Lang. Cn cc quan nh L th c
ngi li nhn chc, c ngi trn i, cng c ngi tun tit.

3. Ty Sn Ly t Bc H.

trong Nam th t khi vua Ty Sn l

Nguy-n Nhc v Quy Nhn ri, t xng lm Trung ng Hong , phong
cho Nguy-n L lm ng nh Vng t Gia nh, cho Nguy-n Hu lm
Bc Bnh Vng, t Thun Ha, ly Hi Vn Sn lm gii hn.
c t lu Nguy-n Nhc v Nguy-n Hu c chuyn him khch vi
nhau, Nguy-n Hu em binh vo vy nh thnh Qui Nhn, ngt ni
Nguy-n Nhc phi thn ln thnh m ku khc, gi Nguy-n Hu m bo rng:
" N lng no li ni da nu tht nh th"121 - Nguy-n Hu ng lng mi gii
vy rt qun v Thun Ha.
Trong khi anh em Ty Sn nh nhau, th Nguy-n Hu Chnh ra Bc
H, n khi anh em Ty Sn ging ha ri, Nguy-n Hu Ph Xun thy
Hu Chnh lng ly t Bc, bn sai V Vn Nhm ra bt.

Bc Bnh Vng i t quan qun, chnh n mi vic xong c

ri, chn ngy v Nam, bn Ng Vn S li gi t Bc H.

Thng 11 nm inh t (1787) V Vn Nhm ph qun Nguy-n Hu

Chnh Thanh Quyt Giang (lng Thanh Quyt, huyn Gia Vi-n), v Chu
Cu ( ph L Nhn) ri nh ui ra n Thng Long.

Vua Chiu Thng t khi thua trn Mc Sn chy v ni Bo Lc, ri

nay Hi Dng, mai Sn Nam, cng vi my ngi trung ngha lo s khi
phc, nhng v th lc mi ngy mt km, b ti nh bn inh Tch Nhng
th gi mt lm phn, cn th ai ny trn trnh i mt c, b i th cho nn c
nghip nh L nt vy.

Tc ngi trong Bnh nh h- ai i sn c hu nai g th lt da ra lm ni m nu tht: y

Nguy-n NHc c ni rng cng da cng tht n no hi ln nhau vy.
121

160

Nh L k t vua Thi T kh i ngha, nh ui qun nh Minh v

Tu, lp li ci nn t ch cho nc nh, truyn n vua Chiu Tng th h
Mc cp mt ngi. Sau nh c h Nguy-n v h Trnh gip , nh Hu L
li trung hng ln, truyn n vua Chiu Thng tc l Mn th ht.

CHNG XI

Nh Nguy-n Ty Sn

Nh L lm vua, k c Tin L v Hu L, c 360 nm (1428-1788),

trc sau sa sang c nhiu vic: s hc hnh, vic lut php, vic canh
nng u c m mang ra hn trc. Nhng t khi trung hng ln tr v sau
nh vua b h Trnh hip ch thnh ra c vua li c cha. Vua ngi lm v,
cha gi c quyn chnh tr. n khi nghip cha suy th ngi vua cng
vy.

1. Nh Nguy-n Ty Sn dy nghip
2. Vua Quang Trung
3. Tn S Ngh em qun sang Vit Nam
4. Vua Quang Trung i ph qun nh Thanh
5. Vua Quang Trung cu phong
6. Vua Chiu Thng nh L b nhc bn Tu
7. c vua Quang Trung
8. Chnh Tr ca vua Quang Trung
9. Quan Ch
10. Vic Dinh in
11. Vic Hc Hnh
12. Vic lm cha chin
13. Vic nh nh Tu
14. Vua Quang Trung mt
15. Vua Cnh Thnh

1. Nh Nguy-n Ty Sn Dy Nghip.

Nhng ngi lm quc

s nc Tu v nc ta thng chia nhng nh lm vua ra chnh thng v
ngy triu. Nh no, mt l nh gic m nc, sng to ra c nghip, hai l
c k truyn phn minh, thn dn u phc, ba l dp lon yn dn, dng
nghip t trung nguyn, th cho l chnh thng. Nh no, mt l lm ti
cp ngi vua, lm s thon ot khng thnh, hai l xng , xng vng
ch rng ni, hay l t bin a, b l nhng ngi ngoi chng vo chim
nc lm vua, th cho l ngy triu.
Vy nay ly nhng l y m xt xem nn cho nh Nguy-n Ty Sn lm
chnh thng hay ngy triu, cho hp l cng bng v cho xng ci danh
hiu nhng ngi anh hng qua.
161

Nguyn nc ta l nc qun ch, ly ci ngha vua ti lm trng hn

c, th m t khi nh L trung hng ln tr v sau, h Nguy-n hng c phng
Nam, h Trnh xng cha min Bc; trn tuy cn tn vua nhng m quyn v
c nh cha. Trong nc ta c vua li c cha, lm thnh ra vua khng
phi l vua, ti khng phi l ti, y l mt thi lon. n sau trong Nam th
c Trng Phc Loan chuyn quyn lm by, ngoi Bc th c kiu binh lm
lon, git hi quan i thn, vua cha phi nhn mnh m chiu i, nh thn
phi khoanh tay m chu mt b, y li l mt lc i lon vy.

V nh ui ngi Tu i ly nc li m lm vua th c iu g m
tri o? H li chng hn nh L, nh Trn nhn lc u qun, n cha, m
lm s thon ot hay sao? Vy th ly l g m gi l ngy? Hung chi sau
vua nh Thanh cng cng nhn cho ng Nguy-n Hu lm vua nc Nam, v
li sai s sang phong cho ng lm An Nam Quc vng theo nh l cc triu
trc, nh th th nh Nguy-n Ty Sn m nc c khc g nh inh v nh
L khng?
Tuy rng chng c bao lu nh Nguy-n Ty Sn sinh ra ni lon,
vua Th T Cao Hong nh Nguy-n li thu phc c c nghip c m nht
thng c nam bc li lm mt, nhng vic thnh bi hng vong l mnh tri,
v li khi hai ngi anh hng ui mt con hu, tt l ngi n gi ngi kia
l cu ch. Vy ly l tn bn triu m xt th nh Nguy-n Ty Sn l ngy,
m ly cng l m suy th vua Quang Trung Nguy-n Hu l mt ng vua cng
ng ngang vai vi vua inh Tin Hong, vua L Thi T, m nh Nguy-n Ty
Sn cng l mt nh chnh thng nh nh inh v nh L vy.

Lc y anh em Nguy-n Nhc l ngi dn mc o vi, dy binh p

Ty Sn, chng nhau vi cha Nguy-n lp nghip t Quy Nhn. Tuy
rng i vi h Nguy-n l cu ch, nhng m i vi nc Nam, th chng
qua cng l mt ngi anh hng lp thn trong lc bin lon m thi.
Cn nh Nguy-n Hu l vua Thi T nh Nguy-n Ty Sn, th trc
gip anh bn ln vo Gia nh u c ton thng, ph hai vn qun hm
beo ca Tim La, ch cn c my trm ngi li thi chy v nc; sau li ra
Bc H, dt h Trnh; tn vua L, em li mi cng thng cho r rng. y
l c sc mnh m li bit lm vic ngha vy.

2. Vua Quang Trung (1788-1792).

ng Nguy-n Hu (sau i tn
l Nguy-n Quang Bnh) l mt ngi c sc khe tuyt trn, li c mu tr
quyn bin, mo mc nh thn, kh i binh t Ty Sn (thuc huyn An Kh,
Bnh nh) gip anh l Nguy-n Nhc lp nn nghip ln, c phong lm Bc
Bnh Vng, ng t Ph Xun.

Nhng v vua nh L nhu nhc, triu thn lc by gi khng ai c ti

kinh lun, li cho Trnh Bng v Nguy-n Hu Chnh ni nhau m chuyn
quyn, n ni thnh ra tn lon. Du th mc lng, khi Nguy-n Hu git V
Vn Nhm ri, khng n dt nh L, t Gim Quc gi tng miu tin
triu; nh th th cch vi nh L khng ly g lm bc.

Nm mu thn (1788) qun nh Thanh mn ting sang cu nh L,

chim gi thnh Thng Long, c mun ly t An Nam, Bc Bnh Vng ln
ngi Hong t nin hiu l Quang Trung, ri em binh i nh gic.

Sau vua Chiu Thng v b Hong Thi Hu i sang ku cu bn Tu,

vua nh Thanh nhn ly dp y mn tin cu nh L, ly nc Nam, bn
sai binh tng sang gi thnh Thng Long. By gi c theo nh t mt d ca
vua nh Thanh th nc Nam ta, b ngoi tuy cha mt hn, nhng k tht
vo tay ngi Tu ri.

3. Tn S Ngh em Qun Sang An Nam.

Nguyn vua Chiu

Thng my ln toan s khi phc, nhng khng c, phi nng nu t
Lng Giang; cn b Hong Thi Hu th em hong t sang Long Chu ku
van vi quan Tu, xin binh cu vin. By gi quan tng c Lng Qung l
Tn S Ngh dng biu tu vi vua Cn Long nh Thanh, i lc ni rng: "H
L l cng thn nc Tu, nay b gic ly mt nc, m v v T qun sang
cu cu, tnh cng nn thng. V nc Nam vn l t c ca nc Tu,
nu sau khi cu c nh L, v li ly c t An Nam, thc l li c i
ng."

Vy nc mt, th phi ly nc li, ng Nguy-n Hu mi ln ngi

Hong , truyn hch i cc ni, ng ng chnh chnh, em qun ra
nh mt trn ph 20 vn qun Tu, tng nh Thanh l Tn S Ngh phi b
c n tn m chy, lm cho vua ti nc Tu khip s, tng s nh Thanh tht
m. T ng t xa n nay nc ta cha c v cng no lm lit nh vy.
162

th qun lnh ra cp ph dn gian, lm lm s nhng nhi-u. V th cho nn

lng ngi mt c trng cy.

Vua Cn Long nghe li tu y sai Tn S Ngh kh i qun bn tnh

Qung ng, Qung Ty, Qu Chu, Vn Nam, em sang nh Ty Sn. Tn
S Ngh chia qun ra lm 3 o, sai quan tng binh tnh Vn Nam v Qu Chu
em mt o sang mn Tuyn Quang122, sai Sm Nghi ng l tri ph in
Chu em mt o sang mn Cao Bng. S Ngh cng vi c l Ha Th
Hanh em mt o sang mn Lng Sn, hn ngy tin binh sang nh An
Nam.

4. Vua Quang Trung i Ph Qun Thanh.

Bc Bnh Vng
c tinh qun nh Thanh sang ng Thng Long, lp tc hi cc tng s
bn vic em binh ra nh, cc tng u xin hy chnh ngi tn, yn
lng ngi ri s kh i binh.

Tng Ty Sn l Ng Vn S Thng Long c tin qun Tu

sang, s th yu nh khng ni, bn rt qun thy b v ng gi t ni Tam
ip123 ra n b b, ri sai ngi v Ph Xun co cp.

Bc Bnh Vng bn sai p n ni Bn Sn, ngy 25 thng mi

mt nm mu thn (1788), Vng lm l- ln ngi Hong , ri t mnh thng
lnh thy b i binh ra nh gic Thanh. Ra n Ngh An ngh li 10 ngy
kn ly thm binh, c thy c 10 vn qun v hn 100 con voi.

Tn S Ngh ko qun n Kinh Bc (Bc Ninh), vua Chiu Thng ra

cho mng ri theo qun Tu v Thng Long. S Ngh ng n gia bi, v
m nam sng Nh Ha, bc cu phao gia sng tin i li, v chia qun ra
gi cc mt.

Vua Quang Trung im duyt qun s, truyn d nh bo mi ngi

phi c gng nh gic gip nc. on ri ko qun ra Bc, n ngy 20
thng chp th n ni Tam ip. Bn Ng Vn S , Ng Th Nhim u ra t
ti, k chuyn qun Tu th mnh, s nh khng ni, cho nn phi lui v gi
ch him yu.

Ngy hm sau, S Ngh l l- tuyn c t sc ca vua nh Thanh

phong cho vua Chiu Thng lm An Nam Quc Vng.

Vua Quang Trung ci m ni rng: "Chng n sang phen ny l mua

ci cht thi. Ta ra chuyn ny thn coi vic qun nh gi, nh mo
ri, ui qun Tu v chng qua 10 ngy l xong vic. Nhng ch ngh chng
l nc ln gp 10 nc ta, sau khi chng thua mt trn ri, tt chng ly lm
xu h, li mu bo th, nh th th nh nhau mi khng thi, dn ta hi
nhiu, ta sao n th. Vy nh xong trn ny, ta phi nh Th Nhim dng li
ni cho kho nh ch vic chin tranh. i mi nm na, nc ta dng
c sc ph cng ri, th ta khng cn phi s chng na."

Vua Chiu Thng tuy th phong, nhng cc t vn th u phi

nin hiu Cn Long. Mi khi bui chu xong ri, li n dinh S Ngh chu
chc vic c mt qun quc. Vua ci nga i vi mi ngi lnh hu m
thi. S Ngh th ngo ngh-, t c, t x vi vua rt l khinh bc; c khi vua
Chiu Thng li hu, khng cho vo yt kin, ch sai mt ngi ng di gc
ching truyn ra rng: khng c vic qun quc g, xin ngy hy v cung ngh.
Ngi by gi bn ring vi nhau rng: "Nc Nam ta t khi c
vng n gi, khng thy vua no hn h n th. Ting l lm vua m phi
theo nin hiu vua Tu, vic g cng phi bm n quan Tng c, th th c
khc g l ni thuc ri khng?"

Vua Quang Trung truyn cho tng s n tt Nguyn n trc,

n hm tr tch th ct qun i, nh ngy mng 7 thng ging th vo thnh
Thng Long m tic n mng. on ri, truyn lnh cho ba qun n nghe
lnh iu khin.

Vua v triu thn by gi vic g cng trng cy vo Tn S Ngh; ngy

m ch lo vic bo n bo on, git hi nhng ngi trc i theo Ty Sn.
Tn S Ngh th cng ngy cng kiu ngo thm, coi vic binh lm thng, li

i t m S , Ni Hu Ln em tin qun i lm tin phong. H h

Hu em hu qun i c chin.
i c Lc, c Tuyt em hu qun cng thy qun, vt
qua b vo sng Lc u. Ri Tuyt th kinh lc mt Hi Dng, tip ng

Khi xa t H Giang, Lao Kay, Yn By thuc v a ht tnh Tuyn Quang.

Ni Tam ip trc gi l o Ba Di ch phn bit a gii tnh Ninh Bnh v tnh Thanh
Ha.
122
123

163

ng m ng; Lc th ko v vng Lng Giang, Phng Nhn, Yn Th

chn ng qun Tu chy v.

Tn S Ngh na m c tin bo, hong ht khng kp thng yn

nga v mc o gio, em my tn lnh k chy qua sng sang Bc. Qun cc
tri nghe tin nh th, xn xao tan r chy trn, tranh nhau sang cu, mt lt
cu , sa c xung sng cht ui, sng Nh H y nhng thy ngi cht.

i c Bo, c Mu em t qun cng qun tng m i

ng ni ra nh pha ty. Mu th xuyn ra huyn Chng c (nay l
Chng M), tin ng ko thng n lng Nhn Mc, huyn Thanh Tr, nh
qun in Chu; Bo th thng sut qun tng m theo ng huyn Sn
Lng ra lng i ng thuc huyn Thanh Tr tip ng cho mt t.

Vua Chiu Thng cng theo Tn S Ngh sang sng cng vi b Hong
Thi Hu v my ngi cn thn chy sang Tu.
o qun Vn Nam v Qu Chu ng min Sn Ty127 nghe tin
Tn S Ngh thua, cng rt qun chy v.

Nm qun c lnh u thu xp u y, n hm 30 khua trng

ko ra Bc. Khi qun sang sng Gin Thy124, cnh ngha qun ca nh L tan
v chy c. Vua Quang Trung thn c cc qun ui theo n huyn Ph
Xuyn bt sng ht c ton qun Tu ng y, khng mt ngi no
chy thot c; v th cho nn khng c tin bo v, nhng qun Tu ng
lng H Hi v lng Ngc Hi khng bit g c. Na m ngy mng 3 thng
ging nm K Du (1789) qun vua Quang Trung n lng H hi vy kn n
gic, ri bc loa ln gi, cc qun d rm c ln, c hng mun ngi. Qun
canh n by gi mi bit, s hi tht th, u xin hng, b i th, ly c ht
c qun lng v kh gii. Sng m m ngy mng nm, qun Ty Sn tin
ln n lng Ngc Hi, qun Tu bn sng ra nh ma. Vua Quang Trung sai
ngi ly nhng mnh vn, ghp ba mnh li lm mt, ly rm c gip nc
qun ngoi, ri sai qun kiu dng c 20 ngi khing mt mnh, mi ngi
dt mt con dao nhn, li c 20 ngi cm kh gii theo sau. Vua Quang
Trung ci voi i sau c chin, qun An Nam vo n gn ca n, b vn
xung t, rt dao ra, xng vo chm, qun i sau cng ko a c vo nh.
Qun Tu ch khng ni, xn xao tn lon, xo ln nhau m chy. Qun
Nam tha th nh trn i, ly c cc n, git qun Thanh thy nm ngn
ngang khp ng, mu chy nh tho nc. Qun cc o khc cng u
c ton thng. Quan nh Thanh l c Ha Th Hanh, tin phong
Trng S Long, t dc Thng Duy Thng u t trn c; quan ph in Chu
l Sm Nghi ng ng ng a125 b qun An Nam vy nh cng tht c
m cht126.

Ngy hm y vua Quang Trung c qun nh gic, o ng bo b

thuc sng bn vo en nh mc. n tra th vo thnh Thng Long, sai
tng em binh ui nh qun nh Thanh n ca Nam Quan. Nhng dn
Tu gn Lng Sn s khip, n ng, n b dt du nhau m chy, t ca i
v m bc hn my trm dm, tnh khng nghe thy ting mt ngi no?
Vua Quang Trung vo thnh Thng Long, h lnh chiu an, phm
nhng ngi Tu trn trnh u ra th ti, u c cp cho o mc, lng
n. Li bt c c n tn ca Tn S Ngh b li, trong nhng giy m bt
c c t mt d ca vua Cn Long ni rng: " Vic qun nn t , khng
nn hp tp. Hy nn a hch truyn thanh th i trc, v cho cc quan nh
L v nc c hp ngha binh, tm t qun nh L em ra ng u i
ch vi Nguy-n Hu, th xem s th th no. Nu lng ngi nc Nam cn
nh nh L, c qun ta ko n, ai l chng gng sc. Nguy-n Hu tt phi
tho lui; ta nhn ly dp y m sai T qun ui theo, ri i binh ca ta theo
sau, nh th khng kh nhc my ni m nn c cng to, l mo hay
hn c. V bng sut ngi trong nc, na theo ng n, na theo ng kia,
th Nguy-n Hu tt khng chu lui. Vy ta hy a th sang t bo ng ha
phc xem n i p lm sao. i khi no thy qun Mn, Qung i ng
b sang nh mt Thun Ha v Qung Nam ri, b binh s tin ln sau.
Nguy-n Hu trc sau b ch, th tt phi chu thua. By gi ta s nhn m l
n cho c hai bn; t t Thun Ha Qung Nam tr vo Nam, th cho
Nguy-n Hu; t chu Hoan, chu i tr ra Bc th phong cho T qun nh L.
Ta ng i binh li kim ch c hai bn, ri s c x tr v sau".

Gin Thy chc l bn Gin gip gii tnh Ninh Bnh v H Nam by gi.
cnh Thi H p, gn H Ni.
126
V sau bn khch tr Thng Long lm ci n th Sm Nghi ng ng Sm Cng, sau Hng
Bum, n s H Xun Hng c vnh bi tuyt c rng:
Gh mt trng ngang thy bng treo,
Ka n Thi th ng cheo leo.
V y i phn lm trai c, Th s anh hng h by nhiu?
124
125

127

164

Trc t Ph Th, Vnh Yn thuc v a ht tnh Sn Ty.

ri dng li ni kho, iu g cng hp vua nh Thanh. Vua nh Thanh bn

sai s sang phong cho vua Quang Trung lm An Nam Quc Vng, v li
ging ch vi quc vng vo chu.

Vua Quang Trung em t mt d y bo vi Ng Th Nhim rng: " Ta

xem t chiu ca vua nh Thanh chng qua cng mun mn ting ly
nc ta thi. Nay b ta nh thua mt trn, tt l ly lm xu h, chc
khng chu yn. Hai nc m nh nhau th ch kh dn. Vy nn dng li
ni kho, khin cho khi s binh ao; vic y nh nh ngi ch trng
cho mi c".

Vua Quang Trung bn chn mt ngi hnh dung ging mnh, tn l

Phm Cng Tr tr lm quc vng, ri sai Ng Vn S , ng Vn Chn, Phan
Huy ch, V Huy Tn a sang Yn Kinh, vo chu Cn Long. Ngoi nhng
phm vt phi em cng, vua Quang Trung li em cng thm i tng c,
lm cho cc cung trm dc ng bn Tu phI phc dch a n tht l
vt v. Quan Tng c Lng Qung l Phc Khang An v quan Tun ph
Qung Ty l Tn Vnh Thanh phi a Quc Vng An Nam vo Kinh.

Ng Th Nhim vng lnh lm th i khi ni rng: "Nc Nam vn

khng dm chng c vi i quc, nhng ch v Tn S Ngh lm nh vic cho
nn phi thua. Vy nay xin t ti v xin ging ha."
Vua Quang Trung sai s em th sang Tu, v li sai em nhng qun
nh Thanh bt c, mt ni, cp cho lng thc, i ngy cho v
nc. Xp t mi vic xong ri, em qun v Nam, lu Ng Vn S v Phan
vn Ln li tng thng cc vic qun quc; cn nhng vic t lnh giao thip
vi nc Tu th y thc cho Ng Th Nhim v Phan Huy ch cho c t tin
m khu x, h- khng c vic g quan h th bt tt phi i tu bo m lm g.

Sang n Yn Kinh, vua Cn Long nh Thanh t ng l Nguy-n Quang

Trung tht, vi n chu Nhit H, cho vo lm l- m gi, nh l tnh cha
con mt nh, v cho n yn vi cc thn vng. n lc v nc, vua li sai
th v lm mt bc nh truyn thn ban cho n l- tht l hu.

6. Vua Chiu Thng Nh L b nhc bn Tu.

Vua Chiu
Thng theo Tn S Ngh vo thnh Nam Kinh Qung Ty, c t lu th vua
nh Thanh sai cc thn l Phc Khang An ra thay Tn S Ngh. Khang An
mun ging ha vi Ty Sn, bn mi vua Chiu Thng v Qu Lm. By gi
nhng quan cu thn nh L l: Hong thc L Duy n, inh Nh Hnh, inh
Lnh Dn, Trn Huy Lm, L Don, L Dnh, Phan Khi c, B Nguy-n Cung,
B Nguy-n Don, u lc tc sang theo vua Chiu Thng, vo ra mt Khang
An.

5. Vua Quang Trung Cu Phong.

Vua nh Thanh nghe tin Tn S

Ngh bi binh, ni gin ng ng, lp tc ging ch sai quan ni cc l Phc
Khang An128 ra thay S Ngh lm tng c Lng Qung, em binh m chn
tnh, sang kinh l vic An Nam.
Phc Khang An ra n Qung Ty nghe ting qun An Nam th mnh
trong bng s, c mun ha, bn sai ngi a th sang ni vic li hi
v bo phi lm biu t ti cho yn vic binh ao.

Khang An dng inh Nh Hnh lm chc th b Ton Chu, Phan

Khi c lm chc t Li-u Chu, cn th ty tin an tr mi ngi mt ni.
Duy ch c L Duy n, Trn Huy Lm, L Don, L Dnh v Qu Lm theo vua
nh L.

Vua Quang Trung bn cho ngi a vng bc sang t lt cho Khang

An, ri sai ngi chu l Nguy-n Quang Hin v quan l V Huy Tn em
cng phm sang Yn Kinh vo chu vua nh Thanh v dng biu xin phong.

n thng t nm k du (1789), vua ti nh L vo thnh Qu Lm,

Khang An ni thc ra bo vi vua Chiu Thng rng: Tri ang ma h nng
nng, sang nh phng nam khng tin, nn n ma thu mt m s kh i
binh. Vy nh vua nn ging gi dn bn tng thuc i trc. Nhng nh
vua hy nn gt u thay o, lm nh dng ngi Tu, khi v nc, gic
khng nhn c mt. Vic hnh binh phi nn bin tr, i khi thnh cng

By gi quan ngoi th c Phc Khang An t gip , quan trong

th c cc thn l Ha Thn129 lm ch trng, cho nn vua nh Thanh mi
thun cho ging ha. Ha Thn c tin bc ca vua Quang Trung t lt,
Phc Khang An l ngi Mn Chu, thuc v dinh Hong K, vn l ngi tn dng ca vua
nh Thanh.
129
Ha Thn cng l ngi Mn Chu v dinh Hong K, cng vi Phc Khang An coi vic phin
vi-n.
128

165

ri li theo tc nc m n mc. Vua Chiu Thng khng ng l Khang An

nh la mnh, bn cng vi cc quan co u gic tc v i y phc.

Vn biu lm xong, n ni lt trc vi Kim Gin, Kim Gin khng

nghe, vua ti nh L phc xung t m ku khc. Kim Ging bt c d mi
vo an i, ri ni rng: hy xin v qun ngh ngi, i thng lng th
no, sau s cho bit.

Phc Khang An bn lm mt t biu tu vi vua nh Thanh rng: "Vua

nc Nam l L Duy K khng c xin vin binh na, vua ti hin gic tc,
thay o, xin yn tm li nc Tu. Vy xin bi binh nh An Nam". trong
li c Ha Thn tn thnh, b i vy vua nh Thanh mi xung ch bi binh.

Kim Gin bn mu vi Ha Thn phn tr vua ti An Nam i mi

ngi mt ni, cho khi ku ca kh chu.

Vua nh Thanh nghe li bn Phc Khang An v Ha Thn, v

phong vng cho vua Quang Trung ri, li ging ch triu vua ti nh L v
Yn Kinh130.

n thng t nm tn hi (1791) Hong ch HIu phi y sang I-l

(thuc Hi-b Ty-vc, pha Ty nc Tu); L Hn y i Phng Thin
(Mn Chu); Phm Nh Tng y ln Hc Long Giang (Mn Chu); Nguy-n
Vit Triu, L Qu Thch, Nguy-n nh Min, m Thn X ng, L Vn
Trng y ra bn Trng-gia Nhit-h (thuc tnh Trc-l). Ch Phm
nh Thin, inh Nh Hnh li hu h vua L.

Ma xun nm canh tut (1790), vua Chiu Thng cng vi cc quan

tng vong vo kinh. Vua Cn Long vua Chiu Thng, b Thi Hu v
Hong T ng H ng, Ta Quc T Gim, ca Ty nh Yn Kinh,
ngoi ca ch "Ty An Nam Dinh". Cn cc quan An Nam i theo, th cho
ng H ng, ca ng Trc, ngoi ca ch: "ng An Nam Dinh".

Vua Chiu Thng nghe chuyn y lo lng chua xt, rut nng nh la
t, sng hm sau ci nga nh Kim Gin, ku oan cho my ngi phi
i y, gp Kim Gin vo chu vua nh Thanh vn Vin Minh, vua Chiu
Thng i vo ca vng, b lnh gi vng ngn cm khng cho i. By gi c
Nguy-n Vn Quyn i theo hu vua, thy l lnh v l-, mi ni gin ln m
chi mng rng: "L ch Ng kia sao chng bay c lm nhc n vua tao!"
Ri ly gch nm vo chng n. Chng n xm nhau li nh Vn Quyn v
thnh bnh m cht.
T vua Chiu Thng trong bng bun b ru r, khng dm ni n
vic xin binh na. Qua thng nm nm nhm t (1792) hong t ln u mt.
Vua nhn dp phi bnh mt ngy mt nng, n thng mi nm qu su
(1793) th mt, th c 28 tui.

Vua Chiu Thng n Yn Kinh c my hm, th thy quan

Thng Nhng Hong K l Kim Gin phng ch vua nh Thanh ra phong cho
chc T Lnh, v ban cho o mo quan tam phm. Cn cc quan i theo th
cp cho mi ngi ba lng bc v mt thch go.
Vua Chiu Thng gin v b ngi Tu nh la, bn cng vi b ti l
bn Phm Nh Tng, Hong ch Hin, L- Hn, Nguy-n Quc ng, Nguy-n
Vit Triu, L Qu Thch, Nguy-n nh Min, L Vn Trng, L Tng, L
Thc ung mu n th, nh sng cht th no th cng dng biu xin binh cu
vin. Nu khng cho th xin t hai tnh Tuyn Quang, Thi Nguyn phng
th tng t; m khng na, th xin cho v nc vo t Gia nh vi cha
Nguy-n vic khi phc.

Vua nh Thanh sai theo l- tc cng m tng ngoi ca ng Trc.

Thng 11 nm k mi (1799) i vua Gia Khnh th b Hong Thi
Hu mt.

Bn L Qunh, Trnh Hin c thy n 10 ngi sau cng b Phc Khang An gi v Qung Ty,
ri bt i o gic tc nh mi ngi. L Qunh ni rng: "ng cho gi chng ti n chng bn
c iu g, li d chng ti i o, gic tc, y l ngha g? u chng ti c th cht c, ch
tc khng gic, da c th lt c, ch o khng i!". Phc Khang An tc gin cho gii v c
Yn Kinh, i n Sn ng gp vua Cn Long i chi, vua i vo hi sao vua An Nam chu
i o gic tc theo nh Thanh m bn y li cn khng chu ? L Qunh tu rng: " Chng ti
mun dm tng vong, xin c theo tc bn quc vo ra mt quc vng, ri sau s vng ch" Vua
nh Thanh khen l trung. Nhng v sau L Qunh khng chu gic tc, chiu ti vi mnh phi
giam mi.
130

n nm nhm tut (1802) nhn khi bn Vit Nam ta vua Th T nh

Nguy-n thng nht c nam bc, v c s ta sang cu phong, cc quan nh
L mi nhn dp dng biu xin em ma Thi Hu v C Qun v nc. Vua
Gia Khnh cho tt c nhng ngi Vit Nam theo vua L sang Tu v nc.
166

8. Chnh Tr ca vua Quang Trung.

Vua Quang Trung tuy th

phong nh Thanh, nhng vn t x theo cch Hong , lp b Ngc Hn con
vua Hin Tng nh L lm Bc Cung Hong Hu, lp con l Quang Ton lm
Thi T. Li ly thnh Ngh An l t gia nc v li l t t khi xa ,
mi sai th thuyn ti vn , g, gch, ngi, sa sang n i cung in, v
sai qun cc o o ly ong xy ni thnh, gi l Phng Hong Trung
. Ci thnh Thng Long l Bc Thnh, chia t Sn Nam ra lm hai trn, gi
l Sn Nam Thng, Sn Nam H131.

S chp rng khi o t ln ci tng m C Qun, th thy da tht

tiu c, ch cn c qu tim khng nt, vn nh thng. Ai trng thy
cng ng lng thng xt. Du chuyn thc h th no mc lng, nhng
t ng n tnh cnh vua Chiu Thng lc by gi, th ai cng i ngi thay cho
ng vua mt nc, phi y a n ni nh th, c th lm c mt bi bi
kch thm xt mun i. Tuy rng ti vua ti nh L vng tnh cho nn b
ngi ta nh la, nhng cng nn trnh vua quan nh Thanh x t, bc i
mt ng vua vong quc, em thn n nng nh nc mnh. y cng l mt
thi d man v i p ch, khin cho ci oan kh ca ngi ta mun i v
sau khng tiu thot i c.

Mi trn t quan trn th v quan hip trn. Mi huyn, vn th t

chc phn tri xt vic kin co, v th t chc phn sut coi vic binh
lng.

Khi em ma b Thi Hu v vua Chiu Thng v n Vit Nam th b

Hong Phi trc phi n np t Kinh Bc, nay ln n i quan n rc, ri
v n Thng Long cng nhn n m t t.

9. Quan Ch.

Quan Ch thi by gi th khng thy s chp r, nhng

xem cc d s th thy c tam co6ng, tam thiu, c i chng t, i t ,
i t khu, i t m, i t khng, i t ci, i t l, Thi y, i tng
qun, i ng l, i c, i h, v.v... Li c Trung th snh, Trung
th lnh, i hc s, Hip bin i hc s, Th trung ng s, Lc b thng th,
T hu ng ngh, T hu phng ngh, Th lang, T v, Hn lm, v.v....

Ngy 24 thng 11, rc ma C qun, Thi Hu, Hong Phi v Hong

t v tng lng Bn Thch Thanh Ha.

7. c Vua Quang Trung.

Vua Quang Trung nh Nguy-n Ty

Sn l ng vua anh dng, ly v lc m dng nghip, nhng ngi c
lng, rt am hiu vic tr nc, bit trng nhng ngi hin ti vn hc. Khi
ngi ra ly Bc h, nhng ngi nh Ng Th Nhim, Phan Huy ch u c
trng dng v nht l i vi mt ngi x s nh Nguy-n Thip th tht l
khc thng.

V ng qun binh th t ra tin qun, hu qun, trung qun, t

qun, hu qun, v.v...

10. Vic inh in.

inh th chia ra lm ba hng: t 2 tui n 17

tui lm hn "v cp cch"; t 18 n 55 tui lm trng hng; t 56 n 60 tui
lm lo hng; t 61 tr ln lm lo nhiu.

ng Nguy-n Thip, t l Khi Chuyn, hiu l Nguyt c, bit hiu l

Hnh Am. ng lm nh Lc Nin Thnh, thuc huyn La Sn, tnh H Tnh
by gi, cho nn ngi ta gi l Lc Nin tin sinh hay l La sn phu t. Vua
Quang Trung t khi em qun ra nh Bc h, bit ting Nguy-n Thip,
my ln cho ngi em l- vt mi ng ra gip, ng khng nhn l- v cng t
chi khng ra. n khi ngi ng cc, li my ln cho ngi n mi ng,
ng c n bi yt v khuyn vua nn ly nhn ngha m tr dn tr nc, ri
li xin v. Vua Quang Trung tuy khng dng c ng, nhng bao gi cng
tn knh ng nh bc thy, v vic chnh tr trong nc thng theo ngha
ca ng trnh by.

Rung cng chia ra lm ba hng: nht ng in mi mu phi np

150 bt thc, nh ng in mi mu 80 bt, tam ng in mi mu 50 bt.
Li thu tin thp vt, mi mu mt tin v tin khon kh mi mu 50 ng.
Rung t in cng nh thu: nht ng in mi mu np 40 bt
thc, nh ng in mi mu 30 bt, tam ng in mi mu 20 bt. Tin thp
vt cng theo nh rung cng in, cn tin khon kh th mi mu phi np
30 ng.
131

167

Trn l Sn Nam Thng Chu Cu, trn l Sn Nam H V Hong.

Qun th chia ra lm o, c, i. o th thng cc c, c th thng

cc i. C i no theo v c i y, bt phi di-n tp lun lun.

11. Vic Hc Hnh.

i Ty Sn vic cai tr thng hay dng ch

nm. Nh vua mun rng ngi Vit Nam th phi dng ting Vit Nam,
gy thnh ci tinh thn ca nc nh, v ci vn chng c bit, khng phi
i mn ting mn ch ca nc Tu. Vy nn khi thi c thng bt quan ra
bi ch nm v bt s t lm bi bng ch nm. Thi by gi nhiu ngi
khng hiu r ci ngha su x y, cho l vua Ty Sn dng h chnh m c
hip nhn dn.

By gi bn Tu c nhng gic Tu , quy nhi-u min b b qun

nh Thanh nh ui, chy sang xin ph thuc nc ta, vua Quang Trung cho
ngi tng Tu- lm chc tng binh, sai sang quy nhi-u mt b nc
Tu. Li c ngi thuc v ng Thin a Hi lm gic T Xuyn, vua cng
thu dng cho lm tng.
Cng vic xp t u vo y ri, n nm nhm t (1792) vua
Quang Trung sai s sang Tu, xin cu hn v xin tr li cho Vit Nam t
Lng Qung. Vic y tuy khng phi l bn nhng mun mn chuyn
th vua nh Thanh. Khng ng vua Quang Trung phi bnh mt, cc quan
dm vic cu hn v vic xin tr t i, khng cho Thanh triu bit.

12. Vic Lm Cha Chin.

Vua Quang Trung thy lng no cng c

cha chin, m nhng ngi i tu hnh th ngu dt, khng my ngi t c
ci o cao su ca Pht, ch mn ting thn thnh m nh la k ngu dn,
ngi xung chiu bt b nhng cha nh cc lng, em g gch lm mi
ph mi huyn mt ci cha tht to, rt p, ri chn ly nhng tng nhn c
hc thc, c o c, coi cha th Pht. Cn nhng ngi khng xng ng
th bt v lm n. vua Quang Trung mun rng ch th Pht phi cho tn
nghim, m nhng ngi i tu hnh th phi l ngi chn tu m o mi
c.

14. Vua Quang Trung mt.

Vua Quang Trung mt nm nhm t

(1792), lm vua c 4 nm, th c 40 tui, miu hiu l Thi T V Hong
.
Triu thn by gi l Bi c Tuyn, Trn Quang Diu132, V Vn
Dng lp thi t l Nguy-n Quang Ton ln ni ngi lm vua, ri sai s sang
Tu dng biu co tang v cu phong. Trong biu ni di rng khi vua Quang
Trung mt c dn li rng phi em chn Ty H gn Bc Thnh, t ci
bng quyn luyn trng v Thin triu. Vua nh Thanh xem biu t ng l tht,
khen l trung, t tn thy cho l Trung Thun, lai ng ch mt bi th sang
ving, sai quan n st Qung Ty l Thnh Lm sang t, v phongcho Quang
Ton lm An Nam Quc Vng. Trong bi vn t c cu rng:
Chu ng Nam cc,
Lng trung ngha ht o th vua
Chn t Ty h
Ngha thn t vn cn mn cha.

Nhng vic ci cch y rt c ngha l, nhng v tha y c nhiu s

chin tranh, v nh Ty Sn cng khng lm vua c bao lu, cho nn thnh
ra khng c cng hiu g c.

13. Vic nh nh Tu.

Trc vua Quang Trung cu ha vi nc

Tu v chu phong l ct i ngy c sc m nh bo th, cho nn t
khi trong nc dp yn ri, ngy m tr tnh vic nh Tu. nh thn ai
cng bn nn xt s dn inh cho ch thc kn ly lnh. Vua bn xung
lnh cho cc trn bt dn x lm li s inh, ai ai cng phi bin vo s, ri
cp cho mi ngi mt ci th bi, khc bn ch "Thin H i Tnh", chung
quanh ghi tn h qu qun, v phi im ch lm tin. Ngi no cng phi
eo th y gi l tn bi. Ai khng c th l dn lu, bt sung vo qun phng,
v bt ti tng tr ng, x tr ng. Nhn c vic y, nhng k li dch hip vi
x tr ng i li lm by: thng vo lng vy bt hi th, lm cho dn gian
nhi-u ng, nhiu ngi phi trn vo rng m .

15. Vua Cnh Thnh (1782-1802).

Khi vua Quang Trung mt th

Thi T l Nguy-n Quang Ton mi ln 10 tui, triu nh tn ln lm vua, t
nin hiu l Cnh Thnh, sau thnh Ph Xun tht th, vua ti nh Ty Sn
chy ra Bc h li i nin hiu l Bo Hng.

S inh lm xong ri c ba tn inh kn ly mt ngi lnh.

132

168

C sch chp l Nguy-n Quang Diu.

CHNG XII

Vua Cnh Thnh tuy ln ngi nhng m vic g cng do thi s l

Bi c Tuyn quyt on c. Bi c Tuyn l anh rut b Thi Hu, cho
nn uy quyn li cng hng hch lm. Cc quan vn v c nhiu ngi khng
phc, b i vy cho nn v sau trong Triu phn ra b ng; cc i thn git hi
ln nhau. V li lc by gi c vua Th T Cao Hong nh Nguy-n l mt bc
c ti tr, quyt ch phc th, cho nn c nghip nh Ty Sn khng c bao
lu m nt vy.

Nguy-n Vng Nht Thng

Nc Nam
11. Nguy-n Vng nh Tim La
12. Nguy-n Vng v ly Gia nh
13. Nguy-n Vng sa sang mi vic Gia nh
14. Vic khai khn in th
15. Vic bun bn
16. ng B a Lc v Hong T Cnh Php v
17. Nguy-n Vng nh Quy Nhn ln th nht
18. Th lc Ty Sn
19. Nguy-n Vng nh Quy Nhn ln th hai
20. Nguy-n Vng nh Quy Nhn ln th nht
21. Qun Ty Sn vy thnh Bnh nh
22. Nguy-n Vng thu phc Ph Xun
23. V Tnh t tit
24. Nguy-n Vng ln ngi tn
25. Qun Nam ra ly bc h

1. Nguy-n Vng nh Tim La.

Thng t nm t t (1785), ng
Nguy-n Hu ph qun Tim La M tho, Nguy-n Vng th c, li phi sang
nng nh nc Tim. n khi cc tng s bit ngi Tim La, u lc
tc ko sang bi yt, by gi c quan c l L Vn Cu (cn gi Qun hay
Dun) em 600 ngi sang theo gip. Vua nc Tim cho ngi Vit Nam
ring mt ch gi l Long K, ngoi thnh Vng Cc (Bangkok)133.

133

169

Nay Bangkok c mt ch gi l lng Gia Long tc l ch Nguy-n Vng ngy trc.

n khi c tin rng t Gia nh c th ly c, Vng bn th

li t t vua Tim La, ri na m em vng mu v cung quyn xung
thuyn v nc. By gi l thng by nm inh mi (1787).

Nguy-n Vng bn phn tr mi ngi i lm cc vic: ngi th i

lm rung ly thc go nui qun, ngi th i ra cc o lm sng chin
thuyn, ngi th i ln v Gia nh, chiu tp nhng k ngh dng i
ngy khi phc.

Nguy-n Vng i qua o C ct c ngi nh Thanh tn l H H

Vn thuc v Thin a Hi em my ngi n xin theo gip. Vng v n
H Tin cho ngi a vng mu v cung quyn ra Ph Quc, ri cng
mi ngi v ng Long Xuyn.

Lc by gi nhn c qun Din in sang nh Tim La, Nguy-n

Vng cng vi bn L Vn Cu, Nguy-n Vn Thnh em qun bn b i
nh gip nc Tim. Nguy-n Vng li c cng tr c nhng gic M Lai
thng vn hay n quy nhi-u mt b. B i vy cho nn nc Tim li cng
trng i vua ti nh Nguy-n.

Lc by gi Nguy-n Vng i n u, nhng ngi ho kit ra theo

rt nhiu li c tng Ty Sn l Nguy-n Vn Trng em 300 qun, 15 chic
thuyn ra hng. Qua thng 6, vng vo ca Cn Gi, qun th to lm, ng
nh Vng Nguy-n L khip s quan thi ph Phm Vn Tham li gi
thnh Si Gn ri lui v ng Lng Ph, thuc Bin Ha.

2. Nguy-n Vng V Ly Gia nh.

Trong khi Nguy-n Vng

cn phi nng nu t Tim La, ng Nguy-n Hu tin binh ra Bc H git
Trnh Khi, tn vua L, ri v c phong l Bc Bnh Vng, ng Ph
Xun. ng Nguy-n Nhc xng l Trung ng Hong , phong cho Nguy-n
L lm ng nh Vng vo gi t Gia nh.

Nguy-n Vng sai ngi tr lm mt ci th ca Nguy-n Nhc gI

cho Nguy-n L, trong th bo phi git Phm Vn Tham i, ri vng sai
ngi gi tng a lm cho Phm Vn Tham, Phm Vn Tham bt c ci th
y s hi, lp tc v Lng Ph phn gii tnh oan vi Nguy-n L, nhng
Nguy-n L thy t nhin Phm Vn Tham ko qun n, li c c trng i
trc, t ng l Vn Tham hng nh Nguy-n ri, vi vng b thnh chy v
Quy Nhn, c t lu th mt.

Nhng chng c bao lu, Nguy-n Nhc v Nguy-n Hu khng ha

vi nhau. Nguy-n Nhc em qun Ph Xun vo vy thnh Quy Nhn nguy
cp lm. Nguy-n Nhc phi vi c ng Vn Chn em qun Gia nh
ra cu.
T qun th ca Ty Sn Gia nh km, cc ni li c nhiu
ng theo v cha Nguy-n, ri ni ln nh ph, lm cho qun Ty Sn cng
ngy cng kh gi. V trong my anh em Ty Sn ch c Nguy-n Hu l anh
hng kit hit hn c, m ra chuyn gi mt bc, th cng vic mt nam ph
mc Nguy-n L l ngi tm thng, cho nn th Ty Sn mt y thnh ra
suy nhc.

Phm Vn Tham tr v gi thnh Gia nh nh ph c qun nh

Nguy-n. Nguy-n Vng phi rt qun v min M Tho, ch cn c 300
qun v vi mi chic thuyn, th lc nng lm. Nhng nh c m thm
c my nghn qun Cao Min v li c my ton qun Ty Sn v hng, cho
nn qun th mi hi vng.
By gi li nh c V Tnh l tng gii ra gip, cho nn Nguy-n
Vng li tin ln nh Nc Xoy, Phm Vn Tham li v ng Ba Thc.

Lc by gi Nguy-n Vng Tim La vn c ngi i v tin tc, bit

c c hi ly c t Gia nh, m cng bit rng ngi Tim La vn khng
gip c cho mnh li cn c bng ghen ght: nh nm inh mi (1787) c
ngi B o Nha a quc th cho Nguy-n Vng xin em binh v thuyn
thnh Goa134 li gip. Vua Tim La bit vic y lm khng bng lng, Nguy-n
Vng phi t chi v t n ngi B o Nha.

134

V Tnh l ngi Bin Ha, c ngi anh tn l V Nhn lm thuc

tng Thanh Nhn. Sau Thanh Nhn b git, V Nhn t qun ng
Sn lm phn, nh li cha Nguy-n, nhng chng bao lu cng b bt, phi
git. V Tnh mi em d ng ng Sn ca anh v gi Vn Tru (thuc
Gia nh), ri sau li v ng G Cng, xng l Tng Nhung, th h c my
vn ngi, qun Ty Sn b nh ph nhiu ln, thng ni rng: "Trong

t thuc a ca B o Nha n

170

bn tam hng t Gia nh, V Tnh l anh hng bc nht, khng nn phm
n". Khi Nguy-n Vng Tim La v c sai Nguy-n c Xuyn n d V
Tnh v gip. n khi Nguy-n Vng v ng Nc Xoy, V Tnh em b
h i ui nh Phm Vn Tham, ri n thng t nm mu thn (1788) mi
em V Vn Lng, Nguy-n Vn Hiu, Mc Vn T, Trn Vn Tn n hnh ti
bi kin Nguy-n Vng. Nguy-n Vng mng r, phong cho lm Tin Phong
Dinh Ch ng C v li g cho b Ngc Du Cng Cha l em gi. Bn V Vn
Lng u c phong lm cai c.

cc quan vn v hi ngh mi vic quc qun, v lo s tin binh nh Ty

Sn.

4. Vic Khai Khn in Th.

t Gia nh lc by gi chi ra lm 4
doanh l: Phin Trn, Trn Bin, Trn Vnh, v Trn nh, nhng v phi lon
lc mi, dn s i kh, rung t b hoang, lng thc khng . Nguy-n
Vng bn sai vn thn l Trnh Hoi c, L Quang nh, Ng Tng Chu,
Hong Minh Khnh c thy l 12 ngi lm in tun quan khuyn nh
qun dn c sc lm rung. T lnh ph binh cho n ngi cng c u bt
phi lm rung c. H- ai khng chu th bt phi lm lnh thay cho ph
binh.

Qua thng 7 nm y (1788) Nguy-n Vng em qun v ng Ba

Ging, ri sai Tn Tht Hi v V Tnh em binh vo nh quan c chin Ty
Sn l L Vn Minh n Ng Kiu, t ph c n tri, bt c tng s rt
nhiu. Li c tng l Nguy-n Vn Ngha ph c qun Ty Sn Lc D
(tc l ng Nai). Thng tm th Nguy-n Vng vo thnh Gia nh, chiu
yn trm h, sa sang php tc v phong th ng cho cc tng s.

n ma la chn, th c mi ngi cy rung ng bng phi np

100 c135, m ai cy rung ni th phi np 60 c tr ln. Ai np l y, nh
ph binh th c mi-n cho mt nm khng phi i nh gic, m dn inh th
c mi-n cho mt nm giao dch. Ai khng np th khng c d vo l
mi-n y.

By gi quan thi bo Ty Sn l Phm Vn Tham vn ng Ba

Thc; vng sai gi cc ca b khng cho qun Ty Sn chy thot, ri sai
Nguy-n Vn Nhn sang Tim La bo tip; sai Nguy-n Vn Nhn v Trng
Phc Gio ra Ph Quc n vng mu v cung quyn v Gia nh.

Li m nhng dn cc ni n lm rung, gi l in tt. Quan in

tun ly rung t b hoang cp cho cy cy. Ai khng c tru b m
cy ba, th quan cng cp cho, ri n ma phi tr bng thc.

Sang nm k du (1789) Phm Vn Tham Ba Thc em binh xung

thuyn nh ra b v Quy Nhn, nhng Nguy-n Vng sai L Vn Cu (cn
gi Dun), Tn Tht Hi, V Tnh, Nguy-n Vn Trng hp binh li nh H
Chu, qun Phm Vn Tham khng ph c vy, li phi lui v Ba Thc. Vn
Tham ch khng thy vin binh, liu th gi khng ni, bn em binh ra hng,
c t lu b ti phi git.

Nguy-n Vng li pht tru b v in kh cho qun dn, bt i khai

khn nhng ni rng ni lm rung gi l n in, ri n ma ly thc
vo kho, gi l n in kh.
Cc quan vn v u phi m ngi lp thnh i, gi l n in i,
mi nm mi ngi phi np 6 hc thc. Cn dn m ai m c 10 ngi
tr ln, th cho lm cai tri v c tr su tch.

T ton t Gia nh thuc v cha Nguy-n c.

3. Nguy-n Vng Sa Sang Mi Vic Gia nh.

Nguy-n
Vng thu phc c t Gia nh ri, lp ra lut php, khNg cho dn gian
nh c bc, li nghim cm ph thy v ng bng gi phong tc cho
khi s m hoc.

Cch Nguy-n Vng khai khn t Gia nh tht l khn kho, khin
cho t Nam Vit trc l mt ch t b hoang, khng c ngi , m sau
thnh ra mt ni rt ng ngi v rt tr ph trong nc Nam ta. y cng l
mt ci cng ln ca ng Nguy-n Phc nh vy.

Trc ht vng lo chnh n nhng vic thu kha, vic canh nng,
ly lng tin nui tng s v tu b vic v b. Li t ra cc s cng ng
135

171

Mi mt c l 42 bt.

5. Khi Nguy-n Vng khi phc c nc ri, th phi c mi

nm lm mt chic tu, y nh tu ca nc Phm cho sang
gip, em sang tr cho Php Hong136.

5. Vic Bun Bn.

Nguy-n Vng lp l: phm nhng thuyn ca khc

m c ch nhng gang, st, km v lu hong, th quan mua lm binh
kh, v cho c theo s hng nhiu t, c ch thc go v nc. B i vy
nhng khch bun bn cng vui lng em hng n bn. Vng li sai
quan doanh Trn Bin c theo gi ch m mua ly ng ct i cho
nhng ngi Ty Dng m ly binh kh.

T giao c k xong ri, Php Hong xung chiu giao cho quan tng
trn thnh Pondichry t n , tn l De Conway b tc, kinh l vic
sang gip Nguy-n Vng.

6. ng B a Lc v Hong T Cnh Php v.

T ma
ng nm gip thn (1784), ng B a Lc em Hong T Cnh cng vi
Phm Vn Nhn, Nguy-n Vn Khim xung tu sang Ty; i qua n
Dng v thnh Phong ti th ri (Pondichry) t n , li gn 20 thng, ri
n ma xun nm inh mi (1787), th chic tu ch ng B a Lc mi vo
ca Lorient pha ty nc Php Lan Ty.

Ngy mng 8 thng chp ty, nm 1787, ng B a Lc vo bi t

Php Hong Louis XVI, ri em Hong T Cnh xung tu v nc Nam.
Nhng n khi sang ti thnh Pondichry, v De Conway b tc c chuyn
bt ha vi ng B a Lc, cho nn b tc mi tm cch ngn tr vic gip
Nguy-n Vng, ri lm s v tu Php Hong xin bi vic y i, ly c rng s
em binh sang cu vin Nguy-n Vng l vic rt kh m khng c li g.

ng B a Lc a Hong T Cnh vo yt kin Php Hong Louis

XVI. Php Hong ly vng l- tip i Hong T, v giao cho thng th
ngoi giao b l De Montmorin B Tc, thng ngh vi ng B a Lc vic
sang gip Nguy-n Vng.

Php nh thy s ca De Conway b tc ni nh vy cng

ly lm nn; v li lc by gi chnh ph cn ang bi ri v vic trong nc
dn cch mnh rc rch c mi ni, cho nn b vic y khng ni n na.
y cng v c De Conway b tc, cho nn vic sang cu vin
Nguy-n Vng khng thnh, b i vy sau ng Faure chp truyn ng B a
Lc, c tic rng: "V bng lc by gi chnh ph nc Phm m sn lng gip
ng B a Lc, th c l ng y lp nn cho nc Php thnh cuc bo h
An Nam ngay t cui i thp bt th k, khin cho v sau khi phi dng
n s chin tranh mi xong cng vic".

n ngy 28 thng 11 nm 1787 th ng B a Lc v De Montmorin

b tc k t giao c, i lc ni rng:
1. Vua nc Php thun gip cho Nguy-n Vng 4 chic tu chin
v mt o binh: 1.200 lc qun, 200 pho binh, 250 hc binh
Phi Chu (Cafres) v cc th sng ng thuc n.
2. V vua nc Php c lng gip nh th, Nguy-n Vng phi
nhng t cho nc Php ca Hi An (Faifo) v o Cn Ln
(Poulo-Condore).
3. Nguy-n Vng phi cho ngi nc Php ra vo bun bn t
do trong nc, ngoi gi khng cho ngi nc no u Chu
sang bun bn nc Nam na.
4. Khi no nc Php c cn n lnh thy, lnh b, lng thc, tu
b phng ng, th Nguy-n Vng phi ng bin cho gip
nc Php.

ng B a Lc thy De Conway b tc khng chu xut binh thuyn,

bn ng ln i m ngi, mua tu v sng ng kh gii em sang gip
Nguy-n Vng.
n thng 6 nm k du (1789), ng B a Lc v hong t Cnh i
chic tu chin Mduse v n Gia nh. Cc tu bun ch sng ng thuc
n cng lc tc sang sau.
By gi nhng ngi Php tn l Chaigneau (Nguy-n Vn Thng), tc
l cha tu Long, Vannnier, (Nguy-n Vn Chn), tc l cha tu Phng, De
Forcant (L Vn Lng), Victor Ollivier (ng Tn), Dayot v.v... c thy n non 20
136

172

T giao c ny hin cn Ngoi Giao B Paris, v bin r sch ng Gosselin.

Nm nhm t (1792) thng ba, nhn khi ma gi nam thi mnh,

Nguy-n Vng sai tng l Nguy-n Vn Trng cng vi Nguy-n Vn Thnh,
Dayot v Vannier (Nguy-n Vn Chn) em chin thuyn t ca Cn Gi ra t
ph thy tri ca Ty Sn ca Th Ni (ca Quy Nhn) ri li v.

ngi theo ng B a Lc sang gip Nguy-n Vng; vng phong quan tc

cho c mi ngi luyn tp qun s, lm tu, c sng, v chnh n mi
vic v b.
T , th lc ca Nguy-n Vng mi ngy mt mnh, tng t mi
ngy mt ng, lng thc nhiu, qun s gii, vic nh ph Ty Sn chc
lm ri.

Thng ba nm qu su (1793) Nguy-n Vng ng Cung li gi

t Gia nh, sai Tn Tht Hi cng Nguy-n Hunh c v Nguy-n Vn
Thnh em b binh ra nh Phan R. Nguy-n Vng cng vi Nguy-n Vn
Trng v V Tnh em thy s i nh mt b. n thng nm th chin
thuyn ca Nguy-n Vng vo ca b Nha Trang ri ln nh ly ph Din
Khnh v ph Bnh Khang, sau li ra nh ly ph Ph Yn.

Thng t nm tn hi (1791), b th phi sinh ra hong t th t ln l

m, tc l vua Thnh T lng Tn Lc, gn Si Gn by gi. n thng ba
nm qu su (1793), th vng lp hong t Cnh lm ng Cung, phong chc
nguyn sy, lnh t qun doanh.

Mt thy, Nguy-n Vng c ton thng, cn mt b, th Tn Tht

Hi ch ly c ph Bnh Thun m thi. Vng bn sai ngi a th gic
Tn Tht Hi phi kp tin binh ln hi vi thy s, hai mt cng ra nh
Quy Nhn.

7. Nguy-n Vng nh Quy Nhn Ln Th Nht.

Nguy-n
Vng khi phc c t Gia nh ri, ngh ngi hn mt nm chnh
n mi vic. n thng t nm canh tun (1790) mi sai quan ch ng tin
qun l L Vn Cu em 5.000 qun thy v qun b ra nh ly Bnh Thun,
sai V Tnh v Nguy-n Vn Thnh em qun i lm tin phong. Chng bao
lu nh Nguy-n ly c t Phan R v h c thnh Bnh Thun. Nhng v
L Vn Cu v V Tnh hai ngi khng chu nhau, Nguy-n Vng bn lu L
Vn Cu li gi Phan R, triu V Tnh v Nguy-n Vn Thnh v Gia nh.
L Vn Cu em qun ra ng Phan Rang b qun Ty Sn n vy nh,
phi cho ngi i gi V Tnh v Nguy-n Vn Thnh tr li cu, nhng V
Tnh khng chu tr li, ch c Nguy-n Vn Thnh a binh n nh gii vy
ri cng L Vn Cu v gi Phan R.

Khi qun ca Nguy-n Vng vo ca Th Ni, vua Ty Sn l Nguy-n

Nhc sai thi t l Nguy-n Bi, em binh ra chng gi. Nguy-n Vng bn
mt sai V Tnh em binh ln i hi vi ton qun Tn Tht Hi v Nguy-n
Vn Thnh nh tp hu. Qun ca Nguy-n Bo b hai mt nh li, chng
khng ni, phi b chy v Quy Nhn. T qun thy v qun b ca
Nguy-n Vng tng thng c vi nhau. Vng bn sai Tn Tht Hi, V
Tnh, Nguy-n Hunh c, Nguy-n Vn Thnh em binh tin ln nh thnh
Quy Nhn.
Nguy-n Nhc phi sai ngi ra cu cu Ph Xun.

L Vn Cu ly iu bi binh y lm thn, xng bnh khng ra coi

vic binh na. n khi v Gia nh ngh ti phi cch ht chc tc, L Vn
Cu ung thuc c t t137.

By gi vua Quang Trung mt ri, vua Cnh Thnh, tc l Nguy-n

Quang Ton, sai quan thi y l Phm Cng Hng, quan h gi l Nguy-n Vn
Hun, quan i t l l L Trung v quan i t m l Ng Vn S em 17.000
b binh v 80 con voi i ng b, v sai quan i thng lnh l ng Vn
Chn em hn 30 chic thuyn i ng b, c hai o cng tin vo cu Quy
Nhn.

Qun nh Nguy-n ra nh Ty Sn ln y khng li; v by gi l ma

thng 7, gi bc thi mnh, cho nn Nguy-n Vng truyn rt qun v Gia
nh i ma gi thun th mi em qun i nh nhau, cho nn ngi i
by gi gi l gic ma.

Nguy-n Vng thy vin binh n, liu th chng khng ni, rt

qun v Din Khnh (tc l Khnh Ha by gi) ri v Gia nh. Nguy-n
Vn Thnh li gi Din Khnh, Nguy-n Hunh c li gi Bnh Thun.

L Vn Cu l mt ngi cng thn theo ph Nguy-n ch trong lc gian nan, nay cng bt
c k t.
137

173

Dng. Vn Dng v Ph Xun, i n trm Hong Giang138 gp quan trung th

lnh l Trn Vn K phi ti y ra y. Vn K nhn ang cm tc Bi c
Tuyn, bn xui V Vn Dng rng: "Thi s ngi trm c nhn thn, cho ai
sng c sng, bt ai cht phi cht; nu m khng sm tr i, th ri c
chuyn bt li cho nh nc. ng nn liu sm i".

n thng 11, Nguy-n Vng li sai ng Cung Cnh v ng B a

Lc, Phm Vn Nhn, Tng Phc Kh ra gi thnh Din Khnh.

8. Th Lc Ty Sn.

Bn Phm Cng Hng gii c vy ri, ko qun

vo thnh Quy Nhn, chim gi ly thnh tr v tch bin c cc kho tng.

V Vn Dng xa nay vn tin trng Vn K, nay thy ni nh vy, bn

nghe li y, v mu vi Phm Cng Hng v Nguy-n Vn Hun, la n m
em qun vy nh Bi c Tuyn bt b ngc, ri sai Nguy-n Vn Hun vo
Quy Nhn bt con c Tuyn l Bi c Tr, v cho ngi a th ra Bc H
truyn cho quan tit cht l Nguy-n Quang Thy (em Nguy-n Quang Ton) bt
gii Ng Vn S v Ph Xun.

Nguy-n Nhc thy vy, tc gin n nI th huyt ra m cht. ng

lm vua c 16 nm.
Vua Cnh Thnh Ph Xun thy Nguy-n Nhc mt ri, phong cho
Nguy-n Bo lm Hin Cng, cho n lc mt huyn, gi l tiu triu ri L
Trung v Nguy-n Vn Hun li gi thnh Quy Nhn.

Bn V Vn Dng bn t chuyn ra vu cho nhNg ngi y lm

phn, em dm xung sng git i. Vua Cnh Thnh khng sao ngn gi c,
ch gt nc mt khc thm m thi.

T cc tng Ty Sn mi hot ng hn trc. Thng ba nm

gip dn (1794) Nguy-n Vn Hng em b binh vo nh Ph Yn, v Trn
Quang Diu vo vy thnh Din Khnh.

Lc by gi Trn Quang Diu ang vy thnh Din Khnh, nghe tin

y, tht kinh, ni vi cc tng rng: "Cha thng khng phi l ngi cng
ci, cho i thn git ln nhau. Nu trong m khng yn, th ngoi nh
ngi ta th no c?"

ng Cung Cnh cho ngi v Gia nh cu vin, Nguy-N Vng

bn em i binh n nh gii vy. Trn Quang Diu rt qun v.
Nguy-n Vng thy th Ty Sn cn mnh v li n ma gi bc,
cho nn vng em ng Cung v Gia nh; V Tnh li gi thnh Din
Khnh.

Quang Diu bn gii vy rt qun v. Khi v n Quy Nhn, Nguy-n

Vn Hun n t ti trc. Trn Quang Diu khng hi n, ri dn qun v
n lng An cu ng bn b sng m nam.

Thng ging nm t mo (1795) Trn Quang Diu li em qun vo

nh Din Khnh, V Tnh ht sc chng gi, Quang Diu nh mi khng
c. n thng hai, Nguy-n Vng ng Cung li gi Gia nh, em
thy s ra cu Din Khnh.

V Vn Dng cng vi ni hu T cng em qun bn b ra ng

m bc b sng, mnh vua ra c nhau vi Trn Quang Diu.
Vua Cnh Thnh s hi sai quan ra khuyn gii c hai bn, Trn Quang
Diu mi em cc tng vo chu, ri vi bn V Vn Dng ging ha.

Trong khi hai bn cn ang chng gi nhau t Din Khnh, th

Ph Xun cc quan i thn nh Ty Sn git hi ln nhau, gy thnh mi
lon.

T Trn Quang Diu lm thiu ph, Nguy-n Vn Hun lm thiu

bo, V Vn Dng lm i t , Nguy-n Vn Danh (hay l Nguy-n Vn T)
lm i t m, gi l t tr i thn. Nhng chng c bao lu c ngi
gim pha, Trn Quang Diu b thu ht c binh quyn, ch c gi chc ti
triu m thi. Th lc Ty Sn t y v sau mi ngy mt km: trn vua th

Nguyn t khi vua Quang Trung mt ri, vua Cnh Thnh ln ngi,
nhng quyn v c Thi s Bi c Tuyn, cc quan c nhiu ngi on gin.
Nm t mo (1795) Bi c Tuyn sai Ng Vn S ra Bc h thay cho V Vn

138

174

C ni chp l trm Hn Xuyn

cn nh di, khng c uy quyn sai khin cc quan, di tng t th v

lng ghen ght ri c tm cch m git hi ln nhau. B i vy cho nn n khi
qun Nguy-n Vng Nam ra nh, chng phi mt bao nhiu cng phu m
lp nn cng ln vy.

nghi k m git hi cc cng thn nh vy, bn b trn sang hng nh Nguy-n.

Nguy-n Vng trng dng cho lm chc Tng Qun.

9. Nguy-n Vng nh Quy Nhn Ln Th Hai.

Nguy-n Vng thy th Ty Sn suy nhc, n thng ba nm k

mi (1799) bn c i binh ra nh Quy Nhn. n thng t thy qun ca
Nguy-n Vng vo ca Th Ni, ri Nguy-n Vng sai quan hu qun V
Tnh, hu qun Nguy-n Hunh c em qun ln b ng Trc Kh. Ngay
lc by gi quan Khm sai tin qun ch ng c Nguy-n Vn Thnh em b
binh ra nh ly Ph Yn, ri tin qun ln tip ng cho ton qun V Tnh.

n nm inh t (1797) Nguy-n Vng Tn Tht Hi li gi Gia

nh, ri cng ng Cung Cnh em binh thuyn ra nh Quy Nhn. Li sai
Nguy-n Vn Thnh v V Tnh ra nh Ph Yn.

n thng nm, th qun ca Nguy-n Vng n vy thnh Quy

Nhn. Ph Xun sai Trn Quang Diu v V Vn Dng m binh vo cu.
Nhng m vo n Qung Ngha gp qun ca Nguy-n Vn Thnh gi
Thch Tn, cho nn khng cu c Quy Nhn.

T khi
qun ca Trn Quang Diu gii vy Din Khnh v Ph Xun ri, Nguy-n
Vng cng rt qun v Gia nh sa son vic qun lng, v sai ngi i do
thm mi ni chiu m ngi v nh Ty Sn.

Qun thy ca Nguy-n Vng ra n Quy Nhn, thy Ty Sn

phng b, liu nh khng c, Nguy-n Vng bn ra nh Qung Nam.
c vi thng qun nhu khng , li phi em qun v Gia nh, sai
Nguy-n Vn Thnh v ng Trn Thng li gi thnh Din Khnh.

S chp rng khi o qun ca V Vn Dng vo n Chung X, ng

li y, n m c con nai trong rng chy ra, c ngi trng thy ku to
ln rng: Con nai! Qun Ty Sn nghe lm l qun ng Nai! Mi ngi
lung cung b chy. Cc qun i Ty Sn t ng l qun nh Nguy-n
vy nh, u v tan c. Qun nh Nguy-n tha th nh ui, thnh ra qun
Ty Sn thua to.

10. Nguy-n Vng nh Quy Nhn Ln Th Ba.

Nguy-n
Vng v Gia nh ri, mt mt sai Nguy-n Vn Thy sang Tim La xin vi
quc vng nc y em qun i ng Vn Tng, hoc sang nh Thun
Ha, hoc sang nh Ngh An, chn ng qun Bc h vo. Mt mt
sai quan binh b tham tri l Ng Nhn Tnh sang s nh Thanh, do thm
mi vic.

Quan trn th Quy Nhn l L Vn Thanh khng thy vin binh n,

m lng thc trong thnh th ht c, bn cng cc tng m ca ra hng.
Nguy-n Vng em qun vo thnh ri i tn Quy Nhn gi l Bnh nh.

Nm mu ng (1798) Tiu triu l Nguy-n Bo cm tc vua Cnh

Thnh l Nguy-n Quang Ton chim gi mt t Quy Nhn, bn nh b v
hng Nguy-n Triu. Vua Cnh Thnh bit mu y, sai tng vo bt Nguy-n
Bo a v dm xung sng git i.

Vua Ty Sn c tin Quy Nhn tht th, lin c i binh vo ng

Tr Khc (thuc Qung Ngha) c cc tng tin binh nh qun nh
Nguy-n. Nhng v phi tri ma gi, thy chin khng tin, cho nn cc
quan u can xin rt qun v. Vua Cnh Thnh bn sai Nguy-n Vn Gip li
gi Tr Khc, sai Trn Quang Diu v V Vn Dng gi Qung Nam.

Li c ngi ni gim rng vic Tiu Triu lm phn l ti quan trn

th L Trung. Vua Cnh Thnh triu L Trung v Ph Xun, sai v s bt chm
i. c t lu quan thiu ph Nguy-n Vn Hun cng b git. T qun
Ty Sn ai cng nn lng, c nhiu ngi b theo v Nguy-n Vng.

Nguy-n Vng cng em qun v Gia nh, V Tnh v Ng Tng

Chu li gi thnh Bnh nh. Nm y (1899) ng B a Lc i tng chinh,
mt ca Th Ni. Nguy-n Vng em v hu tng Gia nh, tng phong
lm Thi T Thi Ph Bi Nhu Qun Cng.

By gi c ngi con r- L Trung l L Cht vn l ngi nh trn

gii c ting, quan lm n chc i c; n khi thy vua Ty Sn hay
175

Nguy trng n cht, cn L Vn Duyt ra sc xng t, t c c tu v

thuyn ca Ty Sn.

11. Qun Ty Sn Vy Thnh Bnh nh.

Khi qun nh
Nguy-n ra vy nh thnh Quy Nhn, vua Ty Sn sai Trn Quang Diu v V
Vn Dng em binh vo cu, nhng v qun cu Vn Dng khng nh m
tan, n ni bi binh. Vic y l ti Vn Dng, nhng nh c Quang Diu
giu i, cho nn khng ai bit. Vn Dng cm n y, cho nn mi kt ngha
sinh t vi Quang Diu.

Tng Ty Sn l V Vn Dng phi b ca Th Ni em binh v hp

vi Trn Quang Diu phng gi mi ni.
Nguy-n Vng ly c ca Th Ni ri, cho ngi a tin v Gia
nh bo cho tng s cc ni u bit.

By gi Ph Xun c nhiu ngi ght Quang Diu, nhn dp y m

ti cho Quang Diu, bn tu vua xin sai ngi a mt th ra cho V Vn
Dng git Quang Diu. V Vn Dng tip c th y a cho Trn
Quang Diu xem. Trn Quang Diu s hi, lp tc em qun v Ph Xun,
ng m nam sng Hng Giang, ni rng v bt nhng ngi lon thn.
Vua Ty Sn sai ngi ra ging ha. Khng ai dm i, sau phi bt my ngi
np cho Quang Diu. Quang Diu mi vo chu. Vua Cnh Thnh cng tm
li ging d, khuyn phi ht sc gip nh nc.

Nm y ng Cung Cnh ln u, mt Gia nh, th c 22 tui.

c mt thng hong t th hai tn l Hi cng mt Din Khnh, em v
tng Gia nh.

12. Nguy-n Vng Thu Phc Ph Xun.

Nguy-n Vng nh
c trn thy Th Ni ri, bn sai Nguy-n Vn Trng em thy qun ra
nh Qung Nam, Qung Ngha, v li thy qun Ty Sn vy thnh Quy
Nhn mt cch cn mt lm, nh ph khng c. Vng cho ngi ln vo
thnh bo V Tnh v Ng Tng Chu b thnh m ra. Nhng V Tnh phc
th li rng: qun tinh binh ca Ty Sn c Quy Nhn, vy xin ng lo vic
gii vy vi, hy nn kp ra nh ly Ph Xun th hn.
Nguy-n Vng bn Nguy-n Vn Thnh li chng gi vi Trn
Quang Diu v V Vn Dng, ri em i qun ra nh Ph Xun.

Quang Diu khc ly ri xin cng Vn Dng em thy b qun vo

ly li thnh Quy Nhn.
n thng ging nm canh thn (1800), qun ca Trn Quang Diu v
V Vn Dng tin n gn thnh Quy Nhn. V Tnh gi vng, khng ra
nh. Quang Diu sai p ly chung quanh thnh v chia qun ra vy bn
mt. Vn Dng th em hai chic tu ln v hn 100 chin thuyn ra ng gi
ca Th Ni, xy n v t sng i bc hai bn ca b, phng ng thy
qun nh Nguy-n.

By gi nh Ty Sn cng bi ri lm: Ngh An th c tng nh

Nguy-n l Nguy-n Vn Thy v Lu Phc Tng em qun Vn Tng sang
nh ph; Thanh Ha th c phin thn l H Cng Thi kh i binh gip nh
Nguy-n; Hng Ha th c th ti l Phan B Phng ni ln quy nhi-u. Cn
cc trn Bc H th ri v nhng vic tng gio; cc o tr ng v o
o Thin Cha cng ni ln, c gip nh Nguy-n; dn tnh th b quan qun
nhng lm h hip, ai ai cng c lng on gin. Ph Xun, vua th hn, cc
quan i thn th c ghen ght nhau ri tm k git hi ln nhau, vic chnh tr
khng sa sang g c. B i vy nhn dn u mong mi cha Nguy-n, cho nn
c cu ht rng: "Ly tri cho chng gi nm, cho cha Nguy-n giong
bum thng ra".

Nguy-n Vng c tin qun Ty Sn ra vy thnh Bnh nh, lin c

i binh ra cu vin, sai Nguy-n Vn Thnh em L Cht, Nguy-n nh c,
Trng Tin Bo, chia ra lm ba o ra nh ly n Hi An Ph Yn, ri
ko ra nh Th D (thuc Bnh nh). Nguy-n Vng em thy binh ra n
Quy Nhn ng thuyn ngoi ca Th Ni. By gi qun b ca Nguy-n
Vn Thnh v qun thy ca Nguy-n Vng khng thng c vi nhau, cho
nn s cu vin khng c cng hiu g c.
n thng ging nm tn du (1801), Nguy-n Vng sai Nguy-n Vn
Trng, Tng Phc Lng em qun tin o n nh n thy ca Ty Sn,
v sai L Vn Duyt, V Di Nguy em thy qun vo nh ca Th Ni. V Di

Nguy-n Vng thy lng ngi khng theo Ty Sn na, bn em

binh ra nh Ph Xun, n thng nm (1801), thy s vo ca T Dung.
Tng Ty Sn l ph m Nguy-n Vn Tr em qun ra lp n gi ni Quy
176

Sn. Tin qun nh Nguy-n nh khng c. Nguy-n Vng sai L Vn

Duyt v L Cht em thy binh ra nh tp hu. Nguy-n Vn Tr b n m
chy. Qun Nguy-n Vng vo ca Nguy-n Hi (ca Thun An) ri ko ln
nh thnh Ph Xun. Vua Ty Sn phi ng gi em qun ra chng gi, hai
bn nh nhau n gia tra, th qun Ty Sn v tan. Qun Nguy-n Vng
tin ln ui nh, thu phc c thnh. By gi l ngy mng 3 thng 5
nm tn du (1801).

Ngha nh vo, mt mt th qun ca Nguy-n Vn Thnh ca Th Ni nh

ln, cn pha nam, li c qun ca Tng Vit Phc v Nguy-n Vn Tnh
Ph Yn nh ra. Ba mt th ch, qun Ty Sn phi ht sc chng gi,
ch qun Bc H vo cu vin.

11. Trn Trn Ninh.

T khi tht th Ph Xun, vua Cnh Thnh ngy

m kp ra Bc H, i nin hiu l Bo Hng v truyn hch i cc trn ly
vin binh ri sai em l Nguy-n Quang Thy em binh m vo gi Ngh An.
n thng 11, vua Ty Sn em qun 4 trn x Bc v qun Thanh Ha,
Ngh An, c thy c non 3 vn ngi, sang sng Linh Giang. Li sai tng
em hn 100 chic chin thuyn vo gi ca Nht L. By gi c v Trn
Quang Diu l Bi Th Xun cng em 5.000 th h i tng chinh.

Nguy-n Vng vo thnh Ph Xun treo bin yn dn, ri sai L Cht

em b binh ui nh qun Ty Sn, sai Nguy-n Vn Trng em thy binh
ra chn Linh Giang, nh qun Ty Sn chy ra Bc. Li sai Phm Vn
Nhn ra gi ca Nguy-n Hi, sai Lu Phc Tng em qun i ng Cam L
sang Vn Tng truyn bo cc Mng gi ng yu l khng cho qun Ty
Sn chy trn sang.

Quan Ch ng Trung Qun Bnh Ty i Tng Qun Nguy-n Vn

Trng, cng vi Tng Phc Lng, ng Trn Thng gi Linh Giang, thy
qun Ty Sn th mnh phi lui v gi ng Hi. Nguy-n Vng c tin y,
lin thn chinh em i binh ra tip ng, sai Phm Vn Nhn v ng Trn
Thng em qun ra gi mt b, sai Nguy-n Vn Trng ra gi mt b.

13. V Tnh T Tit.

Trn Quang Diu v V Vn Dng ang vy nh

thnh Quy Nhn, c tin Ph Xun tht th, lin sai tng em qun ra cu,
nhng ra n Qung Nam, gp qun ca L Vn Duyt ko vo nh chn
ng, qun Ty Sn phi li tr li. T Trn Quang Diu ngy m ht
sc c qun nh thnh. Qun Nguy-n Vng trong thnh ht c lng
thc, khng th chng gi c na, quan trn th l V Tnh bn vit th sai
ngi a ra cho Trn Quang Diu ni rng: "Phn s ta lm ch tng, th
nh liu cht di c. Cn cc tng s khng c ti g, khng nn git
hi".

Thng ging nm nhm tut (1802), vua Ty Sn sai Nguy-n Quang

Thy tin qun ln nh ly Trn Ninh; nh mi khng . Vua Ty Sn
toan rt qun v, nhng Bi Th Xun khng chu, xin cho ra c qun nh
trn. nh t sng sm n chiu ti, cha bn no c thua. Bng c tin
rng thy qun ca Ty Sn ca Nht L (ca ng Hi) b Nguy-n Vn
Trng ph tan c. Qun Ty Sn khip s b chy, tng l Nguy-n Vn
Kin v hng nh Nguy-n.

on ri sai ngi ly rm c cht di lu Bt Gic, thuc sng

vo t t m cht. Quan hip trn l Ng Tng Chu cng ung thuc c t
t.

Vua Ty Sn em tn qun chy v Bc, Nguy-n Vn Thn li gi

Ngh An.

Trn Quang Diu vo thnh Quy Nhn tha cho c bn tng s v sai
lm l- lim tng V Tnh v Ng Tng Chu, ri sai i c Trng Phc
Thng v t khu nh, em binh i ng thng o ra nh Ph Xun.
i c na ng th qun ht lng. Trng Phc Thng v hng nh
Nguy-n, cn t khu nh th nh thua chy vo cht trong Mng. Trn
Quang Diu li sai L Vn im vo nh Ph Yn, cng khng c.

Nguy-n Vng ph c qun Ty Sn thnh Trn Ninh ri em

qun v Ph Xun, trung qun Nguy-n Vn Trng gi ng Hi, Tng
Phc Lng v ng Trn Thng gi Linh Giang.
Trn Quang Diu v V Vn Dng Quy Nhn c tin qun Ty
Sn thua Trn Ninh, liu chng khng ni, bn n thng 3 nm nhm tut
(1802) b thnh Quy Nhn, em binh tng i ng thng o qua Ai Lao
ra Ngh An, hi vi vua Ty Sn m lo s chng gi.

By gi Trn Quang Diu tuy ly c thnh Quy Nhn, nhng

mt mt th c qun ca L Vn Duyt v L Cht Qung Nam, Qung
177

Nh Ty Sn kh i u t nm mu tut (1778), Nguy-n Nhc xng

Quy Nhn, n nm Nhm Tut (1802), c thy c 24 nm. Nhng
Nguy-n Nhc ch lm vua t t Qung Nam, Qung Ngha tr vo m thi,
cn t Ph Xun tr ra, th thuc v nh L. n nm mu thn (1788), vua
Quang Trung xng hiu, ri ra nh gic Thanh, ly li t Bc H, sa i
vic chnh tr. T nc Nam mi thuc v nh Nguy-n Ty Sn.

15. Nguy-n Vng Ln Ngi Tn.

Nguy-n Vng t khi kh i

binh Gia nh tuy xng vng, nhng vn theo cc cha i trc khng
t nin hiu. n nay khi phc c Ph Xun, thanh th lng ly, bc ph
i qun ca Ty Sn, nam ly li thnh Quy Nhn; t An Nam by gi t
sng Linh Giang vo n Gia nh li thuc v nh Nguy-n nh trc. Cc
quan thn thuc u xin Nguy-n Vng t nin hiu v ln ngi tn.

Vy k t nm mu thn (1788) n nm nhm tut (1802) th nh Ty

Sn ch lm vua c c 14 nm m thi.

Thng 5 nm nhm tut (1802) ngi lp n t co tri t, ri thit

triu cc quan chu mng, v t nin hiu l Gia Long nguyn nin.

Trong by nhiu nm phi nh nam dp bc lun, khng my lc

ngh vic chin tranh, cho nn nh Ty Sn khng sa sang c vic g. V
sau khi vua Quang Trung mt ri, vua th hn, quan th nhng, chnh tr b nt,
lng ngi on gin, ai cng mong mi c thi thnh tr yn nghip m
lm n. B i vy cho nn khi vua Th T Cao Hong nh Nguy-n ct qun ra
Bc, lng ngi theo phc, ch mt thng tri m bnh c t Bc H, em
giang sn v mt mi, nam bc mt nh, lm cho nc ta thnh mt nc ln
phng nam vy.

16. Qun Nam Ra Ly Bc H.

Nguy-n Vng ln ngi lm

vua ri, sai Trnh Hoi c v Ng Nhn Tnh em cc phm vt v nhng
n sch ca nh Thanh phong cho Ty Sn sang np cho Thanh Triu v xin
phong. Ngi li nh ng gi i nh Bc H, bn sai Nguy-n Vn Trng lnh
thy binh, L Vn Duyt v L Cht lnh b binh, hai mt thy b cng tin.
Thng 6, th qun b sang sng Linh Giang tin ln ng H Trung,
qun thy vo ca Hi Thng ri ln nh ph cc n ly ca Ty Sn.
Quan Trn Th Ngh An l Nguy-n Vn Thn b thnh chy ra gi n Tin
L Di-n Chu.
By gi Trn Quang Diu i ng Ai Lao ra n chu Qu Hp,
xung huyn Hng Sn thy qun nh Nguy-n ly c Ngh An ri, bn
cng vi Bi Th Xun v huyn Thanh Chng, bao nhiu qun s u b c,
c my hm hai v chng cng b bt. Cn V Vn Dng chy ra n Nng
Cng cng b dn bt c em np.
Qun Nguy-n Triu ko trn ra ly Thanh Ha, i n u qun Ty
Sn cha nh tan, ch trong mt thng ra n Thng Long.
Vua Ty Sn thy th mnh khng chng gi c na, bn cng vi
cc em l Nguy-n Quang Thy, Nguy-n Quang Thiu, v my ngi b ti l
bn c T, v Nguy-n Vn T sang sng Nh H chy v pha Bc, nhng
ln n a ht Phng Nhn, b dn y bt c. Nguy-n Quang Thy t
t, c T v v cng t vn. Cn vua ti nh Ty Sn my ngi u b
ng ci em v np Thng Long.
178

Nh Nguy-n
(1802-1945)

CHNG I

Th T
(1802-1819)

PHN V

Nin hiu: Gia Long

26. Th T xng hiu
27. Vic triu chnh
28. Binh ch
29. Vic ti chnh
30. Cng v
31. Php lut
32. Vic hc hnh
33. Vic giao thip vi nc Tu
34. Vic giao thip vi nc Chn Lp v nc Tim La
35. Vic giao thip vi nc Hng Mao
36. Vic giao thip vi nc Php Lang Ty
37. S git hi cng thn
38. Xt cng vic ca vua Thi T

Cn Kim Thi-i

1. Th T xng hiu.

Th t kh i binh chng nhau vi Ty Sn

t Gia nh t nm mu tut (1778), k va 24 nm, mi dt c nh Ty
Sn, thu phc c giang sn c ca cha Nguy-n khi xa v hp c nam bc
li lm mt mi. Khi vic nh dp xong ri, ngi xng hiu, t quc hiu
l Vit Nam, ng Kinh Ph Xun, tc l thnh Hu by gi.

179

Khi vua Th T ly c t Bc H ri, ngi xung ch tha cho dn

mt v thu, v thng th ng cho cc tng s. Ngi li phong tc cho con
chu nh L, nh Trnh, cp cho rung t v tr phong dch cho dng di hai
h y gi vic th phng t tin.

2. Vic Triu Chnh.

trong cung, nh vua khng t ngi hong hu,

ch c ngi hong phi v cc cung tn. Sau khi vua mt, th t qun ln ngi,
mi tn m ln lm Hong Thi Hu.

on ri, ngi i Bc H l Bc Thnh, t quan tng trn, triu

Nguy-n Vn Thnh Quy Nhn ra sung chc y, coi mi vic. Li t ra
tam to l to H, to Binh, to Hnh, sai Nguy-n Vn Khim, ng Trn
Thng, v Phm Vn ng ra coi cc to y, gip Nguy-n Vn Thnh.

Quan li trong Triu i khi theo ch nh L, nhng b chc

Tham Tng v Bi Tng tc l chc t tng i xa. Mi vic u do Lc B
ch trng ht c. Mi b c quan Thng Th lm u, quan t hu tham tri,
t hu th lang, cng cc thuc vin nh l lang trung, vin ngoi lang, ch s
v bt cu phm th li, v.v.....

n thng by nm nhm tut (1802), Th T v Kinh, em vua ti

nh Ty Sn v lm l- hin ph n Thi Miu, ri em ra tn php trng
x tr. Li sai qut m vua Thi c Nguy-n Nhc v vua Thi T Nguy-n
Hu ln, em vt thy i, cn u th em b giam trong ngc ti.

B Li: coi vic thuyn b quan vn, ban th ng phm cp, kho xt
cng trng, phong tng tc m, tho nhng t chiu sc co mnh v lm
nhng s cc hng quan li v.v....

Nhng bn vn thn nh Ty Sn nh Ng Th Nhim, Phan Huy ch

ra hng, em nc ra nh trc vn miu, ri tha cho v. Lc by gi c
Ng Th Nhim v trc c him vi ng Trn Thng, cho nn n khi nh
vn miu, ng Trn Thng sai ngi nh cht.

B H: coi vic inh in thu m, tin bc chuyn thng, kho tng

cha cht, ha vt t r v.v...
B L-: coi vic triu h, khnh h, t t, tn phong, cng l cch thc
hc hnh thi c, tinh biu cho ngi sng lu, ngi c tit ngha, phong thy
cho cc thn nhn v.v.....

Vua Th T nh ti, th ng cng xong ri, lo sa sang mi vic; lm

n Cn Chnh lp thng triu, n Thi Ha lp i triu; li sai qun
dn xy thnh Kinh v Hong Thnh cng cc thnh tr ngoi cc doanh
trn.

B Binh: coi vic thuyn b v chc, ging duyt qun lnh, sai khin
qun i th hoc i nh dp, kn chn binh inh, xt ngi c cng ngi c
li v vic binh.

Tuy rng ngi t nin hiu, ln ngi t nm nhm tut (1802),

nhng m n nm gip t (1804), tc l Gia Long tam nin, vua nh Thanh
mi sai s sang phong vng, v n nm bnh dn (1806), ngi mi lm lxng hiu n Thi Ha. nh triu nghi, c ngy rm v ngy mng mt
thit i triu; ngy mng 5, mng 10, 20 v 25 th thit tiu triu.

B Hnh: coi vic hnh danh php lut, tra ngh dng tu, duyt li
nhng ti nng n ng, xt k nhng t giam ngc cm.
B Cng: coi vic lm cung in, dinh th, xy thnh, o ho, tu to
tu b, t lm kiu mu, thu th thuyn, mua vt liu v.v....

Lc ngi nh xong Ty Sn, th chnh tr trong nc nt, phong tc

hy hoi, vic g cng cn sa sang li. B i vy trong th ngi chnh n
php lut, v mi vic cai tr cng l sa sang phong tc, cm dn gian khng
cho ly vic thn pht m by ra ru ch n ung, nghim d quan li khng
c sinh s nhi-u dn. ngoi th ngi lo s giao hiu vi nc Tu, nc
Tim, nc Chn Lp, khin cho nc Vit Nam lc by gi trong ngoi u
c yn tr.

Ngoi lc b li c St Vin gi vic can gin vua, v n hch

cc quan. Cp s trung cc khoa v gim st ng s cc o, u thng thuc
v vin y. Trong vin c t hu ng s v t hu ph ng s ng u.
By gi vua Th T li t ra To Chnh coi vic vn ti cng l
thu m tu b. C quan To Chnh S v To Ph S lm u.
180

lnh c, lnh m. Li t bin binh ban l, ngha l cc binh lnh chia ra lm 3

phin, 2 phin v qun, cn mt phin ti ban lun lu thay i cho nhau.
Nhng binh kh th dng gm gio, m tu, v li c sng ln bng
ng gi l sng i bc, sng nh gi l sng thch c iu thng, ngha l
bn th m bng my la. ch kinh thnh lp ra ba s x trng qun
lnh tp bn.

Cc a phng th lc by gi t nam ch bc chia ra lm 23 trn v 4

doanh. T Thanh Ha ngoi (tc l Ninh bnh by gi) tr ra, gi l Bc
Thnh, thng c 11 trn, chia ra lm 5 ni trn: Sn Nam Thng, Sn Nam
H, Sn Ty, Kinh Bc, v Hi Dng; 6 ngoi trn: Tuyn Quang, Hng Ha,
Cao Bng, Lng Sn, Thi Nguyn, Qung Yn. T Bnh Thun tr vo gi l
Gia nh Thnh, thng c 5 trn: Phin An (a ht Gia nh), Bin Ha, Vnh
Thanh (tc l Vnh Long v An Giang), Vnh Tng v H Tin.

cc ca b u lm n t sng phng gi v xem xt nhng

tu b ngoi quc i li.

Cn qung gia nc, th t Thanh Ha Trn (gm c Thanh Ha

ni, Thanh Ha ngoi), Ngh An trn, Qung Ngha trn, Bnh nh trn, Ph
Yn trn, Bnh Ha trn (tc l Khnh ha) v Bnh Thun trn. t kinh k
thng bn doanh l: Trc L Qung c doanh (tc l Tha Thin by gi),
Qung Tr doanh, Qung bnh doanh, Qung Nam doanh.

Nc Vit Nam ta c nhiu b cn phi gi gn, b i vy vua Th T

lu tm v vic chnh n binh thuyn: ly ngi gn b v doanh Qung
c v doanh Qung Nam lm 6 v thy qun ng ti Kinh Thnh. Cn
cc hi khu, mi ni c mt c lnh thy coi gi. Nh vua li lm mt th
thuyn ln ngoi bc ng, i li tun phng min b.

Bc Thnh v Gia nh Thnh u t chc tng trn, v ph tng

trn, coi mi vic. cc trn th t quan lu trn hay l quan trn th,
quan cai b v quan k lc coi vic cai tr trong trn.

4. Vic Ti Chnh. Thu inh, thu in u nh li c. Thu in th

chia ra lm 3 hng: nht ng in mi mu ng nin np thc 20 thng; nh
ng in 15 thng; tam ng in 10 thng. Cn th rung ma ng nin
phi np 10 thng.

Trn li chia ra ph, huyn, chu, t chc tri ph, tri huyn, tri chu
coi vic cai tr.

Thu inh th l nh: t Ngh An ra n ni ngoi Thanh Ha, mi

sut ng nin phi chu:

Nhng trn Ngh An, Thanh Ha v 5 ni trn Bc Thnh, th

dng nhng quan cu thn nh L lm quan cai tr. Cn 6 ngoi trn Bc
Thnh, th giao quyn cai tr cho nhng th ho s ti.

Thu thn
Mn tin
Cc m-

3. Binh Ch.

Khi vua Th T nh c Ty Sn ri, ngi ban th ng cho

cc tng s, tng phong v lm n th nhng ngi t trn. Cn nhng qun
lnh gi nua th cho v qu qun. t ra php gin binh: l nh cc trn, t
Qung Bnh vo n Bnh Thun th c ba tn inh kn ly mt tn lnh; t
Bin Ha tr vo th c 5 tn inh kn ly mt tn lnh; t H Tnh tr ra n 5
ni trn Bc Thnh th c 7 tn inh kn ly mt tn lnh. Cn 6 ngoi trn
l Tuyn Quang, Hng Ha, Cao Bng, Lng Sn, Thi Nguyn, Qung Yn th
c 10 tn inh kn ly mt tn lnh.

1 quan 2 tin
1 tin
2 bt

5 ni trn Bc Thnh v ph Phng Thin139, mi sut inh ng nin

phi chu:
Thu thn
Mn tin
iu tin (tp dch)
Cc m-

ch Kinh thnh th t ra thn binh, cm binh, tinh binh. Lnh thn

binh mi v c 500 ngi v c 50 ngi tp qun nhc. cc trn th t ra
139

181

Tc l ph Hoi c by gi.

1 quan 2 tin
1 tin
6 tin
2 bt

6 ngoi trn Bc Thnh, mi sut inh ng nin phi chu:

Thu thn
Mn tin
iu tin
Cc m-

Thu cc sn vt: Nm Gia Long th hai (1803), nh l cc qu h

Ngh An, ng nin phi np cc hng qu 120 cn. Thanh Ha phi np
70 cn, v u c mi-n tr thu thn c. Nhng ngi tm c cy qu,
phi trnh quan cp cho vn bng mi c n. n xong ri mt na
np quan, mt na cho ngi tm c.

6 tin
1 tin
3 tin
1 bt

L gim thu: Thu l tuy nh nh vy, nhng nm no u mt

ma, nh l b hong trng, i hn hay l nc lt, v.v... th nh nc chiu
theo s thit hi nhiu t m gim thu cho dn. La 10 phn thit hi ti 4
phn th khoan gim cho hai phn thut; thit hi 5 phn th gim cho 3; thit
hi 6 phn th gim cho 4; thit hi 7 phn th gim cho 5; thit hi 8 phn th
gim cho 6; thit hi 9 phn th gim cho 7; thit hi ht c th gim c. Hoc
nh nc c ly dn inh i lm ng, o sng, xy thnh v.v... th cng
c gim thu.

Nm Gia long th t (1805), nh l nhng ngi i ly yn so cc

o v ht Qung Nam, mi ngi ng nin phi np thu yn 8 lng, v
c tha vic binh lnh.
Cn nhng thu hng, thu sm, thu chiu, thu g, u c l ring,
nh cho np bng tin hay l bng sn vt.
Vua Th T li nh l nh thu nhng thuyn cc nc vo bun
bn, c do thuyn ln nh m nh s thu phi np.

V thu: Nh vua li ty tng a phng m nh v thu. T Qung

Bnh n Bnh Thun c mi nm mt v thu thu, kh i u t thng 4 n
thng 7 th ht. T Ngh An ra n Thanh Ha ngoi, cng cc trn Bc
thnh mI nm thu thu 2 v: ma h th kh i t thng 4 n thng 6 th ht;
ma ng th kh i s t thng 10 n thng 11 th ht.

thu.

Nhng m ng, m thic, m km, cng cho ngi Tu khai nh

c tin: Nm Gia Long th hai (1803), m s c tin Bc Thnh,

c tin ng v tin km; li c ra nn vng, nn bc, lng vng, lng
bc, cho tin s giao thng bun bn trong nc.

inh b: L nh 5 nm mt ln lm s inh, trong lng t chc sc

cho n qun dn, u phi vo s. K t 18 tui tr ln, 59 tui tr xung,
u phi khai vo s.

Mi ng tin km nng 7 phn, mt mt in ch "Gia Long Thng

Bo", mt mt in ch "tht phn", mi quan tin nng 2 cn 10 lng.

in b: Cc lng, hoc rung ma, hoc rung chim, hoc rung

hai ma, hoc c t hng no, bao nhiu mu, so, thc, tc, ta lc ti u,
ng ty t ch phi chua cho r rng. Mi lng phi lm 3 quyn s, c 5
nm lm mt ln vo b ng du kim, ri mt bn lu li b, phng
khi xt n; cn hai bn giao v tnh, tnh mt bn lu chiu, cn mt bn
gia tr dn x lu th.

bc.

Gi vng Bc Thnh th nh c mt lng vng i ly 10 lng

V sau m thm l c tin Gia nh Thnh v cc trn.

Thc o: Vua Th T ch to ra kiu thc ng o rung, mt mt
khc 7 ch "Gia Long cu nin thu bt nguyt", mt mt khc 10 ch "ban
hnh c in xch, cng b ng knh to". Chun nh li cc thc vung
o rung khi trc, ch to ra thc ng, mt mt khc 7 ch "Gia Long Cu
Nin Thu Bt Nguyt", mt mt khc 12 ch "ban hnh c in cu kinh xch,
cng b ng khm to".

Cm bn rung cng in: T khi nh L mt ngi, dn x c ni th

em cng in i ra t in, c ni th em c bn i, b i vy nm Gia Long
th hai (1803) nh vua lp l cm dn x khng c mua bn cng in cng
th, ch tr lc no x thn c cng dng iu g, th mi c php cho in
c, hn ht 3 nm li phi tr li. Ai gi qun hn y th phi ti.
182

7. Vic Hc Hnh. Thi by gi nh c v cng mi dng nn c

nghip, cho nn lc y cc quan u triu l quan ng qun thng, v quan
tng trn Nam Bc hai thnh u l quan v c. Nhng vua Th T cng bit
rng s tr nc cn phi c v c vn, b i vy m ngy ngy lu v vic
hc hnh thi c trong nc.

Php cn: Nm Gia Long th 12 (1813), ch to ra cn thin bnh, cp

cho cc doanh cc trn, cn ng, st, ch, thic v cc sn vt. Cn vng
v bc th dng cn trung bnh.

5. Cng V.

Vua Th T li sa sang nhng ng s, xoi o cc sng

ngi, p cc iu, cho vic lm n ca dn gian c tin li.

Ngi lp nh Vn Miu cc doanh cc trn, th c Khng t, t

lng trng Nho hc. t Quc T Gim Kinh , dy con cc quan v
cc s t. M khoa thi Hng kn ly nhng ngi c hc hnh ra l quan.

ng Quan L: ng s trong nc l s khn yu cho vic chnh

tr, vy nn vua Th T mi nh l sai quan cc doanh, cc trn phi sa
sang ng quan l: bt dn s ti phi p ng lm cu, l c 15.000
trng ng th pht cho dn 10.000 phng go.

t thm chc c hc cc trn, v dng nhng ngi c khoa mc

i nh L, coi vic dy d.

Li t ca Nam quan (thuc Lng Sn) vo n Bnh Thun, c

4.000 trng phi lm mt ci nh trm cnh ng quan l, cho quan
khch i li ngh ngi. C thy 98 trm.

Vua Th T lo c n a d v quc s, b i vy ngy sai quan Binh

B Thng Th l L Quang nh k cu trong cc trn cc doanh, t Lng
Sn n H Tin, xem sn xuyn him tr , ng s xa gn, sng b, cu
qun, ch ba, phong tc, th sn, c nhng g lm thnh sch "Nht Thng
a D Ch" dng ln. n nm bnh dn (1806), b sch y lm xong c
thy c 10 quyn.

Cn t Bnh Thun tr vo pha nam n H Tin th i ng thy.

Sng ngi v iu: Nhng sng ngi v iu, u l s khn
yu cho vic canh nng, b i vy vua Th T truyn cho quan cc trn phi
xoi o sng ngi v cc ca b, v nht l Bc thnh phi gi gn iu
cho cn thn: ch no khng c th p thm, ch no h hng th phi sa
li. cc trn li t ra kho cha thc go, phng khi mt ma i km th
ly m pht cho dn.

Nm tn mi (1811), ngi sai quan tm nhng sch d s ni chuyn

nh L v nh Nguy-n Ty Sn sa li quc s.
Thi by gi vn quc m cng thnh lm. Mt i khi nh vua cng
dng ch nm m lm vn t. Bi vn t tng s khi quan Tin qun Nguy-n
Vn Thnh, tng trn Bc Thnh ra ch t khng r ai lm, nhng tht l mt
bi vn chng i bt. Li c nhng chuyn nh "Hoa Tin" ca ng Nguy-n
Huy T, "Truyn Thy Kiu" ca quan Hu Tham tri b L- l ng Nguy-n
Du140, cng pht hin ra thi by gi.

6. Php Lut.

Nguyn khi trc vn theo lut nh L, nhng nay nh

Nguy-n nht thng c nam bc, vua Th T bn truyn cho nh thn lp ra
php lut r rng, cho tin s cai tr. Nm tn mi (1811) sai Nguy-n Vn
Thnh lm tng ti, coi vic son ra sch lut; ly lut c ca i Hng c
nh L, m tham chc vi lut nh Thanh lm thnh mt b, c thy 22
quyn, c 398 iu.

"Truyn Thy Kiu" l mt tp vn chng rt hay, di-n c c

nhn tnh th c, t c c mi cnh trong i, m ch no vn chng cng
tao nh, li l cng l th. Ni theo ting i nay th "Truyn Thy Kiu" tht
l mt tp vn chng i trc tc ca nc ta vy.

n nm t hi (1815), th in sch lut y pht ra mi ni. B lut y

tuy ni theo lut Hng c nhng k thc l chp lut ca nh Thanh v ch
thay i t nhiu m thi.

140

183

ng Nguy-n Du ngi lng Tin in, huyn Nghi Xun, tnh H Tnh

n nm inh mo (1807) Nc ng Chn li b Tim La m xin v

thn phc vua Vit Nam ta, theo l cng tin, c ba nm mt ln.

8. Vic Giao Thip Vi Nc Tu.

Khi vua Th T dt c nh
Nguy-n Ty Sn v ly c t Bc H ri, sai quan thng th Binh B l L
Quang nh lm chnh s sang Tu cu phong v xin i quc hiu l Nam
Vit, ly l rng Nam l An Nam v Vit l Vit Thng. Nhng v t Nam
Vit i nh Triu ngy trc gm c t Lng Qung, cho nn Thanh Triu
mi i ch Vit ln trn, gi l Vit Nam cho khi lm vi tn c.

cng vt l:
Voi c cao 5 thc
Sng t gic
Ng voi
Ht sa nhn
u khu
Hong lp
Cnh kin
Sn en

n nm gip t (1804) Thanh Triu sai quan n st s tnh Qung Ty

l T B Sm sang tuyn phong. on ri, vua sai L B Phm lm chnh s
em cng sang t v t c chiu l ba nm mt ln sang cng.
cng phm l:
Vng
Bc
La v cp mi th
Sng t gic
Ng voi v qu mi th

200 lng
1000 lng
100 cy
2 b
100 cn

Nc ng Chn c ba ngi em tn l Nc ng Nguyn, Nc ng

Lem, Nc ng n, mun tranh quyn ca anh, mi sang cu cu nc Tim
La. Tim La bt Nc ng Chn phi chia t cho cc em. Nc ng Chn
khng chu, qun Tim La bn sang nh thnh La Bch. Nc ng Chn chy
sang Tn Chu, ri dng biu cu cu. Quan tng trn Gia nh thnh by gi
l Nguy-n Vn Nhn mi em vic y tu v Triu nh.

9. Vic giao thip vi nc Chn Lp v nc Tim La.

Nguyn lc cn L Triu th cha Nguy-n vn gi quyn bo h nc Chn

Lp. Sau vua nc y l Nc ng Tn141 b anh em hip ch, phi chia quyn
ra lm ba, cho Nc ng Vinh lm vua u, mnh lm vua th hai, em l
Nc ng Thm lm vua th ba. c t lu Nc ng Vinh git c Nc ng
Tn v Nc ng Thm gi ly quyn lm vua mt mnh.

Nm tn mi (1811), vua Th T cho s a th sang trch nc Tim

La sinh s. Nm sau, vua Tim La sai s sang phc th li rng: vic y l
mun ging ha cho anh em Nc ng Chn, ch khng c g c. Vy xin
Vit Nam x tr th no, Tim La142 cng xin thun.
Qua nm qu du (1813) vua Th T sai quan tng trn Gia nh
Thnh l L Vn Duyt em hn 10.000 qun, hi ng vi s nc Tim La,
a Nc ng Chn v nc.

Lc by gi Nguy-n Vng cn Gia nh mi sai Thanh Nhn

sang nh Nc ng Vinh v lp con Nc ng Tn l Nc ng n ln lm vua.
Nc ng n by gi mi c 8 tui. Nguy-n Vng sai H Vn Ln li bo
h. Nhng n khi t Gia nh tht th quyn bo h nc Chn Lp thuc
v nc Tim La.

Nc Tim La tuy khng dm khng c, nhng vn lu qun li gi

tnh Bc tm bon (Battambang), ni rng t y phong cho cc em Nc ng
Chn. L Vn Duyt mi vit th sang trch nc Tim La v iu y, qun
Tim mi rt v.

Nm bnh thn (1796), Nc ng n mt, truyn ni li cho con l Nc

ng Chn. Vua Tim La sai s sang phong, nh th l vua Chn Lp phi thn
phc vua Tim La.

141

2 con
2 chic
2 ci
50 cn
50 cn
50 cn
50 cn
20 l

L Vn Duyt dng s xin xy thnh Nam Vang (Phnompenh) v thnh

La-lm. Khi nhng thnh y xy xong, th vua Th T sai Nguy-n Vn Thy

Xem chng VI

142

184

Tc l Thi Lan ngy nay

em 1.000 qun li bo h nc Chn Lp. T quyn bo h Chn Lp

li v nc ta.

12. S git hi cng thn.

Nhng ngi cng thn nh Nguy-n Vn

Thnh v ng Trn Thng u b git hi trong khi vua Th T cn ang tr
v.

10. Vic giao thip vi nc Hng Mao.

Nm qu hi (1803),
nc Hng Mao (tc l Anh Ct Li) sai s l ng Robert em phng vt
sang dn v xin cho vo m ca hng bun bn Tr Sn, thuc Qung Nam.
Vua Th T khng nhn , v cng khng cho m ca hng. Sau ngi Hng
Mao cn a th sang hai ba ln na, nhng ngy vn mt nim t chi khng
chu.

Nguy-n Vn Thnh, nguyn l ngi Tha Thin, nhng vo Gia

nh hai ba i. Theo vua Th T t khi ngi mi kh i binh nh Ty Sn,
chu ht mi ng kh s . Sau ra nh Ty Sn Quy Nhn, lp c cng
ln, ng u hng cng thn.
Khi vua Th T ra ly bc h, triu ng ra lm tng trn, giao cho xp
t mi vic, ch c my nm m t Bc H c yn tr. Sau v Kinh lm
chc trung qun.

11. Vic giao thip vi nc Php Lan Ty.

i vi nc
Php th vua Th T c bit nhn hn, l v khi ngi cn gian trun, ngi c
nh ng B a Lc c em my ngi sang gip ngy. n khi xong vic
nh dp ri, cn c Chaigneau, Vannier v Despiau lm quan ti triu, m
vua Th T cng c lng trng i, cho mi ngi 50 lnh hu, v n bui
chu th khng bt ly.

ng c hc thc, cho nn triu nh c lm tng ti vic lm sch lut

v quc s.
Nguy-n Vn Thnh c ngi con tn l Nguy-n Vn Thuyn thi u
c nhn, thng hay lm th giao du vi nhng k vn s. By gi nghe
ngi Thanh Ha l Nguy-n Vn Khu v Nguy-n c Nhun c ting hay
ch, Vn Thuyn lm bi th sai tn Nguy-n Trng Hiu cm i mi vo
chi.
Bi th rng:
Vn o i chu a tun kit
H hoi trc tch dc cu ty
V tm cu bo Kinh sn phc
Thin tng phng tri K bc k
U cc hu hng thin l vi-n
Cao cng minh phng cu thin tri
Th hi nhc c sn trung t
T ng kinh lun chuyn ha ky
Dch nm l:
i chu nghe ni lm ngi hay
Ao c cu hin by nay
Ngc phc Kinh sn ti sn
Nga k K bc bit lu thay
Mi hng hang ti xa nghn dm,
Ting phng g cao sut chn my
Sn t phen ny d gp g

V trong khi vua Th T lm vua nc Vit Nam, th N Ph Lun

nht (Napoleon I) lm vua bn nc Php, ang cn phi nh nhau vi cc
nc, cho nn tu Php cng khng hay i li pha Vi-n ng ny. n khi
N Ph Lun tht th, dng di nh vua c li trung hng ln, by gi s chin
tranh yn, th mi c tu sang bun bn phng ng. Nm inh su
(1817), c chic tu "La Paix" ca hiu Balguerie, Sarget et Cie ch hng
sang bn, nhng m nhng hng y, ngi Vit Nam ta khng dng c,
li phi ch v. Vua Th T tha khng nh thu. Qua thng su nm y,
chic tu binh tn l Cyble ca nc Php vo c Nng. Quan thuyn
tr ng l De Kergarion b tc ni rng Php Hong Louis XVIII sai sang xin
thi hnh nhng iu c do B a Lc k nm 1787 v vic nhng ca
Nng v o Cn Ln. Vua Th T sai quan ra tr li rng nhng iu c y
nc Php trc khng thi hnh th nay b, khng ni n na.
Nm k mo (1819), c chic tu bun ba ct tn l "Rose" v "Le
Henri" vo ca Nng. Ln ny hng ha em sang bn c, li ch ch
v la v. Nm y Chaigneau xin ngh ba nm, em v con xung tu "Le
Henri" v Php.

185

Gip nhau xoay i hi c ny

cng thn, m li ly nhng chuyn nh nht em git hi nhng ngi c

cng vi ngi, khin cho hu th ai xem n nhng chuyn y, cng nh n
vua Hn Cao, v li th di m thng tic cho nhng ngi ham m hai ch
cng danh v i p ch ngy xa.

T ng bi th ny chng qua l li l ca ngi thiu nin ni ngng

m thi, khng ng tn Hiu a cho Nguy-n Hu Nghi xem, Hu Nghi xui
tn Hiu i co vi L Vn Duyt. L Vn Duyt vn ght Nguy-n Vn Thnh,
nay thy bi th ny, nm ly em vo tu vua, vua sai bt Nguy-n Vn
Thuyn em b ngc. By gi triu thn c nhiu ngi b ti ng Thnh.
Mt hm bi triu ri, ng Thnh chy theo nm ly o vua m ku khc rng:
"Thn theo B H t tha nh n by gi, nay khng c ti g m b ngi ta
cu x, B H n lng no ngi nhn ngi ta git thn m khng cu?".
Vua Th T git o ra i vo cung, ri t cm khng co ng Thnh vo
chu na, v sai L Vn Duyt em con Nguy-n Vn Thnh ra tra hi, bt phi
nhn ti. Nguy-n Vn Thnh s ti, ung thuc c m cht, cn Nguy-n
Thuyn th phi chm.

Vua Th T mt nm k mo (1819), tr v c 18 nm, th 59 tui,

miu hiu l Th T Cao Hong .

ng Trn Thng ngi Chng c (tc l huyn Chng M,

tnh H ng by gi) c ti vn hc, trn Ty Sn vo Gia nh theo gip vua
Th T lm n Binh B Thng Th. Sau v lm gian sc phong thn cho
Hong Ng Phc l tng nh Trnh vo bc phc thn, triu nh lm n phi
ti chm. Nhng ri li c tha. ng Trn Thng vn c him vi L
Cht, cho nn L Cht mi bi nhng vic nh l khi ra coi to binh Bc
Thnh, c chim gi m ao v n lu inh in, v.v.... Li b bt b ngc v
x phi ti gio.
Tng truyn rng ng Trn Thng trong ngc c lm bi "Hn
Vng Tn Ph" bng quc m v mnh nh Hn Tn i Hn.

13. Xt cng vic ca vua Th T.

Vua Th t l ng vua c ti
tr, rt khn ngoan, trong 25 nm tri, chng nhau vi Ty Sn, tri bao nhiu
ln hon nn, th m khng bao gi ng lng, c mt nim lo s khi phc.
Ngi li c ci c tnh rt tt ca nhng k lp nghip ln, l ci c tnh bit
chn ngi m dng, khin cho nhng k ho kit ai cng nc lng m theo
gip. B i vy cho nn khng nhng l ngi khi phc c nghip c, m li
thng nht c sn h, v sa sang c mi vic, lm cho nc ta lc by
gi thnh mt nc cng i, t xa n nay, cha bao gi tng thy.
Cng nghip ca ngi th to tht, ti tr ca ngi th cao tht, nhng ch
him c mt iu l khi cng vic xong ri, ngi khng bo ton cho nhng
186

Ngi tinh thm Nho hc, sng o Khng Mnh, cho nn khng a
o mi, cho l mt t o ly tri thnh ra m lm m hoc lng dn. B i
vy, ngi mi nghim cm v trng tr nhng ngi theo o Gia T.
V sau c nhiu nh lm s, v ring m cho ngi l bo qun, th
thit t ng iu y khng hp vi l cng bng.

CHNG I

Thnh T
(1820-1840)

Phi bit rng nc ta t xa n nay, iu g cng theo Nho Gio, ly

tam cng ng thng lm cn bn cho s n . Vua ti, cha con, v chng,
y l ci kha lun l c x hi mnh. Ai tho ci kha y ra th cho l khng
phi loi ngi na. Vy con phi theo cha, ti phi theo vua, ai tri vi ci
o y ra phi ti nng, ng chm git.

Nin hiu: Minh Mnh

1. c vua Thnh T
2. Vic chnh tr trong nc
3. Ni cc
4. C mt vin
5. Tn nhn ph
6. Quan ch
7. t tng c, tun ph cc tnh
8. Lng bng ca cc quan
9. Tin dng lim
10. S hc hnh thi c
11. Sch v
12. Vic sa sang phong tc
13. Nh dng t
14. Vic dinh in v thu m
15. Vic v b

Lc trong nc mnh t vua quan cho ch dn s, ai ai cng ly ci l

t ng y lm phi, lm hay hn c, m li thy c ngi b i theo o khc,
ni nhng chuyn m lc by gi li khng my ngi hiu r ra th no th tt
cho l theo t o lm h hng ci phong tc hay ca mnh. B i vy cho nn
nh vua mi cm, khng cho ngi trong nc i theo o mi.
Mt ng vua nghim khc nh Thnh T m cm khng c, th tt
l phi git. Trong khi cm v git nh vy, l vn t ng mnh lm bn phn
lm vua ca mnh, ch c bit u l mnh lm s thit hi cho dn cho nc.
V, bao gi cng vy, h- ngi ta sng tn mt tng gio no, th tt
cho ci tng gio ca mnh l hay hn, v cho ngi theo tng gio khc l th
nghch vi mnh, ri h- c quyn th l lm th no cng dng cch y m h
hip ngi khc o vi mnh. Cng v l y, cho nn ngy trc Vua
Phillippe II nc I Pha Nho, vua Louis XIV nc Php Lan Ty git hi bao
nhiu ngi trong nc. M chc rng lc by gi cc ng y cng t ng l
mnh lm iu phi, ch c bit u l mnh lm iu tri l.

1. c Vua Thnh T.

Thng ging nm canh thn (1820),

Hong Thi T hy l m ln ngi, t nin hiu l Minh Mnh.

Vn bit rng s git o l s khng lnh, nhng phi hiu ci tr no

ngi Vit Nam ta lc by gi, khng r ci tng ch o Thin Cha ra th
no, cho nn du khng phi l vua Thnh T na, th ng vua khc cng
khng chc trnh khi ci li git o y.

Vua Thnh T l mt ng vua c t cht minh mn, c tnh hiu hc

v li hay lm; phm c vic g, ngi cng xem xt n, v c chu ph ri
mi c thi hnh.

Nh lm s li cho vua Thnh T git Nguy-n Vn Thnh, song xt

trong cc truyn nh sch Thc Lc Chnh Bin v sch i Nam Chnh Bin
Lit Truyn th ch thy chp rng Nguy-n Vn Thnh b ti phi ung thuc
187

c m t t nm Gia Long th 15 m thi. Cn nh v n L Vn Duyt v

L Cht th c hp hi tht, nhng khi cc ng y mt ri, v li v c tn
Khi kh i lon cho nn mi truy ti hai ng y m lm n, ch lc hai ng y
cn sng, th vua Thnh T, tuy c bng nghi ng, nhng vn khng bc i.

i lun, nhng lc tr mnh m khng sa sang mi vic, th ri n lc gi

yu, mi mt cn lm g c. B i vy cho nn trm khng dm li bing lc
no143.
trong triu, th ngi t thm ra cc t v cc vin. By gi c Ni
Cc v C Mt Vin l quan trng hn c.

Vic ngi git ch du l b v Hong T Cnh v cc chu, th khng

thy sch no chp c, ch thy mt i ngi truyn ngn nh th m thi.
Vy vic y thc h th no khng r.

3. Ni Cc.

i vua Th T t Th Th Vin lm chn c yu trong

in, c iu g th vua hi han v lm cc vic nh biu, sch, ch, co,
chng, tu, sc, mnh, v.v.... i khi cng t h phng b th ca vua vy.

Cn vic khng bit giao thip vi cc nc ngoi dng, th khng

phi l ci li ring mt mnh ngi. Lc by gi ngi mnh ai cng ch bit c
nc Tu l vn minh hn, cn th cho l man di c. Phng s c ai l ngi
bit m ni thin h cn c nhiu nc vn minh hn na cng khng ai tin.
B i th, h- thy ngi ngoi quc vo nc mnh, th khng nhng l s c s
phn trc v s em o mi vo nc m thi, li cn s ly phi ci phong
tc d man na, cho nn khng mun giao thng vi ngoi quc lm g. Nh
th th c nn ring trch mt mnh ai khng ?

Nm canh thn (1820) l nm Minh Mnh nguyn nin, vua Thnh T

ci lm Vn Th Phng; n nm Minh Mnh th mi (1829), i lm Ni
Cc, ly quan tam t phm cc b, vin, vo qun lnh mi vic.

4. C Mt Vin.

Nm gip ng (1834) l nm Minh Mnh th 15, nhn

v vic qun quc c yu l vic rt quan trng, vua Thnh T mi theo nh
Khu Mt Vin nh Tng v Qun C x nh Thanh m chm chc t ra C
Mt Vin, cho c trch nhim ring. Cc quan i thn sung chc trong vin
y th dng 4 vin, vn v t tam phm tr ln, phng ch kn dng. Thuc
vin th c vin ngoi lang, ch s, t v, bin tu, u kn trong cc b vin
ra sung b. Cc quan i thn C Mt Vin c c ch cho em kim bi
phn bit vi cc quan khc. Kim bi kh i u c t y.

Ci ngha v lm s, t ng nn k cu cho tng tn, ri c s thc

m ni, ch khng nn ly lng yu ght ca mnh m xt on. Du ngi
mnh ght m c lm iu phi, mnh cng phi khen; ngi mnh yu m c
lm iu tri, mnh cng phi ch. Vua Thnh T l mt ng vua chuyn ch,
tt th no cng c nhiu iu sai lm v c nhiu iu tn c, nhng xt cho
k, th tht ngi cng c lng v nc lm. Trong, lo sa sang mi vic, lm
thnh ra nn np chnh t, ngoi, nh Tim dp Lo, lm cho nc khng n
ni km hn.

5. Tn Nhn Ph.

Nm bnh thn (1836) l nm Minh Mnh th 17,

vua Thnh T t ra Tn Nhn Ph v t quan chc coi mi vic trong
h nh vua.

Vy c bnh tnh m xt, th du ngi khng c l ng anh qun

na, th cng khng phi l ng vua tm thng; c xem cng vic ca ngi
lm th hiu r.

Nh vua th tin t c 7 miu: nhng miu pha t gi l chiu, nhng

miu pha hu gi l mc. Con chu cc dng chiu hay l mc phi phn
bit chi no ra chi y.

2. Vic Chnh Tr Trong Nc.

Vua Thnh T 30 tui mi ln

ngi vua, cho nn vic triu chnh ngi am hiu lm. Vic g ngi cng
mun bit. C khi xong bui chu ri, ngi i mt vi quan i thn ln bn
mi vic kinh l v hi nhng s tch i xa, nhng nhn vt v phong tc
cc nc xa l. Ngi chm xem xt mi vic, c khi m thp n xem
chng, s, n trng hai, trng ba mi thi. Thng thng ngi ni vi cc
quan rng: Lng ngi ai cng mun yn, m khng mun sinh s ra thay

t tn nhn lnh mt ngi, t hu tn chnh hai ngi, t hu tn

nhn hai ngi, coi vic hong tc v vic phn bit t hng chiu hng
mc, ghi chp hng lt ngi thn ngi s, vic nui nng v cp tc lc
143

188

Minh Mnh Chnh Yu, quyn Cn Chnh.

cho mi ngi trong hong tc; li t ra hu tn khanh hai ngi, t hu t l

hai ngi, coi th trt mi ngi tn tht v vic cp dng cho k c u,
gip nhng vic tang hn v.v....

Chnh Ng
Phm

6. Quan Ch.

Vua Thnh T li t cc phm cp quan ch, t nht

phm n cu phm, mi phm chia ra lm chnh v tng hai bc.

Chnh Nht
Phm

Tng Nht
Phm
Chnh Nh
Phm
Tng Nh
Phm
Chnh Tam
Phm

Tng Tam
Phm

Chnh T
Phm

Tng T
Phm

Vn
Cn chnh in i hc s,
Vn Minh in i hc s, V
hin in i hc s, ng
cc i hc s.
Hip bin i hc s.
Thng th, tng c, t hu
ng s.
Tham tri, tun ph, t hu
ph ng s.
Ch ng vin hc s, th lang,
i l t khanh, thi thng t
khanh, b chnh s, trc hc
s, thng chnh s, thim s,
ph don.
Quang Lc t khanh, thi bc
t khanh, thng chnh ph s.

Hng l t khanh, i l t
thiu khanh, thi thng t
thiu khanh, t tu, lang
trung, th c hc s, thiu
thim s, thi y vin s, to
chnh s, ph tha, n st s.
Quang Lc t thiu khanh,
thi bc t thiu khanh
ch ng n, cp s trung, th
ging hc s, kinh k o ng
s, t nghip, t t s, qun

Tng Ng
Phm

V
Ng qun Thng ph
thng ch ng ph s.

Chnh Lc
Phm

Ng qun Thng ph
thng.
Thng ch, c.

Tng Lc
Phm

Ch ng v, khinh xa y,
ch huy s,ph c.
Nht ng th v, ch huy s,
thn cm binh v y, lnh
binh.

Chnh Tht
Phm
Tng Tht
Phm

Binh m s, tinh binh v y,

thm cm binh ph v y,
ph lnh binh, kiu k y,
ph m y.
Qun c, nh ng th v,
binh m ph s, tinh binh ph
v y, thnh th y.

Ph qun c, tuyn y s, k
y.

189

o.
Hng l t thiu khanh, gim
st ng s, hn lm vin th
c, vin ngoi lang, tr ng
s, t t ph s,ng y, gim
chnh, to chnh ph s,c
hc,ph qun o.
Hn lm vin th ging, hn
lm vin tha ch, miu lang,
gim ph, ph tr ng s, ph
ng y, tri ph.
Hn lm vic trc tc, ch
s, ng tri ph, kinh huyn,
tri huyn, y t vin phn, ng
quan chnh.
Hn Lm Vin tu son, tri
huyn, tri chu, miu tha,
hc chnh, thng phn, th tri
ph, y hu vin phn.
Hn lm vin bin tu, t v,
lc s, gim tha, gim linh
i lang, gio th, kinh lch.
Hn lm vin kim tho, y
chnh, tinh linh i lang, th
tri huyn, tri chu.

Chnh Bt
Phm

Hn lm vin in tch, hun

o, chnh bt phm th li.

Tng Bt
Phm

Hn lm vin in b, y ph,
tng bt phm th li.

Chnh Cu
Phm

Hn lm vin cung phng,

chnh cu phm th li, thi
y y chnh, t tha, ph li
mc.

Tam ng th v, thn cm
binh chnh i tr ng, phng
th y.

Tinh binh chnh i, t ng

th v, thn cm binh chnh
i tr ng sut i, tuyn ph
s, phi k y.
Ng ng, th v, cm y hiu
y, tinh binh chnh i tr ng
sut i, th binh chnh i,
tr quc lang.
Thn cm binh chnh i
tr ng, n k y, th binh
chnh i tr ng sut i.
Thn cm binh chnh i
tr ng, n k y, th binh
chnh i tr ng sut i.
Tinh binh i tr ng, phng
n y, dch tha, tng tht
phm thin h, ni to ph t
tng.
Chnh bt phm i tr ng,
chnh bt phm b h, dch
mc, chnh bt phm chnh
t tng.
Tng bt phm i tr ng,
tng bt phm b h, tha n
y, tng bt phm ph t
tng.
Chnh cu phm i tr ng,
ph l mc, chnh cu phm
b h, chnh cu phm tng
mc.

Tng Cu
Phm

Hn lm vin i chiu, tng

cu phm th li, tnh y sinh,
huyn li mc, chnh tng.

Chnh t phm:tin 80 quan, go 60 phng, tin xun phc 14 quan.

Tng t phm: tin 60 quan, go 50 phng, tin xun phc 10 quan.
Chnh ng phm:tin 40 quan, go 43 phng, tin xun phc 9 quan.
Tng ng phm: tin 35 quan, go 30 phng, tin xun phc 8 quan.
Chnh lc phm:tin 30 quan, go 25 phng, tin xun phc 7 quan.
Tng lc phm: tin 300 quan, go 22 phng, tin xun phc 6 quan.
Chnh tht phm:tin 25 quan, go 20 phng, tin xun phc 5 quan.
Tng tht phm: tin 22 quan, go 20 phng, tin xun phc 5 quan.
Chnh bt phm:tin 20 quan, go 18 phng, tin xun phc 5 quan.
Tng bt phm: tin 20 quan, go 18 phng, tin xun phc 4 quan.
Chnh cu phm:tin 18 quan, go 16 phng, tin xun phc 4 quan.
Tng cu phm: tin 18 quan, go 16 phng, tin xun phc 4 quan.

Tng cu phm i tr ng,

tng cu phm b h, huyn
l mc, tng cu phm tng
mc.

7. t Tng c, Tun Ph cc tnh.

Nguyn trc nc
Nam ta chia ra lm tng trn, c quan Trn Th, hay l quan Lu Trn coi
vic trong trn. T i Gia Long tr i, Bc Thnh v Gia nh Thnh t
quan Tng Trn v quan Hip Trn, coi vic qun v vic dn trong c ton
x.
n nm tn mo (1831) l nm Minh Mnh th 12, vua Thnh T
mi theo li nh Thanh, i trn lm tnh v t chc tng c, tun ph, b
chnh s, n st s v lnh binh.

Li dch binh tng: mi thng tin mt quan, go mt phng.

Hu b: mi thng tin 2 quan, go 2 phng.

Tng c th coi vic qun, vic dn, kho hch quan li, sa sang b
ci trong ht; tun ph th coi vic chnh tr, gio dc v gi gn phong tc;
b chnh s th coi vic thu m, inh in, lnh trng v triu nh c n trch
hay l cm lnh iu g, th phi tuyn cho mi ni bit; n st s th coi vic
hnh lut v kim c vic trm dch bu chnh; lnh binh th chuyn coi binh
lnh.

T nht phm n tam phm, mi nm hai k trnh giy lnh bng; t

t phm n tht phm, mi nm 4 ln, n thng cui ma xun, h, thu,
ng, trnh giy lnh bng; t bt cu phm tr xung, th c mi thng n
lnh mt k.
Tin lng bng ca cc quan vin lc by gi m so snh vi by
gi, th tht l t i qu. Nhng m chc l s n tiu tha trc r rng khng
ht bao nhiu. Nh vua li s nhng ph huyn thiu thn m nhng lm ca
dn, cho nn mi nm li pht thm tin dng lim.

T tun ph tr xung u phi theo lnh quan tng c. Thng th

tnh no ln, c lm vic quan trng mi t tng c qun tr c hai ba
tnh. Cn nhng tnh nh th ch t tun ph l quan u tnh144.

8. Lng bng ca cc quan vin.

Nm k hi (1839) l nm
Minh Mnh th 20, vua Thnh T nh lng bng ng nin v tin xun
phc ca cc quan vin.

9. Tin Dng Lim.

Tri ph: ti yu khuyt cho 50 quan, yu khuyt

40 quan, khuyt 30 quan, gin khuyt 25 quan.
ng tri ph: ti yu khuyt cho 50 quan, yu khuyt 40 quan, khuyt
30 quan, gin khuyt 25 quan.

Chnh nht phm:tin 400 quan, go 300 phng, tin xun phc 70 quan.
Tng nht phm: tin 300 quan, go 250 phng, tin xun phc 60 quan.
Chnh nh phm:tin 250 quan, go 200 phng, tin xun phc 50 quan.
Tng nh phm: tin 180 quan, go 150 phng, tin xun phc 30 quan.
Chnh tam phm:tin 150 quan, go 120 phng, tin xun phc 20 quan.
Tng tam phm: tin 120 quan, go 90 phng, tin xun phc 16 quan.

Tri huyn, tri chu: ti yu khuyt cho 40 quan, yu khuyt 30 quan,

trung khuyt 25 quan, gin khuyt 20 quan.

10. S Hc Hnh Thi C.

Vic tr nc cn phi c vn hc, cho

nn t i vua Th T cng lu v vic m mang s hc hnh. n i
vua Thnh T th ngi li trng s vn hc lm, ngi thng ni vi cc quan

i vua Th T nc Nam ta c 27 trn, n i vua Thnh T t thm 4 tnh na l Hng

Yn, Ninh Bnh, H tnh v An Giang, c thy thnh ra 31 tnh.
144

190

rng: o tr nc th trc ht cn phi gy ly nhn ti. B i vy ngi c

lng yu dng nhng ngi c vn hc, cho cc hng cng vo lm hnh tu
trong lc b, hc tp vic chnh tr. M Quc T Gim cho cc gim sinh
c lng bng n hc.

Nghip Di-n Ch; ng Nguy-n nh Chnh ngi Thanh Ha dng 34 quyn

Minh Lng Khi Co Lc; ng V Vn Tiu, ngi Qung Ngha, dng mt
quyn C S Bin Lc.
Vua Thnh T li sai quan son xong b Lit Thnh Thc Lc Tin
Bin, b Khm nh Ti-u Binh Lng K Ph Khu Phng Lc, cn sch ca
ngi son ra c hai b l Ng Ch Ti-u Bnh Nam K Tc Khu Thi Tp v Ng
Ch Thi Tp.

i vua Th T th ch c thi Hng m thi, n nm nhm ng

(1822) l nm Minh Mnh th 3, mi m khoa thi Hi, thi nh ly tin s,
n nm Minh Mnh th 10 (1829) nh vua li cho nhng ngi trng cch,
nhng khng cp phn, c ph bng. Ph bng kh i u c t y.

12. Vic Sa Sang Phong Tc.

My nm v cui i vua Thnh T

trong nc lm gic gi, phong tc thnh ra kiu bc, dn s lm ngi c bc
ru ch v hay m hoc nhng t gio. Nh vua ly s y lm lo, bn son ra
10 iu hun d, ban ra mi ni, dy bo ngu dn.
1. Nhn Lun: trng tam cng ng thng.
2. Chnh Tm Thut: lm vic g cng ct phi gi bng d cho chnh
nh trong sch.
3. V Bn Nghip: gi bn phn chm ngh nghip ca mnh.
4. Thng Tit Kim: chung ng tit kim.
5. Hu Phong Tc: gi phong tc cho thun hu.
6. Hun T : phi dy bo con em.
7. Sng Chnh Hc: chung hc o chnh.
8. Gii Dm Thc: rn gi nhng iu gian t dm dc.
9. Thn Php Th: cn thn m gi php lut.
10. Qung Thin Hnh: rng s lm lnh.

Nguyn trc c 6 nm mt khoa thi, nay i li lm 3 nm mt khoa,

c nm t, ng, mo, du, thi Hng; nm thn, tut, su, mi, thi Hi, thi
nh.
Php thi th vn theo nh i Gia Long, ngha l k nht: kinh
ngha; k nh: t lc; k tam: thi ph; k t: vn sch. Trc ai tam
trng, gi l sinh i, ai t trng gi l hng cng, nay i sinh l t
ti, hng cng l c nhn.
Vua Thnh T l ng vua thng minh, ngi vn bit s hc ca nc ta
sai lm, nhng s phu trong nc ch hc theo li c nghip, ngha l ct hc
ly thi , ch khng my ngi c thc hc. Thng ngi ni chuyn vi cc
quan rng: "Lu nay khoa c lm cho ngi ta sai lm. Trm ngh vn chng
vn khng c qui c nht nh, m nay nhng vn c nghip ch cu n ci h
so, khoe khoang ln vi nhau, bit lp mi nh mt li, nhn phm cao hay
thp do t , khoa trng ly hay b cng do t . Hc nh th th trch no
m nhn ti chng mi ngy mt km i. Song tp tc quen ri, kh i
ngay c, v sau nn dn dn i li". Vua Thnh T tht l bit r ci tt
ca nhng ngi i hc trong nc ta, nhng ch v thi quen lu ngy kh
b. V li du c mun i, th d- thng cng khng bit i ra th no cho
hay hn c, cho nn s hc ca mnh vn nguyn nh c.

Nm bnh thn (1836) l nm Minh Mnh th 17, c quan gim st ng s

l Bi Mu Tin dng s tu rng: "Cc lng ngoi Bc Thnh nhiu k ho
cng tri php, m dn th bing nhc ch c bc ru ch; vic t l- qu
thn th hay dng cch xa x, vic tng t th chung ng xa hoa, thm ch
c k bn sch ca nh c nghip n n ming, thc l tri vi ngha
tng bo tng ln".

11. Sch V .

Vua Thnh T mi ln ngi, lo vic lm sch v; ngi t

Quc S Qun gp nht nhng chuyn lm quc s. Ngi li lu v vic
t ng l cho nhng ngi lm ra sch v . B i vy, ngi xung chiu: h- ai tm
c sch c, hay lm ra sch mi, th c ban th ng. T ng Trnh
Hoi c dng sch: Gia nh Thnh Thng Ch v sch Minh Bt Di Hon
Vn Tho; ng Hong Cng Ti dng mt bn Bn Triu Ngc Ph, 2 bn K
S; ng Cung Vn Hi, ngi Qung c dng 7 quyn Khai Quc Cng

Vua Thnh T bn xung chiu trch c cc quan a phng phi em

nhng iu hun d ban ra trc m khuyn bo dn s, v phi chuyn
sc cho tng l: h- thy ai bing nhc rong chi c bc ru ch, th phi cm
ch i. Nhng k ho cng trong lng m th hng hch iu toa kin tng,
chng cng vi quan trn, dm da k bnh dn, th phi theo php m trng
191

tr. Cn nhng l th thn v l- tang t th L- B nh ra php tc, h- ai

khng tun theo th phi ti.

nhng ni him yu th lp n i, cc ca b v cc o th lp
pho i. V li lm tu ng, tp thy qun phng gi mt b.

13. Nh Dng T.

Khng nhng l vua Thnh T ch lo vic dy dn

m thi, ngi li thng n nhng k ngho kh, vy nn ngi truyn cho cc
quan cc trn ngoi Bc Thnh c quyn ly tin kho m lp mt s
dng t: h- nhng k quan qu, c c, v k tn tt khng c ni nng
nh, phi n , th mi ngy cp cho mi tn 20 ng tin v na bt
quan ng go.

binh.

Binh ch th c b binh, thy binh, tng binh, k binh v pho th

B binh th c kinh binh v c binh. Kinh binh chia ra lm doanh, v,

i, hoc ng gi Kinh thnh, hoc sai i ng gi cc tnh. Mi doanh
c 5 v, mi v c 10 i, mi i c 50 ngi, c sut i v i tr ng cai
qun.

14. Vic inh in v Thu M.

Thu inh v thu in th i

khi cng theo nh i vua Th T nh. Ch c nm bnh thn (1836) l
nm Minh Mnh th 17, t Nam k c in xong, tnh ra c hn 630.075
mu v nh li cc th thu in th min y. Cn nh s dn inh v in
th trong nc, th c theo s b tng cng li c 970.516 sut inh v
4.063.892 mu rung v t.

Nhng binh kh ca mi v, th c hai khu sng thn cng, 200 khu

iu thng v 21 ngn c.
C binh l lnh ring ca tng tnh, cng chia ra lm c, lm i. C
th c qun c, m i th c sut i cai qun.
Tng qun chia ra thnh i, mi i l 40 con voi. S voi Kinh
thnh 150 con, Bc thnh 110 con, Gia nh thnh 75 con, Qung Nam
35 con, Bnh nh 30 con, Ngh An 21 con, Qung Bnh, Qung Ngha,
Thanh Ha mi ni 15 con, Qung Tr, Ph Yn, Bnh Thun, Ninh Bnh mi
ni 7 con.

Nhng dn Tu sang thnh lp hng p nc Nam ta gi l Minh

Hng, th c lnh mi ngi ng nin phi np hai lng bc v c tr
giao dch. Nhng ngi lo hng v tn tt th phi chu mt na.
Cn nhng ngi nh Thanh sang bun bn nc Nam, phm ngi
no m c vt lc th ng nin phi ng 6 quan nm tin; ai khng c vt
lc th phi np mt na, hn cho 3 nm, th chiu l thu c thu.

Thy qun c 15 v, chia ra lm 3 doanh, mi doanh c quan ch ng

v qun lnh, v c quan thng coi c 3 doanh.

Nh vua li t l nh thu mui. C mi rung mui ng nin

phi np bng mui t 6 phng cho n 10 phng.

Vua Thnh T vn bit rng nc dc b b, thy binh l vic rt

yu trng cho s phng b. Thng ngi bt quan em binh thuyn ra luyn
tp.

Mi phng np bng tin th phi t 3 tin cho n 4 tin 30 ng.

i khi vic binh c, ngi khng b tr- cht no. Ngi lp ton gio
dng binh, cho con cc quan v, t sut i tr ln ai mun tnh nguyn
vo hc, th cho lng bng, v c quan i thn ra dy v ngh.

Cn cc th thu m, thu sn vt, v.v... th i khi cng theo l i

vua Th T nh, ch khng thay i my i.

15. Vic V B.

Khi vua Thnh T ln ni nghip lm vua, th trong nc

c yn tr, nhng ngi vn bit vic tr nc cn phi c v b, cho nn
thng thng ngi vn c d truyn bo cc quan phi luyn tp binh m
phng khi hu s.

Cn nh khi no c qun lnh i u, th nh vua t l sai my ngi

y sinh i theo iu h.
192

Tuy nh vua mun lu v vic binh lnh, nhng ngi mnh lc by

gi ai cng trng vn khinh v, bnh nht khng c ai lo g n vic qun lnh
kh gii. H- c lm s th mi ri ln. Du rng nh vua nay c ch d ra tp
binh, mai c ch d ra tp trn mc lng, cc quan ch lm cho xong vic, ri
li b mc bn qun i lm th no th lm. Thnh ra qun s trong s sch
th nhiu, m th lc th vn khng : y l i vua Thnh T m cn th,
hung chi n nhng i sau, li cn suy nhc hn na.

CHNG III

Thnh T
(1820-1840)
(tip theo)

1. S gic gi
2. Gic Bc k
3. Phan B Vnh
4. L Duy Lng
5. Nng Vn Vn
6. Gic Nam K
7. n L Vn Duyt v L Cht
8. Gic Tim La
9. Vic Ai Lao
10. Vic Chn Lp
11. Vic giao thip vi nhng nc ngoi dng
12. S cm o
13. Vua Thnh T mt

1. S Gic Gi.

Vua Thnh T tht l ht lng lo vic chnh tr, iu g

ngi cng xem xt n, vic g ngi cng sa sang li, c mun cho nc
thnh dn giu, nhng phi my nm v sau, trong nc c lm gic gi, quan
qun phi chinh nam pht bc, phi nh Tim, dp Lo, thnh ra dn s
khng c yn nghip m lm
Xt s gic gi v i vua Thnh T l do ba l ct yu:
Mt l khi nh Nguy-n tht th Nam, qun h Trnh thua Bc, nh
Nguy-n Ty Sn cn phi lo vic trong nc, lc by gi nc Tim La nhn
ly dp y m gi quyn bo h nc Chn Lp v hip th cc nc t
Lo. n khi vua Th T nht thng nam bc, thanh th lng ly, nc Chn
193

Lp li xin v thn phc nc Nam, v cc nc Ai Lao, Vn Tng, u sang

triu cng nh Nguy-n. T nc Tim La i vi nc Nam, b ngoi tuy
khng ra mt cu ch, nhng b trong ch tm cch m sinh s cp li ci
quyn bo h Chn Lp v cc nc Lo. B i vy cho nn v pha ty v
pha nam bao gi cng c gic Tim v gic Lo quy nhi-u mi.

b, ri li em qun v nh ph huyn Tin Minh v huyn Nghi Dng

Hi Dng.
Nh vua thy th gic to lm, bn sai quan Tham bin Thanh Ha l
Nguy-n Cng Tr, quan Tham bin Ngh An l Nguy-n c Nhun em binh
thuyn Thanh, Ngh ra cng vi quan Hip trn Bc thnh l Nguy-n Hu
Thn i nh gic.

Hai l Bc K tuy l thng thuc v nh Nguy-n ri, nhng cn c

ngi mong nh nh L, thnh thong li c ni ni ln, hoc mun khi phc
cho nh L, hoc chng c vi quan nh Nguy-n, b i th cho nn t
Bc c phi lon lc lun.

Thng ging nm inh hi (1827) l nm Minh Mnh th 8, Vnh li

v nh ly ph Thin Trng v ph Kin Xng, sau li v vy quan qun
ch Qun. Phm Vn L v Nguy-n Cng Tr em qun n nh gii vy,
Vnh thua chy v gi Tr L. Quan qun vy nh, bt c Vnh v c
ng hn 765 ngi.

Ba l quan li c hay nhng nhi-u, lm cho lng ngi khng c tha

thun, v trong m quan trng thng hay c thi bi mc nhau tng
cng tng cn. Nh vua li c tnh hp hi, khng bao dong cho nhng k
cng thn, hay tm chuyn lm ut c mi ngi, m vi thn dn th nghim
khc qu, cho nn mi thnh ra nhiu s ri lon.

4. L Duy Lng. Khi dp xong gic Vnh th trong x yn c mt

, nhng cn c dng di nh L mun khi phc nghip c, b i vy n
thng ba nm qu t (1833) l nm Minh Mnh th 14, Ninh Bnh c L Duy
Lng, l con chu nh L ni ln, xng l i L Hong Tn, cng vi bn
th ti l Quch Tt Cng, Quch tt T, inh Th c, inh Cng Trnh, em
binh i nh ph cc ph huyn v chim gi c 3 chu huyn l Lc Th,
Phng Ha v Yn Ha. L Duy Lng li sai qun n vy nh thnh Hng
Ha nguy cp lm.

B i nhng l y, cho nn ngoi th c gic Tim nh ph, trong th c

ngy Khi dy lon pha nam. L Duy Lng v Nng vn Vn dy binh
pha bc. Lc by gi cng nh c ti hin tng gii nh Trng Minh
Ging, T Quang C, L Vn c, Nguy-n Cng Tr v.v.... u ra cng nh
dp, cho nn khng nhng l gic trong nc dp yn, m li thm c b
ci rng ri hn c nhng i trc.

Vua Thnh T sai quan tng c Ngh Tnh l T Quang C em qun

ra Ninh Bnh cng vi Tng c Thanh ha l Nguy-n Vn Trng i nh L
Duy Lng.

2. Gic Bc K.

S gic gi t Bc th t nm Minh Mnh th hai

(1822) tr i, thnh thong cc trn vn c nhng gic c quy nhi-u cc
chu huyn. Cn nhng gic c thanh th to m quan qun phi nh dp
kh nhc, th c Phan B Vnh kh i Nam nh, L Duy Lng kh i Ninh
Bnh v Nng Vn Vn kh i Tuyn Quang.

L Duy Lng Ninh Bnh th c lm, chng khng ni my o

quan qun, ch ng c vi ba thng th b bt, ng ci gii v Kinh tr ti.
Cn bn Quch Tt Cng, Quch Tt T th chng c bao lu m tan.

3. Phan B Vnh.

Nm Minh Mnh th 7 (1826), Nam nh c V

c Ct cng vi Phan B Vnh v Nguy-n Hnh kh i binh nh ph Tr L
v Ln Hi, git quan th ng l ng nh Mi-n v Nguy-n Trung Di-n.
Quan trn th Nam nh l L Mu Cc em qun xung nh, cng b gic
git mt. Quan qun cc trn phi v ti-u tr, bt c tn V c Ct.
Cn tn Vnh v d ng th chy tan c. Nhng n thng chp nm y,
Phan B Vnh v Nguy-n Hnh li thng vi ng gic Khnh i cp ngoi

V c chuyn L Duy Lng dy binh, cho nn nh vua truyn bt

dng di nh L em y vo Qung Nam, Qung Ngha, Bnh nh, c
chia cho 15 ngi mt huyn v pht cho 10 quan tin v 2 mu rung
lm n.

5. Nng Vn Vn.

Bc cn ang dp lon L Duy Lng cha xong,

th Nam L Vn Khi lm phn, chim gi thnh Gia nh. Nguyn tn Khi

194

l ngi Bc, c h hng b con mn Tuyn Quang, Cao Bng, b i vy nh

vua sai quan tm bt anh em ca tn Khi em v Kinh lm ti. By gi
Tuyn Quang c ngi anh v tn Khi l Nng Vn Vn b quan bt b, bn
ni ln nh ph trong ht Tuyn Quang, Thi Nguyn, Cao Bng v Lng Sn.
Gic Nng kh i t thng 7 nm qu t (1833) cho n thng 3 nm t mi
(1835) dai dng trong non hai nm tri, lm cho quan qun tht l vt v.

n thng 9 nm gip ng (1834) L Vn c v Phm Vn in i t

Sn Ty ln Tuyn Quang; T Quang C, Nguy-n Tin Lm, v H Hu i t
Cao bng; Nguy-n nh Ph v Nguy-n Cng Tr i t Thi Nguyn, ba mt
qun cng tin ln hi ti-u. Quan qun i ng s kh khn, lng thc vn
ti khng tin, nhng m qun s u c ht sc, i n u qun gic tan n
y. Thng chp nm y, c ba o cng n hi Vn Trung, ri sai ngi
a th sang ni vi quan nh Thanh phng gi, ng cho qun gic chy
sang bn y. Qu nhin Nng Vn Vn li chy sang Tu, b qun Tu ui
bt, li phi tr v Tuyn Quang.

Nng Vn Vn lm Tri chu chu Bo Lc. Nhn thy quan qun tm

bt h hng L Vn Khi, bn ni ln t xng l Tit Ch Thng Tng Qun,
v bt vin tnh phi thch ch vo mt rng: "Quan tnh hay n tin ca dn",
ri ui v.

Thng 3 nm t mi (1835), Phm Vn in c tin bit ch tn Vn

Vn , lin em qun i ui. Vn Vn chy n vo trong rng, Phm Vn
in bn vy 4 mt, ri phng ha t rng. Vn Vn b cht chy. Quan
qun chm ly u em v Kinh bo tip.

Nng Vn Vn chia qun ra nh ph cc tnh, quan s ti chng

khng ni, phi xin qun cu vin. Vua Thnh T c tin y, bn sai Sn
Hng Tuyn Tng c l L Vn c lm Tam Tuyn Tng c Qun V, v
sai Hi An th tng c l Nguy-n Cng Tr lm tham tn, em qun hi vi
Ninh Thi Tng c l Nguy-n nh Ph i ti-u tr gic Nng.

6. Gic Nam K.

t Nam K l t ca nh Nguy-n khai sng ra, v

cng b i y m vua Th T lp nn c nghip bn triu by gi, th m li c
s phn nghch l ti lm sao? C phn l ti vua Thnh T khng dong th
cho nhng k cu thn, c phn l ti nhng ngi gian nnh mun chiu
vua ly cng, lm c hip ngi ta, cho nn mi thnh ra s lon ln y.

Qun gic vy nh Cao Bng v Lng Sn ngt qu, nh vua li sai

An Tnh tng c l T Quang C lm tng thng i thn, ln nh mn
Cao Bng v Lng Sn.

Nguyn my nm trc, L Vn Duyt lm tng trn Gia nh thnh,

c uy quyn lm, m lng ngi ai cng knh phc. Ch v ng y l quan v,
tnh kh nng ny, lm khi ch triu ng tu i khng c hp th, vua
Thnh T ly lm khng bng lng, nhng ng y l bc khai quc cng thn,
cho nn ngi cng lm ng i. n khi ng y mt, th vua Thnh T bi
chc Tng Trn thnh Gia nh v t chc tng c, tun ph, b chnh, n
st, lnh binh, nh cc tnh ngoi Bc.

Nng Vn Vn nhn c ch mng mn lm ni nhiu rng, bn

chia qun i tn ra mi ni, tm ch him yu m n np, h- c quan qun
n, nh c th tin, khng nh c th lui, c ra vo bt trc, lui ti
khng nht nh. Quan qun i nh tht l kh nhc v li hao binh tn
tng rt nhiu.
Thng chp nm qu t (1833) o qun ca T Quang C gii c
vy tnh Lng Sn v ly li c thnh Cao bng. o qun ca L Vn c
v Nguy-n Cng Tr vo n Vn Trung (tc l Bo Lc) l ch so huyt ca
gic. Nng Vn Vn phi chy trn sang Tu.

Tnh Phin An (tc l tnh Gia nh) c Nguy-n Vn Qu lm tng

c, Bch Xun Nguyn lm b chnh, Nguy-n Chng t lm n st.
Nhng Bch Xun Nguyn vn l ngi tham lam tn c; khi n lm b chnh
Phin an, ni rng phc mt ch truy xt vic ring ca L Vn Duyt, ri i
hi chng c, tr ti bn ti t ca ng Duyt ngy trc.

Nhng m khi quan qun rt v, th Nng Vn Vn li v r ng nh

ph nh c. Nh vua li sai cc o qun tin ln phng gi cc tnh mn
ngc.

Trong bn y c L Vn Khi. Nguyn trc tn y gi l Nguy-n

Hu Khi, ngi Cao Bng, nhn c kh i binh lm lon, b quan qun ui
nh, mi chy vo Thanh Ha, gp L Vn Duyt lm kinh lc y, n xin
195

ra th. ng Duyt tin dng cho lm con nui, i tn h l L Vn Khi, ri

em v Gia nh ct nhc cho lm n chc Ph V y.

Quan qun mt mt th nh ui qun Tim, mt mt th vy nh

thnh Phin An, L Vn Khi ht sc chng gi, nhng n thng chp nm y
th phi bnh cht. Tuy vy, qun ngy trong thnh c chng gi mi, non
ba nm tri quan qun mi h c thnh.

By gi L Vn Khi b bt giam, phn th tc gin, phn th s ti, bn

mu vi my ngi ng ca n dy lon; Gia nh li c nhng ngi
c ti Bc K em y vo, hoc cho lm n vi dn s, hoc bt lm lnh
gi l hi lng; nhng lnh y u theo tn Khi c.

Thnh Phin An l thnh ca ng L Vn Duyt xy xong nm Minh

Mnh th 11 (1830). Xy ton bng ong, thnh cao v rng, ho su,
trong thnh li c c lng thc kh gii, cho nn quan qun nh thnh
ln no cng b cht hi nhiu ngi, m khng ly c. Mi n thng 7
nm t t (1835), qun ngy trong thnh mi mt lm ri, tng qun l
Nguy-n Xun, v Nguy-n Vn Trng mi h c thnh v vo bt git qun
gic c thy n 1.831 ngi, em chn vo mt ch, nay gi l "m ngy".
Cn nhng ngi th phm th ng ci em v Kinh tr ti.

n m ngy 18 thng nm, nm qu t (1833) l nm Minh Mnh

th 14, Khi cng vi 27 ngi lnh hi lng vo dinh quan B, git c nh
Bch Xun Nguyn, ri ra gp quan tng c l Nguy-n Vn Qu em ngi
n cu, chng cng git nt. Cn quan n v quan Lnh th chy thot c.
By gi nhng qun kinh ng Phin An phn nhiu theo v L Vn
Khi. L Vn Khi bn t xng lm i Nguyn Sy, phong cho ng mnh l
bn Thi Cng Triu v L c Lc qun trung qun, Nguy-n Vn v
Nguy-n Vn Tng qun tin qun, V Vnh Tin v V Vnh Ti qun hu
qun, V Vnh Lc v Nguy-n Vn Bt qun hu qun, Lu Tn v Trn Vn
Tha qun thy qun, Nguy-n Vn Tm v Nguy-n Vn Chn qun tng qun,
v.v.... Li t cc quan chc nh mt triu nh ring vy. on ri L Vn
Khi sai bn Thi Cng Triu em qun i ly cc tnh thnh, ch trong mt
thng m 6 tnh Gia nh thuc v gic c.

ng J. Silvestre chp truyn L Vn Khi kh i lon Gia nh145 ni

rng trong 6 ngi th phm phi ng ci gii v Hu, c mt ng linh mc
ngi nc Php tn l Marchand (by gi gi l c Du), mt ngi khch tn
l Mch Tn Gia, v mt a con ca Khi, mi ln 7 tui.
Vic ng c Marchand th nhiu ngi bn i bn li: ngi th bo
ng y c mun lm nh ng B a Lc, gip L Vn Khi lp nn mt
nc theo o Thin Cha Gia nh, ngi th bo ng y b L Vn Khi
bt vo trong thnh. Vic y vn phn vn khng r hn ra th no.

Triu nh c tin y, lin sai Tng Phc Lng lm Tho Nghch t

tng qun v Nguy-n Xun lm tham tn, sai Phan Vn Thy lm Tho
nghch hu tng qun, Trng Minh Ging lm tham tn, cng vi Bnh Khu
tng qun l Trn Vn Nng em thy b binh tng vo nh L Vn Khi.

n khi v n Hu th ng Marchand v 5 ngi kia u phi ti lng

tr. Thit t ng du th no mc lng, em mt a con v ti v 2 ngi
ngoi quc ra lm ci ti thm hnh y, th tht gm gh qu. Tc ng ta
trc hay dng nhng nhc hnh nh l ti lng tr, ti nga x, ti voi dy
v.v... th tht l d man v cng, ngy nay ai ngh n cng phi gh mnh.

Khi quan qun vo n Gia nh khng bit ti c g, m trung qun

ca ngy l Thi Cng Triu xin v i ti lp cng. Nguyn Thi Cng Triu
l ngi Tha Thin, trc lm quan v y, coi v bin binh ng Gia
nh, sau theo tn Khi lm phn. Nay li tr v vi triu nh, em qun i
nh L Vn Khi ly li cc tnh.

7. n L Vn Duyt v L Cht: - L Vn Duyt.

Quan
qun bnh xong gic L Vn Khi ri vua Thnh T sai ph thnh Phin An i,
xy li ch khc v ngi xung chiu nh truy ti L Vn Duyt v ti L Cht.

L Vn Khi bit th khng chng ni, vo thnh Phin An ng ca

li, ri chia qun ra chng gi, v li sai ngi i sang Tim La cu cu. Qun
Tim nhn dp y, chia lm my o sang nh nc Nam. Vic y s ni
mc sau.

Xem tp tp ch "Revue Indochinoise" s 7-8 nm 1915 v quyn An Nam S Lc "Abrg de

l'histoire d'Annam" ca ng A. Schreiner.
145

196

k kia lng nh rn rt, tnh ta si lang, cng ngy cng sinh kiu ngo, dm
ni xu triu nh trc mt chng nhn, m khoe ci ti ring ca mnh. Nm
trc cc qun t phm x Thanh, Ngh cng l nhng k hung c, hn u
chiu d ra th, tu xin ghp vo trng h lm nanh vut. L Vn Khi l
qun v li, th tin c n chc v y, theo di c hn, lm phc tm.
Th ho nh bn Dng Vn Nh, ng Vnh ng th hn ngm ngm vi
dng; nhn thch nh bn V Vnh Tin, V Vnh Lc th hn m thm lp
ng. Nhng k t phm Bc K pht phi vo , hn cho trong thnh, ri
tha cho lm lnh; li kn ly nhng voi khe em ra ni n tr; vt ly nhng
thuyn b kh gii trong 6 tnh Nam K cha vo thnh Phin An; ri li nghe
tn Trn Nht Vnh m ht ht cao huyt ca dn Nam K. p thnh Phin
An, tim bng Kinh thnh, ho th o su hn. Nu bo thnh cao ho su
phng gic Tim, th ng b phi phng H Tin, ng b phi phng
Chn Lp, c l no b bn tnh An, H, Long, Tng khng gi, m li gi
Phin An hay sao? Th l r rng phng Triu nh, ch khng phi phng
ngoi hon. C suy iu , th rut gan hn, du ngi i ng cng bit, ai
khng cm tc, ch gin v ai khng chu ni r cho Triu nh bit sm m
thi. n ni ngy nay nh nui ci nht bc nn au, mi ngy mm v
mt ln, cho nn k quyn ym du chu ti minh tru, m bn nh nht cn
dm gi thnh lm phn. V d quan cai tr khng hn n nh Nguy-n Vn
Qu, tham tn nh Bch Xun Nguyn, th chng n c ngy lm phn ch
khng sao khI c. V bn tiu h hn ton l qun hung , quen lm
nhng vic bt thin. Chng n quen thy hn di cha, ln trn, u bt
chc hn. Thm ch hn ni vi ngi tra rng hn vo trn Gia nh, vn l
phong vng gi ly t, ch khng phi nh cc tng trn tm thng
khc. M ca cha hn, em hn, cng tim gi l lng; hoc dm i vi ngi
ta, t xng l C, cho b h tp quen thnh thi, ch bit c L Vn Duyt
m khng bit n triu nh. Thy Hu t ni rng: "Khng a phm ngi
trn m a lm lon, ch c l y bao gi". Vy th a phm ngi trn v
khng a lm lon, cng cha c l th bao gi. Mi v gy nn lu, l no
m mun cho bn tiu h khng lm phn c? Vy nn hn cht cha bao
lu, m bn L Vn Khi kh i lon, chu hn cng ng tnh to phn,
cho c bn b khc ca hn u theo gic c, khng mt tn no trn i, ri
n kt t ng, cy c thnh cao, ho su, lng thc nh ni, kh gii tinh
nhu, ng li nhiu, khng c li vng s, chy n 3 nm tri, nhiu ln
m ng sng cho n, m chng n khng bit hi ti u thnh, n ni
binh dn gan c ly ng, ni ra au xt n gc ngun th ti hn k tng
ci tc cng khng xu. Nay hY em nhng cng vic ca hn lm, r rng

C bnh tnh m xt, th chng qua l vua Thnh T vn c khng a

hai ng y, ri nh thn li nhn m bi vic ra chiu ngi, cho nn
thnh ra hai ci n tht l khng ng.
Nay c theo trong sch "i Nam Chnh Bin Lit Truyn" m chp ra,
mi ngi u c ly l cng bng m phn on.
T khi tn Khi kh i lon, vua Thnh T thng ban trch L Vn
Duyt che ch qun ph ng, gy nn hon lon.
Nm t mi (1835), St Vin c Phan B t dng s ni rng: L
Vn Duyt trc Gia nh, ly bn nghch Khi, nghch Nh, lm tro nha,
ly binh Bc Thun, Hi Lng146 lm tm phc. Bn y vn l qun hung c,
khng phi l ngi lng thin, cho nn Duyt mt cha bao lu m bn
nghch Khi, nghch Nh, em qun Hi Lng, Bc thun cng vi bn
th h gi thnh lm phn; li lm phin hoc nhn tm, v ly n cc
tnh Nam K, m kh nhc n i i quan qun phi tin ti-u. Nm tnh
nay du thu phc ri, song thnh Phin An tc ng vn cn thit c, quan
qun tin ti-u, lm ngi thng vong, ci v y ni sao cho xit. Nay Duyt
mt ri, s trng du khng c th tng cu c, nhng c xem con nui l
L Vn Hn trc y vo ra trong thnh, nhp ng vi nghch Khi, v em
Bch Xun Nguyn lm uc t t ng, th tm tch ca Duyt t ng
khng phi xt cng r. Nu khng bt ti e khng lm gng c cho
i sau. Vy xin truy ot quan chc ca Duyt, cn v con th giao v Hnh
B tra minh nghim ngh, t php nc".
Vua d Ni Cc rng: "L Vn Duyt xut tha6n t k ym hon, vn
l mt a y t trong nh. Xy gp hi trung hng, rng my gp g, nh
dp Ty Sn, cng d c phn cng lao. c hong kho ta ngh ti n tha
nh sai khin trong cung, mi em lng tin cy, nhiu ln cho n cm quyn
i tng. Khng ng bn y phn nhiu l qun bt lng, mi ngy sinh ra
kiu cng, manh tm phn nghch, sinh ch lm cn, n ni hn xc. V n
cn e Hong Kho ta thnh minh, cho nn du c lng gian m cha dm l.
M hong kho ta n vn nin cng bit r. Nhng li ngh hn du c
lng gian, song thin h yn ri, thn dn ai cn theo k th hon , th
chc hn cng chng lm g c. n khi trm ln ngi, cu thn khng cn
my, v li ngh n tui gi, cho nn cng tm khoan dung, hoc l hn bit
ngh m cha i, cho ton vn cng danh, th cng l vic hay. Khng ng
146

Bc Thun, Hi Lng l nhng ngi Bc K b ti phi y vo lm lnh Nam K.

197

tai mt ngi ta, gy nn hon lon, hiu th cho ai ny u bit. Cn nh

L Vn Duyt v con chu hn nn x ti th no, th giao cho nh thn ngh
x".

cho bn th li, c, i, cc v, c cu rng: "Lo thn xa ngoi

bin khn, ch e triu nh tin dng khng c vng bn". Trong
li l y u l khng knh, y l 5 ti.
6) Nm Minh Mnh th 6, y tu xin tng th cho L Cht, c ni
rng: "y l v thnh dc kh i t hi sinh, tic g m khng lm".
Y l chc bin khn dm kt ng t tnh nh th, rt tri vi o
lm ti, y l 6 ti. V li nghe y bnh nht thng khoe chuyn
vi ngi ta rng: y xin c qu th c 4 cu th:

Vi hm sau, ni cc l H Quyn, Nguy-n Tri Phng, Hong Qunh

tu rng: Duyt che ch cho qun ph lon, gy nn s bin, ci tai v tch li
lu. Nay xt nhng giy m ca y ngy trc, r ra hnh tch bi nghch, c
6 iu:
1) Nm Minh Mnh th 4, y t tin sai ngi ring l bn Phan t
gi danh i thm, i thuyn sang nc Din in. Trong th y
chc c giao thng. C ly ngha "lm ti khng c php c
giao thng vi nc ngoi", th tm s ca y r, y l mt ti.
2) n khi s thn nc Din in n thnh, mi tu vo Triu
nh. c ch d ni vic quan h n i ngha, khng nn
khinh thng, nghe li ngoi m b tnh ha hiu, gy vic cu
th. Vy m y c xin dung np. May m triu nh tr cng
vt cho s Din in v nc, th danh ngha nc ln ta mi t
gii ra thin h. Th l y chng nhng mu vic nc khng ra g,
m li c gi ly ring che iu li, y l hai ti.
3) Nm Minh Mnh th 7, tu bt phong nc Anh Ct Li u vo
ca Bnh Thun, c ch sai s ti h tng, m y c xin a vo
Gia nh, v ni rng: "Quan trn kim thc, khng bng thn c
quyn, khin cho k kia s tng lnh v bit binh oai". Hai ch
"c quyn" t xa vn ly lm rn, m y dm ngt ng ng t nhn,
kiu t dng no, y l ba ti.
4) Nm Minh Mnh th 4, th v l Trn Vn Tnh nhn vic cng sai
Gia nh v, c tu vic Trn Nht Vnh lm ring ph ngi,
mua trm cc mn. Y nghe chuyn lm vy, nm sau vo chu,
c xin bt Trn Vn Tnh giao cho y y chm, nu khng giao th
y xin tr chc Tng Trn; ri y xin t chc thc. C tru qun
nh vy, ti g cn to bng ti y. V y xin git mt Trn Vn
Tnh, th l bt ngi ta phi kha li, khng ai dm ni na, rt
l dng tm nham him, y l bn ti.
5) Trn Nht Vnh c ch b th k lc Vnh Thanh, m y c xin
lu li trong thnh. L i Cng c ch tuyn triu, m y c
xin lu li lm vic ph Lc Ha, u l c vi chiu. Trong tp
tu ca y li ni rng: "Chun cho thn cu xin vic y, th hu c
ch cho vic ngoi bin cng"; li trong tp tu xin chi bng

T Hn tranh tin ch Hn tng

Ph Chu ninh hu thp Chu thn
Tha nin ti ng Trn kiu s
Nht n hong bo bc th thn
Dch Nm
Gip Hn h thua cng tng Hn
Ph Chu no km bn ti Chu
Trn kiu nu gp cn binh bin
Mnh o hong bo p nhau!
Gi y khng phi l ngi sn c bng bt trung, th khng khi no
dm khoe bi y vi ngi ta. B i vy bn tiu h tp quen thnh thi, cho
nn thy y cha lnh m c vic ny. Vy xin giao c li tu ny cho nh
thn kt n chnh ti. Vua ng cho.
n khi ngh n xong, trch ra cc li ni, vic lm, bi nghch, c 7
ti nn trm:
1. Sai ngi i ring sang Din in, m kt ngoi giao.
2. Xin giao tu Anh Ct Li n thnh, t c quyn.
3. Xin git th v l Trn Vn Tnh, kha ming ngi ta.
4. Khng s xin lu quan vin b i ch khc.
5. Lp ng m xin tng th cho L Cht.
6. Giu cha giy ng bo.
7. M cha, tim gi l lng, i vi ngi ta, t xng l C.
C 2 ti nn gio:
1. C xin dung np Din in che ch ci li ca mnh.
2. Ni chuyn vi ngi ta xin c qu th c cu th hong bo.
198

Mt ti nn pht qun:
1. T tin sai bin binh tu to tu thuyn.

trm giam hu, cng cho n phc ti. Li d ny chun lc tng pht cho
mi tnh mt o, cho ai ny u bit Triu nh x rt cng, r rng ci
cn ba thc m nghim nh ru ba nghn thu".

S bin Phin An, y thc l u v nn chiu theo lut mu phn,

khp vo ti lng tri; song y chu minh tru, vy xin truy ot co sc, b
quan quch git thy, t gng rn cho ngi khc. Cn nh tng t, t
ph ca y c phong tng co sc, th xin truy ot c; tin phn c tim
dng tri php no th tc hy i; con, chu, v c, v l, u phn bit ngh
ti; ti sn th tch bin ht.

n L Cht: n L Vn Duyt pht ra nm trc th nm sau c quan

Li b t th lang l L B T truy tham nhng ti bt thn ca L Cht, c 6 ti
nn cht:
1. Cht cng Duyt toan mu lm vic Y, Hoc (ph lp), b hai a
ni h ra ngoi, bn git chng n buc ming, l mt ti.
2. My ln c xin th ng cho hong t lm con nui, mun bt chc
li c ca Dng Kin, l hai ti.
3. Mun cho con gi chnh v trong cung, khng c tha chi, ni ra
nhng li on vng, l ba ti.
4. Thng ni chuyn vi L Vn Duyt rng: "Ngi ta thng ni tri,
vua v cha m, ngi lm con, lm ti d c iu bt bnh, cng
khng dm gin, m mt mnh ti dm gin" l bn ti.
5. Li ni rng: "Vua cy c Trnh Hoi c, Nguy-n Hu Thun phc
tm, ch em vi trm ngi vo chu, qut to mt ting, bn y
cng phi phc xung t, ri ta mun lm g ta lm" l nm ti.
6. Li ni rng quc tnh i lm tn tht, u l bn Hoi c a dua xui
gic, nn em chm trc ca miu chnh ti, l su ti.

n y ln. Nhng ti nguyn ngh trm quyt i lm giam hu,

con chu t 15 tui tr xung, tm hy nghim cm; tr th u cha bit g th
tha khng bt; ba h phi pht n cng u tha; nguyn ngh lc th cng thi.
Li sai Hnh b sao bn vn n pht cho tng c, tun ph cc tnh,
cho c kin ring m tu v. H ph Lng Bnh l Trn Huy Phc xin iu
php ti trm quyt. H ph Qung Yn l L Dc c xin ngi no t 16
tui tr ln u chm, cn th u y nh nh ngh. Tng c Bnh Ph l V
Xun Cn, Tng c Ninh Thi l Hong Vn Trm cng u xin y nh ngh.
Li ni km mt cu rng: hoc nn ly cng b ti chm chc t nhiu th t
Thin n.
D rng: "Xem vy th bit l Tri khng sai, m cng o lng
ngi khng ai giu c. K quyn gian kia gy v, thin h ai cng cm tc
lun, mun ming cng li, t ci n st nghn xa. Ti L Vn Duyt nh
tng ci tc m k cng khng ht, ni ra au lng, d c b quan quch m
git thy, cng l ng ti. Song ngh hn cht lu, v truy ot quan
tc, xng kh trong m, khng b gia hnh. Vy cho tng c Gia nh n
ch m hn, san lm t phng v khc dng bia trn vit to nhng ch
"Ch ny l ni quyn ym L Vn Duyt phc php", chnh ti danh cho
k cht, m t php nc v i sau, lm gng cho k quyn gian mun
i.

Li c 10 ti tim lon:
1. Khi y Bc thnh, u nm im binh, dm ln lu Ng mn ngi
chnh gia.
2. nin thuyn ti ngoi b, y ly ca ring m ti vo thuyn cng.
3. Cng vi L Vn Duyt dng biu t chc bt b nh vua.
4. Vic sinh st d ot, hay t tin.
5. Tri php, n l-, giu n nghn vn.
6. Tu s khng hp php, c ch khng cho, m c nht nh np li,
c L Vn Duyt ngn i mi thi.
7. Nui nhng cung n tin triu, khng bit king n g.
8. Ni cng snh tim lm gc chung, gc trng.
9. Ti n L Duy Thanh thnh, li cn cng vi L Vn Duyt c xin
ngh li.
10. iu b c binh, ph binh, xin ly chc quan vn m thi hnh.

Khng nhng L Vn Duyt l ha th ti khi, m tn chu y l L

Vn Hn cng giao thng vi gic, th thn thuc phi ti, trong lut c iu
ni r ri. Song ngh n chng qua cung di mt lc, qua li vi gic m thi,
snh vi k trc sau theo gic khng c quan qun, hi c khc nhau. V
x cc hnh, cng t php nc ri. Nhng k thn thuc khc, khp ti

Vy xin giao cho nh ngh, chnh ti danh lm gng cho k gian trm i.
199

Vua d rng: "Cht, tnh vn si lang, nt nh ma qu, lm ti th bt

trung, bt chnh, x vic th i c i gian, vic no cng cn r, ai l chng
tc gin, chng nhng l 16 ti m thi u. Trc kia trm ngh hn cng vi
L Vn Duyt, du mang lng bt thn, nhng ngi ta khng chu theo, th
chc khng dm gy s. V hn l nht phm i thn; d c mu gian m
thn dn cha co t, th khng n bt ti. K n hn li chu ti minh tru ri
th li tri t ng cng khng thot, cho nn cng chng k lm g na. Nay
c ngi tham hch, vy th phi tri cng, c triu nh php lut.
Chun cho nh thn em 16 iu ti ca hn m nh r ti danh, v con
cng n lut m ngh x, duy con gi no xut gi, cng l chu trai cn
nh th tha".
nh thn ngh rng: Cht, bt php bt trung, i gian i c, c 6 ti
nn lng tr, 8 ti nn trm, 2 ti nn gio. Nhng ti phm phn, m mu
iu bt qu, th khp vo ti bn nghch m x lng tr. Song y chu ti
minh tru, vy xin truy ot co sc, b o quan, lc thy, khiu th th gii.
Cn co sc phong cho cha m y, cng xin truy ot; v l L Th Sai tng
ng mu bn vi chng, ngh trm lp quyt. Li pht cho cc tng c, tun
ph, mi ni mt o vn n, cho em ring by t tu v, cho cng lng
chng. Cc a phng tu v, u xin y nh ngh.

8. Gic Tim La.

Nc Tim La t khi mt quyn bo h Chn Lp,

vn c mun sinh s vi nc Nam, nhng cn s th lc Nguy-n Triu
cha dm lm g, ch thnh thong sang sinh s vi nhng nc Lo. H- khi
no Tim v Lo nh nhau, th nh vua sai quan qun phng gi nhng ch
bin thy, v sang cu vin nhng nc b ngi Tim bt nt. Nh nm inh
hi (1827) l nm Minh Mnh th 8, nc Tim nh ly nc Vn Tng
(Vientiane), quc tr ng nc y l A N chy sang cu cu, vua Thnh T sai
quan thng ch l Phan Vn Thy lm kinh lc bin v i thn em binh
tng sang cu A N.
Thng chn nm y, bn L c Lc, Nguy-n Cng Tin em binh
Ngh An chia lm hai o i ng Quy Hp v ng Lc Phm qua Trn
Ninh sang cu A N. i n u v nhng sng ni hnh th him tr ri gi
v Kinh.
A N mt nc khng ly li c, phi theo qun An Nam v Ngh
An, i thu xp qun s v nh bo th. n nm mu t (1828), A N ni
rng qun Lo t hp c ri, xin cho quan qun a v nc. Vua
Thnh T sai Phan Vn Thy lm kinh lc i thn, Nguy-n Vn Xun lm
ph, Nguy-n Khoa Ho lm tham tn, em 3.000 qun v 24 con voi, a A
N v Trn Ninh.

Ngi d rng: "Nh vy r l tri ti lng ngi, cng lun khng

bao gi mt. K gian thn cha v, mun ming cng mt li, lm n st
thin c. V L Cht cng vi L Vn Duyt, da nhau lm gian, ti c y
cha, nh tng ci tc m tnh cng khng ht, gi th b o quan git thy,
cng khng l qu. Song li ngh Cht ti cng nh Duyt, trc kia Duyt
khng b o quan git thy, th nm xng kh ca Cht nay cng chng
mng bt ti. Vy cho tng c Bnh Ph V Xun Cn san phng m ca
hn, khc bia dng ln trn to my ch: "Ch ny l ni L Cht phc php"
lm gng cho k gian tc mun i. Cn v hn l L Th Sai cng mt
nh, d bit mu bn nghch, x vo cc hnh, cng l phi, song k n b
chng cn vi vng chnh php. Vy L Th Sai cng con l L Cn, L
Trng, L Thng, L K, u ci lm trm giam hu. Li tch bin gia sn,
c hn 12.000 quan tin, giao tnh cha c vo kho147.

n Trn Ninh, A N xin em qun Lo v Vn Tng (Vientiane).

Phan Vn Thy cho hai i qun Thn Sch i h tng. V n Vn Tng, A
N em qun i nh qun Tim, qun s cht hi rt nhiu, ri li sai ngi
sang Ngh An xin vin binh.
Vua Thnh T thy A N hay sinh s nh nhau m khng c vic
g, bn khng cho qun sang cu, ch xung lnh truyn cho cc ht Lo
phi phng gi nhng ch bin thy. A N khng c qun cu vin, b qun
Tim n nh, li phi b thnh m chy sang Trn Ninh. c t lu, Chiu
Ni l th lnh Trn Ninh bt A N em np cho Tim La.

n nm T c nguyn nin (1847) quan ng cc i hc s l V Xun Cn lm s tu xin

gia n cho con chu Nguy-n Vn Thnh. Trong bi s c lm cu thm thit. C ch ni rng:
"Nguy-n Vn Thnh, L Vn Duyt v L Cht u c lng theo my i gi, xng pha ch mi tn
hn n, thn lm i tng, tc n qun cng, sau hoc v con di, hoc v cy cng m lm

thnh ti ..... D bn Nguy-n Vn Thnh c ti, th ti tr ri, m cng th khng hi n, chng

ha ra em ci cng lao bch chin m n ni ci tn hn phi b v nh ma tri ngoi ng,
khc no qu Mc Ngao khng ai th cng khng?" Vua Dc Tng xem bi s y ly lm cm
ng bn truy phong cho bn Nguy-n Vn Thnh, v cp phm hm cho cc con chu.

147

200

Trng Minh Ging v Nguy-n Xun i ph qun Tim La sng C

cng. Qun Tim La Chn Lp cng b ngi bn x nh ph. Ch no
qun nghch cng thua to cht hi rt nhiu; ch trong mt thng m quan
qun ly li H Tin v Chu c, ui qun Tim ra khi b ci, ri tin ln
nh ly thnh Nam Vang v a vua Chn Lp l Nc ng Chn v nc.

Qun Tim La ph c Vn Tng ri, li xm vo n cc chu ph

thuc v nc Nam, mn gn Qung Tr. Vua Thnh T sai thng ch Phm
Vn in, kinh l mi vic Cam L, sai L ng Doanh lm tham tn qun
v, cng vi qun cc o Lo i ti-u tr.
Phm Vn in, mt mt th cho ngi em th sang trch nc Tim
La sinh s, mt mt th chia qun, lm ba o tin ln nh.

Trng Minh Ging v Nguy-n Xun t Nam Vang tin ln nh qun

Tim, lin ph my trn, chm tng bt binh ly c sng ng kh gii
khng bit ngn no m k. Tng Tim La l Phi Nh Cht Tri em bi binh
chy v nc, quan qun ui nh ly thnh Ph Tc (Pursat) ri cho ngi
Chn Lp li gi cc ni: ch no him yu th lm n p ly, phng
ng qun gic.

Tng Tim la vit th tr li mt cch khim nhng lm, ri rt

qun v. T nc Tim b ngoi vn thng s i li gi s ha hiu,
nhng ngm ngm c tm cch quy nhi-u nc Nam. pha ty nam, ngi
Tim vn dung tng nhng ngi phn nghch nc Chn Lp, m pha ty
bc th vn c h hip Vn Tng v cc nc nh khc. D th mc lng,
vua Thnh T khng mun gy vic binh ao, c dng li ni ngt m trang
tri mi vic.

Nhng o qun Tim v qun Lo sang nh mt Qung Tr, Ngh

An v Trn Ninh, u b tng qun l Nguy-n Vn Xun, Phm Vn in v
L Vn Thy nh ui, ch no quan qun cng c ton thng, gi c
b ci nguyn nh ch c c.

n cui nm qu t (1833) nhn c ngy Khi kh i lon t Gia

nh v tn Khi li cho ngi sang cu cu vua Tim La bn sai qun thy b
chia ra lm 5 o sang nh Vit Nam.

Qun Tim sang nh t thng ging nm gip ng (1834), n thng

nm nm y, th quan qun bnh xong c mi ni. Vua Thnh T mng r,
ban th ng cho cc tng s v b co ra cho mi ni u bit.

o th nht thy qun em hn 100 chic thuyn vo nh ly H

Tin; o th nh b qun sang nh Nam Vang (Phnon-penh), ri tin ln
nh ly Chu c v An Giang; o th ba nh ly mt Cam L; o th t
nh Cam Ct, Cam Mn, o th nm nh Trn Ninh.

9. Vic Ai Lao.

Nc Nam ta v i vua Thnh T th to rng hn c, l

v qun Tim La c hay sang quy nhi-u cho nn cc x Lo u xin v ni
thuc nc ta.

Tuy rng qun nghch nm o cng tin, nhng ch ch ca Tim La

l ct nh Chn Lp v Nam K, cn cc o khc l phn qun lc ca
nc Nam m thi.

Nm inh hi (1827), ngi Nam ch ng (Luan Prabang) thng vi

Tim La, ri c em qun xung quy nhi-u t Trn Ninh. T tr ng l
Chiu Ni xin em t Trn Ninh v ni thuc Vit Nam. Vua Thnh T
phong cho Chiu Ni lm Trn Ninh phng ng s cai qun c 7 huyn, li
phong cho nhng th mc lm th tri huyn v th huyn tha. Chiu Ni
dng s dn inh v in th, c thy c 3.000 sut inh v 28 s rung.

Vua Thnh T c tin bo cp, lin xung chiu sai quan qun
phng ng cc ni. Pha ty nam th sai qun th Gia nh, chia qun cho
Trng Minh Ging v Nguy-n Xun i tin ti-u mt An Giang. Pha ty bc
th sai L Vn Thy gi mt Cam L, thuc Qung Tr, Phm Vn in gi mt
Ngh An. Li sai Nguy-n Vn Xun148 lm kinh lc i s i ti-u tr qun
Tim v qun Lo Trn Ninh.

Li c t Tam ng v Lc Phn ( trc thucv Vn Tng) cng xin

ni thuc. Triu nh chia nhng t y ra lm hai ph l Trn Tnh ph v
Lc bin ph. Nm y li c x Xa h (?), Sm T (Sam teu), Mng son (?),
Mang Lan (Mng Lam), Trnh C (Xing-kh), Sm na (Sam-neua), Mng
Duy (?) v Ngc Ma c Cm ct (Kham-keut), Cam Mn v Cam Linh (?) u

148
Nguy-n Xun th lm tham tn i thn theo Trng Minh Ging, Nguy-n Vn Xun th lm
hu qun lnh An tnh tng c i nh mt Trn Ninh.

201

Nhng v quan li Vit Nam ta sang lm nhiu iu tri l, nhng

nhi-u dn s, li bt Ngc Vn cng cha em v Gia nh, bt bn Tr
Long v L Kin y ra Bc K, dn Chn Lp ai cng on gin, ch no cng
c gic gi ni ln nh ph. Li c em Nc ng Chn l Nc ng n kh i
ngha, c ngi Tim La gip , thnh ra quan qun nh mi khng c.
V sau khi vua Thnh T mt ri, quan qun phi b thnh Trn Ty m rt v
An Giang.

xin v ni thuc. Vua Thnh T chia nhng t y ra lm ba ph l Trn Bin,

Trn nh v Trn Man.
Ph Trn bin c bn huyn l Xa h, Sm t, Mang son, Mang lan;
ph Trn nh149 c 3 huyn l Cam ct, Cam mn, v Cam linh. Hai ph y
u thuc v Ngh An. Cn ph Trn Nam c 3 huyn l Trnh C, Sm na,
Man Duy th thuc v Thanh Ha.

y cng l v ngi mnh khng bit bnh vc k hn yu, ch em

lng tham tn m c hip ngi ta, cho nn thnh ra hao tn binh lng, nhc
mt tng s, m li phi s bi hoi, tht l thit hi cho nc mnh.

min Cam L thuc Qung Tr li c nhng mng Mang vang (?),

N bi (?), Thng k (?), T bang (?), Xng thnh (?), Tm bn (?), Ba lan (?),
Mang bng (?), Lang thi (?), xin v ni thuc, chia ra lm 9 chu, cho chiu l
triu cng.

11. Vic giao thip vi nhng nc ngoi dng.

10. Vic Chn Lp.

Vic giao
thip ca nc Nam ta vi cc nc ngoi dng m ngn tr l b i c hai l:
mt l v s cm ging o thin cha; hai l v ngi nc mnh lc by gi
khng hiu thi th, c t c mnh l vn minh hn ngi, khng chu hc
tp nh ngi ta m theo ng tin b.

Cui nm gip ng (1834), vua nc Chn Lp l Nc ng Chn mt,

khng c con trai, quyn cai tr trong nc v c my ngi phin liu l bn
Tr Long v La Kin. Nhng ngi ny u l ngi Chn Lp m li nhn
quan chc Vit Nam. n nm t mi (1835), Trng Minh Ging xin lp
ngi con gi ca Nc ng Chn tn l Angmey ln lm qun cha, gi l
Ngc Vn cng cha, ri i nc Chn Lp ra lm Trn ty thnh, chia ra lm
32 ph v 2 huyn. t mt tng qun, mt tham tn i thn, mt c,
mt hip tn, v 4 chnh ph lnh binh, coi mi vic qun dn. cc ch
yu hi, li t chc tuyn ph, an ph phng ng.

Nc ta t i thp tht th k, v nh Hu L c ngi u-la-ba ra

vo bun bn, hoc Ph Hin (Hng Yn), hoc ca Hi An (Faifo), u
khng c vic g ngn tr c. Ch c s ging o Thin cha trong nc l
hay b s ngn cm. Ngy trc cha Trnh v cha Nguy-n c d nghim
cm. n i Nguy-n Ty Sn th trong nc ri lon, cn phi lo vic chin
tranh, cho nn khng ni n vic cm o. V sau, khi vua Th T nht
thng c nam bc, th ngi nh n bn o c cng gip rp trong lc gian
trun, vn cc gio s c php i ging o mi ni. Mi n i vua
Thnh T th vic nc yn, nh vua lu v s gio ha, ly Nho o lm
chnh o v cho cc tn gio khc lm t o, bt dn gian phi b t theo
chnh. S cm o li kh i u pht ra na.

i khi l t Sm na, t Trn Ninh, t Cam mn v t

Savannakhet by gi, tha y thuc v Vit Nam ta c.
nc Chn Lp th t khi quan qun ph c
gic Tim ri, Tng qun l Trng minh Ging v tham tn l L i Cng
lp n An Nam gn Nam vang bo h Chn Lp.

M cng v s cm o, cho nn s bun bn ca nhng ngi ngoi

dng nc ta, thnh ra ngn tr . B i v Triu nh thy thnh thong c
chic tu bun li, th c mt vi ngi gio s vo ging o, ngn cm th
no cng khng c, t ng l c do thm g chng, cho nn li cng nghi
ng lm.

Nm canh t (1840), nh vua sai L Vn c lm khm sai i thn,

Don Un lm ph v cng vi Trng Minh Ging kinh l mi vic Trn
Ty Thnh, khm xt vic bun bn, o rung t, nh thu inh, thu thuyn
b bun bn di sng.

149

V li v i nh Nguy-n lc by gi, trong nc cng khng c

ngi ngoi quc ra vo bun bn, ch c ngi Php Lan Ty trc theo

gn a ht H tnh by gi.

202

gip vua Th T, ri li lm quan ti triu l Chaigneau v Vannier. Khi vua

Th T hy cn, th Chaigneau c xin v nc Php ngh ba nm, n nm
inh mi (1821), ng y tr sang th li nhn chc lnh s v chc khm sai
ca vua Louis XVIII, em phm vt v t quc th sang iu nh vic thng
thng vi nc Nam. Chaigneau sang n ni, th vua Th T mt ri, vua
Thnh T tip i Chaigneau cng t t, v ngy sai quan tr li cho Php
Hong rng nc Nam v nc Php khng vic g m phi lm iu c v
vic thng mi. Vic vo bun bn nc Nam, th c theo lut nc Nam,
khng iu g ngn tr c.

12. S Cm o. T khi vua Thnh T ln ngi, ngi c khng cho

ngi ngoi quc vo ging o trong nc. n nm t du (1825), khi
chic tu Thtis vo ca Nng, c mt ngi gio s tn l Rogerot li i
ging o cc ni, vua Thnh T nhn dp y mi c d cm o, v truyn
cho cc quan phi khm xt cc tu b ca ngoi quc ra vo ca b. Trong
d ni rng: "o phng Ty l t o, lm m hoc lng ngi v hy hoi
phong tc, cho nn phi nghim cm khin ngi ta phi theo chnh o".
Ngi li sai tm bao nhiu nhng gio s trong nc em c v Hu
dch nhng sch Ty ra ch Vit Nam, ch l khng phi v vic dch
sch, nhng l cho khi i ging o chn hng thn.

Nm nhm ng (1822) c chic tu chin ca Php tn l Cloptre

vo ca nng, ngi qun tu tn l Courson de La Ville Hllio nh
Chaigneau xin php cho vo yt kin vua Thnh T; ngi khng cho. Thng 7
nm y, c tu Anh Ct Li vo nng xin thng thng, nh vua cng
khng cho.

Lc by gi khng phi l mt mnh vua Thnh T ght o m thi,

phn nhiu nhng quan li cng u mt c, cho nn s cm o li cng
nghit thm. Nhng m du cm th no mc lng, trong nc vn c ngi
i ging o, nh vua ly iu lm tri php, li c d ra ln na truyn cho
dn bn gio phi b o, v ai bt c gio s em np th c th ng.
Nm y Hu c mt ngi gio s phi x gio, v cc ni cng ri lon v
s bt o v git o.

Chaigneau thy nh vua cng ngy cng nht nho vi mnh, v cng
khng lm c cng vic g c ch, bn cng vi Vannier xin t chc, ri n
cui nm gip thn (1824), hai ngi xung tu i qua Gia nh v Php.
Thng ging nm t du (1825), li c thy qun i t nc Php l
ng Bougainville em hai chic tu chin l Thtis v Esprance vo ca
Nng, em phm vt v quc th, xin vo yt kin vua Thnh T. Ngi ni
rng nc Php v nc Anh l hai nc cu ch, m nc ta trc khng
tip s Anh Ct Li, l no nay li tip s nc Php. V lc by gi
Chaigneau v Vannier v c ri, ngi bn sai quan em vt ra ban
th ng cho s nc Php v ni rng trong triu khng c ai bit ting Php,
cho nn khng th tip c.

T tr i, trong Nam ngoi Bc, ch no cng c gic gi ni ln,

nh vua ng cho dn bn o theo gip qun gic, li cng cm nghit: t nm
gip ng (1834) cho n nm mu tut (1838), c nhiu gio s v o b
git, nht l t khi bt c c Du (P. Marchand) Gia nh ri, s git o li
d hn trc na.
Nh vua mt mt th cm o, mt mt th ban nhng hun iu ra /
khuyn dn gi ly o chnh. Nhng nh vua m dng uy quyn git hi
bao nhiu, th dn s li kh s by nhiu, ch lng tin t ng ca ngi ta
khng sao ngn cm c. V li o Thin cha cng l mt o tn
nghim, dy ngi ta ly lng nhn i, vic g m lm kh dn s nh th?
Cc gio s by gi c mt nim liu sng cht i truyn gio cho c, c
ngi phi o hm m di t hng my thng dy o. Nhng ngi
c ch bn cht nh vy, th hnh pht cng v ch m thi. Nm mu tut
(1838), vua Thnh T thy cm th no cng khng c nhng ngi i ging
o trong nc, ngi bn sai s sang nc Php iu nh vi chnh ph
Php v vic y. Song khi s thn Vit Nam sang n ni, th hi Ngoi Quc

Qua nm sau (1826) chnh ph Php li sai chu ng Chaigneau sang

lm lnh s thay cho ch, nhng sang n ni, Triu nh nc ta khng nhn,
n nm k su (1829) li phi tr v.
T cho n 10 nm v sau nc Php tuyt giao vi nc Nam ta.
M lc by gi ch tr my ngi gio s i ging o ch thn d ra, th
trong nc cng khng c ngi ngoi dng no na.

203

Truyn o xin Php Hong l vua Louis Philippe ng tip150. S thn ta phi
tr v khng; khi v n Hu th vua Thnh T mt ri.

CHNG IV

V sau vic cm o c dai dng mi n khi nc Php sang bo h

mi thi.

Hin T
(1841-1847)

13. Vua Thnh T Mt.

Vua Thnh T mt nm canh t (1840), th

c 50 tui, v tr v c 21 nm, miu hiu l Thnh T Nhn Hong .

Nin hiu: Thiu Tr

Trong i vua Thnh T lm vua, php lut, ch , iu g cng sa

sang li c, lm thnh mt nc c cng k. Nhng ch v ngi nghim khc
qu, c mt mc theo c, ch khng ty thi m bin ha phong tc; li
khng bit khoan dung cho s sng tn, em git hi nhng ngi theo o, v
li tuyt giao vi ngoi quc lm thnh ra nc Nam ta l loi mt mnh.

1.
2.
3.
4.

hay rng nhng iu lm li y l trch nhim chung c triu nh

v c bn s phu nc ta lc by gi, ch khng ring chi mt mnh ngi,
nhng ngi l ng vua chuyn ch mt nc, vic trong nc hay d th no,
ngi cng c mt phn trch nhim rt to, khng sao chi t c. Vy c
bnh tnh m xt, th chnh tr ca ngi tuy c nhiu iu hay, nhng cng c
nhiu iu d ; ngi bit cng m khng bit nhu, ngi c uy quyn m t
lng, ngi bit c dn c nc m khng bit thi th tin ha. B i vy cho
nn ni rng ngi l mt ng anh qun th kh qu, m ni rng ngi l ng bo
qun th khng cng bng. Du th no mc lng, ngi l mt ng vua thng
minh, c qu cm, ht lng lo vic nc, t ng v bn triu nh Nguy-n cha
c ng vua no lm c nhiu cng vic hn ngi vy.

c vua Hin T
Vic Chn Lp
Vic Tim La
Vic giao thip vi nc Php

1. c Vua Hin T.

Thng ging nm tn su (1841) Hong

Thi T hy l Min Tng ln ngi in Thi Ha t nin hiu l Thiu Tr.
Tnh vua Hin T thun ha, khng hay by ra nhiu vic v cng
khng c qu cm nh Thnh T. Trong i Ngi lm vua, hc hiu, ch
, thu m, iu g cng theo nh triu vua Thnh T c. By ti lc by gi
c Trng ng Qu, L Vn c, Don Un, V Vn Gii, Nguy-n Tri
Phng, Lm Duy Tip trong ngoi ra sc gip rp. Nhng m t Nam K c
gic gi, dn Chn Lp ni lon, qun Tim La sang nh ph, nh vua phi
dng binh nh dp mi mi xong.

2. Vic Chn Lp.

Nguyn t cui i c Thnh T, t Nam K v

t Chn Lp c gic gi, cc ng Trng Minh Ging, Nguy-n Tin Lm,
L Vn c, Nguy-n Cng Tr c phi em qun i ti-u tr mi, nh c
ch ny th ch kia ni ln. Sau Nam K li c Lm Sm cng vi bn thy
cha lm lon Tr Vinh; Chn Lp th nhng ngi bn x cng vi ngi
Tim La nh ph. Quan qun chng khng ni. Triu nh ly vic y lm lo
phin. Nm Thiu Tr nguyn nin (1841), trong Triu, ng T Quang C tu
xin b t Chn Lp, rt qun v gi An Giang. Vua nghe li y, xung chiu
truyn cho tng qun l Trng Minh Ging rt qun v. Trng Minh Ging
v n An Giang th mt. B i v vic kinh l t Chn Lp l tay ng c, nay
150

Sch Histore de la Cochinchine Francaise ca ng Cultru.

204

Qun Cha lm Cao Min Qun Cha. Li xung chiu truyn cho qun th
Trn Ty rt v An Giang.

v c bin lon, quan qun phi b thnh Trn Ty m, ng ngh xu h v

bun bc n ni thnh bnh m cht.

3. Vic Tim La.

Khi qun ca Nguy-n Tin Lm v Nguy-n Cng Tr

dp xong gic Lm Sm Nam K, th qun Tim La li em binh thuyn sang
cng vi qun gic nh ph. Vua bn sai L Vn c lm tng thng em
binh tng i ti-u tr. Sai Nguy-n Tri Phng v Nguy-n Cng Nhn gi mt
Vnh T, Phm Vn in v Nguy-n Vn Nhn gi mt Hu Giang. Ba mt
cng tin binh ln nh, qun Tim v qun gic thua to, phi rt v gi Trn
Ty. Quan qun ui c qun Tim La ra ngoi b ci ri, t qun gi cc
ni him yu i ngy tin ti-u.

vy.

4. Vic Giao Thip vi nc Php.

T khi vua Hin T ln tr v,

th s cm o hi ngui i c mt t. Nhng m triu nh vn ght o,
m nhng gio s ngoi quc vn cn giam c Hu. C ngi a tin y cho
trung t nc Php tn l Favin Lvque coi tu Hroine. ng Favin Lvque
em tu vo Nng xin cho nm ngi gio s c tha.
Qua nm t t (1845) l nm Thiu Tr th nm c mt gim mc tn
Lefbvre phi n x t. By gi c ngi qun tu M Li Kin Nng xin
mi khng c, mi bo tin cho hi qun thiu tng nc Php l Ccile
bit. Thiu tng sai qun em chic tu Alemne vo Nng lnh gim
mc ra.

Nguyn l Nc ng n151 em qun Tim La v cu vin nh

ly li nc. Nhng khi n Vit Nam rt v ri, qun Tim La tn bo, ngi
Chn Lp li khng phc, c ngi sang cu cu Nam K, vua bn sai V
Vn Gii sang kinh l vic Chn Lp.
Thng su nm t t (1845), l nm Thiu Tr th nm, V Vn Gii vo
n Gia nh, cng vi Nguy-n Tri Phng, Don Un, Tn Tht Ngh, tin
binh sang nh Chn Lp, ph c n Dy St, ly li thnh Nam Vang,
ngi Chn Lp v hng k hn 23.000 ngi.

Nm inh mi (1847) quan nc Php c tin rng Hu khng cn

gio s phi giam na, mi sai i t De Lapierre v trung t Rigault de
Genouilly em hai chic chin thuyn vo Nng, xin b nhng ch d cm
o v cho ngi trong nc c t do theo o mi.

on ri, Nguy-n Tri Phng v Don Un em binh ui nh qun

Tim La v qun Chn Lp, vy Nc ng n v tng Tim La l Cht Tri
-ng (Oudon).

Lc hai bn cn ang thng ngh v vic y, th quan nc Php thy

thuyn ca ta ra ng gn tu ca Php v trn b li thy c qun ta sp
sa n ly, mi nghi c s phn trc g chng, bn pht sng bn m c
nhng thuyn y, ri nh neo ko bum ra b.

Thng chn nm y, Cht Tri sai ngi sang xin ha. Qua thng mi
th Nguy-n Tri Phng, Don Un v Cht Tri k t ha c nh hi qun,
hai nc u gii binh. Nguy-n Tri Phng rt qun v ng Trn Ty, i
qun Tim thi hnh nhng iu c nh.

Vua Hin T thy s trng nh th, tc gin v cng, li c d ra cm

ngi ngoi quc vo ging o, v tr ti nhng ngi trong nc i theo o.
Vic tu nc Php vo bn nng xong c my ngy thng, th
vua Hin T phi bnh mt. By gi l thng chn nm inh mi (1847), nm
Thiu Tr th by. Ngi lm vua c by nm, th 37 tui, miu hiu l Hin
t Chng Hong .

Thng chp nm bnh ng (1846), Nc ng n dng biu t ti v

sai s em phm vt sang triu cng.
Thng hai nm inh mi (1847) l nm Thiu Tr th by, Triu nh
phong cho Nc ng n lm Cao Min Quc Vng v phong cho M Lm
151

T nc Chn Lp li c vua, v vic pha nam mi c yn

Nc ng n l em Nc ng Chn, ch nng Ang-mey l Ngc Vn qun cha.

205

CHNG V

trang sc m cng khng cho cc b ni cung eo n trang, ch ct ly s

n mc sch s lm p.

Dc Tng

Tnh ngi tht l hin lnh. Nhng ngi c hu gn ngi ni

chuyn rng: mt hm ngi ng triu ti in Vn Minh, ngi cm ci hoa
mai152 sp ht thuc, tn thi gim ng qut hu, v qut mnh qu, la
hoa mai bay vo tay ngi. Tn thi gim s xanh mt li, m ngi ch xoa tay,
ch khng ni g c.

(1847-1883)

Nin hiu: T c
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Ngi th c T D rt c hiu. L thng c ngy chn th chu

cung, ngy l th ng triu: trong mt thng chu cung 15 ln, ng triu 15 ln,
tr khi i vng v khi se yu153. Trong 36 nm, thng vn nh th, khng sai
cht no.

c vua Dc Tng
nh thn
Vic ngoi giao
Vic cm o
Vic thu m
Vic vn hc
Vic binh ch

Khi ngi chu cung th ngi tu chuyn ny chuyn kia, vic nh vic
nc, vic xa vic nay. c T D thuc s sch nhiu m bit vic i
cng rng. Khi c T D ban cu chi hay, th ngi bin ngay vo mt quyn
giy gi l T Hun Lc.
Mt hm rnh vic nc, ngi ng bn ti rng Thun Trc154 gp phi
khi nt lt. Cn hai ngy na th c k c Hin T, m ngi cha ng v.
c T D nng rut, sai quan i thn l Nguy-n Tri Phng i rc.
Nguy-n Tri Phng i c na ng, va gp thuyn ng ng cho ln,
m nc th chy mnh, thuyn khng i mau c. Gn ti thuyn ng mi
ti bn. Khi y tri ang ma, m ngi vi vng ln kiu trn i thng sang
cung, ly xin chu ti. c T D ngi xoay mt vo mn, chng ni chng
rng chi c. Ngy ly mt cy roi my, dng ln trn gh trt k ri ngi
nm xung xin chu n. Cch mt hi lu, c T D xoay mt ra ly tay ht
ci roi m ban rng:

1. c vua Dc Tng.

Vua Hin T mt, truyn ngi li cho

hong t th hai hy l Hng Nhm. By gi hong t mi c 19 tui, nhng
hc hnh thng thi. n thng 10 nm inh mi (1847), th ngi ln ngi
hong in Thi Ha, t nin hiu l T c, ly nm sau l nm Mu
Thn lm T c nguyn nin.
Vua Dc Tng i vi vn hi nc Nam ta tht l quan h, v l n
i ngi th nc Php sang bo h, i x hi mnh ra mt cnh tng khc.
B i vy cho nn ta cn phi bit r ngi l ngi th no, xt on nhng
cng vic thi by gi cho khi sai lm. Quan tng c Thn Trng Hu
c trng thy dung nhan ca ngi v t r chn tng ca ngi ra nh
sau ny: "Ngi hnh dung nh mt ngi nho s, khng cao, khng thp, trc
ngi bc trung, khng gy khng bo, c mt phn hi gy mt t. Da khng
trng khng en. Mt hi di; cm hi nh, trn rng m thng, mi cao m
trn, hai con mt tinh m lnh.

- Thi, tha cho! i chi cho quan qun cc kh th phi ban

th ng cho ngi ta, ri sm mai i hu k.

Ngi hay cht ci khn vng m nh, v mc o vng, khi ngi c tui
th hay mc qun vng i giy hng vng ca ni v ng. Ngi khng a

Hoa mai l mt si dy lm bng ch thp la m ht thuc.

Se yu l au yu. Ting se Hu ni cch tn knh, nh vua au th ni vua se mnh.
154
Cch Kinh thnh chng 15 cy s, bn b sng Li Giang, c mt ci rng cm gi l
Thun Trc. Ch y nhiu chim, c Dc Tng thng ng n bn y.
152

153

206

lm vic mt mnh, vi tn th n ng hu mi son, thp thuc hay l i

truyn vic.

Ngi ly t lui v, ni m ngi ph th ng cho cc quan qun i

hu ng. Quan th mi ngi c mt ng tin bc, ln nh ty theo phm,
cn lnh th mi tn c mt quan tin km. n sng ngi ng ra in Long
An ly k. Xem cch ngi th m nh th, th t xa n nay t c.

L nc ta xa nay cc quan khng c vo ch ngi ng ta lm

gip vic cho vua, cho nn vic ln vic nh, ngi phi xem c.

Tnh ngi sing nng, sng chng nm gi, ngi ng tnh, ngha l
thc dy, chng su gi, ngi ra triu. Cho nn cc quan Kinh bui y
cng phi dy sm m i chu. Thng thy cc quan thp n n cho
vo triu cho sm.

Phin s c ni u g i v ni cc. Ni cc trong trp tu s, a

cho gim, gim a cho n quan dng ln ngi. Ngi xem ri giao ni cc.
Ni cc gi bn chnh c chu im, chu ph, lc bn ph ra cho cc b
nha.

Thng ngi ng triu ti in Vn Minh, bn t in cn chnh.

Cc quan n sm, quan vn th ngi chc ti t vu, quan v ti hu vu. Khi
ngi ng ra, th thi gim tuyn triu cc quan vo chu. Cc quan u
mc o rng xanh, eo th bi i vo, quan vn bn hu, quan v bn t155.

Nay xem cc nguyn bn trong Cc, th thy c nhiu t phin ngi

ph di hn ca cc quan tu. Ch tt m vn li hay, ai cng kinh ci ti
ca ngi.
Ngi vn l ngi hiu hc. m no ngi cng xem sch n khuya.
C ba tp Ng Ch Thi Vn ca ngi in thnh bn. Ngi li lm sch ch
nm dy dn cho d- hiu, nh l sch Thp iu, T Hc Di-n Ca, Lun
Ng Di-n Ca, v.v..."

Khi cc quan theo th t ng yn ri, quan b Li hay l quan h

Binh tu xin cho my ng quan mi c thng thuyn bi mng. Cc quan
bi mng th phi chc ngoi, i b Li hay l b Binh tu xong mi c
vo. Quan vn thuc b Li, quan v th thuc b binh. Bi mng th phi
mc o i tro.

Xem ci chn tng ca vua Dc Tng nh th, th ngi khng phi l

ngi to bo vm v156, m cng khng phi l ng vua tn c bo ngc nh
ngi ta thng ni. Ch v ngi lm vua v mt thi i kh khn, trong nc
lm vic, m nhng ngi ph t th tuy c ngi thanh lim nh ng Trng
ng Qu, ng V Trng Bnh, trung lit nh ng Phan Thanh Gin, ng
Nguy-n Tri Phng, ng Hong Diu, v.v.... nhng m cc ng y u l ngi
c, khng am hiu thi th mi. V li cc th lc lc by gi km hn qu,
du c mun ci cch duy tn, cng khng kp na, cho nn mi vic u
hng c.

Cc ng bi mng xong ri, b no c vic g tu th n ch tu s

qu tu. Nh b no c tu vic g th cc quan n quan trong b y u qu
ch tu s, ri ng no tu, th c bi din tu. Mt bn cc quan tu s li
c mt ng quan ni cc v mt ng ng s u qu. Quan ni cc bin
li ngi ban; quan ng s n hch cc quan phm php.
c Dc Tng thuc vic m li chm cho nn nhiu ba ngi ban
vic n chn mi gi mi ng vo ni.
Ngi thng lm vic chi ng in Cn Chnh. Trong chi y lt
vn nh bng. Gn ca knh c my chic chiu, trn tri mt chiu cp
bng hng vng, mt ci yn vi nghin bt, mt tri da (ci gi da), ch
khng by bn gh g c. Cch mt khong c mt ci u h vi th.
Ngy lm vic mi th ng dy nh u h, hay l i bch b. Ngi ngi

2. nh Thn.

nh thn l cc quan trong Triu gip vua lo vic

nc. Nhng lc by gi tnh th nguy ngp lm, v t u thp cu th k
tr i, s sinh hot v hc thut ca thin h tin b nhiu m s cnh tranh
156
Ta thng trng thy c ci tranh v mt ngi to ln vm v, mt mi d tn m mc o i
m khng ra li lng g c, di ci tranh c ch l vua T c. Ci tranh y chc l ca mt
ngi no t ng tng m v ra ch khng phi l chn dung ca ngi. V l tha trc ch tr
nhng quan i thn v nhng ngi c vo hu cn, vua ta khng cho ai trng thy mt, m
cng khng bao gi c hnh nh g c.

Khi ngi ng in Thi Ha hay l in Cn Chnh, hay l i hnh l- in Phng Tin, th quan
vn li ng bn t, quan v bn hu, duy in Vn Minh th quan v bn t, quan vn bn hu,
khng bit ti lm sao?
155

207

ca cc nc cng kch lit hn trc. Th m nhng ngi gi ci trch

nhim chnh tr nc mnh, ch chm vic vn chng, kho ngh nghin bt,
bn n quc s th phi Nghiu, Thun li H, Thng, Chu, vic my nghn
nm trc c em lm gng cho thi hin ti, ri c ngh-u nghn t xng
mnh hn ngi, cho thin h l d man. y, cc nh thn lc by gi phn
nhiu l nhng ngi nh th c. Tuy c mt vi ngi i ra ngoi, trng
thy cnh tng thin h, v ni li, th cc c nh cho l ni by, lm hy
hoi mt k cng! Thnh ra ngi khng bit th c mt nim t c, ngi
bit th phi lm cm lm ic, khng th ra vi ai c, phi ngi khoanh tay
m chu.

rng: cc nc Thi Ty m ph cng l ch ct vic binh v vic bun bn.

Ly binh lnh m bnh vc vic bun bn, ly vic bun bn m nui binh
lnh.
Gn y Nht Bn theo cc nc Thi Ty cho ngi i bun bn
khp c mi ni. Nc Tu cng bt chc cho ngi ngoi quc ra vo bun
bn. Nc ta, ngi khn ngoan, li c lm sn vt, nn theo ngi ta m lm
th cng c th gi c quyn c lp ca nc nh.
Nm y li c quan hn lm vin tu son l Phan Lim lm s mt tu
vic m s bun bn, s chung vn lp hi, v xin cho ngi i hc ngh khai
m. Giao cho nh thn xt, cc quan u bn rng vic bun bn khng tin,
cn vic khc th xin i hi cc tnh xem th no, ri s xt li. y cng l
mt cch lm cho tri chuyn, ch khng ai mun thay i thi c cht g c.
Nhn vic vua Dc Tng khuyn rng cc quan xt vic th nn cn thn v
suy ngh cho chn, nhng cng nn lm th no cho tin b, ch khng tin,
th tc l thoi vy.

Xem nh my nm v sau, nh vua thng c hi n vic ph quc

cng binh, cc quan bn ht l n l kia, no chin, no th, m chng thy
lm c vic g ra tr. V thi by gi, cng c ngi hiu r thi th,
chu i du hc v mun thay i chnh tr. Nh nm bnh dn (1866) l nm
T c th 19, c my ngi Ngh An l Nguy-n c Hu, Nguy-n Trng
T, Nguy-n iu i du hc phng ty. Sau Nguy-n Trng T v lm my
bi iu trn, k ht ci tnh th nc mnh, v ci cnh tng cc nc, ri
xin nh vua phi mau mau ci cch mi vic, khng th mt nc. Vua giao
nhng t iu trn y cho cc quan duyt ngh. nh thn u ly lm s ni
cn, khng ai chu nghe.

Xem li y th khng phi l vua khng mun thay i. Ch v vua

trong cung in, vic i khng bit r, phi ly cc quan lm tai lm mt, m
cc quan th li s ngi bit th t, s ngi khng bit th nhiu. Nhng
ngi c quyn tc th lm ngi trng khng r, nghe khng thy, ch mt
nim gi thi c cho tin vic mnh. Li c lm ngi t ngh rng mnh
quyn c ngi cao, th tt l ti gii hn ngi, ch khng hiu rng ci ti gii
khng cn phi nhiu tui, s khn ngoan khng phi lm quan to hay l quan
nh. Ci phm gi con ngi ta ct t t ng, hc thc, ch khng phi
tin ca hay l quyn tc.

Nm mu thn (1868) l nm T c th 21, c ngi Ninh Bnh tn

l inh Vn in dng t iu trn ni nn t doanh in, khai m vng, lm
tu ha, cho ngi cc nc phng ty vo bun bn, luyn tp s tt
phng khi chin th, thm lng thc cho quan qun, bt su dch cho dn s,
th ng cho nhng ngi c cng, nui nng nhng ngi b thng, tn tt,
v.v.... i l nhng iu ch quc li dn c, th m nh thn cho l
khng hp vi thi th, ri b khng dng.

n khi nc Php sang ly t Nam K, ra nh Bc K, tnh

th nguy cp n ni ri, th m c kh kh gi ly thi c, h- ai ni n s g
hi mi mt t, th bc i. Nh th th lm th no m khng hng vic c.

Cc quan i s cc ni v tu by mi s, vua hi n nh thn th

mi ngi u bc i, ci g cng cho l khng hp thi. Nm k mo (1879)
l nm T c th 32, Nguy-n Hip i s Tim La v ni rng khi ngi nc
Anh Ct Li mi sang xin thng thng, th nc Ti m La lp iu c cho
ngay, thnh ra ngi Anh khng c c g m sinh s ly t, ri Tim La li
cho nc Php, nc Ph, nc , nc M v.v... t lnh s coi vic bun
bn. Nh th mi ngi u c quyn li khng ai hip ch c mnh. Nm
tn t (1881) l nm T c th 34, c L nh i s Hng Cng v, tu

hay rng vua c trch nhim vua, quan c trch nhim quan, du
th no vua Dc Tng cng khng trnh khi ci li vi nc nh, nhng m
xt cho xc ly, th ci li ca nh thn lc by gi cng khng nh vy.

3. Vic Ngoi Giao.

Vic chnh tr i Dc Tng l nht thit khng

cho ngi ngoi quc vo bun bn. Nh nm canh tut (1850) l nm T
208

c th 3, c tu M Li Lin vo ca Nng, em th sang xin thng

thng, nh vua khng tip th.

Nh vua li nh l cho quyn t 1.000 quan tr ln th c hm cu

phm, ln n 10.000 quan th c hm lc phm, ngh l phi dng li i
trc bn quan ly tin.

T nm t mo (1855) cho n nm inh su (1877) tu Anh Ct Li ra

vo my ln ca Nng, ca Th Ni (Bnh nh) v Qung Yn, xin
bun bn, cng khng c. Ngi I Pha Nho v nc Php Lan Ty xin
thng thng cng khng c.

6. Vic Vn Hc.

Vua Dc Tng l mt ng vua hay ch nht i nh

Nguy-n, cho nn ngi trng s nho hc lm. Ngi chm v vic khoa gip,
sa sang vic thi c t ra Nh S Khoa v Ct S Khoa, chn ly ngi vn
hc ra lm quan.

V sau t Gia nh mt ri, vic ngoi giao mt ngy mt kh,

nh vua mi t Bnh Chun Ti coi vic bun bn, v Thng Bc Vin
coi vic giao thip vi ngi ngoi dng. Tuy vy nhng cng khng thy ai
l ngi hiu vic bun bn v bit cch giao thip c.

Ngi li t Tp Hin Vin v Khai Kinh Din ngi ng ra cng vi

cc quan bn sch v , lm th ph hoc ni chuyn chnh tr. Li sai quan
son b Khm nh Vit S , t i thng c cho n ht i nh Hu L.

4. Vic Cm o.

Vic cm o th t nm mu thn (1848) l nm T

c nguyn nin, vua Dc Tng mi ln ngi, c d cm o. Ln y
trong d ni rng nhng ngi ngoi quc vo ging o, th phi ti cht,
nhng ngi o tr ng trong nc m khng chu b o, th phi khc ch
vo mt, ri phi y i ch nc c. Cn nhng ngu dn th cc quan
phi ngn cm, ng cho i theo o m b s th cng cha ng, ch ng
c git hi v.v....

7. Vic Binh Ch. i vua Dc Tng lm gic gi, nh vua cn n

vic v, nn ch nm tn du (1861) l nm T c th 14 mi truyn cho cc
tnh chn ly nhng ngi khe mnh lm lnh v sinh. n nm t su
(1865) l T c th 18 li m ra khoa thi v tin s.
Tuy rng lc by gi nc mnh c lnh v sinh, c quan v tin s,
nhng m thi i khc i ri, ngi ta nh nhau bng sng n np hu,
bng n tri ph ch khng bng gm bng gio nh trc na. M qun
lnh ca mnh mi i c 50 ngi th ch c 5 ngi cm sng iu thng
c, phi chm ngi mi bn c, m li khng luyn tp, c nm ch c mt
ln tp bn. Mi ngi ch c bn c 6 pht n m thi, h- ai bn qu s
y th phi bi thng.

n nm tn hi (1851) l nm T c th 4, li c d ra cm o.
Ln ny, cm nghit hn ln trc, v c my ngi gio s ngoi quc phi
git.
Sc khng gi nc m li c lm iu tn c. khng cho
ngi ngoi quc vo bun bn, li em lm ti nhng ngi i ging o, b i
th cho nn nc Php v nc I Pha Nho mi nhn c y m nh nc ta
vy.

Qun lnh nh th, binh kh nh th, m quan th li cho lnh v

phng, mi i ch chng 20 tn ti ng m thi. Vy nn n khi c
s, khng ly g m chng gi c.

5. Vic Thu M.

Thu m trong nc i by gi, th i khi cng

nh i vua Thnh T v Hin T, duy ch t khi nc Php v nc I Pha
Nho vo nh ly my tnh Nam K ri, li phi bi tin binh ph mt 4 triu
nguyn, nh nc mi tm cch ly tin, bn cho ngi khch tn l Hu Li
Trnh trng thu bn thuc nha phin t Qung Bnh ra n Bc K. S chp
rng ng nin nh vua thu c c 302.200 quan tin thu nha phin.

209

ngha. Ngay nhng ngi lm lm vng m lm dng ch quyn

lm nhng iu tn bo, th cng ch l ngi tn tc m thi, ch khng phi
l tht bc bc vng na.

CHNG VI

Ch v tnh th nc
Vit Nam n cui i
T c

Triu nh: S d i xa qun chng cng nhn mt ng vua gi ci ch

quyn c nc, l mun cho c mi thng nht khi s tranh dnh v cuc
bin lon. Song vic tr nc l vic chung c nc, cho nn c vua l phi c
triu nh. Triu nh khng phi l mt nhm cn thn hu h v lm vic
ring cho nh vua, chnh l mt hi ngh chung c nc, do s kn chn
nhng ngi xng ng bng cch thi c m t ra. Cch thi c khng phn
bit sang hn giu ngho g c, mi-n l ai c hc, c hnh v c ti nng th
c ra ng th. Ngi no ri v ra lm quan l ngi y c chn
trong triu nh.

1. Cch t chc chnh tr v x hi.

2. Bn hng dn
3. S sinh hot ca ngi trong nc.

L nh vua, mi thng phi my ln thit i triu, cc quan ti kinh

u phi n mt v theo phm trt m ng tu by mi vic. B i v
khi c vic g quan trng, th vua h nh ngh, ngha l giao cho nh thn bn
xt. Cc quan bt k ln b u c em kin ca mnh m trnh by. Vic
g quyt nh, em dng ln vua chun y, ri mi thi hnh.

1. Cch T Chc Chnh Tr v X Hi.

Nc Vit Nam tuy ni

l mt nc qun ch chuyn ch , nhng theo ci tinh thn v cch t chc
ca x hi th c nhiu ch rt hp vi ci tinh thn dn ch. Nguyn Nho
Gio l ci hc cn bn ca nc ta khi xa, m v ng thc t, th ci hc
y rt ch trng s tr nc. Tr nc th phi ly dn lm gc, ngha l phi
lo cho dn c sung tc, phi dy d dn cho bit o l v m mang tr tu
ca dn. Nhng vic quan trng nh th khng phi bt c ai cng lm c,
tt l phi c nhng ngi c c hnh, ti nng v uy quyn mi c th
m ang c. B i vy cho nn mi cn c vua c quan.
157

Vua tuy c quyn ln tht, nhng khng c lm iu g tri php

thng. Khi vua c lm iu g lm li, th cc quan Gim St Ng S phi tu
by m can ngn vua. Tr nhng ng vua bo ngc khng k, thng l vua
phi nghe li can ngn ca cc quan.
H- triu nh c nhng ngi ngay chnh v sng sut, th vic nc
c yn tr; nu c nhng ngi gian nnh m ti, th vic nc h hng.
l l chung t xa n nay nh vy.

Vua: Theo ci l thuyt ca Nho Gio, th khi c qun chng, l phi c

qun. Qun l mt n v gi ci ch quyn chu ht thy cc trch nhim
v s sinh hot v tnh mnh ca ton dn trong nc. Ci n v y gi l
hay l vng, c gi ci ch quyn c nc. Ci ch quyn y ngi ta cn
gi l ci thn kh, ngha l mt vt thing ling do tri cho, tc l dn thun
mi c gi. Ni rng nhng ngi lm nhng iu gian c bo ngc m
cp ly ch quyn th sao ? l s tim ot ch khng phi l chnh

Quan t: mnh lnh ca triu nh pht ra, th quan t cc qun huyn

phi theo m thi hnh. Cc quan coi cc qun huyn c nhim v dy d dn,
ng dn lm nhng iu tri lun thng o l hay nhng vic phn
lon. Ngoi ra quan phi cho dn c yn nghip lm n, khng nn by
vic ra nhi-u dn. B i vy i xa ng quan no cai tr mt ht m dn ht
y c yn tr l ng quan gii.
Quyn T Tr ca dn lng: Quan ca triu nh b ra ch c n ph huyn,
cn t tng tr xung thuc v quyn t tr ca dn. Dn t chn ly ngi

Ta thng hiu my ch qun ch chuyn ch theo ci ngha ca cc nc u Ty ngy nay,

ch khng bit my ch y theo ci hc nho gio c nhiu ch khc nhau.
157

210

ca mnh m c ra coi mi vic trong ht. Tng l mt khu gm c my lng

hay x, c mt cai tng v mt ph tng do hi ng k dch cc lng c ra coi
vic thu kha, iu v mi vic tr an trong tng.

Thng: Thng l hng ngi lm ngh bun bn. Song vic bun
bn ca ta ngy xa km ci lm. Ngi thin h i bun nc ny, bn nc
n, xut cng, nhp cng, kinh doanh nhng cng cuc to ln k hng c
hng triu. Ngi mnh c i khng i n u, ch quanh qun trong
nc, bun bn nhng hng ha lt vt, thnh ra bao nhiu mi li ln v tay
ngi ngoi mt. Thnh thong c mt t ngi c mi lm chic thuyn
mnh ch hng t x n n x kia, nhng vn nm by vn quan tin, th
cho l hng c ph.

Lng hay x l phn t ct yt ca dn. Phong tc, l lut ca lng

no hay lng y, triu nh khng can thip n, cho nn tc ng c cu:
"Php vua thua l lng". Lng c hi ng k dch do dn c ra trng coi
ht c mi vic. Hi ng y c ngi tin ch v th ch ng u, ri c l
tr ng v ph l do hi ng k dch c ra thay mt lng m giao thip vi
quan t, c tun inh chuyn coi vic cnh st trong lng. Khi mt ngi no
can phm vic g th quan trch c lng, cho nn ai i u hay lm vic g
cng phi ly lng lm gc.

Cng ngh nh th, bun bn nh th, bo nc mnh ph cng lm

sao c? Rt cc li, ch c ngh nng v ngh s l trng yu hn c.
Nng: Nng l hng ngi chuyn ngh lm rung. Dn Vit Nam ta
thng th ai cng c t ra l vi ba so rung cy cy, ngha l ngh lm
rung l ngh gc ca ngi mnh. Nhng tr nhng ni rung nhiu ngi t
v t li ph nhiu nh t Nam Vit, cn th t xu v li v kh hu khng
iu ha, nng ma tht thng, vic cy cy gp nhiu ni kh khn. Dn
nh qu, phn nhiu n nh v rung nng, h- nm no ma ha gi thun,
ma mng tt th nm y dn c no m, nhng nm no ma lt hay hn
hn, ma mng mt ht, th dn i kh.

Ngy xa cc lng khng c s khai sinh t v gi th, nhng tc l

ca lng, c con trai n 12 tui th phi vo lng, tc l vo s inh ca lng,
con gi th khng c l y. Li v s th cng t tin v s tin s, tng, v.v...
cho nn nh no con ra, bt k trai hay gi, cha m phi nh cho ng gi,
ngy thng v nm sinh ca a con y. B i vy ngi no cng bit r ngy
thng sinh ca con mnh.
Vic gi th l vic quan h v gia tc, phi lm ng l thng,
nhng i vi lng, th tc l bt ngi chng khi ci v, phi trnh lng v
np cho lng mt s my quan tin, gi l np tin cheo. Nh th, thnh ra
theo tc l, tuy khng c s khai sinh t gi th, m mi iu cng nh l
c vy.

2. Bn Hng Dn.

S: S l hng ngi chuyn ngh i hc, hoc thi ra lm quan,

hoc i dy hc, lm thy thuc, thy a l, thy bi, thy tng, thy s
v.v.... l nhng ngh phong lu nhn h.
S hc ca nc ta ngy trc c b L- coi vic gio ha ca ton
nc. tnh c quan c Hc, ph c quan Gio Th, huyn v chu
th c quan Hun o, l nhng ngi c khoa mc, triu nh b ra coi vic
gio dc cc ht, v mi ngi coi mt trng cng trong ht. Nhng s t
hc cc trng t thc kh kh u c n hc tp cc trng cng
ca quan c, quan Gio hay quan Hun, i n khi c khoa thi Hng, th
ra ng th. Nm no c khoa thi, th cc quan hun o, gio th v c hc
m cuc kho hc tr la ch nhng ngi c sc mi cho ra ng th.

Ngi trong nc chia ra lm bn hng l: s, nng,

cng, thng.

Cng: Cng l hng ngi lm th hoc lm mt cng ngh g ly

li. Nhng v nc ta khi xa ch c nhng tiu cng ngh, nh quy t, dt
vi, dt la, lm chi li, lm mm mui v.v.... ch khng c i cng ngh
lm giu nh cc nc khc. i cng ngh khng c th nhng ngi lm
th, ai chuyn tp ngh g th lp thnh phng, nh th mc, th n, th rn,
th c, th gm v.v.... mi phng c th c, th ph v th, v phng no
c tc l ca phng y. Nhng ngi lm th thng l ngi t hc, quanh
nm ngy thng i lm thu lm mn ch c n m thi.

L nh vua c ba nm m khoa thi Hng cc a phng. Nhng

ngi cao khoa thi Hng gi l c nhn, nhng ngi thp gi l T
Ti. Nm sau Kinh m khoa thi Hi ti b L-, nhng ngi C Nhn
nm trc vo ng th, ai trng cch th c vo thi nh trong in nh
211

vua ly cc bc Tin S, l nhng bc i khoa, ngi trong nc rt ly lm

qu trng.

bit lim s v nh c ci thanh ngh ca bn s phu rng buc, ngn nga s

hnh ng b chnh. Song ch c th m thi, vn khng sinh tn trong
ci thi i quyn li cnh tranh, quyn mu qu quyt, tr thut gian tr. Cho
nn trong khi ngi tin th ta thoi, ngi thnh th ta suy.
i khi, ci trnh ca bn s phu nc ta lc by gi l th, cho
nn vn nc suy n ni m hn ngi vn m mui ch m mng mng
m. Bn s phu l ngi c hc, lm tai lm mt cho mi ngi m cn km
cI nh th, th bo dn gian khn ngoan lm sao c.

Mi khi c khoa thi Hng, cc quan kinh ra chm thi c ci bin

bn ch: Phng Ch Cu Hin, ngha l: vng ch vua ra tm ngi gii. Vy s
thi c ngy trc c ci ngha khc s thi c ngy nay.
l ni cch t chc vic gio ha ca triu nh. Cn ch dn
gian, th s hc tp rt t do. Bt k ngi no c hc lc kha kh cng c th
m trng t thc dy hc. Mi lng c vi ba trng t thc, hoc nh
thy, hoc nh ngi ho ph nui thy cho con hc v cho con cc nh ln
cn n hc. Ngi Vit Nam ta vn chung s hc, cho nn ngi i hc
cng nhiu.

3. S Sinh Hot ca ngi trong nc.

Tnh th trong nc nh
ni trn, cng ngh khng c, bun bn khng ra g, tr vic cy cy lm
rung ra th ngi ngho i khng c ngh nghip g m lm n c, cho nn
tha y tuy mt tin c bn bt go, m vn c ngi cht i, v rng gi
go th r, nhng kim c ng tin tht l kh. Ngi i lm thu khn
kho, th mi c mt ngy mt tin, khng th ch c 18 hay 30 ng tin
m thi. S lm n ch thn qu vt v m li thng b nhiu s h lm,
ai c ng tin trong nh th lo s mi ng: no s k gian phi trm
cp, no s gic m gic ngy cp ph, cho nn phi chn phi giu cho
kn.

Nguyn s hc ngy xa c ci mc ch chn chnh l hc cho hiu

o l, bit phi tri, v luyn tm tnh cho thnh ngi c tit tho v c
phm cch cao qu, gp thi th ra gip nc gip dn, nu khng, th lm
ngi ngay chnh trong x hi. Sau dn dn v s sanh hot i, s hc
thnh ra ci hc chuyn v mt c nghip, ngha l hc ch ct ly ra
lm quan. Ngi i hc t ri, t tin mnh l ti gii, ch v ly ci hoa
m b ngoi le ngi, ch khng thit g n s thc hc. Tu trung cng
c ngi mun thi ly cht danh phn ri v nh hc thm hay dy
hc. Nhng i a s ch mong lm quan v lm quan l c a v tn
qu, ngoi ra khng c g hn na.

Nh ca phn nhiu l nh tranh nh l, t khi c nh ngi nh gch.

Kiu nh lm cng phi theo kiu thng m lm, ch khng c lm nh lu
v nh kiu ch cng hay kiu ch mn. Ai lm nh ca m khng theo ng
php, th cho l lng hnh, phi ti.

Chng trnh s hc c nghip c nhng g ? Bao nhiu cng phu ca

ngi i hc ch trng vo s hc cho nh nhng sch T Th, Ng Kinh
cng nhng li th ch ca tin nho trong nhng sch y v hc thm my b
s nc Tu. Cn s luyn tp hng ngy, th ct tp cho tho thuc cc l li
ch khoa trng l: kinh ngha, t lc, thi ph, vn sch. y l dng h vn
m xt ti thc dng, em s hoa m lm mc thc o ti kinh lun. B i vy
ai hay kinh ngha ngh mnh hn ngi, ai ti thi ph t ng mnh gii
ngh tr nc. Vic i th ti tm m mt m li t ph v kiu cng, cho
thin h nh rm rc, coi mnh nh thn thnh.

Cch n mc th ch c vi nu, ngi ngho kh ch c manh

o cnh v thng th ng ci kh, c i u mi mc ci qun vi di n
u gi. Ngi sung tc mi c vi ci o nu en v vi ci qun hoc
nhum nu hoc trng, ch khng c mc gm vc v i giy.
Nh vua cm nh th, l cng c mun cho dn khng quen thi xa hoa
hoang ph, ch tr nhng ngi lm quan lm t mi c ci c n c n
mc hn ngi. Cng v th cho nn ngi trong nc ai cng mong c i
lm quan cho hin t ci thn hnh v cho r rng m cha, ch khng lo ngh
lm vic g khc na. H- ai i hc m v l g thi khng , lm quan khng
c, th bc ch quay ra lm gic tm cch hin vinh, thnh ra trong nc
hay c gic gi.

S hc ca mnh h hng nh th, nhng h tc li n su vo tr

no, thnh ra mt th c tt khng sao cha c. May nh ci tinh thn hc
c, ngi i hc, kin thc tuy khng c ci g my, nhng thng c kh tit,
212

Nc ngho, dn kh, li phi lc c nhiu tai bin, ngi ngoi vo

xm lc, triu nh ng ngc khng bit xoay x ra th no, lng ngi ly tn,
phn ra b n ng kia, git hi ln nhau. y l ci tnh th nc Vit Nam ta
v cui i T c l th, cho nn s nguy vong mi xy ra vy.

CHNG VII

Nc Php ly t Nam K
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Nc Php nh Nng.
Qun Php h thnh Gia nh.
Mt tnh nh Tng.
Mt tnh Bin Ha v tnh Vnh Long
Ha c nm nhm tut (1862)
S Vit Nam ta sang Ty
Vic bo h Cao Min
Nc Php ly ba tnh pha ty t Nam K

1. Qun Php nh Nng.

Trong thi i kh khn nh i

vua Dc Tng, m vua quan c kh kh gi ly thi c, khng bit theo thi
m m nc cho ngi ta vo bun bn, khng bit nhn dp m khai ha dn
tr, li v s sng tn m em git hi ngi trong nc, v em lm ti nhng
ngi i ging o. B i nhng s lm li y, cho nn nc Php mi dng
binh lc bo th cho nhng ngi gio s b hi.
Nguyn t nm tn hi (1851) l nm T c th 4 v sau, ngha l t
khi c t d cm o ln th hai, Bc K c my ngi gio s l ng Bonard,
ng Charbonnier, ng Matheron v ng gim mc I Pha Nho tn l Diaz b
git. Cn nhng gio s khc th phi o hm o h m , hoc phi trn
trnh trong rng trong ni ging o. Nhng tin y v n bn Ty, cc
bo ch ngy ngy k nhng thm trng ca cc ngi gio s i truyn o
nc ta, lng ngi no ng c ln.

Chnh ph nc Php bn sai ng Leheur de Ville-sur-Arc, em chic

chin thuyn "Catinat" vo ca Nng ri cho ngi em th ln trch Triu
nh Vit Nam v vic git o. Sau thy quan ta li thi khng tr li, qun
nc Php bn bn ph cc n ly Nng, ri b i. By gi l thng 8
nm bnh thn (1856) l nm T c th 9.
213

c 4 thng sau th s thn nc Php l ng Montigny nc Tim

La sang, iu nh mi vic. Chic tu ca ng Montigny i vo ng ca
nng, ri cho ngi a th ln ni xin cho ngi nc Php c t do
vo thng thng, t lnh s Hu, m ca hng bun bn Nng, v
cho gio s c t do i ging o. Trong by nhiu iu, triu nh nc ta
khng chu iu no c.

ng Nguy-n Tri Phng lp n Lin Tr v p ly di t Hi Chu

cho n Phc Ninh, ri chia qun ra phng gi. C nh sch Nam K S ca
ng Cultru th quan trung tng Rigault de Genouilly nh ly Nng xong
ri, ln nh Hu, nhng m n lc by gi thy quan qun phng gi cng
rt, v li c ngi em tin cho trung tng bit rng c hn 10.000 qun
Hu sp ko xung. Trung tng khng bit r tnh th ra lm sao, m ng
x li khng thuc, cho nn cng khng dm tin qun ln.

By gi bn nc Php lp li hiu, chu ng N Ph Lun

nht l N Ph Lun tam ln lm vua. Triu chnh lc by gi th thun
o, li c b hong hu Eugnie cng sng tn. V chng khi chic tu
"Catinat" vo ca nng, c ng gim mc Pellerin trn c xung tu ri
v b kin Php Hong, k r tnh cnh cc ngi ging o Vit Nam.

Nhn v khi trc cc gio s u ni rng h- qun Php sang nh, th

dn bn o tc khc ni ln nh gip, n nay khng thy tin tc g, m
qun lnh ca trung tng th tin ln khng c. Nng th ch n ch
khng c, li phi bnh dch t cht hi mt nhiu ngi, b i vy trung tng
ly lm phin lm. By gi c ng gim mc Pellerin cng i theo sang di
tu Mnsis, trung tng c trch ng gim mc nh la mnh, gim mc
cng tc gin b v nh tu dy o ti thnh Pnang bn M Lai.

ng P. Cultru chp trong sch Nam K S K (Histore de la

Cochinchine) rng: lc by gi c nhiu ngi quyn th nh ng ch gio
thnh Rouen l Mgr de Bonnechose v c l c b hong hu cng c ni gip
cho ng gim mc Pellerin. B i vy Php hong mi quyt sai quan em
binh thuyn sang nh nc ta. Li nhn v nhng gio s nc I Pha Nho
cng b git, cho nn chnh ph hai nc mi cng nhau tr tnh vic sang
nh nc Vit Nam. y cng ti v vua quan mnh lm iu tri o, git hi
nhng ngi theo o Gia T cho nn mi c tai bin nh vy.

c my thng, trung tng liu th nh Hu cha c, bn nh

k vo nh Gia nh l mt ni d- ly, v li l mt ni tr ph ca nc
Nam ta.

2. Qun Php vo nh Gia nh. Trc c ngi bn vi

trung tng Rigault de Genouilly ra nh Bc K, ni rng Bc K c hn 40
vn ngi i o, v li c ng theo nh L, c th gip cho qun Php c
thnh cng. Trung tng cho i do thm bit rng t Nam K d- ly hn, v
li l t giu c, nhiu thc go. n thng ging nm k mi (1859) l nm
T c thng 12, Trung tng giao quyn li cho i t Toyon li gi cc
n ti Nng, ri cn bao nhiu binh thuyn em vo Nam K. Qun Php
vo ca Cn Gi, bn ph cc pho i hai bn b sng ng Nai, ri tin
ln nh thnh Gia nh.

Thng 7 nm mu ng (1858) l nm T c th 11, hi qun Trung

Tng nc Php l Rigault de Genouilly em tu Php v tu I Pha Nho c
thy 14 chic, ch hn 3.000 qun ca hai nc vo ca nng, bn ph
cc n ly, ri ln h thnh An Hi v thnh Tn Hi.
Triu nh c tin y lin sai ng o Tr ra cng vi quan tng c
Nam Ngha l Trn Hong ti-u ng. ng o Tr ra n ni th hai ci hi
thnh mt ri. Triu nh li sai quan hu qun L nh L lm tng thng
em 2.000 cm binh vo n ng.

Gia nh, by gi tuy c nhiu binh kh, nhng qun lnh khng
luyn tp, vic v b b tr- ni, cho nn khi qun Php ca Cn Gi tin ln,
quan h c l V Duy Ninh vi vng t i cc tnh ly binh v cu vin;
nhng ch trong hai ngy th thnh v. V Duy Ninh t tn. Qun nc Php
v nc I Pha Nho vo thnh, ly c 200 khu sng i bc, 8 vn ri kilos
thuc sng v chng 18 vn pht lng (francs) c tin ln bc, cn cc binh
kh v thc go th khng bit bao nhiu m k.

ng L nh L vo nh vi qun Php mt trn x Cm L b n,

v c my hm th mt.
Vua Dc Tng li sai quan Kinh Lc S l ng Nguy-n Tri Phng
vo lm tng thng, ng Chu Phc Minh lm c cng vi ng o Tr
chng gi vi qun Php v qun I Pha Nho.
214

thn (1860) qun Php t c dinh tri Tr Sn ri xung tu. V n Gia

nh, thiu tng Page hi qun i t d'Aris li gi Gia nh, cn bao
nhiu binh thuyn em ln pha bc hi vi binh thuyn ca nc Anh
nh nc Tu.

Trung tng Rigault de Genouilly ly c thnh Gia nh ri, t c

thc go v san phng thnh tr lm bnh a, ch mt ci n pha nam,
sai thy qun trung t Jaurguiberry em mt o qun li chng gi vi
qun ca ng Tn Tht Hp ng t Bin Ha.

Triu nh Hu thy qun Php b nng i, bn sai Nguy-n Tri

Phng, Phm Th Hin vo Nam K, cng vi ng Tn Tht Hp sung Gia
nh qun th.

Trung tng li em qun tr ra Nng, ri tin ln nh mt trn

n Phc Ninh. Qun ng Nguy-n Tri Phng thua phi lui v gi n Ni
Hin v n Lin Tr.

n thng 7 nm canh thn (1860) ng Nguy-n Tri Phng kh i hnh.

Lc gn i, ng y c tu by my l v vic gi nc v ni rng vic nh
nhau vi nc Php by gi kh gp nm gp by lc trc, nhng ng y xin
c ht sc n n nc, cn mt Qung Nam m c vic g, th ng Phan
Thanh Gin v ng Nguy-n B Nghi c th cng ng c.

Trung tng mun nhn dp m nh vic ging ha, nhng m

Triu nh c li thi mi, ngi th bn ha, k th bn nh, thnh ra
khng xong vic g c158. M qun Php lc by gi Nng kh s lm,
nhiu ngi c bnh tt; trung tng Rigault de Genouilly cng au, phi xin
v ngh.

Qun Php v qun I Pha Nho Si gn lc by gi ch c 1.000

ngi m qun ca Vit Nam ta th c n hn mt vn ngi. Nhng m
qun ta khng luyn tp, li khng c sng ng nh qun Ty. Mnh ch c
my khu sng c, bn bng la, i xa 250 hay l 300 thc ty l cng;
cn sng i bc th ton l sng np tin m bn mi pht khng u mt.
Ly nhng qun lnh y, nhng kh gii y m i ch vi qun lp theo li
mi, th nh lm sao c. B i vy cho nn xem trn ca Vit Nam ta t
u cho n cui, ch c cch o hm o h lm th th, ch khng bao
gi c th cng, m ngi Ty th li c cng ln th. Tuy vy ng Nguy-n Tri
Phng cng vi quan tham tn i thn Phm Th Hin vo xp t Gia
nh mt cch rt c quy c, p dy n K Ha (ngi Php gi l dy n
Ch Ha) cng hp quy thc, chng nhau vi qun ca i t d'Aris. Hai
bn tng nh nhau hai ba trn, u b thit hi c.

Chnh ph Php sai hi qun thiu tng Page (Ba-du) sang thay cho
trung tng Rigault de Genouilly v nhn th ch vic ging ha cho xong.
n thng 10 nm k mi (1859) th thiu tng sang n ni, v cho ngi
a th bn vic ha, ch ct xin ng cm o, cho cc gio s c t do
i ging o, t lnh s coi vic bun bn cc ca b v t s thn Hu.
i th cng nh nhng iu ca ng Montigny bn nm trc. Nhng
chng may lc by gi trong Triu khng ai hiu chnh sch ngoi giao m
ch trng vic y, ha ra lm mt ci dp hay c cho hai nc.
Thiu tng thy cuc ha khng xong bn tin binh ln nh, trn y
bn qun Php cht mt mt vin lc qun trung t l Dupr Droulde.
Khi qun Php v qun I Pha Nho sang nh nc ta Nng v
Gia nh, th qun nc Anh v qun nc Php ang nh nc Tu mn
Hong Hi. n by gi qun Php cn phi tip sang bn Tu, chnh ph
nc Php mi truyn cho thiu tng Page phi rt qun Nng v, v
ch qun gi ly Gia nh, cn bao nhiu binh thuyn phi em sang theo
hi qun trung tng Charner i nh Tu. B i vy n thng ba nm canh

n thng 9 nm canh thn (1860), th nh Thanh bn Tu k t ha

c vi nc Anh v nc Php, hai bn bi s chin tranh. Chnh ph nc
Php sai hi qun trung tng Charner em binh thuyn v ch trng vic ly
Nam K.

Ch ny sch ty c quyn chp rng khi hai bn ang bn vic ha, th vua T c sai ng
Nguy-n Tri Phng nh qun Php Gia nh. V xem s ta lc by gi th ng Nguy-n Tri
Phng ang cn Qung Nam mI n thng 5 nm canh thn (1860), ng y mi vo Nam K.
Vy vic nh Gia nh l ng Tn Tht Hp, ch khng phi l ng Nguy-n Tri Phng.
158

215

chng khng ni vi qun Php, dng s v xin ging ha. Nhng trong
triu lc by gi c bn Trng ng Qu khng chu, bt phi tm k chng
gi.

Thng ging nm tn du (1861) trung tng Charner em c thy 70

chic tu v 3.500 qun b v n Gia nh159. c 20 ngy th trung tng
truyn lnh tin qun ln nh ly n K Ha. Hai bn nh nhau rt d
trong hai ngy. Qun Php cht hn 300 ngi, nhng m sng Ty bn hng
qu, qun ta ch khng ni, phi thu b n chy v Bin Ha.

C nh chp s trch Nguy-n B Nghi rng tuy ng y mun ging

ha, nhng khng chu nhng t, c ly l m ci, ch khng bit rng thi
bui cnh tranh ny, h- ci sc khng , th khng c ci l g l phi c.
V chng qun nc Php sang nh ly my tnh Nam K, l ct lm
thuc a, l no t nhin li em tr li. B i vy s ging ha c li thi mi
khng xong. M trong a ht tnh Gia nh v tnh nh Tng lc y li c
my ngi nh tri huyn Toi, ph qun c Trng nh, Thin h Dng r
nhng ngi ngha dng ni ln nh ph qun Php. Qun Php c nh
dp mi dn tnh cng b lm iu cc kh.

Trn y bn Ty th c lc qun thiu tng Vassoigne, i t I Pha

Nho Palanca v my ngi na b thng, m bn ta th ng Nguy-n Tri
Phng b thng, em ngi l Nguy-n Duy t trn, quan tham tn l Phm Th
Hin v n Bin Ha c my hm th mt, cn qun s th cht hi rt
nhiu.

3. Mt Tnh nh Tng.

Ph c n K Ha ri, trung tng

Charner truyn cho qun thy b tin ln ui nh, quan qun v tan c. Tu
thy ca Php ln ly Th Du Mt v Ty Ninh. Trung tng li sai ngi
a th sang cho vua Cao Min l Norodom (Nc ng Ln), i lc ni rng:
ch ca Php nh ly t Gia nh lm thuc a, v nay mai s nh ly
M Tho (nh Tng) cho tin ng lu thng vi nc Cao Min.

n thng 10 nm tn du (1861), chnh ph Php sai hi qun thiu

tng Bonard sang thay cho trung tng Charner v ngh.

4. Mt Tnh Bin Ha v Tnh Vnh Long.

Thiu tng Bonard

thy quan qun ta c chng gi mi, bn quyt nh ly tnh Bin Ha v
tnh Vnh Long. n thng 11 nm y, th qun Php chia ra lm 3 o, cng
tin ln nh ly thnh Bin Ha, ri li tin ln mt ng nam nh ly n
B Ra. Qua thng 3 nm sau l nm nhm tut (1862), thiu tng Bonard li
em 11 chic tu v hn 1.000 qun i nh Vnh Long. Tnh thn y
chng gi c 2 ngy th thnh ph. Tng c Trng Vn Uyn phi em
qun lui v pha ty sng M-kong.

By gi bi qun ca Nguy-n Tri Phng rt v ng Bin Ha, cn

ang ri lon, cha dm lm g, qun Php bn quay v pha ty nh tnh
nh Tng. Trc trung tng cho tu i d cc ngn sng xem i ng
no tin, n cui thng 2 nm tn du (1861), mt mt trung tng sai trung
t Bourdais em tu i ng sng, tin ln nh cc n, mt mt th sai thiu
tng Page i ng b, theo ca sng M-kong vo, hai mt cng tin ln
nh ly thnh M tho. Quan h c l Nguy-n Cng Nhn phi b thnh
chy.

5. Ha c Nm Nhm Tut (1862).

Lc by gi ngoi Bc
K c tn Phng, tn Trng, nh ph mt Qung Yn v Hi Dng ngt
lm, li c Nguy-n Vn Thnh, tc gi l Cai Tng Vng, quy nhi-u Bc
Ninh, m trong Nam K th li mt thm hai tnh na. Triu nh ly lm lo s
lm, bn sai Phan Thanh Gin v Lm Duy Tip vo Gia nh ging ha.

T khi h xong thnh M Tho ri, trung tng t n ly cc ni

him yu, v c hon vic binh sa sang vic cai tr trong a ht ly
c, cho nn cng khng nh cc tnh khc.
Triu nh Hu c tin quan qun tht th i n K Ha, v
thnh M Tho cng tht th ri, sai quan thng th H b l Nguy-n B Nghi
lm Khm sai i thn vo kinh l vic Nam k. Nguy-n B Nghi bit th
S ta chp rng qun Php lc by gi c hn 1 vn ngi, m cc sch chp vic ly Nam K
th ch ni c 3.500 ngi thi v trong s y li c my i lnh m An Nam na. Thit t ng s
3.500 c l tht hn.
159

216

n thng 4 th s thn nc ta theo chic tu Forbin160 vo Si gn.

n hm 9 thng 5 th thiu tng Bonard v s thn nc Nam ta l ng Phan
Thanh Gin v ng Lm Duy Tip k t ha c.

6. S Vit Nam Sang Ty.

Vua Dc Tng tuy th bt c d phi

nhng t ba tnh Nam K cho nc Php, nhng trong bng vn mun c
ht sc chuc li, v l t Gia nh l t khai nghip ca nh Nguy-n v
li l t qu ngoi ca ngi, nn chi ha c k ri, m ngi v sai quan
thng ngh vi quan nc Php v vic y. M ch ngi nc Php lc
by gi th khng nhng l ch gi ly ba tnh m thi, li cn nh m rng
thm ra na. Vy l no li em tr li cho mnh?

T ha c y c 12 khon, nhng ct c nhng khon sau ny l

quan trng hn c:
1. Nc Nam phi cho gio s nc Php v nc I Pha Nho
c t do vo ging o, v dn gian c t do theo o.
2. Nc Nam phi nhng t cho nc Php tnh Bin Ha, tnh
Gia nh v tnh nh Tng, v phi cho chin thuyn ca
Php c ra vo t do sng Mkong.
3. Nc Nam khng c em binh kh, thuc n i qua nhng
tnh nhng cho nc Php.
4. H- nc Nam c giao thip vi nc no khc th phi cho chnh
ph Php bit, v khi no mun nhng t cho nc no, th
phi ty nc Php c thun cho mi c.
5. Ngi nc Php v nc I Pha Nho c ra vo bun bn t do
ca Nng, ca Ba Lt v ca b Qung Yn.
6. Nc Nam phi tr tin binh ph 4.000.000 nguyn, chia lm
mi nm, mi nm 40 vn nguyn.
7. Nc Php tr tnh Vnh Long li cho nc Nam, nhng qun
Php c ng tnh l cho n khi dp yn gic gi tnh Gia
nh v tnh nh Tng th mi rt v.

Vua Dc Tng thy vic bn ny bn khng xong, bn sai quan hip

bin i hc s Phan Thanh Gin, quan t tham tri li b Phm Ph Th v
quan n st s tnh Qung Nam l Ngy Khc n em phm vt sang s nc
Php v I Pha Nho. Cn vic giao thip trong Nam K th giao li cho quan
tng c tnh Vnh Long l Trng Vn Uyn.
Thng 6, cc s thn xung tu "Echo" vo Gia nh, ri sang tu
"Europen" cng vi quan nc Php v quan nc I Pha Nho sang Ty. n
thng 8 th tu "Europen" v ti nc Php, s thn nc ta ln Paris, xin vo
triu yt Php Hong N Ph Lun tam. Nhng by gi Php Hong sp i
ng mt, s thn ta phi li ch n hn mt thng mi c yt kin. ng
Phan Thanh Gin ty by mi l v vic xin chuc ba tnh Nam K. Php
Hong ban rng vic nh ngh xem th no ri sau s tr li cho Triu
nh Hu.

S ging ha xong ri th triu nh sai ng Phan Thanh Gin lm tng

c Vnh Long, ng Lm Duy Tip lm tun ph Khnh Thun, giao thip
vi quan nc Php Gia nh.

My hm sau, bn ng Phan Thanh Gin i sang I Pha Nho, ri n

cui nm th cc s thn xung tu "Japon" tr v.

7. Vic Bo H Cao Min.

Trong khi s nc ta sang Ty lo vic

chuc li my tnh Nam K, th bn ny thiu tng De La Grandire mt
mt c nh dp mi ni, xp t cch cai tr, nh thu l v m trng dy
ch Php v ch quc ng161, mt mt sai quan i kinh doanh vic bo h
nc Cao Min (Chn Lp).

By gi nc I Pha Nho cng nhng quyn ly t lm thuc a cho

nc Php, ch nhn tin binh ph v quyn c cho gio s i ging o thi.
Thng 2 nm qu hi (1863) l nm T c th 16, thiu tng
Bonard v i t nc I Pha Nho l Palanca vo Hu triu yt vua Dc Tng
cng nhn s ging ha ca ba nc. on ri thiu tng Bonard v Php
ngh. Hi qun thiu tng De la Grandire sang thay.

Nguyn ngi nuc ta t xa tuy c ting ni ring m khng c ch vit. Hc hnh, vn

chng, n t, vic g cng lm bng Hn t c. T i nh Trn v sau c ngi dng Hn T
m t ra ch Nm vit ting Quc Ng. Nhng m nhng nh vn hc khng hay dng n
ch nm. n cui i nh L c cc gio s B o Nha sang ging o nc ta, thy hn t
kh hc v khng my ngi hiu, mi mn ch La Tinh m t ra ch quc ng, cho tin s
161

Nguyn trc thiu tng Bonard c sai trung t Simon em chic tu Forbin vo ca Thun An
i xem triu nh Hu c xin ha khng. Nay chic tu y em thuyn ca s thn Vit
Nam ta v Gia nh.
160

217

nghe li y bn xung ch truyn c chiu t ha c nm nhm tut (1862)

m thi hnh.

Nguyn t nm k mi (1859), vua nc Cao Min l An Dng (tc

l Nc ng Tn) mt ri, ngi con tr ng tn l Norodom (ng Ln) ln ni
ngi. n nm tn du (1861), th ngi em Norodom l Si-Vattha ni ln
tranh ngi ca anh. Norodom phi chy sang Tim La. Sang nm nhm tut
(1862) vua Tim La sai qun em Norodom v nc, ri t quan -ng
bo h Cao Min.

Nm t su (1865), quan thng th De Chasseloup Laubat mun bit

r tnh th bn Vit Nam ny, bn gi thiu tng De La Grandire v hi ngh
v sai hi qun thiu tng Roze sang thay. Thiu tng De la Grandire v
Php c i ln v mt 7 thng, li tr sang kinh l vic Nam K.
Lc by gi ba tnh ca Php thnh np ri, thiu tng De la
Grandire Php sang quyt ly nt ba tnh pha ty. Li nhn t khi
trc nc Php sang ly Nam K, ngi bn x thnh thong vn ni ln nh
ph, qun Php dp mi khng yn. Cao Min li c tn s Pu km B
xng l chu Nc ng Chn cng ni ln nh vua Norodom. Sy ph Si
gn cho quan Vit Nam xui gic v gip nhng ngi lm lon, bn sa
son vic ly tnh Vnh Long, tnh An Giang v tnh H Tin.

Lc by gi Cao Min c ng gim mc tn l Miche khuyn vua

Norodom v vi nc Php th Tim La khng dm bt nt. Bn ny thiu
tng De La Grandire cng sai i y Doudart de Lagre sang kinh doanh
vic bo h Cao Min. ng Doudart de Lagre sang Cao Min trong mt nm
tri thu xp mi vic, n nm gip t (1864) th nc Tim La phi rt qun
v, nhng quyn bo h cho nc Php.

8. Nc Php Ly Ba Tnh Pha Ty t Nam K.

bn
Php lc by gi chnh ph cng cn phn vn, cha quyt hn ly hay l tr
t Nam K, m Php Hong th thy ng x xa xi cng ngi, bn sai hi
qun trung t Aubaret (Ha-ba-l) sang iu nh vi Triu nh Hu v vic
cho chuc ba tnh Nam K.

Hu tuy triu nh cn c mong chuc li t ba tnh, nhng vn

bit sy ph Si gn ri tt ly c ba tnh pha ty, cho nn nm bnh dn
(1866), li sai ng Phan Thanh Gin vo lm kinh lc s tm k chng gi.
bn Php, th t nm inh mo (1867), hi qun trung tng Rigault
de Genouilly ln lm thng th hi qun b162 ra sc gip thiu tng De la
Grandire cho xong vic. B i vy sy ph Si gn ch i dp kh i s.

Vua Dc Tng li sai quan Li B thng th l ng Phan Thanh Gin

ra sung chc ton quyn cng vi Trn Ti-n Thnh v Phan Huy Vnh
thng ngh vi s thn nc Php.

Thng 6 nm inh mo (1867) l nm T c th 20, thiu tng De

la Grandire hi hn 1.000 qun M Tho, ri nh ngy ko sang ly Vnh
Long, An Giang v H Tin. ng Phan Thanh Gin bit th khng chng ni,
bo cc quan nh chu np thnh tr cho khi s tai hi, ri ng ung thuc
c m t tn, dn li con ci phi cy rung m n, ch khng c nhn
quan chc g Nam K.

ng Aubaret a bn tho t ha c, i lc ni rng: Nc Php

tr li ba tnh Gia nh, Bin Ha v nh Tng cho nc Nam, ch gi
Sign, M Tho v Th Du Mt ng qun. Nhng nc Nam phi
nc Php c quyn bo h c 6 tnh Nam K. Nc Nam li phi chu
mi nm l 2.000.000 nguyn tin thu.

By gi ng gi, ngoi 74 tui, lm quan tht l thanh lim,

nhng chng may gp phi khi nc c bin, bit th mnh khng lm g c,
em tm lng son st m bo n n nc cho ht bn phn ngi lm ti.

S hai nc c bn i bn li mi khng xon, m bn Php th c

nhiu ngi khng mun tr li t Nam K. Cui nm gip t (1864) quan
thng th Hi qun b l hu tc De Chasseloup Laubat dng s tu vi
Php Hong nht nh xin khng cho nc Nam chuc ba tnh. Php Hong

T t Nam k ton cnh thnh ra t thuc a ca Php, thu m,

lut l, iu g cng do sy ph Si gn quyt nh c.

ging dy. Ngy nay ta cng nh c ch quc ng y m lm thnh ra nc ta c mt li ch

ring rt tin.

162

218

Lc by gi Hi qun b kim c Thuc a b

CHNG VIII

2. Gic Tam-ng.

Nm Tn hi (1851) l nm T c th 4, c
gic khch l bn Qung ngha ng, Lc thng ng, c thng ng, v.
v... tc gi l gic Tam-ng, quy nhi-u mt Thi-nguyn, vua sai ng
Nguy-n ng Giai ra kinh lc Bc-k. ng y dng cch khn kho d c
chng n v hng. B i vy trong ht li c yn mt . Nhng n cui
nm gip dn (1854) l nm T c th 7, Nguy-n ng Giai mt, t Bc-k
li c lon.

Gic gi trong nc
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Vic ri-lon trong nc

Gic Tam-ng
Gic chu-chu
Gic tn Phng
S phn-nghch Kinh-thnh
Gic Khch Bc-k

3. Gic chu-chu.

Nm T c th 7 (1854), tnh Sn-ty c mt

bn ngi em L duy C l dng di nh L ra lp ln lm minh ch kh i
s nh nh Nguy-n. Lc by gi c Cao b Qut, ngi lng Ph-thy,
huyn Gia-lm, tnh Bc-ninh, thi c nhn, ra lm quan, c b chc
gio-th ph Quc-oai (Sn ty). Cao b Qut c ting l ngi vn-hc gii
Bc-k, m c b quan trn nn, cho nn bc ch, b quan v i dy hc,
ri theo bn y xng l quc s dy lon vng Sn-ty v H-ni. Thng
chp nm y quan ph Lnh-binh tnh Sn-ty l L Thun i nh bt c
Cao b Qut em v chm ti lng.

1. Vic ri-lon trong nc.

Vua Dc-tng vn l ng vua c lng

chm-ch v vic tr dn, ngay t nm canh-tut (1850), l nm T-c th 3,
ngi sai ng Nguy-n Tri Phng lm Kinh-lc i-s 6 tnh Nam-k; ng
Phan Thanh Gin lm Kinh-lc i-s Bnh-nh, Ph-yn, Khnh-ha v
Bnh-thun; ng Nguy-n ng Giai lm Kinh-lc i-s H tnh, Ngh An v
Thanh-ha. Cc ng y i khm-xt cng vic cc quan-li v s lm n ca
dn gian, c iu g hay d phi s tu v cho vua bit.

Nhn v ma thng nm y vng tnh Bc-ninh v Sn-ty c nhiu

chu-chu ra ph hi mt c ma mng, ri n cui nm li c gic y, cho
nn ngi thi by gi gi l gic chu-chu.

Tuy vy mc lng, khng c i no lm gic gi bng i ngi lm

vua. Ch c vi ba nm u th cn c hi yn tr, cn t nm tn hi (1851)
l nm T c th 4 tr i, th cng ngy cng nhiu gic. M nht l t Bck l c nhiu gic hn c, b i v t Bc-k l t ca nh L c, dn tnh
cng c nhiu ngi t ng nh n tin triu, nn ch nhng ngi mun lm
lon, hoc t nhn l ging di nh L, hoc tm mt ngi no gi nhn dng
di nh L, ri tn ln lm minh ch ly c m kh i s.

Cao b Qut cht i ri, L duy C cn quy ri n my nm sau mi

dp yn c. T tr i, khng nm no l nm khng c gic, nhng kithit hn c l c gic tn Phng v gic Khch mn Thng-du.

4. Gic tn Phng.

Nm tn du (1861), qun nc Php v nc Ipha-nho sang nh Qung-nam, c my ngi Bc-k theo vo lm lnh m.
Trong y c tn T vn Phng, trc theo gio-s ra ngoi-quc i hc o,
sau li theo trung tng Charner v nh Qung-nam.

Li nhn lc by gi bn Tu c gic Thi-bnh ni ln nh nh

Thanh, n khi gic y tan th d ng chy trn sang nc ta cp ph mn
thng du. No gic khch, no gic ta, quan qun c phi i nh dp lun.
trong nc th thnh thong li c tai bin, nh nc lt, v, v. v.
Hng-yn, Vn-giang v 18 nm lin, c huyn Vn-giang thnh bi ct b
hoang, dn gian i kh, ngh nghip khng c, cho nn ngi i lm gic
cng ngy cng nhiu vy.

n thng chp th tn Phng ra Bc-k, mo xng l L duy Minh

dng di nh L, ri t xng l minh-ch, cng vi mt ngi o-tr ng tn
l Trng lm mu-ch, v tn c, tn dy binh Qung-yn. ng tn
Phng em qun gic Khch ngoi b vo nh ly ph Hi-ninh, ri li
thng vi gic Khch v gic ta cc tnh, lm lon Bc-K.
219

Lc by gi bn tn Phng c sai ngi vo cu vin quan thiu-tng

Bonard trong Nam-k, c h- ly c Bc-k th xin nc Php bo-h.
Nhng v trong Nam-k cn lm vic, m s ging ha vi Triu-nh Hu
sp xong, cho nn thiu-tng khng nhn. ng tn Phng vn chim gi t
Qung-yn v nhng o ngoi b, lm so huyt, ri cho binh thuyn i
cp ph khp ni. Quan qun i nh, nhiu ngi b hi.

Thng ba nm nhm-tut (1862), Bc-ninh c tn cai-tng Nguy-n

vn Thnh (tc gi l cai tng Vng) xng lm nguyn-sy, lp tn Un mo
xng l con chu nh L, ln lm minh-ch, ri nhp ng vi tn Phng, em
binh i nh ph Lng-giang, huyn Yn-dng, v vy thnh Bc-ninh.
By gi quan b chnh H-ni l Nguy-n khc Thut, quan b-chnh
tnh Sn-ty l L D v quan ph lnh-binh tnh Hng-yn l V To em
qun ba tnh v nh gii vy cho tnh Bc. V To nh nhau vi qun gic
hn 10 trn mi ph c qun gic.

Cui nm qu-hi (1863) l nm T-c th 16, qun gic hp hn

500 chic thuyn o Cc-b v ni -sn, c mun em qun vo
nh t Kinh-k, nhng chng may phi bo, thuyn m mt nhiu. Quan
-c l L quang Tin v quan b-ph Bi huy Phan c tin y lin em
qun ra nh, b qun gic tp hu, quan qun b chy. L quang Tin v Bi
huy Phan phi nhy xung bin t tn.

Pha ng th tn Phng vy thnh Hi-dng, tnh-thn dng s cocp. Triu nh bn sai quan Thng-th b Hnh l Trng quc Dng ra lm
tng-thng Hi-an163 qun-v, cng vi Phan tam Tnh, ng Hnh, L Xun,
em qun Kinh v qun Than, Ngh ra tin-ti-u. Li sai o Tr lm tham-tn
i-thn, Nguy-n b Nghi lm Sn-Hng-Tuyn164 tng-c, cng vi
Trng quc Dng nh gic Bc-k.

n thng 6 nm gip-t (1864) l nm T-c th 17, quan hipthng Trng quc Dng, quan tn-l Vn c Khu, quan tn-tng Trn huy
Sch v quan ch ng-v H Thin nh nhau vi gic t Qung-yn, b
gic git c. Trn y quan qun thua to, qun-s thit hi rt nhiu.

Lc y, tnh Thi Nguyn th c gic Nng v gic Khch nh ph,

tnh Tuyn Quang th c bn tn Un, tn Nng hng Thc quy nhi-u, tnh
Cao-bng th b tn Gic Khch L hp Thng vy nh, tnh Bc-ninh th c
cai tng Vng cp ph, cc quan to la ri c ln. Vua Dc-tng sai Nguy-n
tri Phng ra lm ty-bc-tng-thng qun-v i-thn, cng vi Phan nh
Tuyn v Tn tht Tu ra nh mt Bc-ninh, Thi-nguyn v Tuyn-quang.

Thng 4 nm t-su (1865), qun gic em 300 chic thuyn phn ra

lm 3 o vo cp mn Hi-dng. Nguy-n tri Phng sai Nguy-n vn V
em qun ra n nh, bt v chm c rt nhiu. T quan -c Mai
Thin quan tn-l ng trn Chuyn, quan c-binh ng ch Khim ph c
qun gic hn 10 trn, qun gic lui v gi mt Hi-ninh.
Thng 7 nm y, Nguy-n tri Phng sai ng trn Chuyn, ng ch
Khim em binh ra Qung-yn, c vi quan nh Thanh Khm-chu
nh ly li thnh Hi-ninh. Qun gic thua to, em hn 70 chic thuyn
chy ra b. Quan qun em binh thuyn ra ui nh, tn Phng, tn c th
chy vo mn Qung-bnh, Qung-tr, cn nhng ng, a th phi bt,
a th chy trn c. Sau tn Phng, tn c cng b bt em v tr ti
Hu.

Thng 3 nm qu-hi (1863) V To nh ly li thnh Tuyn-quang

v bt c tn Un ng ci gii v tr ti. Qua thng 4, Nguy-n tri Phng
dp xong gic Bc-ninh, ri em binh ly li thnh Thi-nguyn, bt c
tn Thanh, tn c, tn Vn v li ph c so huyt ca gic ni Ma-hin,
thuc chu Bch-thng.
Cn mt Hi-dng v Qung-yn, th tuy Trng quc Dng v
o Tr gii c vy cho thnh hi-dng, nhng th qun gic mt b
cn mnh lm. Vua Dc-tng li sai Nguy-n tri Phng lm tng-thng hi-an
qun-v, Trng quc Dng lm hip-thng em qun ra nh mt y.

163
164

Gic Phng kh i t cui nm tn-du (1861) n cui nm t-su

(1865) mi dp xong, k va 4 nm tri, nh nc tn hi rt nhiu. Khi gic
Phng Qung-yn dp gn xong, th mn Cao-bng c gic Khch nh
ly tnh-thnh. Quan kinh-lc V trng Bnh v quan tun-ph Phm chi
Hng em binh ln Lng-sn ri chia qun i nh cc ni, t thng 9 nm

Hi Dng v Qung An
Sn Ty, Hng Ha v Tuyn Quang

220

t-su (1865) cho n thng 3 nm bnh-dn (1866), th tng gic l Trng

cn Bang mi xin v hng, v mi thu phc li c thnh Cao-bng.

6. Gic Khch Bc-k. Bn Tu lc by gi cng lon: ngoi th

nh nhau vi nc Anh-ct-li v nc Php-lan-ty. Triu nh phi b
Kinh- m chy; trong th c gic Thi-bnh ni ln nh ph, t na ngi vua
nh Thanh cng nt.

Nguy-n tri Phng v V trng Bnh v Kinh coi vic triu-chnh.

5. S phn-nghch Kinh-thnh. Vic ngoi Bc mi hi nguingui, th Kinh- li c vic lm cho no ng lng ngi.

Nguyn t nm o-quang th 29, l nm k-du (1849), tc l bn ta

nm T-c th 2, Qung-ty c tn Hng t Ton cng vi bn Dng t
Thanh, Tiu triu Qu, L t Thnh, ni ln xng l Thi-bnh thin-quc, ri
chim c t Kim-lng v cc tnh pha nam sng Trng-giang. May nh c
bn Tng quc Phin, T tn ng, L hng Chng, ht sc nh dp, v li
c th lc ngoi quc t gip, cho n nm ng-tr th hai l nm qu-hi
(1863) tc l bn ta nm T-c th 16, quan nh Thanh mi bt c cc
tng Thi-bnh, Hng t Ton phi ung thuc c t t, triu nh nh
Thanh li thu phc c cc tnh pha nam nc Tu.

Nguyn vua Dc-tng l con th m c ni ngi, l v ngi anh

ngi l Hng Bo phng ng, khng chu hc hnh cho nn khng c lp.
ng y ly iu lm tc gin, bn -mu vi mt nc ngoi quc
tranh ngi vua. Chng may s l ra, ng y phi b ngc, ri ung thuc c
m cht. Cn con ng th c tha m phi i tn l inh o
n nm bnh dn (1866) l nm T-c th 19, nh vua ang xy
Vn-nin-c tc l Khim-lng by gi, qun-s phi lm lng kh s , c nhiu
ngi on gin. By gi Kinh c on Trng cng vi em l on hu i,
on t Trc, v bn Trng trng Ha, Phm Lng kt lm " Sn-ng-thitu-h" mu vic lp inh o ln lm vua. Bn tn Trng mi chiu d
nhng lnh lm lm Vn-nin-c v cng vi qua hu-qun Tn tht Cc lm
ni ng, nh ngy kh i s.

Lc y c d ng ca Hng t Ton l bn Ng Cn chy trn sang

nc ta, trc cn ni xin hng, ri sau em qun i cp ph cc tnh, quan
qun nh mi khng c. Nm mu-thn (1868) l nm T-c th 21, Ng
Cn chim gi tnh thnh Cao-bng. Triu-nh sai quan tng-c Phm chi
Hng vit th sang cho quan nh Thanh xin qun Tu sang tiu-tr. Nh
Thanh sai ph-tng T k Qu em qun sang cng vi quan tiu-ph ng
ch Khim v quan -c Nguy-n vit Thnh, nh ph qun ca Ng Cn
Tht-kh. Nhng n thng 7 nm y, qun ta nh thua Lng-sn, quan
tham-tn Nguy-n L, quan ph -c Nguy-n vit Thnh t trn, quan thngc Phm chi Hng b bt.

n m hm mng 8 thng 8, bn tn Trng em qun vo ca tdch, chc xng vo in git vua Dc-tng. May nh c quan ch ng-v l
H Oai ng c ca in li, h qun bt c tn Trng, tn Trc v c
bn ng ng.

Triu-nh sai V trng Bnh ra lm H-ninh tng-c kim chc

Tuyn-Thi-Lng qun-th khm-sai i-thn, hi vi quan -c tnh
Qung-ty l Phng t Ti m nh gic Ng Cn.

inh o phi ti gio, Tn tht Cc th t vn cht, cn cc quan c

trch nhim u phi chiu ti nng nh, hoc phi cch.
Lc y ngoi th c gic cp ph, trong th c nghch-thn lm lon.
mt Qung-ngha li c gic mi -vch c hay xung quy nhi-u dngian, may nh c quan tiu-ph Nguy-n Tn ra sc nh dp mi yn c.
Vic giao thip vi nc Php cng ngy cng kh. Bc-k th c gic
Khch mt ngy mt mnh, n ni quan qun nh khng c, phi nh
qun Tu sang dp h. Triu-nh cng bi ri khng bit tnh ra th no cho
khi c s bin lon.

Qun hai nc cng ng sc nh dp, n thng 5 nm k-t (1869)

th mi khi phc li c tnh-thnh Cao-bng. n cui nm canh-ng
(1870), Ng Cn em qun vy nh tnh-thnh Bc-ninh, quan tiu-ph ng
ch Khim nh mt trn bn cht Ng Cn v ph tan qun gic.
Ng Cn tuy cht, song cn c nhng -ng l Hong sng Anh,
hiu c vng, Lu vnh Phc, hiu c en, Bn vn Nh, Lng vn Li, hiu
c trng, vn c quy-nhi-u mn Tuyn-quang, Thi-nguyn, quan qun
221

phi ht sc chng gi tht l vt v. Triu-nh sai quan trung-qun on

Th ra lm tng-thng qun-v Bc-k.

Chng IX

Qun Php Ly Bc K Ln
Th I

on Th va mi ra, ko qun ln ng tnh-thnh Lng-sn, bn

gic Khch l T T ni ln, na m vo ly thnh, bt ng y git i, cn V
trng Bnh th vt thnh chy thot c.
Tin y vo n Hu, Triu-nh vi vng sai Hong k Vim165 ra lm
Lng-Bnh-Ninh-Thi thng-c qun-v i thn, cng vi quan tn-tng
Tn tht Thuyt i dp gic Bc-k. Qua thng t nm sau (1871), nh vua
li sai quan Hnh-b thng-th l L Tun lm chc Khm-sai th-s cng
vi ng Hong k Vim lo vic nh dp.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Thng 11 nm tn-mi (1871), Qung-yn li c tn Hong T ni

ln, thng vi gic T T v gic Tu- ngoi b, ri em binh thuyn i
cp ph cc ni. Hong k Vim gi mn Sn-ty, L Tun ra cng vi tnh
thn Hi-dng em qun i nh gic T. c t lu, qun th-tnh Hidng bn cht tn T huyn Thanh-lm, d-ng gic y u tan c. mn
thng-du th ng c en l bn Lu vnh Phc v ng c vng l bn
Hong sng Anh quy-nhi-u t Tuyn-quang. Bao nhiu thu m mn y,
chng thu c, sau hai ng y li th-khch nhau, nh ph nhau tht l tnhi, ng c en v hng vi quan ta, nh vua bn dng Lu vnh Phc cho
t Lao-kay, c thu c quyn li ch y, chng gi vi ng c vng,
ng mn H-giang.

1. Ngi Php tm ng sang Tu.

T khi nc Php ly xong

t Nam-k ri, Sy-ph Si-gn sa-sang mi vic, v cho ngi i xem xt
tnh th v sng ni Trung-k v Bc-k m mang s giao-thng. Li c
mun tm ng thng sang nc Tu, b i vy thng 5 nm bnh-dn (1866),
thiu-tng De la Grandire sai trung-t Doudart de Lagre cng vi i-y
Francis Garnier (Ngc-nhi) v my ngi Php na theo sng Mkong i tm
ng sang Tu. n thng 3 nm mu-thn (1868), non hai nm tri, ng
Doudart de Lagre mi sang n t Vn-nam. Nhng chng may ng y phi
bnh au gan m cht. ng Francis Garnier em xc ng y i qua nc Tu,
ri xung Tu thy v Si-gn.

t Bc-k c gic-gi mi, quan qun nh-dp tht l tn-hi m

khng yn c. n thng 7 nm nhm-thn (1872), Triu-nh li sai
Nguy-n tri Phng lm Tuyn-st ng-sc i-thn ra thay mt vua xem-xt
vic nh gic Bc-k. Nhng lc by gi vic gic trong nc cha xong,
th s giao-thip vi nc Php sinh ra lm ni kh khn, khin vic nc
li ri thm ra na.

165

Ngi Php tm ng sang Tu

-ph-Ngha
i-y Francis Garnier ra H-ni
H thnh H-ni nm qu-du (1873)
Ly my tnh Trung-chu
i-y Francis Garnier cht
ng Philastre ra H-ni
Ha-c nm gip-tut (1874)

n nm canh-ng (1870) l nm T-c th 23, bn Ty, nc

Php nh nhau vi nc Ph; qun Php thua, Php-hong l N-ph-lun
-tam b bt. Dn nc Php b -quc m lp Dn-ch cng-ha. Tuy
bn Php c s chin tranh, nhng bn Vi-n-ng ny, qun Php vn gi
vng t Nam-k. V Triu-nh Hu cn bn dp gic Khch Bc-k, cho
nn cng khng sinh s li-thi g c.

C sch chp l Hong T Vim.

222

Ngha t xng l c lnh quan Tu cho, th khng cn phi theo lut nc

Nam, v nc Nam l mt nc phi thn-phc nc Tu.

2. Ph Ngha (Jean Dupuis).

Thu y, c mt ngi Php tn

l Jean Dupuis, ta gi l -ph-Ngha my nm trc i du lch cc tnh
bn Tu, tm cch bun-bn, bit c sng Hng-h t t Vn-nam chy
qua Bc-k ra b, l mt ng tin li hn, bn nhn vi quan nh Thanh
Vn-nam ch binh-kh sang bn.

-ph-Ngha khng hiu r s giao-thip nc Tu v nc ta ngy

trc. i vi Tu th b ngoi nc ta tuy xng cng-thn, nhng k thc vn
l c-lp. Khi c vic g, phi c s hai nc sang thng-ngh ri mi thi
hnh. M c khi s nc Tu bn sang iu g, nc ta khng thun cng thi,
ch khng c php t-tin m lm c. Ch tr lc no nc Tu th mnh
m bt-nt, nh i nh Nguyn, nh Minh, v nh Thanh, th li c ng Trn
hng o, ng L thi T v ng Nguy-n quang Trung t cho ngi Tu bit
rng nc Nam vn khng phi t thuc-a ca Tu.

-ph-Ngha v cng vi mt ngi Php na tn l Millot, bunbn Thng-hi, tr-tnh vic ch binh kh sang Vn-nam, on ri v Php
mua hng. Khi tr sang bn ny, -ph-Ngha vo Si-gn xin Sy-ph
gip thanh-th cho i qua Bc-k. Vin thng-c Nam-k lc by gi l
lc-qun thiu-tng d'Arhaud, c ha vi -ph-Ngha cho chic tu
Bourayne i theo.

Tuy vy, quan ta phi n -ph-Ngha l ngi nc Php, s c

vic g, th thnh ra bt-ha vi Sy-ph Si-gn, cho nn c dng li ni
ngt can ng y ng lm iu tri vi lut nc. Nhng ng y c mt
nim t mnh m lm. Quan ta nh c Gim-mc Puginier l K-s ln can
cng khng c.

-ph-Ngha sang Hng-cng cng vi Millot em ba chic tu

con l Hng-giang, Lao-kay v Sn-ty ch binh-kh v hng-ha vo
Qung-yn. Trong lc y hi-qun trung-t Sns em tu Bourayne ra Bck, ri ln Hi-dng, H-ni, Bc-ninh i xem cc ni.

Sau qun ta c bt my tn Khch Bnh li K v Quan t nh v s

em thuyn ch mui v go ln Vn-nam, th -ph-Ngha em ngi i bt
quan phng-thnh H-ni v quan huyn Th-xng, em xung thuyn giam
li. Quan ta cng ng ngc khng bit ra th no. Mt bn th c tnh sinh s,
mt bn th mnh nh vua ra khng c li thi iu g.

Trung-t Bc-ninh nghe tin bn -ph-Ngha n Qung-yn,

lin tr ra cng bn vi quan Khm-sai L Tun v vic thng-thng sng
Hng-h.
ng L Tun khng c lnh Triu-nh, khng dm t-tin, ni xin i
vi mi hm c mnh nh vua ra s hay.

By gi Triu-nh sai quan hu-tham-tri b Binh l Phan nh Bnh

lm khm-phi ra giao cho ng Nguy-n tri Phng phi thu-xp cho yn
chuyn y. ng Nguy-n tri Phng mi sai quan b-chnh l V ng nh
ngy mi -ph-Ngha n hi-qun Qung-ng, hi ngh. Khi hai bn
n hi-ng, quan ta ni rng s giao-thip nc Php vi nc Nam c
t ha-c nm nhm-tut (1862), v s em mui v go ln bn Vn-nam
l tri vi t ha-c y, v li tri vi lut bn-quc. -ph-Ngha ci rng
ng y c lnh quan Tu cho l , khng cn phi xin php g na, ri ng
dy ra v.

-ph-Ngha v Millot thy i lu, bn c em tu ln ng Hni, ri thu thuyn ch ln Vn-nam. By gi l cui nm nhm-thn
(1872), l nm T-c th 25. Thuyn ca -ph-Ngha i qua nhng n
ca quan ta, ca gic c vng v gic c en u v s c. Khi ln dn Vnnam, quan nh Thanh cho ch khong-vt xung, n thnh t nm qudu (1873), th -ph-Ngha v Millot li tr v n H-ni, em mt bn
lnh c vng v theo. Millot th vo Si-gn cho Sy-ph bit tnh-th Bck, v nhn th em khong-vt sang bn Hng-cng. Cn -phNgha th li H-ni, ng ph Mi by gi, ri cng vi my ngi Khch
l Bng li K, Quan t nh mua go, mua mui ch ln Vn-nam.

Triu-nh Hu thy vic li thi mi, s lu thnh ra nhi-u s,

mi sai ng L Tun, ng Nguy-n vn Tng v ng Nguy-n tng Don vo s
Si-gn, thng-ngh v vic ba tnh pha ty t Nam-k v nhn th nh
Sy-ph phn x vic -ph-Ngha cho xong.

By gi lut nc ta cm khng cho ch mui sang Tu, m vic

thng-thng sng Hng-h cng cha nh r th no, nhng -ph223

Sy-ph cho, l c t tin. Vic g hi-qun thiu-tng cng y-thc cho

ti c. Vy v nc Php m ti phi c sc." n khi ra n Hi-dng, iy vo K-st, ri vit th sai ngi em cho -ph-Ngha, bo tin cho ng
y bit ci ch ch ca mnh, v li ni rng trm s i-y trng-cy vo ng
y ch bo cho, b i v ng y quen bit mi vic Bc-k.

3. i-y Francis Garnier (Ngc Nhi) ra H-ni.

Vin
Thng-c Nam-k by gi l Hi-qun thiu-tng Dupr vn lu v
vic Bc-k. Trc vit th v cho Thng-th thuc-a-b Paris ni
rng: " t Bc-k l t tip-gip vi nhng tnh ty-nam nc Tu, ta nn
chim gi ly th s cai-tr ca ta Vi-n-ng ny mi c chc chn " .

-ph-Ngha tip c th, lin em chic tu Man-hao i n iy. Ln n H-ni, i-y em my ngi i thng vo thnh ra mt ng
Nguy-n tri Phng, v i em qun ra ng trong thnh. Qun ta ni mi,
i-y mi thun ra ng Trng-thi. on ri i-y vit th mi gimmc Puginier K-s ln H-ni, nh lm thng-ngn. i-y li lm t
hiu-d, cho dn bit, ni rng: " Bn-chc ra Bc-k ct dp cho yn gicgi, v m -mang s bun-bn.

Nhng bn Php by gi mi ang nh nhau vi nc Ph va xong,

khng mun gy chuyn khc, bn in sang cho thiu-tng rng: "Khng
c sinh s Bc-k." n khi Millot v Si-gn k cng vic Bc-k,
thiu-tng li in v Paris ni rng: " Vic -ph-Ngha Bc-k thnh
cng ri. Cn phi ly x Bc-k v gi ly con ng thng sang Tu. Khng
cn phi vin binh. Thnh cng chc lm ". Ngay hm y, thiu-tng li vit
thm mt ci th v ni r mi l, v quyt rng xin chnh-ph cho thiutng c t tin, h- c vic g th thiu-tng xin chu li166.

4. H thnh H-ni nm qu-du (1873).

Quan ta thy i-y

khng ni g n vic -ph-Ngha, m li ni nhng vic dp-gic v m s
bun-bn, th u ly lm phn-vn. Sau li thy tu v qun Si-gn tin ra,
quan ta li cng lo lm. c my hm, i-y khng bn hi g n quan ta,
t-tin lm t tuyn-b s m sng Hng-h cho ngi nc Php, nc I-phanho v nc Tu c ra vo bun-bn.

ang lc y th Triu-nh Hu sai bn ng L Tun vo xin thiutng ra iu-nh vic -ph-Ngha Bc-k.
C nh ca thiu-tng Dupr in v cho chnh-ph Php th thiutng ch mong c ci c-hi g em qun ra Bc-k. Nay thy Triu-nh
ta vo nh Sy-ph Si-gn phn-x vic -ph-Ngha, tht l gp c ci
dp mnh ang mong, thiu-tng lin gi quan hi-qun i-y Francis
Garnier Thng-hi v, ri sai ra H-ni, ni rng ra phn-x vic -phNgha167.

Quan ta lc by gi cng bi-ri qu. Vic giao-thip v vic bunbn vi nc Php th nh r trong t ha-c nm nhm-tut (1862), nay
thy i-y Francis Garnier ng t lm nh th, th cng thy lm lo, cho
nn cng c kim cch phng-b. M i-y cng bit trc rng th no
quan ta cng khng chu, cho nn nh k nh thnh H-ni.

i-y Francis Garnier em my chic tu con v 170 ngi lnh ra

n ca Thun, ngh li my hm i quan khm-sai cng ra Bc-k. n
thng 10 nm qu-du (1873), th cc quan ra n H-ni.

n u thng 10, mt mt i-y vit th cho ng Nguy-n tri

Phng, trch quan ta lm ngn-tr vic bun-bn ca -ph-Ngha; vy v
s vn-minh v ci quyn-li ca nc Php, cho nn Sy-ph Si-gn sai
i-y ra m s bun-bn Bc-k. Du quan Vit-nam c thun hay khng
cng mc, i-y c theo lnh ca Sy-ph m thi-hnh. Mt mt i-y bnnh vi -ph-Ngha nh ngy nh thnh v bt ng Nguy-n tri Phng
gii vo Si-gn.

By gi ai cng t ng l i-y Francis Garnier ra chuyn ny th mi

vic xong c, cho nn i n u quan ta cng tip-i rt trng-hu. Nhng
xem nhng th-t ca i-y lc by gi, th ct ra c ch khc. Khi Sign sp i, i-y vit th v cho ngi anh bn Php ni rng: " Lnh ca
Sch "L'Empire d'Annam" ca capitaine Ch. Gosselin.
Ph Ngha (Jean Dupuis) c lm quyn sch "Le Tonkin de 1872 1886) k nhng cng
vic ca ng y Bc Vit, v ni r tnh ca cc quan coi vic Sy Ph Si Gn lc by gi l
th no. Ta cng nh c sch y m k cu ra c nhiu vic rt l tng tn
166

C nh sch ca -ph-Ngha, th lc by gi c c nhng ngi

mo xng l ng nh L, cng xin theo i-y vo thnh lm ni-ng.

167

224

n sng hm rm thng 10 nm qu-du (1873), th qun Php pht

sng bn vo thnh H-ni. ng Nguy-n tri Phng cng vi con l ph-m
Nguy-n Lm hong-ht ln thnh gi ca ng v ca Nam. c non mt
gi ng h th thnh v, ph-m Lm trng n cht, ng Nguy-n tri Phng
th b thng nng. Qun Php vo thnh bt c ng Nguy-n tri Phng v
quan khm-phi Phan nh Bnh em xung tu.

Lc by gi ng Hong k Vim ng Sn-ty, c ng c en l

bn Lu vnh Phc v gip. Vua phong cho Lu vnh Phc lm -c,
cng vi quan qun chng gi qun Php. Lu vnh Phc em qun v ng
mn ph Hoi-c. Khi ng Trn nh Tc v ng Nguy-n trng Hp ang
thng-thuyt vi i-y Francis Garnier, th qun c en v nh H-ni.
i-y em qun i ui nh, ln n Cu-giy th b phc qun git cht.

ng Nguy-n tri Phng ngh mnh l mt bc lo-thn th vua tri

ba triu, nh nam dp bc qua my phen, nay chng may v vic nc m
b thng, n ni phi b bt, ng quyt ch khng chu buc thuc v nhn
n m cht.

7. ng Philastre ra H-ni. Nguyn khi thiu-tng Dupr sai iy Francis Garnier ra Bc-k l t mnh ch chnh-ph nc Php vn khng
thun, b i vy khi c tin i-y kh i s nh H-ni, thiu-tng lin sai
hi-qun i-y, khim chc thng-soi vic hnh-lut Nam-k, l ng
Philastre (ta gi l Hoc-o-sinh) cng vi qua ph-s nc ta l ng Nguy-n
vn Tng ra iu-nh mi vic Bc-k.

ng Nguy-n tri Phng l ngi ngi Tha-thin, do li-in xut

thn, lm quan t i vua Thnh-t, tri qua ba triu, m nh vn thanh-bch,
ch em ch-l m lo vic nc, ch khng thit ca-ci. Nhng chng may
phi khi quc-b gian-nan, ng phi em thn hin cho nc, thnh ra c nh
cha con, anh em u mt v vic nc. tht l mt nh trung-lit xa nay t c
vy.

n Ca-cm th ng Philastre v ng Nguy-n vn Tng mi bit

rng i-y Francis Garnier b qun c en git mt ri. S chp rng khi
c tin y, ng Philastre tc gin v bn m bo ng Nguy-n vn Tng rng:
" Vic khng xong ri, phi tr v i lnh sy-ph mi c. " ng Nguy-n
vn Tng s ng Philastre gin qu m nh vic, mi ung-dung m ni rng: "
Vic nh ly thnh H-ni sy-ph bo khng phi l bn-, m qun bnquc 4 tnh Bc-k cng khng tranh dnh g c. Vy hai bn khng c lm
iu g tri nhau. Nay i-y Francis Garnier cht, hoc l b git cht, hoc l
v dn ni ln lm lon, vic y ta cha r. Hung chi tr thnh li nh
ha-c cho xong, y l lnh ca sy-ph; m thu ly thnh ri mi ngh-ha,
y l mnh ca bn-quc. Cn nh vic H-ni git i-y Francis Garnier th
cng nh i-y Francis Garnier git ng Nguy-n tri Phng, vic xut
ngoi, ch c phi li chng ta u. By gi chng ta ra y, mt cha trng
thy vic g c, mi nghe thy tin bo m b v, th chng ha ra mnh i
ung mt cng hay sao ? chi bng ta cho ngi a th ln H-ni bo em
tu xung n, chng ta s ln ti ni, hoc l c theo mnh lnh m lm,
hoc l xt r duyn-do ti sao m i-y Francis Garnier cht, ri s bo tin,
th chng n vic lm hay sao ? " ng Philastre nghe li y, bn sai ngi a
th ln cho H-ni bit.

5. Ly my tnh Trung-chu.

Thnh H-ni tht th ri, quan ta

th trn-trnh i c, gic cp li nhn dp ni ln. i-y Francis Garnier li
cho nhng ngi theo vi mnh i lm quan cc ni chng vi quan triu,
ri li sai ngi i nh ly tnh Ninh-bnh, Nam-nh v Hi-dng.
Quan ta cc tnh u ng ngc khng bit ra th no, h- thy ngi
Ty n l b chy. B i vy, ch c ngi Php tn l Hautefeuille v 7 ngi
lnh ty m h c thnh Ninh-bnh, v ch trong 20 ngy m 4 tnh Trungchu mt c.

6. i-y Francis Garnier cht. Triu-nh c tin bin Bck, vi-vng sai ng Trn nh Tc, ng Nguy-n trng Hp, ng Trng gia
Hi cng vi gim-mc Bnh (Mgr Bohier) v linh-mc ng ( Dangelger) ra
H-ni, iu nh mi vic v sai ng Hong k Vim Sn-ty lm tit-ch
qun-v, phng gi cc ni. Li sai ng L Tun lm ton-quyn, ng
Nguy-n vn Tng lm ph, vo thng-thuyt vi Sy-ph Si-gn v vic
i-y Francis Garnier nh Bc-k.

Ngay lc y c tu " Decrs " cn ng gn -sn, ng Philastre

mun sang tu y cho chic tu mnh i l "D'Estres " tr v bo tin cho
Si-gn bit. Nguy-n vn Tng ngn i rng: "Tu ca mnh vo ca ri
li tr ra, nh s-dn bit, li bt chc H-ni m lm by, th lm th no m
225

ngn cm c; s c vic tn-hi, th ly l g m bm vi qu sy. Vy nay

xin sai chic tu "Decrs" ra b, ui nh nhng gic Tu-, cn c em tu
"D'Estres" vo n Hi-phng, ri ta ln Hi-dng, em tr tnh-thnh li cho
bn-triu, t ci lng tin cho s-dn bit, sau ta ln H-ni, tr nt c my
thnh kia, v tra-hi vic i y Francis Garnier cht ra th no s bm cho
qu-sy bit " .

2. 100 khu sng i-bc, v mi khu c 200 vin n

3. 1000 khu sng tay v 5000 vin n
Khon IV. Quan thng-lnh nc Php ha cho quan sang gip vua nc Nam
dy tp lnh thy, lnh b; cho nhng k-s sang dy lm mi vic, v cho
nhng ngi gii vic ti chnh sang t-chc vic thu-m v vic thngchnh v. v.

ng Philastre vn l mt ngi rt cng bng, li thy ng Nguy-n vn

Tng ni hp-l, bn thun nghe, v ln Hi-dng truyn tr thnh li cho
quan ta, ri ln H-ni lm t giao-c tr li c 4 thnh cho quan ta coi gi.
Cn nhng tu b v qun lnh ca Php cc tnh th thu c v H-ni, ri
inh ngy rt qun ra ng Hi-phng i n ngy k t ha-c xong th
rt v. By gi l thng ging nm gip-tut (1874), l nm T-c th 27.

Khon V. Vua nc Nam phi thun nhng t t 6 tnh Nam-k cho nc

Php.
Khon IX. Vua nc Nam phi cho gio-s c t-do i ging-o, v cho
dn trong nc c t-do theo o.

-ph-Ngha thy ng Philastre ph mt c nhng vic ca mnh

lm vi i-y Francis Garnier, bn vo Si-gn ku vi sy-ph v i tin
ph-tn non mt triu nguyn

Khon XI. Vua nc Nam phi m ca Th-ni ( Qui-nhn ), ca Ninh-hi (

Hi-phng ), thnh H-ni v sng Hng-h, cho ngoi quc vo bun-bn.
Khon XIII. Nc Php c quyn t lnh-s cc ca b v cc thnh-th
m ra cho ngoi quc vo bun-bn.

8. Ha-c nm gip-tut (1874).

Mi vic H-ni xp-t

xong ri, sy-ph Si-gn sai ng Rheinart (L Na) ra thay cho ng Philastre
cng vi ng Nguy-n vn Tng v Nam-k, nh s ha-c cho kp ngy
thiu-tng Dupr v Php.

Khon XV. Ngi nc Php hay l ngi ngoi quc, h- c giy thng hnh
ca quan lnh-s Php v c ch quan Vit-nam ph nhn th c php i
xem cc ni trong nc.

Ngy 27 thng ging nm gip-tut (1874), l nm T-c th 27, hiqun thiu-tng Dupr v ng L Tun, ng Nguy-n vn Tng k t ha-c
c thy 22 khon, i-lc c nhng khon ny l quan trng hn c.

Khon XVI. Ngi nc Php v ngi ngoi quc c iu g kin tng ti t

Vit-nam, th do lnh-s Php phn-x.
Khon XX. Khi no t ha-c ny k xong, th quan thng-lnh nc Php t
s-thn Hu chiu nhng iu giao-c m thi hnh. Vua nc Nam
cng c quyn t s-thn Paris v Si-gn.

Khon II. Quan thng-lnh nc Php nhn quyn c-lp ca vua nc Nam
khng phi thn phc nc no na, v khi no vua nc Nam c cn n
vic g nh dp gic gi, th nc Php sn lng gip m khng yu-cu
iu g.

T ha-c y k xong, th quan chnh-s L Tun mt, ng Nguy-n

vn Tng v Hu. Thiu-tng Dupr giao mi vic Nam-k cho hi-qun
thiu-tng Krantz quyn lnh, ri v Php.

Khon III. Vua nc Nam phi oan nhn y theo chnh-lc ngoi-giao ca
nc Php, v chnh-lc ngoi-giao hin lc by gi th no th phi
nguyn nh th, khng c i khc i

Thng 6, Triu-nh Hu li sai quan hnh-b Thng-th l Nguy-n

vn Tng v quan li-b th-lang l Nguy-n tng Don, vo Si-gn cng vi

Quan thng-lnh nc Php tng vua nc Nam:

1. 5 chic tu c my-mc sng-ng
226

thiu-tng Krantz nh cc l v s bun-bn nc Nam. n 20 thng 7,

th t thng-c lp xong.

CHNG X

Tnh th nc Nam t nm
Gip Tut v sau
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Vn-thn ni lon Ngh-tnh

Gic Bc-k
S giao-thip vi Tu
Tnh-th nc Tu
S giao-thip vi nc Php

1. Vn-thn ni lon Ngh-tnh.

Nh c ng Philastre v ng
Nguy-n vn Tng thu xp vic Bc-k va xong, th mn Ngh-tnh c lon.
Nguyn lc by gi dn trong nc ta chia ra lm hai phi: bn lng,
bn gio; hai bn vn khng a nhau. n khi sy ra vic i-y Francis
Garnier ly H-ni, bn s phu mn Ngh-tnh thy gio-dn c nhiu ngi
theo gip ng y, th ly lm tc gin lm, bn r nhau ni ln nh ph.
Thng ging nm gip-tut (1874), l nm T-c th 27, t Ngh-an
c hai ngi t-ti l Trn Tn v ng nh Mai hi-tp c cc vn-thn trong
ht, ri lm mt bi hch gi l " Bnh Ty st t ", i lc ni rng " Triunh du ha vi vi Ty mc lng s-phu nc Nam vn khng chu, vy
trc nht xin git ht gio-dn, ri sau nh ui ngi Ty cho ht, gi li
ci vn-ha ca ta hn 1000 nm nay, v. v..." Bn Vn-thn c thy non
hn ba nghn ngi, ko i t ph nhng lng c o.
Nc ta m khng chu khai-ha ra nh cc nc khc l cng b i
bn s-phu c gi thi c, khng chu theo thi th m thay i. Nay s suynhc ca mnh s s ra y, th m vn c khng chu m mt ra m nhn,
li v s tc gin mt lc m vic nng-ni cn-r, cho thit hi thm, nh
th th ci ti trng ca bn s-phu i vi nc nh chng to lm ru!
227

Lc by gi quan tng-c Ngh-an l ng Tn tht Trit li c

dung-tng bn Vn-thn, cho nn h cng c th cng ph d. Triu-nh
thy vy, mi truyn bt quan qun phi dp cho yn. Bn Vn-thn thy quan
qun ui nh, bn cng vi bn gic Trn quang Hon, Trng quan Ph,
Nguy-n huy in nh ly thnh H-tnh, ri ra vy ph Di-n-chu.

V t Bc-k c c gic gi lun cho nn Triu-nh t ra chc Tnhbin-s gi cc ni v ng ngc. Nm canh-thn (1880), t ra Lnggiang-o v oan-hng-o sai hai vin Tnh-bin ph-s l Trng quang
n ng Lng-giang v Nguy-n hu ng oan-hng, li phong cho
Hong k Vim l Tnh-bin-s, kim c hai o .

Triu-nh thy th gic cng ngy cng to, bn sai ng Nguy-n vn

Tng ra lm khm-sai v ng L b Thn lm tng-thng, em qun ra nh
dp, t thng 2 n thng 6 mi xong.

3. S giao-thip vi Tu.

Nc ta t xa n nay tuy l c-lp,

nhng v gi l triu-cng nc Tu, ly ci ngha rng nc nh phi tnknh nc ln. cho nn khi chin-tranh, du ta c nh c Tu i na, th
ri nh no ln lm vua cng phi theo ci l y, m i no cng ly iu
lm t-nhin v rng triu-cng cng khng tn hi g my, m nc vn clp v li khng hay c vic li-thi vi mt nc lng-ding mnh hn mnh.
B i vy h- vua no ln ngi, cng chiu l sai s sang Tu cu phong, v c ba
nm sai s sang cng mt ln.

2. Gic Bc-k.

Thu y mn Thng-du t Bc-k lc no cng

c gic, quan qun nh mi khng c, phi nh qun Tu sang nh gip
cng khng xong.
Mn Hi-dng v Qung-yn th vn c nhng ngi mo xng l
con-chu nh L, c quy-ri mi. Khi Francis Garnier ra ly H-ni, nhng
ngi y v xin theo i nh qun ta, nhng v sau nc Php tr li cc tnh
Bc-k, h li tn i. v t khi nc ta v nc Php k ha-c ri, quan
Php c em binh-thuyn i nh gip, cho nn mi dit c ng y.

Cc vua i nh Nguy-n cng theo l y, nhng cc i vua trc th

vua phi ra H-ni m tip s Tu v th phong cho. n i vua Dc-tng
th s Tu vo ti Hu phong vng cho ngi.
Cn nhng cng phm th c theo l, m thng ch a sang giao
cho quan Tng-c Lng-Qung v Kinh, ch khng my khi s ta sang
n Yn-kinh. Trong i vua Dc-tng th s chp rng nm mu-thn (1868),
c ng L Tun, ng Nguy-n t Gin v ng Hong Tnh sang s Tu. Nm
qu-du (1873), li c cc ng Phan s Thc, ng H vn Khai, v ng Nguy-n
Tu sang s Tu, by t vic nh gic Khch Bc-k.

Cn mn Tuyn-quang, th c gic c vng nhng-nhi-u lu.

Quan qun phi nh dp mi khng c. n thng 8 nm t-hi (1875), l
nm T-c th 28, tng c vng l Hong sng Anh em qun v ng
lng Chu-thng, thuc ph Vnh-tng. By gi quan qun tn-dng qunv tnh Sn-ty l Tn tht Thuyt v nh mt trn. Gic y t tan dn.

T nm gip-tut (1874) tr i, Triu-nh Hu k t ha-c vi

Php, cng nhn nc Nam c-lp, khng thn-phc nc no na, nhng
lc by gi v th bt-c-d m k t ha-c, c trong bng vua Dc-tng
vn khng phc, cho nn ngi vn c theo l c m triu-cng nc Tu, c
mong khi hu s, nc Tu sang gip mnh. B i vy nm bnh-t (1876), vua
Dc-tng sai ng Bi n Nin tc l ng Bi D, ng Lm Honh v ng L
Ct sang s nh Thanh. Nm canh-thn (1880), li sai ng Nguy-n Thut, Trn
Khnh Tin, Nguy-n Hoang sang Yn-kinh dng biu xng thn v cc
cng-phm. Nm sau, Triu-nh nh Thanh sai ng nh Canh sang Hu
bn vic bun-bn v lp cuc chiu thng, ch l thng tin cho chnh
ph Tu bit mi vic bn nc ta.

Nm sau Tn tht Thuyt li git c tn gic Trn lng C-loa, v

dp yn c mn Sn-ty. Nhng n nm mu-dn (1878), Lng-sn li
c tn gic Khch l L dng Ti ni ln.
L dng Ti trc lm quan hip-trn Tm-chu, thuc tnh Qungty, sau b cch mi ni ln lm gic v em qun trn sang nh ly tnh
Lng-sn. Quan ta em th sang cho quan Tu bit. Quan -c Qung-ty
l Phng t Ti em qun 26 doanh sang cng vi qun ta hi-ti-u. n thng
9 nm k-mo (1879), quan qun mi bt c L dng Ti ni Nghimhu thuc tnh Thi-nguyn em gii sang Tu.

228

ci vn nc chng may, song nhng ngi ng l lc y cng khng so

trnh c ci li ca mnh vy.

Mt bn ha vi nc Php, nhn theo chnh-lc ngoi-giao ca

nc Php m c-lp168, mt bn c triu-cng nc Tu, c cu vin,
b i th cho nn chnh ph Php ly iu m trch Triu-nh ta vy.

5. S giao-thip vi nc Php.

T khi ng Philastre ra iu-nh

mi vic Bc-k xong ri, ng Rheinart ra thay H-ni, i cho n ngy k
ha-c th chiu mi khon m thi hnh. ng Rheinart c my thng, ri
v li Si-gn, giao quyn cho lc-qun thiu-t Dujardin (La-ng). Thiu-t
c em binh-thuyn gip quan ta i nh gic mn Hi-dng v Qungyn.

4. Tnh-th nc Tu.

Xa nay ta vn cng nhn nc Tu l thngquc v vn phi l triu-cng. H- khi no trong nc c vic bin-lon v
vn trng mong nc Tu sang cu-vin. Khng ng t th-k th XIX tr i,
th lc cc nc bn Ty-u mnh ln, ngi phng Ty i lc a rt
nhiu, m tnh th nc Tu th rt l suy-nhc. Nm o-quang th 19
(1839) tc l nm Minh-mnh th 20 bn ta, v vic cm thuc nha-phin
Qung-ng thnh ra c chin-tranh vi nc Anh-ct-li. Qun nc Anh
nh ph thnh Ninh-ba, Thng-hi, v. v. Vua o Quang phi nhn nhng
iu ha-c nm nhm-dn (1842) lm ti Nam-kinh, nhng o Hngcng cho nc Anh v m nhng thnh Qung-chu, H-mn, Phc-chu,
Ninh-ba v Thng-hi ra cho ngoi quc vo bun-bn.

n khi t ha-c v t thng-c k xong th Triu-nh sai ng

Nguy-n tng Don ra Bc-k cng thiu-t Dujardin chn t H-ni v
Ninh-hi (Hi-phng) lm dinh lm tri cho quan qun nc Php ng, v
li sai quan thng-th b H l ng Phm ph Th ra lm Hi-an tng-c
sung chc tng-l thng-chnh i-thn, cng vi ng Nguy-n tng Don v
ng Trn hi Tng bn nh vic thng-chnh Bc-K.

Cuc ha-c Nam-kinh nh xong, cc nc ngoi-dng vo

bun-bn nc Tu v t lnh-s Qung-chu, Ninh-ba, Thng-hi, v. v.
n nm Hm-phong th 8 (1858), tc l nm T-c th 11, nc Anh v
nc Php k t ha-c vi nc Tu, t s-thn Bc-kinh. on nc
Tu c iu tri c, gy thnh vic chin-tranh vi hai nc y. Qun nc
Anh v nc Php nh ly hi-khu, ri ko ln nh ly Bc-kinh. Vua
Hm-phong phi nhn nhng iu ha-c nm canh-thn (1860) lm ti
Thin-tn.

Thng 6 nm t-hi (1875) chnh ph nc Php sai ng Rheinart sang

lm khm-s Hu, ng Truc lm lnh-s Hi-phng, v ng Kergaradec (Kla-ch) lm lnh-s H-ni. Triu-nh sai ng Nguy-n thnh vo lm lnh
s Si-gn.
ng Rheinart Hu n thng 10 nm bnh-t (1876), th co bnh xin
v, ng Philastre ra thay.
Triu-nh lc by gi cng hiu rng h- khng theo tn-hc th
khng tin-ha c, cho nn mi nh cho ngi i du hc. Nm mu-dn
(1878), bn Php c m hi vn quc u-xo Paris, vua sai ng Nguy-n
thnh v ng Nguy-n tng Don em i u-xo v cho ngi sang hc
Toulon.

T nc Tu b cc nc khc sch-nhi-u mi iu v b nn
nhiu cch. Lc y nc Tu chng khc g ci nh ln b hm-nt sp ,
m ta vn khng tnh ng, c m-mng l nc y cn cng thnh, c th
gip ta c trong khi nguy-him. B i vy khi qun nc Php ly Bc-k
ri, ngi mnh cn trng cy qun cu-vin ca nc Tu. Phng-ngn ta
c cu rng " Cht ui v phi bt " tht l ng lm. Nu ngi Tu c
th lc cu c ta, th trc ht h hy cu ly h . Nhng lc by gi t
vua quan cho ch bn s-phu trong nc ta, ai l ngi hiu r ci tnh-th y ?
Cho nn khng nhng l ta khng chu ci cch chnh th ca ta cho hp thi
m li cn lm nhng iu ngang-ngnh cho chng hng vic. y cng l

168

Nhng v nm tn-t (1881), Triu-nh li sai quan L--b th-lang l

Phm Bnh sang Hng-cng, em 12 a tr con i hc trng Anh-ct-li,
ri li sai s i sang Tim-la v sang Tu m khng cho s-thn nc Php
bit, b i vy chnh-ph Php ly nhng iu m trch Triu-nh Hu
khng theo ha-c nm gip-tut (1874).

T ha c nm gip tut 1874

229

Khi ng Philastre cn Hu, v ng y l mt ngi cng chnh v li

c hc ch Nho, cho nn Triu-nh ta trng-i v c iu g trang-tri cng
cn d-. T nm k-mo (1879) v sau, ng y v Php ri, s giao-thip cng
ngy cng kh thm: phn th v ngi mnh khng bit cch giao thip vi
ngoi-quc, phn th ci quyn-li nc ta v nc Php lc by gi tngphn vi nhau, cho nn hai bn khng c lng tin-cy nhau, thnh ra s giaothip khng c thn-thit lm.

CHNG XI

Qun Php Ly Bc K Ln
Th II

V v sau, s cai-tr Nam-k thnh np, gic gi yn c; bn

Php th th lc mnh, v c nhiu ngi bn n vic bn Vi-n-ng
ny v vic bo-h Bc-k. Li nhn c nhng nc I-ta-ly. I-pha-nho, Anhct-li v Hoa-k mun sang thng-thng vi nc Nam, m c khng
mun chu quan nc Php phn-x nhng vic can-thip n ngi nhng
nc y. B i vy nc Php mun lp hn cuc bo-h cho khi mi s
li thi, bn b l t quan hi-qun khim lnh chc thng-c Nam-k, m
sai quan vn sang sung chc y tr-tnh mi vic.

1. i t Henri Rivire ra H Ni
2. H thnh H Ni ln th hai
3. Vic cu cu nc Tu
4. Qun Php ly Nam nh

1. i t Henri Rivire ra H Ni. - Cui nm Tn T (1881)169,

nhn c hai ngi Php tn l Courtin v Villeroi c giy thng hnh i ln
Vn Nam, nhng ln n gn Lo Kay, b qun Khch lm ngn tr , khng i
c. Vin thng c Le Myre de Vilers bn gi th v Php, ni rng nc
Php nn dng binh lc m cho dp cho yn t Bc K. Sang thng 2 nm
Nhm Ng (1882), mt mt thng c sai hi qun i t Henri Rivire sp sa
binh thuyn ra H Ni; mt mt vit th vo Hu, i lc ni rng : t Bc
K lon lc, lut nh vua khng ai theo. Ngi nc Php c giy thng hnh
ca qun An Nam cp cho m i n u cng b qun Khch ngn tr .
Hu th quan Vit Nam tht l- vi quan khm s Rheinart. Vy nn nc Php
phi dng cch bnh vc quyn li ca ngi nc Php.

Thng 6 nm k-mo (1879), vin thng c mi l ng Le Myre de

Vilers sang nhn chc Si-gn v ng Rheinart li sang lm khm-s Hu
thay cho ng Philastre.
Bc-k th ngi Php ra vo bun-bn, nhng v quan ta khng
bit lo s khai ha, vic thng thng khng c tin-li, v mn thngdu th c qun c en tuy l mn ting theo lnh quan ta, nhng k thc
chng n lm g cng khng ai ngn cm c. B i vy, chnh-ph Php mi
ly nhng iu m trch quan ta v sai quan em qun ra Bc-k, ly c ni
ra m mang s bun-bn, k thc l ra kinh-doanh vic vng y.

c t lu, i t Henri Rivire em hai chic tu v my trm qun

ra n Hi Phng, ri i tu nh ln H Ni, ng n Thy.

2. H thnh H-ni ln th hai.

Quan tng c H Ni by gi l
ng Hong Diu thy binh thuyn nc Php t nhin ra Bc K, ly lm nghi
k lm, tuy c sai quan tun ph Hong Hu Xng ra tip i t t, nhng
trong bng vn lo, cho nn mi sai sa dn thnh tr phng b. i t Henri
Rivire vo thnh thy vy c khng bng lng, bn quyt nh thnh.
c gi hiu cho rng nhng ngy thng chp trong sch ny l theo ngy thng Vit Nam ch
khng phi l theo ngy thng Ty.
169

230

3. Vic cu-cu nc Tu. Triu nh ta by gi ngh nc Php

c chim ot, v li t ng rng nc Tu c th bnh vc c mnh, cho
nn mi sai ng Phm Thn Dut sang Thin Tn cu cu. Chng qua l ngi
mnh c hay c tnh li, cho nn mi i ku cu ngi ta, ch khng bit
rng ngi Tu gi nc Tu khng xong cn i cu ai c. Tuy vy, khng
nhng ngi Tu khng cu c mnh m li cn mun nhn dp mn
ting sang ly nc mnh. Xem nh khi thnh H ni tht th, quan tng c
Lng Qung l Trng Th Thanh lm mt s v tu vi vua nh Thanh, i
lc ni rng : "nc Nam v nc Tu tip gip vi nhau m th lc nc
Nam tht l suy hn, khng c th t ch c na, vy ta nn mn ting
sang nh gic m ng gi cc tnh thng du. i khi c bin th ta chim
ly nhng tnh v pha bc sng Hng H". B i vy triu nh nh Thanh
mi sai T Knh Bu, ng Cnh Tng em qun sang ng Bc Ninh v
Sn Ty, sau li sai quan b chnh Qung Ty l T Din Hc em qun sang
tip ng.

Sng 5 gi ngy mng 8 thng 3 nm Nhm Ng (1882), quan tng

c tip c t ti hu th ca i t hn cho n 8 gi phi gii binh, v cc
quan v Vit Nam phi ra i lnh n Thy. ng 8 gi th qun Php
kh i s nh thnh, 11 gi th thnh . ng Hong Diu tro ln cy tht c
m t tn, cn cc quan th b chy c.
Lc tip c th ca i t, th ng Hong Diu c sai n st s l
Tn Tht B ra thng thuyt. ng Tn Tht B trn thnh b thang tro
xung va xong, th qun Php bn sng vo thnh, ng y b trn mt. n
khi h c thnh ri, i t sai tm ng Tn Tht B v quyn lnh mi vic170.
Vua Dc Tng c tin thnh H Ni tht th, bn xung chiu truyn
cho quan kinh lc chnh ph s l l ng Nguy-n Chnh v Bi n Nin em
binh lui v mt M c cng vi Hong K Vim tm cch chng gi.
Nhng quan khm s Rheinart sang thng thuyt rng vic nh thnh H
Ni khng phi l ch ca nc Php, v xin sai quan ra gi ly thnh tr.
Triu nh bn sai quan nguyn H Ninh tng c l Trn nh Tc lm Khm
sai i thn, quan Tnh bin ph s l Nguy-n Hu lm ph khm sai, ra
H Ni cng vi i t Henri Rivire thu xp mi vic. i t tr thnh H
Ni cho quan ta, nhng vn ng qun trong Hnh cung. Hai bn thng
ngh mi. i t i 4 khon :
1 - nc Nam phi nhn nc Php bo h
2 - phi nhng thnh th H Ni cho nc Php
3 - t thng chnh Bc K
4 - sa li vic thng chnh cc ni, v giao quyn
cho ngi Php cai qun.

4. Qun Php ly Nam-nh.

Chnh ph Php trc cng mun

thu xp dn dn cho xong vic bo h nc Nam, v cho khi s chin
tranh, nhng sau thy Triu nh Hu khng chu, li thy c qun Tu sang
ng cc tnh, bn mt mt sai ng Charles Thomson sang lm thng c
Nam K, thay cho ng Le Myre de Vilers v Php; mt mt tip qun cho
i t Henri Rivire v triu quan khm s Rheinart Hu v.
Nguyn trc i t Henri Rivire H Ni ch c 400 lnh, sau li
tip c 750 ngi na, i t bn i y Berthe de Villers vi 400 qun
li gi H Ni, cn bao nhiu em i nh Nam nh. Ngy 28 thng 2 nm
Qu Mi (1883), th qun Php kh i s nh thnh. nh t sng dn tra th
qun Php vo thnh; quan tng c V Trng Bnh b chy, quan c L
Vn im t trn, quan n st s H B n b thng.

Bn ng Trn nh Tc nhng khon y v Kinh. Triu nh hi

ngh, cc quan c nhiu ngi ni rng : nc ta trong cn c Lu Vnh Phc,
ngoi cn c nc Tu, l no li b tay m chu. Bn tr li khng chu.

5. i t Henri Rivire b cht.

Quan ta thy qun Php tin binh,

v li cy c qun Tu sang cu, bn quyt i th ha ra th cng. Mt mt
quan tng c Bc Ninh l Trng Quang n cng vi quan ph kinh lc
Bi n Nin em binh v ng Gic Gch, thuc huyn Gia Lm chc sang
nh H Ni. i y Berthe de Villers em qun H Ni sang nh ui,
quan qun phi lui v pha Bc Ninh. Mt mt quan tit ch Hong K Vim

n thng 10 th ng Trn nh Tc v Hu, ng Nguy-n Hu

li lm H Ninh tng c.

V sau c bi Chnh Kh Ca ni v vic quan ta gi thnh H Ni lc by gi, v ai hay ai d

cng chp r rng. Bi ca y khng bit ai lm.
170

231

sai Lu Vnh Phc lm tin phong em qun v ng ph Hoi c, nh

qun Php.

By gi cuc ha i ra chin, sy ph Si Gn ui quan lnh s

Vit Nam l ng Nguy-n Thnh v Hu. Trong khi vic nc ang ri c ln
nh th, th vua Dc Tng mt.

i t Henri Rivire ly xong Nam nh ri v H Ni thy qun ta v

qun c en sp n nh, bn truyn lnh tin binh ln nh mt ph Hoi
c. Sng hm 13 thng 4 th i t em 500 qun ra nh mn Cu Giy,
b qun c en phc chung quanh ra nh, qun Php cht v b thng
n non 100 ngi. i t Henri Rivire t trn, i y Berthe de Villers b
thng nng.

Ngi mt ngy 16 thng 6 nm Qu Mi (1883), tr v c 36 nm,

th 55 tui, miu hiu l Dc Tng Anh Hong .

Si Gn c tin i t Henri Rivire cht, vin thng c Thomson

lin in v cho chnh ph Php bit. Lc by gi Paris h ngh vin cn
ang do d v vic nh ly Bc K. Khi tip c in bo Si Gn v,
ngh vin lin thun cho chnh ph trch ra 5 triu ri pht lng chi tiu v
vic binh ph, v li thun cho mt vin quan vn lm ton quyn, sang kinh l
mi vic Bc K.
Chnh ph Php lin in sang truyn cho lc qun thiu tng Bouet
Nam K ra thng c qun v Bc K, sai Hi qun thiu tng Courbet
em mt i chin thuyn sang tip ng v li c ng Harmand l s thn
Php Tim La ra lm ton quyn.
Ngy mng 3 thng 5, th thiu tng Bouet em 200 lnh ty, 300 lnh
tp ra n Hi Phng. Lp tc thiu tng sa sang s chng gi H Ni v
Nam nh, v li cho Georges Vlavianos (ng Kiu) l ngi theo Ph
Ngha ngy trc, c php m lnh c vng i lm tin qun.
Quan ta em qun v nh qun Php H Ni, Hi Phng v Nam
nh, nhng ch no cng tht bi.
Qun ta by gi khng c thng nht, ai ng ln m c nm ba
trm ngi cho mang gm mang gio i nh, h- phi vi ba pht n tri
ph th x y nhau m chy; cn qun ca nh vua th khng c luyn tp,
sng i bc ton l sng c, sng tay th t v xu. Nh th th chng lm sao
c vi qun Php l qun quen nh trn v li c sng ng tinh
nhu?
232

CHNG XII

trong Triu th quyn thn chuyn ch, b i vy cho nn li sinh ra lm vic kh

khn171.

Cuc Bo H Ca Nc
Php

Vua Dc Tng khng c con, nui 3 ngi chu lm con nui : tr ng

l ng Dc c172, phong Thy quc cng, th l ng Chnh Mng, phong
Kin giang qun cng, ba l ng Dng Thin. Khi ngi sp mt, c di
chiu ni rng : c tnh ng Dc c khng ng lm vua, m ngi mun
lp ng Dng Thin, nhng v ng y cn b, m vic nc cn phi c vua
ln tui, cho nn phi lp con tr ng. Ngi li cho Trn Ti-n Thnh, Nguy-n
Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt lm ph chnh.

1. S ph lp Hu : vua Hip Ha.

2. Qun Php ly ca Thun An.
3. Ha c nm Qu Mi (1883).
4. Vic Bc K.
5. Vua Hip Ha b git.
6. Vua Kin Phc.
7. S nh ly cc tnh Bc K.
8. Ly tnh Sn Ty.
9. Ly thnh Bc Ninh.
10. Ly Hng Ha.
11. Ly Tuyn Quang.
12. Ha c Fournier.
13. Ha c Patentre thng 6 nm Gip Thn.
14. Vic Triu chnh Hu.
15. Vua Hm Nghi.

c ba ngy th Nguy-n Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt i t di

chiu, b ng Dc c m lp em vua Dc Tng l Lng quc cng ln lm
vua. Triu thn ng ngc, khng ai dm ni g, ch c quan ng s Phan nh
Phng ng dy can rng : "T qun cha c ti g m lm s ph lp nh th
th sao phi l". Nguy-n Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt truyn em bt giam
Phan nh Phng, ri cch chc ui v.
Lng quc cng, hy Hng Dt ln lm vua, t nin hiu l Hip
Ha. Cn ng Dc c th em giam Dc c ging ng.

2. Qun Php ly ca Thun An. Vua Hip Ha va lp xong, th

vin Ton quyn mi l ng Harmand n Hi Phng, ri hi hi qun thiu
tng Courbet v lc qun thiu tng Bouet, bn nh mi vic.
nh mt mt th thiu tng Bouet em qun ln nh ly n ph
Hoi; mt mt th thiu tng Courbet em tu vo nh ly ca Thun An,
bt triu nh phi nhn nc Php bo h.

1. S ph lp ti Hu: Vua Hip Ha.

Bn triu nh Nguy-n
truyn ngi n ht i vua Dc Tng th mt quyn t ch. Nc Nam t
thuc v nc Php bo h. Ngha l ngi nh vua tuy vn cn, nhng quyn
chnh tr phi theo chnh ph Bo H xp t.

Ngy 12 thng 7, thiu tng Bouet ln nh qun C en mn lng

Vng. Hai bn nh nhau non ba ngy tri. Sau qun C en phi li ln

y cng v thi i bin i m ngi mnh khng bit bin i, cho

nn nc mnh mi thnh ra suy i. V lc y ngoi Bc K th ri lon,

Nhng chuyn trong Triu lc by gi, phn nhiu l ly quyn "Hnh Thc Ca", ca LTn Nguy-n Nhc th. B y l mt ngi cung phi ca vua Dc Tng sau li lm th k cho b
T D, cho nn nhng vic trong triu b y bit r c r.
172
Dc c, Chnh Mng, Dng Thin l tn nh hc ca nhng ng Hong con nui vua Dc
Tng gi l Dc c ng, Chnh Mng ng, v.v.... Lc cc ng Hong y cha c phong
th ngi ta c ly tn nh hc m gi.
171

233

ng n Phng. Nhng v lc by gi nc l ln to, v nn qun Php

khng tin ln c.

cng s173 cc tnh kim sot nhng cng vic ca quan Vit Nam.
Nhng ngi Php khng d vo vic cai tr trong ht.

Ngy 16, lc qun trung t Brionval Hi Phng em qun ln ly

thnh Hi Dng.

T ha c k xong, gi v Paris chnh ph duyt y, ri mi h

giao, ngha l mi tuyn co cho thin h bit. ng De Champeaux li Hu
lm khm s, vin ton quyn Harmand ra Bc K kinh l vic nh dp.

Qun Php tuy thng, nhng qun C en cn mnh, nn chi thiu

tng Bouet phi in v Paris xin thm qun tip ng.

4. Vic Bc K.

Triu nh Hu nhn ha c xong ri, sai quan Li

b thng th Nguy-n Trng Hp lm Khm sai i thn, quan Cng b
Thng th Trn Vn Chun v quan Li b tham tri Hng Phi lm ph khm
sai, ra Bc K cng vi vin Ton quyn Harmand hiu d nhn dn v bi
qun th cc ni.

Trong khi lc qun thiu tng Bouet tin qun nh ti Bc K, th

hi qun thiu tng Courbet cng vi vin ton quyn Harmand em tu vo
nh ca Thun An, t ngy 15 n ngy 18 thng by th thnh Trn Hi v.
Quan trn thnh l L S, L Chun t trn, Lm Honh, Trn Thc Nhn th
nhy xung sng t t.

By gi Bc K c quan nh Thanh l Dng Cnh Tng ng Sn

Ty, T Din Hc ng Bc Ninh, li c qun C en ca Lu Vnh Phc
ng n Phng.

3. Ha c nm qu-mi (1883).

Triu nh thy s nguy cp,

lin sai quan ra xin ha. Vin ton quyn Harmand bt quan ta phi gii binh
c mi ni, ri cng vi ng De Champeaux ln Hu ngh ha. Triu nh
sai quan Hip bin hu tr l Trn nh Tc lm khm sai ton quyn, v
Nguy-n Trng Hp lm ph, cng vi quan Php hi ngh.

Triu nh tuy c ch ra truyn cho quan ta phi rt qun v Hu,

nhng quan ta cn nhiu ngi mun nc Tu m chng gi vi qun
Php, cho nn khng ai phng ch. B i vy cuc chin tranh Bc K mi
khng xong c.

Ngy 23 thng 7 th t ha c lp xong, c ch ng Harmand, ng

De Champeaux, ng Trn nh Tc v ng Nguy-n Trng Hp cng k.

5. Vua Hip Ha b git.

Trong Hu th vua Hip Ha cng mun

nhn chnh sch bo h cho yn ngi vua, nhng cc quan c nhiu ngi
khng chu, v li thy Nguy-n Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt chuyn ch thi
qu, mun dng k m tr b i, bn i Nguy-n Vn Tng sang lm Binh b
Thng th, Tn Tht Thuyt lm Li b Thng th, bt binh quyn ca
Tn Tht Thuyt.

T Ha c c 27 khon :
- Khon th nht ni rng : Nc Nam chu nhn nc Php bo h, c vic g
giao thip vi ngoi quc th phi do nc Php ch trng.
- Khon th hai : Tnh Bnh Thun thuc v Nam K.
- Khon th ba : Qun Php ng gi ni o Ngang v Thun An.
- Khon th su : T tnh Khnh Ha ra n o Ngang th quyn cai tr thuc
v Triu nh.

Hai ngi thy vua c lng nghi, s lu thnh v, bn vo tu vi

b T D Thi hu lp ng Dng Thin l con nui th ba vua Dc Tng,
ri bt vua Hip Ha em ra ph ng Dc c cho ung thuc c cht. Vua
Hip Ha lm vua c hn 4 thng, s gi l Ph .

Nhng khon sau ni rng vin khm s Hu c quyn t do ra

vo yt kin nh vua. Cn t Bc K k t o Ngang tr ra th nc Php t

Rsident tc l lu tr quan, nhng lc by gi ta cha quen dng ch y, v nhn c ch

consul cho nn mi dng ch cng s.
173

234

Nguy-n Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt git vua Hip Ha ri, li

thy quan Ph chnh Trn Ti-n Thnh khng theo mnh, cng sai ngi git
nt.

8. Ly Sn Ty.

Ngy 25 thng 9, chnh ph Php in sang cho hi

qun thiu tng Courbet lm thng c qun v, kim chc Ton quyn
Bc K. Vin nguyn Ton Quyn Harmand xin v Php.

6. Vua Kin Phc.

Ngy mng 7 thng 10 nm Qu Mi (1883), ng

Dng Thin, hy l ng ng ln ngi lm vua, t nin hiu l Kin Phc.
By gi ngi mi c 15 tui, vic g cng Nguy-n Vn Tng v Tn Tht
Thuyt quyt nh c.

T vic binh nhung, vic cai tr v vic giao thip, c tay thiu
tng Courbet. Trong khi thiu tng cn phi sa sang mi vic v i qun
tip Php sang th quan ta em qun v nh Hi Dng, t c ph x.
Quan Php nghi tnh thn thng vi vn thn, bn bt y vo Cn Ln.

Bc K th Hong K Vim cn ng ti Sn Ty, Trng Quang n

cn ng ti Bc Ninh, cng vi qun Tu chng gi qun Php. Vin khm
s Hu ly iu trch Triu nh. Triu nh li c d ra truyn cho
Hong K Vim v Trng Quang n phi v kinh.

n khi thiu tng tip c qun bn Php sang, s qun Php

Bc K by gi c hn 9000 ngi, thiu tng chia ra lm hai o, em c
thy b tin ln nh thnh Sn Ty. nh t sng ngy 13 n ht ngy 16
mi h c thnh. Qun C en chng gi hng lm, nhng qun ta v
qun Tu thy sng ca Php bn ln mnh qu, u b thnh rt ln mn
ngc, qun C en cng phi chy theo. Trn y qun Php b 83 ngi t
trn v 319 ngi b thng.

Cc quan by gi cng c ng v, cng c ng np n tr Triu nh,

ri hoc i chiu m nhng ngi ngha dng, hoc i theo quan nh Thanh,
chng nhau vi qun Php. By gi c quan c Nam nh l T Hin
lnh chc c ca Tu, v quan n st s Phm V Mn v quan tri ph
Kin Xng Hong Vn He b chc m i; quan tn tng qun v Sn Ty
l Nguy-n Thin Thut b v Hi Dng, i m qun chng gi vi qun
Php.

9. Ly thnh Bc Ninh.

Qun Php tuy ly dc Sn Ty, nhng

qun Tu cng ngy cng sang ng, thiu tng phi ch c qun tip thm
mi i nh ch khc. Bn Php li sai mt l on174 sang Bc K v sai lc
qun trung tng Millot sang lm thng c qun v thay cho hi qun thiu
tng Courbet.

7. S nh ly cc tnh Bc K. Vin Ton quyn Harmand ra

Bc K sa sang s cai tr, lp ra nhng i lnh tun cnh, tc gi l lnh kh
xanh, phng gi cc ni, v bi lnh c vng ca thiu tng Bouet cho
m c my trm, v nhng lnh y hay cp ph dn gian. Nhng v vin
Ton quyn xm vo quyn quan binh, cho nn thiu tng Bouet ly lm bt
bnh.

Ngy 16 thng ging nm Gip Thn (1884), thng tng Millot sang
nhm chc, thiu tng Courbet c thng ln hi qun trung tng v li ra
coi hi qun gi mt b. By gi qun Php c thy c hn 1 vn 6
nghn ngi v 10 i pho th, chia lm 2 l on. Mt l on bn hu
ngn sng Hng H th ng H Ni, c thiu tng Brire de l'Isle coi; mt
l on bn t ngn sng Hng H, th ng Hi Dng, c thiu tng De
Ngrier coi.

Ngy mng mt thng 8, thiu tng em qun ln nh C en

n Phng. Hai bn nh nhau rt d. Qun C en tuy phi lui, nhng
cha thc thua. Thiu tng thy nh gic cha c v li c bt ha vi
vin Ton quyn, bn xin v Php, giao binh quyn li cho i t Bichot.

By gi con ng t H Ni sang Bc Ninh, ch no cng c qun

Tu v qun ta ng. Thng tng Millot bn truyn lnh cho thiu tng
Brire de l'Isle em qun qua sng Hng H, ri theo sng ung (tc l sng
Thin c) i v pha ng. Cn ton qun ca thiu tng De Ngrier Hi

c t lu, c qun tip Si Gn ra, i t Bichot bn vo ly tnh

Ninh Bnh.

Mi mt l on (brigade) c hai v qun, chng by tm nghn ngi, c chc thiu tng

coi. Hai l on l mt s on (division), c chc trung tng coi.
174

235

Dng, i tu n Ph Li ln b, tip vo vi ton qun ca thiu tng

Brire de l'Isle, ri c thy b theo sng Cu (sng Nguyt c) tin ln nh
Bc Ninh.

tn l Fournier quen mt ngi nc c tn l Dtring lm quan bn Tu coi

vic thng chnh Qung ng. Dtring vn thn vi quan tng c Trc l
l L Hng Chng. Mt hm Dtring gp trung t Fournier ni chuyn vic
ha vi nc Tu. Dtring in v cho L Hng Chng bit. Hai bn u c
mun ha cho m chuyn.

Hai bn kh i s nh nhau t ngy 11 thng 2 n ngy 16, th ly

c p Cu. Qun Tu thy qun Php chn mt ng ln Lng Sn, bn
b Bc Ninh rt ln mn Thi Nguyn. Ti ngy 16, th qun Php vo thnh
Bc Ninh. Trn y qun Php ch mt c 8 ngi v 40 b thng m thi.

Chnh ph Php bn sai trung t Fournier ln Thin Tn cng vi L

Hng Chng ngh ha. n ngy 18 thng 4 nm Gip Thn (1884), th lp
xong t ha c. i lc ni rng nc Tu thun rt qun ng Bc K
v, v t y v sau chnh ph Tu thun nhn t giao c ca nc Php lp
vi nc Nam. Ngha l nc Tu cho nc Php c t do xp t mi
vic t Vit Nam.

Thiu tng Brire de l'Isle em qun ln nh Yn Th, ri n ngy

23 th ln ly thnh Thi Nguyn.
10. Ly Hng Ha. H dc thnh Bc Ninh v thnh Thi Nguyn ri, qun
Php quay v mn sng Hng H nh ly Hng Ha v Tuyn Quang.
Thiu tng Brire de l'Isle em l on th nht theo con ng Sn Ty ln
Hng Ha, ri dn trn bn ny sng Giang. Hai bn kh i s nh nhau
t sng ngy rm thng 3, n 2 gi chiu ngy hm y th qun Php sang
sng ch gn a ht huyn Bt Bt. Chn gi sng ngy 16, th thiu tng
De Ngrier em l on th nh tip n, c hai l on cng hp lc tin ln
nh. Qun Tu v qun C en thy th khng chng c, bn t c ph
x, ri b thnh Hng Ha rt ln mn ngc. Cn bn ng Hong K Vim
th ko ln mn ni, ri i ng thng o rt v Kinh. Tra ngy 17 th
qun Php vo thnh Hng Ha. Lp tc thiu t Coronnat em mt ton
qun ln nh ph n Vng.

13. Ha c Patentre thng 5 Gip Thn (1884).

T giao
c k xong th trung t Fournier in cho thng tng Millot Bc K bit s
ha c xong, m qun Tu Bc K phi rt v.
Lc by gi cng s nc Php Bc Kinh l ng Patentre bn
Php sang, i qua n Si Gn, chnh ph Paris in sang sai ng y ra Hu
sa li t ha c ca ng Harmand k ngy 23 thng 7 nm Qu Mi
(1883).

ng Patentre v ng Rheinart ra Hu cng vi Triu nh thng ngh

my ngy, ri n ngy 13 thng 5 nm Gip Thn l ngy mng 6 thng su
nm 1884, ng Patentre cng vi ng Nguy-n Vn Tng, ng Phm Thun
Dut v ng Tn Tht Phan k t ha c mi. C thy c 19 khon, i th
cng nh t ha c ca ng Harmand, ch i c my khon ni v tnh Bnh
Thun v 3 tnh ngoi o Ngang l H Tnh, Ngh An, Thanh Ha vn
thuc v Trung k.

11. Ly Tuyn Quang.

Ly xong Hng Ha ri, ch cn c thnh

Tuyn Quang l ch qun C en cn ng gi. Thng tng Millot bn sai
qun em tu i d xem sng L Giang tu thy ln c n u. on ri
sai trung t Duchesne em o qun Hng Ha v mt i nm chic tu
binh ln nh Tuyn Quang. Qun ca trung t Duchesne ng Vit Tr kh i
hnh t hm mng 3 thng 5 n ngy mng 8 th n Tuyn Quang. Ch
nh mt gi ng h th qun C en b thnh chy.

T ha c k xong, ng Rheinart li lm Khm s Hu, v ng

Patentre hi c cc quan, bt em ci n ca Tu phong cho vua Vit Nam
tht, b- nu ln m hy i, ngha l t nc Nam thuc v nc Php bo
h, ch khng thn phc nc Tu na.

12. Ha c Fournier.

By gi tuy cc tnh mn trung chu t Bc

K u thuc v quan Php cai qun c, nhng qun Tu cn ng Lng
Sn, Cao Bng v mn Lo Kay. B i vy chnh ph Php mun dng cch giao
thip m trang tri vi nc Tu, chnh ph Tu nhn cuc bo h ca
nc Php nc Nam cho xong. Li nhn by gi c hi qun trung t Php

Ha c k nm Gip Thn l nm 1884, l ha c ca Triu nh

Hu k vi nc Php cng nhn cuc bo h ca Php v chia nc ra lm
hai khu vc l Trung K v Bc K. Tuy hai k cng thuc v quyn bo h
236

ca nc Php, nhng mi k c mt cch cai tr khc. V sau dn dn ha

c nm 1884 cng mt c ngha, v thc quyn v chnh ph bo h ht
c. Triu nh Hu ch gi ci h v m thi.

Vua Kin Phc ln ngi va c hn 6 thng, n ngy mng 6 thng

4 nm Gip Thn (1884) th phi bnh mt175, miu hiu l Gin Tng Ngh
Hong .

Nc Vit Nam trc kia, t Nam ch Bc l mt, c ci tnh cch duy

nht hn c cc nc khc. Vn ha, lch s, phong tc, ngn ng u l mt
c, m nay thnh ra ba x : Nam K, Trung K v Bc K; mi k c mt chnh
sch ring, lut l ring nh ba nc vy. Thm ch lc u ngi k ny i
sang k kia phi xin giy thng hnh mi i c. K ngha l x, l khu trong
mt nc, ch khng c ngha l nc.

15. Vua Hm Nghi.

Vua Kin Phc mt, ng l ra con nui th hai

ca vua Dc Tng l ng Chnh Mng ln ni ngi th phi. Nhng Tng v
Thuyt khng mun lp ngi ln tui, s mnh mt quyn, bn chn ngi
con ng Chnh Mng l ng ng Lch, mi 12 tui, lp ln lm vua, t nin
hiu l Hm Nghi.

Vin Khm s Rheinart trc t giy sang cho Triu nh Hu rng :

Nam triu c lp ai lm vua, th phi xin php nc Php mi c. Nhng
Tng v Thuyt c t tin lp vua, khng cho vin Khm s bit.

Mt nc m tam phn ng lit ra nh th, tht l mt mi au lng

cho ngi Vit Nam l dn mt nc c mt lch s v vang hng my
nghn nm.

Vin Khm s thy vy, vit th ra H Ni. Thng tng Millot bn sai
chc tham mu l i t Guerrier em 600 qun v mt i pho binh vo
Hu, bt Triu nh phi xin php lp ng ng Lch ln lm vua. Tng v
Thuyt lm t xin php bng ch nm gi sang bn Khm s. Vin Khm s
khng nghe, bt phi lm bng ch nho. n ngy 27 thng 6, i t v vin
Khm s i ca chnh vo in lm l- phong vng cho vua Hm Nghi. Xong
ri quan Php li tr ra H Ni.

14. Vic Triu Chnh Hu.

Triu nh lc by gi vic g cng do

hai quan ph chnh l Nguy-n Vn Tng v Tn Tht Thuyt nh ot.
Tn Tht Thuyt l ngi tnh nng ny, d di, ai cng khip s.
Nhng ti nng th km, m li nht gan, cho nn a nghi v hay chm git.
Nguy-n Vn Tng l ngi Qung Tr, thi c nhn nm T c th 5,
tht l mt ngi c ti tr, gii ngh giao thip, nhng ch c tnh tham lam v
li tn nhn.
Hai ng y chuyn gi triu chnh. Quan li th tay ng Tng, binh
quyn th tay ng Thuyt. Nhng m thng vic g cng do ng Thuyt
xui khin c. Trong Triu t hong thn quc thch cho n cc quan, ai c
iu g tri hai ng y l b giam chp hay l chm git c.
ng Thuyt th m quan phn ngha gi mnh, v thng hay tim
dng nghi v ca vua; ng Tng th chu tin hi l ca nhng ngi Khch,
cho chng n em tin snh, l mt th tin nin hiu T c, mng v xu,
c bn Tu em sang, bt dn phi tiu. Ai khng tiu th phi ti. V lc
y vua hy cn tr tui cha bit g, cho nn hai ng y li cng chuyn ch
lm na.

C chuyn ni rng: Khi vua Kin Phc se mnh, nm trong in, m thy Nguy-n Vn Tng
vo trong cung, ngi c qu mng. n ngy hm sau, th ngi ng thuc m mt.
175

237

Dugenne. Khi tip c qun ca trung t ri, thiu tng Millot triu thiu
tng De Ngrier v H Ni, ch lnh v qun bn Php sang.

CHNG XIII

Chin Tranh Vi Nc Tu

2. nh Phc Chu v vy i Loan.

Chnh ph bn Php tip

c s khai chin Bc K, lin in truyn cho hi qun trung tng
Courbet em tu sang ng gn thnh Phc chu l tnh l Phc Kin, v li
cho ng Patentre l cng s Php Bc Kinh i nc Tu phi tr 250 triu
tin binh ph v vic chin tranh Bc K. Chnh ph 2 nc thng thuyt
mi, n ngy 29 thng 6, th chnh ph Php gi t ti hu th i nc Tu
80 triu pht lng tin binh ph, hn cho tr lm 10 nm. n ngy mng ba
thng 7 nm Gip Thn (1884), th hi qun trung tng c lnh kh i s
nh Phc chu.

1. Trn Bc L.
2. nh Phc Chu v vy i Loan.
3. Trn n Ch v n Kp.
4. Trn Yn Bc.
5. Ly thnh Lng Sn.
6. Thnh Tuyn Quang b vy.
7. Mt thnh Lng Sn.
8. Ha c Thin Tn.

Trung tng truyn lnh cho cc chin thuyn bn ln cc pho i v

ph cc x ng lm binh kh Phc Chu, v li nh c chin thuyn ca Tu
ng trong sng Mn Giang. Trung tng bn ph Phc Chu ri em binh
thuyn ra vy nh o i Loan.

1. Trn Bc L.

Ti Bc K th qun Php t ng l vic ha c vi nc

Tu xong, ch cn i ngy qun Tu rt v, th ln thu nhn ly thnh Lng
Sn, Cao Bng v Lo Kay. C theo t ha c ca trung t Fournier k
Thin Tn, th vo chng rm thng 5 qun Tu Lng Sn, Tht Kh v Cao
Bng phi rt v. Vy n cui thng 5, th thng tng Millot sai trung t
Dugenne em 1000 qun ln thu li cc thnh y. Ngy mng mt thng 5
nhun th qun Php ln n n Bc L. Khi qun Php sang sng Thng,
th qun Tu bn vo qun Php, phi 3 ngi b thng. c mt chc bn
qun Tu sai ngi a th ni rng bit c ha c, nhng cha c
lnh rt qun v, vy xin hon li 6 ngy i lnh Bc Kinh. Trung t
Dugenne khng chu; n qu tra, trung t cho ngi a th sang bo qun
Tu rng : trong mt gi na m qun Tu khng rt v th qun Php c vic
tin ln. on ri trung t truyn lnh tin binh; i c mt lc, th qun Tu
phc hai bn ng bn ra. Qun Php dn trn nh nhau n ti. Sng
ngy hm sau, qun Php thy qun Tu sp vy c bn mt, bn rt qun v
bn ny sng Thng, i qun cu vin H Ni ln. Trn y qun Php
b 28 ngi t trn, 46 ngi b thng, cn nhng phu phen cht khng bit
bao nhiu m k.

Hi qun ca Php vy i Loan v cc ca b mi n thng 6 nm

t Du (1885), nc Tu k ha c ri, mi thi.

3. Trn n Ch v n Kp.

Trong khi hi qun ca Php nh

ph mt b, qun Tu qung ng, Qung Ty ko sang Bc K cng ngy
cng nhiu, m qun tip ng ca Php mi khng thy sang, n trung tun
thng 7, thng tng Millot bn co bnh xin v, giao quyn li cho thiu
tng Brire de l'Isle.
c t lu, thiu tng Brire de l'Isle tip c 6 nghn qun Php
sang, s qun by gi c thy c non 2 vn ngi, thiu tng bn chia ra
lm 4 o i nh qun Tu v qun ta; thiu t Servire em mt o qun
ln mn ng Triu; trung t Donnier em mt o qun theo sng Lc Nam
n nh n Ch v n m; trung t Defoy em mt o qun ln mn
sng Thng; thiu t Mibielle v thiu tng De Ngrier th ng i n
Lng Thng. Ngy 20 thng 8, qun Php tin ln ng n Ch, n Bo
Lc v n Kp. Qun Tu chng li c mt ngy, m qun hai bn nh
nhau n Kp hng hn c. Qun Tu cht c n 2 000 ngi; cn bn
qun Php th thiu tng De Ngrier b thng chn, 27 ngi t trn v

Thng tng Millot tip c tin qun Php thua Bc L, lin sai
thiu tng De Ngrier em 2 i i qun b, 2 i pho binh v mt ton
cng binh i ng Ph Lng Thng qua lng Kp, ln tip ng cho trung t
238

100 ngi b thng. Qun Tu cht hi mt nhiu ngi, phi b n Kp,

n Bo Lc v n Ch chy lui tr v.

6. Thnh Tuyn Quang b vy.

Khi qun Php i nh mt Lng

Sn, th qun Tu v qun C en mn sng Hng H v sng L Giang li
ko v nh Tuyn Quang. By gi qun Php trong thnh c thy hn
600 ngi, thuc quyn thiu t Domin. T u thng mi nm Gip Thn
(1884), qun C en ca Lu Vnh Phc ko v ng gn ph Yn Bnh
v ph oan Hng. n thng 11 th qun Tu gi cc ch him yu, chn
ng khng cho qun Php trung chu ln tip ng, ri Lu Vnh Phc em
qun ln nh thnh Tuyn Quang; nh mi n 15 thng chp mi vy c
thnh. Qun C en dng k d ph thnh, m qun Php trong thnh
cng c ht sc chng gi.

Mn ng bc, qun Tu lui, thiu tng Brire de l'Isle bn sai i

t Duchesne em 700 qun ln nh qun C en ca Lu Vnh Phc mn
Tuyn Quang v li sai trung t Berger em qun ln gi Thi Nguyn.

4. Trn Yn Bc.

Qun Tu tuy thua n Ch v n Kp, nhng

vn cn ng a ht Lng Sn v Qung Yn. n trung tun thng 11,
qun Tu li v ng An Chu, thiu tng De Ngrier em qun b v qun
pho binh i theo t ngn sng Lc Nam ln nh qun Tu ni Bp. Qun
Tu cht n hn 600 ngi, qun Php thit hi mt 19 ngi t trn v 65
ngi b thng.

Lc y qun Php ly c thnh Lng Sn ri, trung tng Brire

de l'Isle lin thiu tng De Ngrier li gi thnh, n ngy mng 2 tt
em qun i ng n Ch v H Ni, ri lp tc ln cu Tuyn Quang.
Ngy 13 thng ging nm t Du th ln n oan Hng ri sang sng Chy.
Qun Tu v qun Php giao chin t cho n ngy 16, mi gii c vy.
Trn y qun hai bn thit hi cng nhiu, nhng qun Tu khng ch c
qun Php, phi vi vng gii vy m rt ln mn ngc.

5. Ly thnh Lng Sn.

u nm 1885 l qung thng 11 nm Gip

Thn, thiu tng Brire de l'Isle c thng chc trung tng v li tip tc
c hn 1 000 qun bn Php sang. Qua thng chp ta, trung tng m
non 7 000 phu ti v em 7 500 qun, chia ra lm 2 o nh Lng
Sn. o th nht th thuc quyn thiu tng De Ngrier, o th nh th
thuc quyn i t Giovanninelle.

7. Mt thnh Lng Sn. Thnh Tuyn Quang va gii vy xong, th

Lng Sn li kh i s giao chin. Qun Tu tuy thua phi b thnh Lng Sn,
nhng quan c Qung Ty l Phng T Ti vn ng i n Long
Chu, chc sang nh ly li Lng Sn.

Con ng i t Kp n Lng Sn l ng hm trong ni, m ch

no cng c qun Tu ng, cho nn qun Php mi dng k nh ngang t
n Ch nh li, ly n Tun Mui176. Thiu tng De Ngrier trc
ln n Kp, dng thanh th tin binh, ri ln v n Ch em qun qua o
Vn, ly n ng Sn tc l n Sung, ri sang ly n Tun Mui. Qun
Tu ang gi mn Bc L, thy qun Php chn mt ng v, lin rt
qun chy. Thiu tng De Ngrier em qun nh trn ln n Lng Sn,
tra hm 29 thng chp th ly c thnh. nh t ngy 25 n 29 thng
chp, qun Php thit mt 40 ngi t trn v 22 ngi b thng.

Ngy mng 6 thng 2 nm t Du (1885), qun Tu sang nh ng

ng, thiu tng De Ngrier em qun ln cu, ri chc nh sang Long
Chu. Qun Php nh trong 2 ngy, cht hi mt non 200 ngi. n mng
8, thiu tng rt qun v Lng Sn, cn nhng ngi b thng th em v
n Ch. Qun Php ng Lng Sn by gi c 35 000 ngi.

Ly xong thnh Lng Sn, qun Php ngh ngi my ngy, ri li tin
ln nh ng ng. Qun Tu chy phn lm hai ng : mt ng chy ln
Tht kh, mt ng chy ln i Nam Quan v Tu. n ngy mng 8 thng
ging nm t Du (1885), th thiu tng De Ngrier ln n ca Nam Quan,
truyn ph i quan, ri tr v gi Lng Sn.
176

Ngy 13 th qun Tu trn sang nh K La, thiu tng De Ngrier

b thng nng, phi giao quyn li cho trung t Herbinger chng vi qun
ch. Nhng by gi qun Tu sang ng qu, trung t phi b thnh Lng Sn
rt v Tun Mui, ri v n Ch v n Kp.

Tc l i Chi Lng ngy trc.

239

Trung tng Brire de l'Isle tip c tin bi trn Lng Sn, lin in
cho chnh ph Php xin tip qun sang cu vin, v lp tc i tu ln n
Ch phng s chng gi.

CHNG IV

Lon Trung K

Qun Tu ly c Lng Sn ri chia qun gi cc ch him yu, ch

khng dm ui xa. Cn mn sng Hng H, th qun C en v qun ca
cc quan cu thn th v nh ph mn gn Hng Ha v Lm Thao.

1. Thng tng De Courcy vo Hu.

2. Triu nh chy ra Qung Tr.
3. Nguy-n Vn Tng ra th.
4. Xa gi cc b Thi hu v Khim Lng.
5. Qun Cn vng.
6. Vua ng Khnh.
7. Thng tng De Courcy phi trit v.
8. Vua Hm Nghi Qung Bnh.
9. ng Paul Bert.
10. Lp Tng c Ton Quyn.

8. Ha c Thin Tn.

Bn Php tip c in tn ca trung tng

Brire de l'Isle nh v ni qun Php phi b thnh Lng Sn, th lng ngi
no ng c ln. Th tng Jules Ferry phi t chc. Chnh ph Php thy s
chin tranh khng li bn k t giao c nh chin vi nc Tu. Ri mt
mt th truyn lnh cho s thn nc Php Bc Kinh l ng Patentre lp t
ha c vi chnh ph Tu; mt mt th cho qun sang tip ng Bc K v sai
trung tng Roussel de Courcy lm Thng c qun dn s v, trung tng
Warnel lm tham mu tng tr ng, cng vi thiu tng Jamont v thiu tng
Prudhomme em hai s on sang Bc K.
Chnh ph Tu thy chin tranh khng c li, bn thun k t ha
c, v lp tc sai quan sang H Ni truyn lnh cho qun Tu phi rt v.
Ngy 27 thng 4 nm t Du (1883) l nm Quang T th 11, ng Patentre
v ng L Hng Chng k t ha c, i lc ni rng nc Tu nhn cuc
bo h ca nc Php nc Vit Nam, v li ha thun bun bn nh c.
Nc Php th tr li cc ch m hi qun chim gi mt b, v thun b
ci khon tin binh ph khng i na. Ngy hm quan hai nc k t ha
c Thin Tn, th hi qun trung tng Courbet phi bnh mt gn o
i Loan. Hi qun ca Php cng chiu theo iu c m rt qun v.

1. Thng Tng De Courcy vo Hu.

Vic nh nhau vi Tu
xong, th tc l cuc bo h nc Nam thnh. Nhng cc ni, nhng quan
c ta cn chng nhau vi qun Php, m Hu th Nguy-n Vn Tng v Tn
Tht Thuyt chuyn ch mi ng.
Thng 9 nm Gip Thn (1885), hai ng y em ng Dc c giam
vo nh ti, khng cho n ung cht i, ti cho l thng mu vi gic.
Hai ng y li m qun tp lnh v lp n Tn S gn Cam L thuc tnh
Qung Tr, em bu ngc vng bc ra y, phng khi c vic g th em
qun ra chng nhau vi qun Php. Cng v cc ng y c mun
khng c, cho nn qun Php chim gi Mang C thnh Hu v li bt b
sng i bc trn thnh i.
Ngy 18 thng 4 nm t Du (1885), thng tng De Courcy sang ti
Bc k. By gi s ha c vi Tu xong, b i vy thng tng mi nh
vo Hu bt Triu nh ta phi chu quyn bo h. Thng tng n H Ni
ni chuyn vi cc ngi Php v nhng ngi Nam ra lm quan vi Php,
bit tnh hnh trong Hu l th no. n ngy 19 thng 5 th thng tng
240

em non 500 qun i tu vo Hu. Triu nh c hai quan i thn theo vin
Khm s Php l ng De Champeaux ra n thng tng ca Thun An.
Sng hm sau, thng tng cho i hai quan ph chnh sang bn Khm s
nh vic vo yt kin vua Hm Nghi.

tri c gip k yu hn g chng? y l lc tng s lc by gi ai cng t ng

nh th, cho n mi nh n na m kh i s pht sng bn sang Khm s
v nh tri lnh ca Php Mang C.
Chiu hm y thng tng lm tic i cc quan Php. Tic va tan
xong, th sng trong thnh n ra ng ng, ri nhng nh chung quanh
dinh Khm s chy, la rc tri. Qun Php thy bt thnh lnh na m
qun ta nh ph nh vy, cha bit ra th no, ch yn lng m chng gi.
n sng ngy 23 mi tin ln nh, th qun ta thua chy177. Nguy-n Vn
Tng cho ngi vo in tu xin rc vua v cc b Thi Hu tm lnh ln
Khim Lng178. Khi xa gi ra gn n ca hu th gp Nguy-n Vn Tng
chc sn i h gi, nhng lnh truyn cho Nguy-n Vn Tng li thu
xp mi vic. Nguy-n Vn Tng vng lnh tr li. Xa gi i qua lng Kim
Long, ln n cha Thin M, th Tn Tht Thuyt em qun chy n truyn
rc xa gi quay tr v Trng Thi179.

Hai ng y lc by gi cn ang lng ly, vic Triu chnh trong tay

mnh c, m thy thng tng lm s ng t nh th, cng tc gin lm,
li c nh li my ng quan cu thn ni chuyn, th ng Thuyt l quan vn
lm tng v, nhng hnh dng th khng c thanh t : u th trc, ngi
th bo m en, cch i ng th khng c chng chc, s giao thip v i
p th khng snh. Xa nay th ch ly quyn th m nn ngi ta, hi mt
t th ly s chm git lm oai. n khi phi ra theo l- bang giao m i vi
mt ngi tng ngoi quc nh ng De Courcy th trong bng khip s khng
bit ra th no.
ng Tng th l mt tay giao thip gii, li c nhiu mu c v ti
ngh ng bin, cho nn lc y ch c mt mnh ng Tng sang ra mt quan
thng tng De Courcy m thi, cn ng Thuyt th co bnh khng sang.
Thng tng thy vy, bo au cng phi khing sang.

Lc by gi vng tn cng t, ngi i nga, k i chn, dn gian th

tr cng gi, n b dt tr con, ai ny chy ht hong tm ng trnh cho
khi ch binh ao.

Tn Tht Thuyt thy quan Php ra oai nh th, phn th tc gin,

phn th s, li nhn lc by gi mi c im ng t, mi ngh bng rng
y l im tri xui khin bn quyt sa son nh nhau.

Xa gi n Trng Thi vo ngh c mt lt, th Tn Tht Thuyt li

gic ln ng, ni rng qun Php sp ui ti. Ti ngy 23, xa gi vo
ngh nh mt ngi b h, sng ngy 24 ra i, n ti mi ti thnh Qung Tr.
Quan tun ph Trng Quang n180 ra rc xa gi vo Hnh cung v t
qun lnh phng gi.

Thng tng De Courcy nh n hm vo in yt kin vua Hm

Nghi, th phi m ca chnh, khng nhng ch quan nc Php i m thi,
nhng li phi c qun lnh cng i vo ca y. Triu nh thy iu y tri
vi quc l-, xin thng tng i ca gia, theo nh s Tu ngy trc, cn
qun lnh th xin i ca hai bn, thng tng nht nh khng chu.

Trn nh nhau Hu, qun Php mt 16 ngi v 80 ngi b

thng. Sch ty chp rng qun ta cht n vi nghn ngi, cn bao nhiu
kh gii lng thc v hn mt triu tin ca u mt c.

2. Triu nh chy ra Qung Tr.

Tra hm 22 cc quan C Mt
Vin sang Khm s xin vo bn nh cho xong vic i ca chnh, ca bn,
nhng thng tng De Courcy khng tip. B T D Thi Hu sai quan em
l- vt sang tng thng tng, thng tng cng khc i khng nhn.

Vic Tn Tht Thuyt nh qun Php Hu, s ta khng ni r s qun ta l bao nhiu. M
sch Ty c ni chp l 2 vn, c ni chp l 3 vn. Nhng c nhng ngi bit vic Hu lc
by gi, th qun ta c thy chng non 2 vn tr li, ch khng hn.
178
Khim Lng l lng ca vua Dc Tng, c khi gi l Khim Cung cng l y.
179
Trng Thi tha y by gi lng a Ch cch Kinh thnh 10 cy s.
180
Trng Quang n trc lm tng c Bc Ninh, chng nhau vi qun Php, sau v Kinh phi
ging xung tun ph ra gi thnh Qung Tr.
177

Cc quan thy thng tng lm d di nh vy, u ng ngc khng

hiu ra t g m khinh mn Triu nh n nh th. Tn Tht Thuyt cng
thy th cng ly lm tc gin, thi th sng cht cng liu mt trn, ha may
241

mi vic cho chng xong. Nguy-n Vn Tng v Nguy-n Hu khng hp

nhau, Nguy-n Hu li tr ra Bc K.

3. Nguy-n Vn Tng ra th.

Ti Hu, c bui sng hm 23, qun

Php chim ly thnh tr v gi gn cc ni. Cn quan ta, ngi th i theo xa
gi, ngi th n np mt ni, cha bit th no, cha ai dm ra. n tra
hm y, Nguy-n Vn Tng vo n cm nh ng gim mc Caspard, ri nh
ng y a ra th vi thng tng De Courcy. Thng tng cho Nguy-n Vn
Tng ra Thng bc vin, giao cho i y Schmitz v mt ton lnh Php
phi coi gi, v hn cho trong hai thng phi lm th no cho yn mi vic.

5. Qun Cn Vng.

Tn Tht Thuyt Qung Bnh lm hch cn

vng truyn i cc ni, b i vy ch tr nhng ch chung quanh Kinh thnh ra,
cn t Bnh Thun tr ra cho n Ngh An, Thanh Ha, ch no s dn cng
ni ln, cho dn bn o gy thnh mi lon, ri n t ph nhng lng
c o. Sch ty chp rng t u thng 6 cho n cui thng 8, dn bn o
phi 8 ng c v hn 2 vn ngi b git.

4. Xa gi cc b thi hu v Khim Lng.

Nguy-n Vn Tng
vit s ra Qung Tr xin rc xa gi tr v Kinh cho yn lng ngi. Nhng
lc y vua Hm Nghi v tam cung l b T D Thi hong thi hu, m c
Dc Tng, b Hong thi hu l v c Dc Tng v m nui vua Dc c,
b Hong thi phi l v th c Dc Tng v m nui vua Kin Phc, b Tn
Tht Thuyt gn gi, s ca Nguy-n Vn Tng gi ra vn an, ng y em giu
i khng cho vua bit. Ai cng mun xin rc xa gi ln Tn S , lo liu s
khi phc. c T D v hai b Thi hu nht nh khng chu i.

Thng tng De Courcy thy ch no cng c lon c, bn tr ra Bc

K, hi cc tng li bn s nh dp. Thng tng nh sai i t Pernot
em 1 500 qun Hu ra ui Tn Tht Thuyt, li sai thiu tng De Ngrier
em mt o qun i t Thanh Ha dnh vo. Nhng chnh ph Paris in
sang khng cho thng tng kh i s dng i binh, v li nhn lc by gi
Bc K v Trung K c bnh dch t, qun Php cht hi n ba bn nghn
ngi, b i vy cho nn vic dng binh phi nh li.

Ngy 27, Tn Tht Thuyt nghe tin c tu Php sp n, bn xin tam

cung li Qung Tr v xin rc vua ln Tn S . Khi sp i, vua Hm Nghi
vo ly ba b Thi hu : tnh ly bit, ni su thm, k sao cho xit ! Vua i khi
mt gi ng h, th bn ni gim u tr li ni rng Tn Tht Thuyt
khng cho i. n ngy 28, th tam cung mi tip c tin ca Nguy-n Vn
Tng ra ni xin rc xa gi tr v Hu, mi vic thu xp xong ri. B T
D cho ngi i rc vua tr li cng v Hu, nhng tm mi khng bit
vua u, ch tip c th ca Tn Tht Thuyt gi v ni Nguy-n Vn
Tng phn trc n kia, xin ng c nghe. Ngui bn i, k bn li, ai ny
phn vn cha bit ra th no. Ngy 30 li tip c s ca Nguy-n Vn
Tng ra gic xa gi tr v. c T D mi quyt v Kinh, nh ngy mng
4 th ln ng, sai quan tun ph Trng Quang n em qun i h gi.
n chiu ti ngy mng 5, xa gi cc b Thi hu v n Khim cung.
Nguy-n Vn Tng dng s ln thnh an v k tnh mi vic.

Ti Hu th mi khng ai bit vua Hm Nghi u. Triu nh th mi

ngy mt ri, vic lp vua mi th tuy rng nh ri, nhng cn li thi cha
xong.
n ngy 27 thng 7, va ht hn 2 thng ca thng tng De Courcy
hn cho Nguy-n Vn Tng, v by gi Bc K li c nhiu ngi ght
Nguy-n Vn Tng xin thng tng em tr ti. B i vy sang ngy 28 thng
tng bt quan nguyn Ph chnh Nguy-n Vn Tng, quan H b thng th
Phm Thn Dut v Tn Tht nh l thn sinh ra Tn Tht Thuyt, em y ra
Cn Ln. Phm Thn Dut ang i tu th mt, phi nm xung b. Nguy-n
Vn Tng th sau li phi y ra hi o Tahiti Thi Bnh Dng, c t lu
cng mt, cho em xc v chn qu nh.

6. Vua ng Khnh.

Thng tng De Courcy y bn Nguy-n Vn

Tng i ri, em Nguy-n Hu v cng vi Phan nh Bnh coi vic triu
chnh, sai Nguy-n Trng Hp ra quyn kinh lc Bc K. Thng tng li
sai ng De Champeaux ln Khim cung yt kin c T D xin lp ng Chnh
Mng l Kin giang qun cng ln lm vua.

Trong khi vua cn i vng, thng tng De Courcy t ng Th Xun

ln lm gim quc, giao quyn binh b thng th cho vin Khm s De
Champeaux, bi vic binh lnh ca ta i, v gi quan kinh lc Bc k l
Nguy-n Hu v quan Tng c Nam nh l Phan nh Bnh v cng vi
Nguy-n Vn Tng coi vic c mt. V hai ng y Bc K hiu mi vic
v bit theo chnh sch ca bo h, cho nn thng tng em v thu xp
242

Ngy mng 6 thng 8, ng Chnh Mng phi thn hnh sang bn

Khm s lm l- th phong, ri lm l- tn tn, t nin hiu l ng Khnh.

ng Freycinet ln lm th tng, thy thng tng De Courcy bn

nc Nam lm lm vic li thi, bn in sang trit v Php, giao binh quyn
li cho trung tng Warnel, v sai ng Paul Bert l quan vn sang sung chc
thng c, kinh l mi vic nc Nam.

Vua ng Khnh tnh hin lnh, hay trang sc v cng mun duy tn,
rt c lng ngi Php; nh thn th nhiu ngi bit theo chnh sch
ca bo h cho nn mi vic trong Triu u c yn n. Nhng vua Hm
Nghi cn mn Qung Bnh, ko c ngha chng nhau vi qun Php,
truyn hch cn vng mong ng khi phc. Lc by gi, lng ngi cn
t ng nh cha c, cho nn t tnh Bnh Thun tr ra, ch no cng c ngi
ni ln nh ph toan b khi phc.

8. Vua Hm Nghi Qung Bnh.

By gi tuy Hu lp vua
ng Khnh ri, nhng ng cu thn cn c nhiu ngi theo ph vua Hm
Nghi, quyt ch chng li vi qun Php. Quan Php bn sai i t Chaumont
em qun ra ng thnh Qung Bnh, chn ng khng cho ng Tn
Tht Thuyt thng vi Bc K. Nhng mn Thanh Ha, Ngh An, bn vn
thn nh ph rt d. i t Chaumont bn i t Grgoire li gi thnh
Qung Bnh, ri tr v Nng ly thm binh v tu chin em ra ng
thnh Ngh An, chia qun i tun ti-u cc ni.

Ti Qung Nam th bn thn ho lp ra Ngha hi c quan sn phng

s l Trn Vn D lm ch, ri nhng tnh Ph Yn, Bnh nh, Bnh Thun
u noi theo m ni ln. Ti Qung Tr c cc ng Trng nh Hi, Nguy-n
T Nh, Qung Bnh c quan nguyn tri ph l Nguy-n Phm Tun, H
Tnh c cu m L Ninh181; Ngh An c ng ngh Nguy-n Xun n v quan
sn phng s L Don Nh; Thanh Ha c H Vn Mao, v.v.. Nhng ngi
y u xng ln vic cn vng. em qun i hoc chim gi tnh thnh,
hoc nh ly cc ph huyn, v t ph nhng lng c o. Ti ngoi Bc
th cc quan cu thn l quan c T hin, quan tn tng Nguy-n Thin
Thut t hp Bi Sy, ri i nh ph mn trung chu, cn mn thng
du, th ch no cng c qun gic Tu quy nhi-u. B i vy qun Php phi
chia binh ra chng gi cc ni.

Tn Tht Thuyt thy th khng chng ni qun Php bn b vua

Hm Nghi li n V, thuc huyn Tuyn Ha (tn c l Qui Hp Chu) tnh
Qung Bnh, ri cng vi c Trn Xun Son i ng thng o, ni
rng sang cu cu bn Tu182.
Vua Hm Nghi by gi phi n np vng huyn Tuyn Ha c cc
con Tn Tht Thuyt l Tn Tht m v Tn Tht Thip cng vi c L
Trc v Nguy-n Phm Tun183, ht sc gi gn v em qun i nh ph mn
Qung Bnh v H Tnh.

7. Thng tng De Cource phi trit v.

Thng tng De
Courcy thy ngoi Bc c lm vic, bn thiu tng Prudhomme li
Hu, ri ra H Ni kinh l mi vic. Nhng v thng tng tnh khc kh v a
nghi, cho nn cng vic cng ngy cng kh thm. Ti Php th c nhiu
ngi khng mun gi t Bc K, c mun bi binh. B i vy n cui nm
1885 l nm t Du, th tng nc Php l ng Brisson xin ngh vin thun
cho ly ra 75 triu pht lng chi tiu v vic Bc K. Ngh vin t hi ng
xt vic y. Hi ng nh rt qun v v ch cho 18 triu pht lng m
thi. n khi u phiu th ng theo chnh ph c 274 phiu, v ng
phn i vi chnh ph c 270, ngha l ng mun gi t Bc K ch hn
c 4 phiu. Th tng Brisson thy trong ngh vin c nhiu ngi khng hp
mnh bn xin t chc.
181

Thng ging nm Bnh Tut (1886), trung t Mignot em qun Bc k

vo Ngh An, ri chia lm hai o : mt o th thiu t Pelletier em lnh tp
theo sng Ngn su vo mn Tuyn Ha; mt o th trung t Mignot t em
qun i ng quan l vo gi thnh H Tnh, ri vo ng sng Gianh.

Tn Tht Thuyt i ng thng o ra vng Hng Ha ri theo thng lu sng ln Lai

Chu nng ta vo h iu. n lc nghe ting qun Php ln nh, lin b h iu m trn
sang Tu. Con chu h iu ni chuyn li rng: Khi Tn Tht Thuyt ln n Lai Chu cn c
my chc ngi i theo. Ln y mt , chm git gn ht. Xem nh th ng Thuyt l mt
ngi cung di m li nht gan. Mt ngi nh th m lm i tng gi nc, th ti g m
nc khng nguy c V sau cht gi Thiu Chu, thuc tnh Qung ng.
183
Sch ng Gosselin chp l Phm Thun. Nhng xt trong s nc th khng c ai lm Phm
Thun, ch c Nguy-n Phm Tun trc lm tri ph, sau theo vua Hm Nghi chng c vi qun
Ph, ri b ng phi bt. Vy Phm Thun tc l Nguy-n Phm Tun.
182

Ngi La Sn, tnh H Tnh, con quan nguyn b chnh L Kin.

243

thng 11 - 1887), th vin Tng c ton quyn mi, tc l vin Tng c ton
quyn trc nht, l ng Constant sang nhn chc Si Gn.

Ti Hu li sai trung t Metzniger em mt ton qun ra tip ng cc

o. Qun Php ng ch n v Minh Cm, ri trung t Metzniger em
ng c Tortuyaux i lm hng o ln ly n V. Th qun Php tin ln
mnh lm, qun vn thn chng li khng ni, phi tan c.

T cc ni nh Nam K th c vin Thng c, Trung K v Cao

Min th mi ni c vin Khm s, Bc k v Lo th mi ni c vin Thng s
ng u coi vic cai tr trong ht; nhng vic g quan h n chnh sch c
ton cnh th phi theo lnh vin Tng c ton quyn m thi hnh.

Nhng qua sang thng hai, ngoi Bc K c vic, v li vin thng

dc Paul Bert sang n ni, chnh sch i li c, cho nn mi trit cc o
qun v, ch ng gi Qung Kh, Roon v ch n m thi. Qun vn
thn thy qun Php rt v, li tr v ng cc n c.

9. ng Paul Bert.

Ngy mng 5 thng 3 nm Bnh Tut (1886), vin

thng c Paul Bert sang n H Ni. Lp tc t ph Thng s Bc k v
s kim sot v vic ti chnh. n cui thng 3 th thng c vo yt kin vua
ng Khnh Hu, v xin lp nha Kinh lc Bc K, cho quan Kinh lc i
s c quyn cng vi ph Thng s t tin lm mi vic. V rng ngoi
Bc vo n Hu ng x xa xi, c vic g phi tu bm vo B mt nhiu
ngy gi lm, b i vy xin cho c t tin lm vic, ri trong mt nm vi
k em cc vic tu v vua bit.
Thng c Paul Bert Hu n cui trung tun thng 4 li ra H Ni,
ri mt mt th lo nh dp, mt mt th m Php Vit hc ng, lp Thng
nghip cc, t l n in. Ch ca thng dc l mun khai ha t Bc
K cho chng c thnh li. Nhng cng v thng c phi lo ngh nhiu
vic, v li nay i kinh lc ch ny, mai i kinh lc ch n, thnh ra kh
lc suy nhc i, cho nn mi cm bnh nng, n ngy rm thng 10 nm
Bnh Tut (11 thng 11 nm 1886) th mt. Nh nc em linh cu v Php
mai tng.
Chnh ph Php sai ng Bihourd sang lnh chc thng dc Php thay
ng Paul Bert.

10. Lp Tng c Ton Quyn Ph.

Nc Php ly t
Nam K, lp bo h nc Cao Min, ri lp bo h t Bc K v Trung
K, m ra mt cuc thuc a ln Vi-n ng ny; nhng bui u th mi x
c mt chc th hin coi ring vic chnh tr. n nm inh Hi (1887),
chnh ph nc Php mi t ph Tng c ton quyn iu khin vic
chnh tr c my x nc ta v nc Cao Min. Thng 10 nm inh Hi (15
244

Ngy 16 thng 5 nm bnh-tut (1886), xa-ga Kinh i ra, mi n

cui thng 7 mi ti Qung-bnh. Xa-ga i n u th ng cu thn vn
khng phc, c em qun n chng-c, cho n vic vua i tun-th ln y,
khng c kt-qa g c. Ra n Qung-bnh th vua ng-khnh yu, c
vi mi ngy ri phi xung tu i ng hi o tr v Hu.

CHNG XV

Vic nh Dp Trung K
v Bc K

3. Hong K Vim Ra Qun Th Mn Qung Bnh.

Vua
ng-khnh v Hu c v s. n thng 9 vua khai phc nguyn hm cho
Hong k Vim v phong cho lm Hu-trc-k An-ph kinh-lc i-s, c
quyn tin-nghi hnh-s, ra Qung-bnh d vua Hm-nghi v cc quan cu
thn v. Trong t d ca vua ng-khnh ban cho Hong k Vim i-lc
ni rng: Nu vua Hm nghi m thun v, th s phong cho lm lm Tng-trn
ba tnh Thanh-ha, Ngh-an v H-tnh, v li cp cho bng lc theo tc
vng. Cc quan cu-thn nh cc ng Trng vn Ban, Nguy-n Trc,
Nguy-n Ch, L m Khi, Nguy-n nguyn Thnh, Phm trng Mu, Nguy-n
xun n, L don Nha, Ng xun Qunh, ai v th th c phc nguyn
chc, cho vo lm quan cc tnh t Qung-tr tr vo. Cn nh cc ng Trn
xun Son, Nguy-n phm Tun, Phan nh Phng m c chu v th s tha
nhng iu li trc, v s phong cho lm chc hm khc. Nhng iu y
bn vi vin Thng-c Paul Bert, hai bn thun cho nh th, quyt khng
sai li.

1. Vic nh dp cc ni
2. Vua ng-khnh ra Qung-Bnh
3. Hong k Vim ra qun th mn Qung-Bnh
4. Lp n Minh-cm
5. Vua Hm-nghi b bt
6. Vua Thnh-thi
7. S nh dp Bc-k
8. Vic Phan nh Phng
9. Lng yu nc ca ngi Vit-nam

1. Vic nh dp cc ni.

Trong khi thng-c Paul Bert xp-t

mi vic Bc-k, th Trung-k qun Cn-vng cc tnh vn nh ph.
Qun Php phi tm cch m nh-dp cho yn. mn Bnh-thun, Ph-yn
th thiu-t De Lorme v vin Cng-s Aymonier cng vi Trn b Lc em
lnh ty v lnh Nam-k ra nh-dp. Trn b Lc dng cch d-di, chm
git rt nhiu, b i vy t Bnh-thun khng bao lu m yn; ri em qun ra
dp ng vn-thn Ph-yn v Bnh-nh, bt c c-nhn Mai xun
Th ng, Bi in, Nguy-n c Nhun em chm. T thng 6 nm bnh-tut
(1886) n thng 6 nm inh-hi (1887), th nhng tnh pha nam t Kinh-k
dp yn.

By gi qun ca quan -c L Trc ng mn Thanh-thy ,

thuc huyn Tuyn-chnh; qun ca Tn-tht m l con Tn-tht Thuyt th
ng ngn H-tnh, v ht K-anh v Cm-xuyn. Cn Tn-tht Thip v
Nguy-n phm Tun th ph vua Hm-nghi mn huyn Thanh-ha.
ng Hong k Vim ra Qung-bnh, sai ngi i d ng L Trc v.
Nhng cc ng y c nht thit khng chu , ch c bn th-h lc c vi
ngi ra th m thi. B i vy, vic Hong k Vim ra kinh-lc cng khng
thnh cng, cho nn n thng 5 nm inh-hi (1887), li phi trit v.

2. Vua ng Khnh ra Qung Bnh.

t Trung-k t Qung-tr
tr ra cha c yn. Vua ng-khnh bn nh ra tun th mt bc, d
vua Hm-nghi v nhng quan i thn v cho yn vic nh-dp. Qun Php
sai i-y Henry Billet i h-gi.

4. Lp n Minh Cm.

Triu-nh Hu thy dng cch ph-d

khng c, bn ly quyn cho ngi Php tm k nh-dp.
Ngi Php cng bit l th-lc ca ng vua Hm-nghi chng c
bao nhiu, ct tm ng m chim dn a-th v mua chuc nhng a lm

245

tay trong, th tt th no ri cng tr ht c, b i vy cho nn khng dng

n i binh.

T vic bt vua Hm-nghi ch trng-cy vo tn Ngc. Nhng by

gi c ngi con th Tn-tht Thuyt l Tn-tht Thip gi-gn vua Hm-nghi
mt cch nghim-mt qa. Tn-tht Thip th sng cht khng cho qun
Php bt vua c. B i vy, h- ai ni n s v th th bt chm ngay, cho nn
bn tn Ngc tuy nh tm, nhng cha dm h th.

Trc i-y Mouteaux Qung-bnh cng vi ng c Tortuyaux

em qun i nh ly n ca L Trc Thanh-thy, nhng qun ca ng y
vn khng tan, c nh ph mi. n thng ging nm inh-hi (1887), i-y
Mouteaux em qun ln lp n Minh-cm ng m trn Thanh-thy. iy vn bit ng L Trc l ngi c ngha-kh, v trong khi hai bn chng c
vi nhau khng bao gi ng y lm iu tn-c, cho nn i-y vn c trng
lm. Trc cho ngi a th ln d ng y v th. ng y phc th li
rng: "Ti v vua, v nc, cht sng cng mt lng lm cho ht vic bn-phn,
ch khng dm tham s sng m qun vic ngha".

m ngoi, th cc ng L Trc v Tn-tht m, nay nh ch ny

mai ph ch kia m khng sao bt c. i-y Mouteaux nh ui lu ngy
nhc-mt, bn xin v Php ngh.

5. Vua Hm Nghi B Bt.

Qua thng ging nm mu-t (1888), vin

i-t coi o qun Hu ra Qung-bnh, ri chia qun i tun-ti-u, tm
vua Hm-nghi v ui bt ng L Trc v ng Tn-tht m. n thng 9
nm y, qun lnh mi-mt m khng thnh cng c. Qun Php toan
rt v gi nhng n gn mn b, bng dng c tn sut-i Nguy-n nh
Tinh hu cn vua Hm-nghi ra th n Mang-c, pha trn n Minh-cm, v
khai r tnh-cnh cng ch vua ng. Ngi Php bn sai tn Tinh em th ln
d tn Ngc v. c my hm tn Ngc v tn Tinh v tnh-nguyn xin i
bt vua Hm-nghi.

T khi qun Php ng n Minh-cm, cc ng L Trc v Nguy-n

phm Tun phi lui ln m trn. ng L Trc th ra mn H-tnh, ng Nguy-n
phm Tun th ln ng lng Yn-lc v pha sng Gianh.
Qua thng 3, nh c do thm, bit ch ng Nguy-n phm Tun ng,
i-y Mouteaux bn em qun ln vy lng Yn-lc, bn ng Nguy-n phm
Tun, trong khi bt , u b bt c. ng Nguy-n phm Tun phi n bn
cnh sn, sng c my ngy th mt.

Ngi Php truyn cho bn tn Ngc phi lm th no bt sng c

vua Hm-nghi, cn nhng ngi khc h- ai chng c, th c git i.

Qun Php tuy tr c ng Nguy-n phm Tun nhng ng L

Trc hy cn, v vn cha bit r vua Hm-nghi ch no, sau c nhng
ngi ra th, mch rng mun bt vua Hm-nghi th mu vi tn Trng quang
Ngc. Tn y l ngi bn-x y v t khi vua ra vng y n c vo
hu cn, v li l mt a kh- tiu-nhn, th chc c l mua chuc n c.
i-y nh tm cch thng vi tn Ngc, cho ngi i do-thm, bit c
tn Ngc hin ng lng Ch-mc, bn em qun ln vy lng y. Nhng
khi ln n ni, tn Ngc thy ng, chy thot c. i-y sai tm trong
lng ch thy c mt b lo, i-y bn a ci th vit cho tn Ngc, nh b
lo y a cho n, ri rt qun v n Minh-cm.

Ngy 26 thng 9, tn Ngc v tn Tinh em hn 20 a th h, ngi

lng Thanh-lang v Thanh-cuc ln vy lng T-bo184 l ch vua Hm-nghi
ng. n na m, khi chng n sng vo, th Tn-tht Thip cn ang
ng, hong ht cm gm nhy ra, th chng m cht. Vua Hm-nghi trng
thy tn Ngc lm phn nh vy, cm thanh gm a cho n v bo rng:
"My git tao i, cn hn a tao v np cho Ty". Ngi va ni dt li, th
bn chng n c mt a ln ra sau lng m qung ly ngi ri dt thanh
gm ra. T khi ngi b bt ri, ngi khng ni nng g na.

c my hm k-dch nhng lng m trn v th n Minh-cm,

i-y a cho chnh-tng nhng dn y my lng thuc phin v my b go
trng gi cho tn Ngc v nh bo n d vua Hm-nghi v. Tn Ngc
nhn nhng y v tr li xin ht lng gip ngi Php, nhng cn phi
thong th, s vic tit-l ra th khng thnh.

Sng ngy hm sau, bn tn Ngc vng ngi ra n bn Ng-hai, ri

em xung ci b, i mt hai ngy mi v n n Thanh-lang, np cho vin
Nhng chuyn ni v vic bt vua Hm Nghi l phn nhiu ly trong sch "Empire d'Annam"
ca i y Gosselin, cho nn nhng tn lng tn t ni on ny vit khng c ng du.
Nhng i l nhng lng mng vng sng Giai, thuc huyn Tuyn Ha, tnh Qung Bnh.
184

246

ng Tn-tht m v ng L Trc l ngi phn-i vi nc Php

lc by gi, nhng cc ng y v vic nc m ht lng lm vic bn-phn cho
nn ngi Php cng bit lng tnh m thng-tic. Sau ng L Trc v
lng Thanh-thy, thuc huyn tuyn-ha, tnh Qung-bnh, ngi Php thng
vn i li thm-nom v c knh-trng lm. Ngi bn-quc thy vy, ai cng
ly lm cm phc.

i-y coi n y l ng Boulangier. i-y lp tc em ngi v n Thun-bi

ng t-ngn sng Gianh, gn ch n.
Vua Hm-nghi by gi 18 tui, quan Php ly vng- l- m tipi. Tuy vy ai hi g, ngi cng khng ni, ch nht-thit chi rng mnh
khng phi l vua.
Nhng n lc vo trong bung ngi mt mnh, th hai hng nc mt
cha-chan, bun v ni nc nh tan, thn mnh phi nhiu ni gian-trun.

6. Vua Thnh Thi.

Ngy 27 thng chp nm mu-t l ngy 28 thng

ging nm 1888, vua ng-khnh phi bnh mt, th 25 tui, lm vua c 3
nm, miu hiu l Cnh-tng Thun-hong-.

Ngi Php em vua Hm-nghi xung tu v Thun-an, ri em sang

bn x Algrie, l x thuc-a ca nc Php, pha bc chu A-phi-lygia, mi nm cp cho 2 vn ri pht-lng185.

By gi ng Rheinard li sang lm Khm-x Hu, thy con vua

ng-khnh cn nh, v li nh ng Dc-c ngy trc, khi vua Dc-tng
hy cn, thng hay i li vi ngi Php, b i vy vim Khm-x ngh n
tnh c m truyn lp ng Bu Ln l con ng Dc-dc ln lm vua.

Tn Trng quang Ngc c h ng hm lnh-binh, tn Nguy-n nh

Tinh cng c th ng hm quan v. Cn bn th-h, a th c th ng
hm sut-i, a th c th ng my ng bc.

ng Bu Ln by gi mi ln mi tui, ang cng vi m phi giam

trong ngc. Triu-nh vo rc ra, tn ln lm vua, t nin hiu l Thnhthi, c ng Nguy-n trng Hp v ng Trng quang n lm Ph-chnh.

Tn-tht m ngn H-tnh, nghe tin vua Hm-nghi b bt, bn hi

c bn tng s li, truyn cho ra th v lm n, ri vit hai bc th: mt
bc dng vua Hm-nghi, xin tha li cho mnh lm ti khng cu c vua,
v mt bc gi cho thiu-t Dabat, ng n Thun-bi xin cho bn th-h
ra th. Vit xong th ri, Tn-tht m ni rng: "By gi ngi Php c mun
bt ta th vo tm thy m ta trong rng!". on ri tht c m t-tn186.

7. S nh dp Bc K.

Khi nh Thanh bn Tu k ha-c vi

nc Php Thin-tn ri, qun Tu nc ta rt v. Nhng cc cu-thn
nh quan Tn-tng qun-v l Nguy-n thin Thut v quan -c T Hin
cn gi vng Bi-sy thuc Hi-dng cng vi cc th-ho nh c Tt
vng ng-triu; Kiu vng Hng-ha; Cai Kinh, c Ng vng Phlng-thng v Yn-th; Lng tam K, d ng c en, vng ch Chui u
ni ln tng ng vi nhau m nh ph. Lc y quan quyn kinh-lc-s l
ng Nguy-n trng Hp c quan quyn Tng-c Hi-dng l Hong cao Khi
lm chc Tiu-ph-s i nh-dp vng Bi-sy.

ng Tn-tht Thuyt lm i-tng m c-x ra mt cch rt hn-nht

khng ng lm ngi trng-phu cht no. Nhng hai ngi con th tht l
bc thiu-nin anh-hng, c th che c ci xu cho cha vy.
Quan -c L Trc cng em hn 100 qun ra th n Thun-bi.
Triu-nh Hu xem ci t xin ra th, thy li-l ca quan -c c ni
khng-khi, khng c khim-tn, c bt ti, nhng ngi Php thy l mt
ngi trung-ngha, c lng qi-trng, tha cho v yn nghip nh.

Hong cao Khi em qun i nh rit my mt. Bn vn-thn ngi

th t trn, ngi th b bt. Nguy-n thin Thut chy sang Tu, sau mt
Nam-ninh, thuc qung-ty. c Tt ra hng, phi y sang thnh Alger, bn
Algrie. Kiu v Lng tam K ra th c yn. Cai Kinh b bt, c
Ng ra th, Hong hoa Thm Yn-th cng ra th, c gi vng y, mi
n nm 1909 mi b nh ui, n nm 1912 mi b git.

Hin nay vua Hm Nghi cn Algrie, v ly mt ngi nc Php, c my a con.

Hai bc th y dch ra ch Php in trong sch "Empire d'Annam" ca i y Gosselin. Li l
th tht l cng ngh ng bc thiu nin anh hng. Nhng v th dch ra ch Php nu nay li
theo ch Php m dch ra ch ta th s khng ng vi bn chnh, cho nn khng em vo y.
185
186

247

Hong cao Khi i nh-dp c cng, v c chnh-ph bo-h cho

lnh chc Bc-k Kinh-lc-s.

em qun ra n H-tnh, th ng phi bnh mt ri. Nguy-n Thn sai

ngi ui nh tm thy m, o ly xc em v xin ngi Php cho em t
ly tro trn vi thuc sng m bn i. C ngi ni rng vic y tuy Nguy-n
Thn trc nh th, nhng sau li cho em chn, v mun lm ci tangchng cho ng phn-i vi chnh-ph Bo-h l quan nh Nguyn mt
ri. T ng vn-thn tan-v; ai trn i mt th thi, ai ra th th phi v
Kinh chu ti.

8. Vic Phan nh Phng.

T nm k-su (1889) l nm Thnhthi nguyn-nin cho n nm qy-t (1893) l nm Thnh-thi ng-nin, t

Trung-k khng c vic g quan-h lm. Cc quan cu-thn, ngi th v th,
ngi th n-np ch sn-lm. Ring ng Phan nh Phng th v n in
V-quang v pha bc huyn Hng-kh, thuc tnh Ngh-tnh, ri cho ngi
i sang Tu, sang Tim, hc c sng c n, i ngy kh i s.

Nguy-n Thn v Kinh c thng lm Ph-chnh thay ng Nguy-n

trng Hp v hu.

ng Phan nh Phng ngi tnh H-tnh, thi nh-nguyn v i

vua Dc-tng, quan lm n chc ng-s b bn quyn-thn l Nguy-n vn
Tng v Tn-tht Thuyt cch chc ui v. Sau ng y ng u ng vnthn chng c vi qun Php. ng khng nhng l mt ngi c ti vnchng m thi, m li l mt nh c thao-lc, sa-sang qun-lnh c c-ng,
luyn-tp tng-s c k-lut, cho nn i-y Gosselin lm quyn sch "Empire
d Annam" c khen rng: "Quan nh-nguyn Phan nh Phng c ti kinhdoanh vic qun-binh, bit luyn-tp s-tt theo php Thi-ty, o-qun mc
mt li, v eo sng kiu 1874, nhng sng y l sng ca ngi quan nhnguyn c ra tht nhiu m my-mc cng ht nh sng Php ch v lng
sng khng x rnh, cho nn n khng i xa c".

9. Lng yu nc ca ngi Vit Nam.

Ngi Vit-nam v
hon-cnh, v tnh th bt-buc phi im hi lng ting, nhng lng i quc mi
ngy mt nng-nn, s ut-c au-kh mi ngy mt tng thm. Cho nn c
cch nm by nm li c mt cuc phin-ng, nh sau vic Phan nh
Phng ri, c vic K-ng v vic Thin-binh vo khong 1897-1898 vng
Thi-bnh, Hi-dng, Bc-ninh v.v... Vo qung nm 1907 H-ni c vic
ng-kinh ngha-thc. Lc y c nhng ngi ch s nh Phan bi Chu, Phan
chu Trinh, ngi th khng s t ti, ng ln t-co s tham-nhng ca bn
quan-li, ngi th ra ngoi-quc bn-ba khp ni tm cch gii-phng cho
nc. Nm 1908, Trung-Vit vng Ngh-Tnh v Nam-Ngha c vic dn ni
ln ku su. H-ni th c vic u-c lnh Php, ri Thi-nguyn, Hong
hoa Thm li ni ln nh ph .

n cui trung-tun thng 11 nm qi-t (1893), ng sai ngi n vy

nh tn Trng quang Ngc lng Thanh-lang, huyn Tuyn-ha, bt tn
Ngc chm ly u bo-th v vic tn y lm s phn-c. T qun ca
quan nh-nguyn vy-vng mn Hng-kh, ng vn-thn c li v t hp
y.

Khi bn u-chu c cuc i-chin th bn ta li c vic nh-ph

Sn-la v Sm-na v vic vua Duy-tn mu s c-lp, b bt y sang o
Runion. Th l nc Vit-nam by gi c ba ng vua b y: vua Hm-nghi
y sang x Algrie, vua Thnh-thi v vua Duy-tn y sang o Runion.

By gi ngi Php khng mun dng i binh s no-ng lng

ngi bn Php, cho nn ch sai quan em lnh tp i nh. nh t cui
nm qi-t (1893) cho n cui nm t-mi (1895) ngt 2 nm tri m khng
dp yn c, qun-lnh cht hi cng nhiu. Bn Bo-h cng tm mi
cch, nh bo Hong cao Khi vit th d Phan nh Phng v hng cho xong
cng khng c. Sau cng Triu-nh Hu thy vic dai-dng mi khng
yn, mi xin chnh-ph Bo-h sai quan Tng-c Bnh-nh l Nguy-n
Thn lm Khm-mng tit-ch qun-v em qun ra ti-u-tr. ng Phan nh
Phng lc by gi tui gi, m th-lc mi ngy mt km, li phi nay n
ch ny, mai chy ch kia, tht l lao-kh v cng, b i vy khi Nguy-n Thn

Sau cuc chin ln th nht, c ton lnh kh xanh ni ln nh Thinguyn do i Cn v ng Lng ngc Quyn lm u. Nm 1927, vng
Ngh-tnh c cuc phin-ng gy ra b i ng Cng-sn do Nguy-n i Quc
cm u. n nm 1930, Bc Vit c cuc cch-mnh ca Quc-dn-dng,
c Nguy-n thi Hc iu-khin Yn-bi v cc ni. Nm 1940, Nam-Vit
c cuc phin-ng vng Gia-nh, Hc-mn v.v... T khi c cuc ichin ln th hai, nc Php bi trn, b nc c chim c, qun Nht-bn
bn Tu sang nh Lng-sn ri k hip-c vi ngi Php cho ngi Nht
c ng qun ng-php. n ngy mng 9 thng 3 nm 1945, qun
248

Nht nh qun Php v giao quyn ni-tr li cho vua Bo-i. c my

thng th qun ng-minh thng trn, Nht-bn u hng. ng Vit-minh187
di quyn lnh o ca Nguy-n i Quc-i tn l H ch Minh tha c ni
ln cp quyn, vua Bo-i phi thoi-v v nhng quyn cho ng Vitminh.

CHNG XVI

Cng Vic Ca Ngi Php

Ti Vit Nam

y ch mi ni qua ci i-lc mt on lch-s ca nc Vit-nam,

dnh v sau nh lm s s tm ti-liu m chp cho r-rng v ph-bnh
cho chnh-ng.

1. -nng, H-ni, Hi-phng

thnh t nhng-a
2. Vic kinh-doanh cc x bo-h

1. -nng, H-ni, Hi-phng thnh t nhng-a.

T khi s nh-dp cc ni yn ri, cc vin Tng-c ton-quyn ln lt

sang kinh-doanh vic ng-php v lo m mang v ng chnh-tr, kinh-t v
x-hi theo chnh-sch ca nc Php.
Thng 3 nm mu-t (1888) tc l nm Thnh-thi nguyn-nin, ng
Richaud sang lm Tng-c ton-quyn. Thng tm nm y, Triu-nh Hu
k giy nhng hi-cng -nng, thnh-th H-ni v Hi-phng cho nc
Php lm t nhng a ngha t l vic cai-tr v php-lut ba thnhth y thuc v nc Php, ch khng thuc v nc Nam na. Tr ba thnhth y ra, th vic cai-tr cc tnh trong ton ht Bo-h vn quan-li lm
vic nh c, nhng phi do ngi Php iu-khin v kim-duyt.

2. Vic kinh doanh cc x bo h.

Cuc Bo-h lp xong,

ngi Vit-nam v th bt-c-d phi chu, nhng phn nhiu ngi trong lng
cn mong khi-phc nc nh, cho nn chnh-ph Bo-h mt mt th lo vic
phng gi, mt mt lo m -mang cc cng-cuc kin-thit gy thm mi li.
V ng phng-gi, th chnh-ph lp ra nhng i binh bo-an, ly ngi
bn-s lm lnh. Nhng lnh y i mt th nn dt c gii xanh v mi tht
lng xanh, cho nn tc gi l lnh kh-xanh. Lnh y do ngi Php cai-qun
di quyn quan cai-tr ngi Php, cho i canh gi cc dinh-th, cc cngs , v cho i ng n cc ni trong vng thn-qu, phng-gi trm
cp. nhng ni him-yu th c lnh Php v lnh kh ng. Lnh kh
l mt th b binh ngi bn-x, cch n-mc cng nh lnh kh xanh, ch

Vit Minh l tn gi tt mt ng cch mnh gi l Vit Nam c Lp ng Minh do ng

Cng sn lp ra khi cn bn Qung Ty, bn Tu, trnh hai ch Cng sn cho ngi ta khi
ng
187

249

khc l quai nn m mi tht lng . Nhng lnh y c c, c i do squan Php cai-qun di quyn nh binh Php. Khi c vic g quan-h th
em lnh Php v lnh y ra nh-dp.

Nm inh-du (1897), ng Daumer sang lm Tng-c ton-quyn,

chnh-n li vic ti-chnh v vic chnh-tr. Lp ra s chi-thu chung c ton
cnh ng-php, nh cc th thu: thu inh, thu in, thu th, thu xutcng, nhp-cng, v.v., v cho ngi c c-quyn lnh trng thu ru, thu
mui, thu nha-phin. B nha Kinh-lc Bc-k, giao quyn li cho vin
Thng-s (thng 6 nm inh-du 1897)188, vay nc Php 200 triu php-lng,
m ng ha-xa trong x ng-php v m -mang thm vic canh-nng v
vic cng-ngh.

V vic hnh binh v vic thng-mi, th chnh-ph Bo-h trc ht

phi lo sa-sang v m -mang thm ng-s cho tin s giao-thng. V rng
c ng th khi hu s, vic nh-dp mi tin-li v vic bun-bn cng
nhn m c d--dng. B i vy thot u tin chnh-ph m thng-cc,
lp x ng lm tu thy ch hng-ha v hnh-khch i trong cc sng trong
x.

Nm nhm-dn (1902) ng Doumer v Php, ng Beau sang lm

Tng-c ton-quyn. ng Beau ch vic khai-ha dn-tr, lo m -mang s
hc-hnh v t ra Y-t-cc, lm nh bnh-vin, cu-gip nhng k yuau ngho-kh. y l nhng cng-vic lm ca chnh-ph bo-h vy.

Nm tn-mo (1891), ng De Lanessan sang lm Tng-c tonquyn, m ng xe la t Ph-lng-thng ln n Lng-sn, n nm gipngo (1894), con ng y mi xong. Ch-ch l cho tin s phng-gi
ch bin-thy.
Chnh-ph Bo-h li lo m -mang thm b-ci v pha Lo. Nguyn t Lo
ngy trc vn thn-phc nc Nam. Nhng ni nh Trn-ninh, Cam-mn,
Cam-ct, v.v. v i vua Minh-mnh lp thnh ph huyn v t quan caitr c. Nhng v sau nc ta suy-nhc li c vic chin-tranh vi nc Php,
cho nn nc Tim-la mi nhn dp m sang chin-gi ly. Sau c ngi Php
tn l Pavie sang d nc Lo nhn s bo-h ca nc Php, ri n u
nm qu-t (1893), qun Php sang ly li nhng t c thuc v nc Nam ta
trc. By gi qun Tim-la mn Cam-mn git mt mt ngi quan binh
Php, ngi Php bn sai hi-qun em hai chic tu chin vo sng M-nam,
ln u gn thnh Bng-cc (Bangkok). Ngy 24 thng 8 nm y, nc
Tim-la phi k, ha-c, nhng nhng t Lo cho nc Php bo-h, hn
trong mt thng phi rt qun ng bn t-ngn sng Mkong v, li phi bi
thng 2 triu pht-lng, v phi tr ti nhng ngi dm chng-c vi ngi
Php.

Lo.

Ngi Php lp ph Thng-s Vientiane cai-tr cc a ht bn

Nm t-mi (1895), vin Tng-c ton-quyn Rousseau sang thay ng

De Lanessan, thy cn nhiu ni cha yn bn vay nc Php cho Bc-k 80
triu php-lng , chi-tiu v vic nh-dp v m -mang.
C mt iu rt k, l vin thng s Bc K l ngi i biu chnh ph Bo h m li kim
chc Kinh Lc S l mt chc quan ca Triu nh Hu.
188

250

c. Vy chng ta y u l mt dng-di nh Hng-Lc, nu ta bit kin

tm bn ch, th h li khng c mt ngy ta c ci a-v v-vang vi thin-h
hay sao? S c-ao mong-mi nh th l ci ngha v chung c chng-loi
Vit-nam ta vy.

TNG KT
Sch Vit Nam S-Lc ny chp n y hy tm ngng, sau c
ti-liu y- v cc vic bin-i nc Vit-Nam ny c r-rt hn, s
lm tip thm189.
Vic chp lch-s cng nh vic dt vi dt la, dt xong tm no mi
bit tm y tt hay xu, cn tm ang dt, cha bit th no m ni c.
Ta ch bit rng cc dy si dt tm Nam-s ny cn di, ngi dt tuy
phi lc au yu, b ngng cng-vic, nhng cn mong c ngy khe-mnh
li dt thm, c l li dt c tt p hn, cng cha bit chng.
Mc d nc Vit-nam hin nay c hon ton c-lp nhng s
hay-d tng-lai cha bit ra th no? Song ngi bn-quc phi bit rng
phm s sinh-tn tin-ha ca mt nc, l ci ch-nguyn, s nhn-ni v
s c-gng ca ngi trong nc. Vy ta phi ht sc m hc-tp, m gi ci
tm-tr cho bn-vng th chc tng-lai cn nhiu hi-vng. Nc Vit-nam ta
c ci vn-ha chng thua-km g ai, v li c mt lch-s v-vang, nu ta
bit li-dng ci tim-lc c hu v ci tnh thng-minh hiu hc ca ta
theo thi m tin-ha, th sao ta li khng c ngy ni c ci ch ca ng
cha m dt thm mt on lch-s m-l hn trc?
C mt iu thit-t ng nn nhc li l ta nn gi ly nhng iu hay
ca ta c, b nhng iu h-bi i, v bt-chc ly nhng iu hay ca
ngi, gy ly ci nhn-cch t-bit ca dn-tc ta v cng tin vi ngi
m khng ln vi ngi. Mun c nh th, ta phi bit phn-bit ci hay
ci d , khng ham mun nhng ci huyn-ho b ngoi, ri ng tn hip lc
vi nhau m lm mi vic cho thnh ci hiu-qa m-mn.
Nc no cng c lc b lc thi, l ci cng-l tun-hon ca toha trong th-gian. T xa cha thy c nc no c thnh mi hay c suy
mi. Khi lm vo cnh b m ngi trong nc c vng lng gi c ci
nghi-lc sinh-tn v tin-ha, th ri th no cng c ngy chn-kh i ln
Trc ti d b vit mt quyn sch ni theo sch ny. Ti thu nht c rt nhiu ti
liu. Chng may n cui nm bnh tut (1946) c cuc chin tranh H Ni, nh ti b t chy,
sch v mt sch, thnh ra nh phi b quyn s y m khng lm c na.
189

251

Nhng Sch Son Gi Dng K Cu

A. Sch Ch Nho V Ch Quc Ng:

1. i-Vit s-k, ca Ng S-Lin

2. Khm-nh Vit-s Thng-gim cng-mc
3. Trn-triu th-ph hnh trng
4. Bnh Nguyn cng-thn thc lc
5. Hong L nht thng ch
6. Lch-triu hin-chng, ca Phan huy Ch
7. i Nam thc lc tin bin
8. i Nam thc lc chnh bin
9. i Nam thng ch
10. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn
11. i Nam in l- tot-yu, ca vn Tm
12. Minh-mnh chnh yu
13. Quc-triu s tot-yu, ca Cao xun Dc
14. Thanh-triu s-k
15. Trung-quc lch-s
16. Hnh-Thc ca, ca b Nguy-n nhc Th

B. Sch Ch Php :

1. Cours d'Histoire Annamite, par Trng vnh K

2. Notion d'Histoire d'Annam, par Maybon et Ruissier
3. Pays d'Annam, par E. Luro
4. L'Empire d'Annam, par Gosselin
5. Abrg de l'Histoire d'Annam, par Shreiner
6. Histoire de la Cochinchine, par P.Cultru
7. Les Origines du Tonkin, par J. Dupuis
8. Le Tonkin de 1872 1886, par J. Dupuis
9. La Vie de Monseigneur Puginier, par E. Louvet
10. L'insurrection de Gia-nh, par J. Silvestre
(Revue Indochinoise - Juillet-Aout 1915)

252

14

22
40
6

72

37

76

Vit Nam

39
68

64

26

75

47

51

65

62

7
21 29

28

25
32

23
44
69

67

Bn Hnh Chnh

43

46

24

56

61
70

58
60

59
36
10
55
48
50
17
30
57
71
11

54

45

38

66
52

34

15

35

41

63
74

31

47
16
4

18

33
73

12
42

27
19
20

53

13

1. An Giang
2. An Xuyn
3. Ba Xuyn
4. Bc Liu
5. Bc Giang
6. Bc Kn
7. Bc Ninh
8. Bin Ha
9. Bnh Dng
10. Bnh nh
11. Bnh Long
12. Bnh Thun
13. Bnh Tuy
14. Cao Bng
15. Chu c
16. Chng Thin
17. c Lc
18. nh Tng
19. Gia nh

20. G Cng
21. H ng
22. H Giang
23. H Nam
24. H Tnh
25. Hi Dng
26. Hi Ninh
27. Hu Ngha
28. Ha Bnh
29. Hng Yn
30. Khnh Ha
31. Kin Giang
32. Kin An
33. Kin Ha
34. Kin Phong
35. Kin Tng
36. Kontum
37. Lai Chu
38. Lm ng

39. Lng Sn
40. Lo Kay
41. Long An
42. Long Khnh
43. Nam nh
44. Ninh Bnh
45. Ninh Thun
46. Ngh An
47. Phong Dinh
48. Ph Bn
49. Ph Th
50. Ph Yn
51. Phc Yn
52. Phc Thnh
53. Phc Tuy
54. Phc Long
55. Pleiku
56. Qung Bnh
57. Qung c

58. Qung Nam

59. Qung Ngi
60. Qung Tn
61. Qung Tr
62. Qung Yn
63. Sa c
64. Sn La
65. Sn Ty
66. Ty Ninh
67. Thi Bnh
68. Thi Nguyn
69. Thanh Ha
70. Tha Thin
71. Tuyn c
72. Tuyn Quang
73. Vnh Bnh
74. Vnh Long
75. Vnh Yn
76. Yn By

TRUNG NGUYN
Lc Dng
Hn Trung
Dng Bnh Quan

Nam Dng

Ba Thc
Sng Trng Giang
Thnh

ng nh H
Kim Sn
Trng Sa

Khu

Tng Qun

Qu Lm

(Th k th I Ty Lch)

Phin Ngung

Nam Hi
Giao Ch
Ai Lao

Cu Chn

o
Hi Nam

Nht Nam

Bn
LNH NAM

Bin
Nam Hi

TRUNG HOA

TRUNG HOA

Bc K
1884
Ai Lao
1893
~ Nm 1000

~ Nm 1400

Thi Lan

Cambodia
1863

Trung K
1884

Nam K
1862

~ Nm 1500
~ Nm 1700
~ Nm 1700-1750
Nm 1757

Cuc xm lc ca thc dn Php

ng Dng vo th k 19

Tin trnh Nam Tin ca

dn tc Vit Nam

Vit Nam Nin Biu

Nm

-2879

Quc Hiu

Triu i & <Nin Hiu>

Xch Qu
Vn Lang

H Hng Bng

Tr V

Kinh Dng Vng

Lc Long Qun
1. Hng Vng
2. Hng Hin Vng
3. Hng Quc Vng
4. Hng Vit Vng
5. Hng Hi Vng
6. Hng Huy Vng
7. Hng Chiu Vng
8. Hng V Vng
9. Hng nh Vng
10. Hng Uy Vng
11. Hng Trinh Vng
12. Hng V Vng
13. Hng Anh Vng
14. Hng Triu Vng
15. Hng To Vng

16. Hng Nghi Vng

17. Hng Du Vng
18. Hng Tun Vng

-257

u Lc

Nh Thc

An Dng Vng
(Thc Phn)

-207

Nam Vit

Nh Triu

Triu V Vng
(Triu )
Triu Vn Vng
Triu Minh Vng
Triu Ai Vng
Triu Dng Vng

-137
-125
-113
-112
-111
2

Giao Ch

Bin C

-Lc Tc ly Long N
-Sng Lm ly u C
-Kinh Phong Chu
(Vnh Yn)
-Tch Tru Cau

Trung Hoa
Phc Hi (-4480-4365)
Thn Nng (-3220-3080)
Hong (-2700-2600)

-3200 quc Ai Cp
-2800 Xy Kim T Thp Ai Cp
-2500 Sa mc Sahara bt u hnh thnh
Bc Phi

Nghiu (-3259-2259)
Thun (-2256-2208)
H (-2205-1766)

-1750 quc Babylon Trung ng

Tch Ph ng Thin Vng

Tch bnh dy bnh chng
-u thi i ng
-Nn vn ha Phng Nguyn
Vnh Ph (-1800-1400)
-Tch qu da

Thng (-1776-1122)

Chu (-1122-256)

-Nn vn ha ng Sn
ng bng sng Hng
(-850-300)

Thi Xun Thu (-722-481)

(Tn, S , T, Tn, Tng)
Lo T (-604-523)
Khng T (-551-479)

-Tch Sn Tinh, Thy Tinh

-L ng Trng

Thi Chin Quc (-403256). (Tn, S , T, Yn,

Triu, Ngy v Hn)
-Mnh T (-372-289)

-Xy thnh C Loa l kinh

Phong Kh (Phc Yn)
-Tch Trng Thy-M Chu
-Kinh Phin Ngung
(Qung Chu)

-1100 Ngi Phoenician chim u th

vng a Trung Hi
-776 Olympic t chc ln u tin
-753 Thnh ph La M thnh lp
-721 quc Assyrian Trung ng
-Pht Thch Ca (-624-544)
-Cui thi i ng
-500 quc Ba T Trung ng
-400 quc Hy Lp
-330 Alexander i

-Tn (-221-206)
214 Vn L Trng Thnh
-Ty Hn (-202 - 8)

- T tng L Gia

Bc Thuc ln th I
Tch Quang

Quc T

Vng Mn (9 - 23)

-"Con ng La" chuyn ch hng ha

t Trung Hoa sang u Chu
-27 quc La M u Chu
-Jesus Christ (0-33)

Vit Nam Nin Biu - i -

Nm

Quc Hiu

Triu i & <Nin Hiu>

30
34
40

43
187
203
248

504
549
571
602
679
722
791
864
906
908
918
931
938
939

Giao Ch

Bc Thuc ln th II

Bin C

Trung Hoa

-Trng Trc v Trng Nh

ni ln v ng M
Linh (Phc Yn)
-M Vin sang chim li

Giao Chu
Triu Th Chinh

Vn Xun

Giao Chu

Nh Tin L
<Thin c>

Tin L Nam (L Bn
Triu Vit Vng
Hu L Nam

- v anh l Triu Quc t

ni ln Cu Chn
-Gic Lm p (399-413)

-Kinh Long Bin (H Ni)

Bc Thuc ln th III

ng Hn (25 - 220)

-70 La M tiu hy thnh Jesusalem, dn

Do Thi bt u lu lc khp ni
Thi Tam Quc (222-265)
(Ng, Ngy, Thc)
Nh Tn (265-420)
Nam/Bc Tng (420-447)
Nh T (479-501)
Nh Lng (502-556)
Nh Ngy (534-557)
Nh Bc Chu (557-581)
Nh Trn (557-587)
Nh Ty (589-617)
Nh ng (618-907)

An Nam

i Vit

Nh Ng

965
i C Vit
968
979
i C Vit

Nh inh
<Thi Bnh>
Nh Tin L
<Thin Phc>
<Hng Thng>
<ng Thin>

Mai Hc
B Ci i Vng
(Phng Hng)
Cao Bin (864-875)
Khc Tha D
Khc Ho
Khc Tha M (918-923)
Dng Din Ngh
Kiu Cng Ti-n
Tin Ng Vng
(Ng Quyn)
Dng Tam Kha
Hu Ng Vng
(Ng Xng Ngp & Vn)
Ng Xng X
inh Tin Hong
inh Ph
L i Hnh

Quc T
- Ai cp tr thnh qun l ca La M

S Nhip (187 - 226)

945
950

980
989
993

Tr V
Nhm Din
T nh
Trng N Vng

-Ng Quyn i ph qun

Nam Hn sng Bch ng
Kinh C Loa (Phc Yn)

Ng Qu Thi i
907-959
(Hu Lng 923-936
Hu ng 923-936
Hu Tn 936-947
Hu (Nam) Hn 947-950
Hu Chu 950-959
)

-300 quc Mayan Trung M

-330 Thnh ph Constantinople lp ra
v c quc La M di n
-360-390 Nht xm lng i Hn
-370 Qun Hung N t Chu xm lng
u Chu
-476 quc La M tn
-527 quc Byzantine Trung u
-Mohammad (Hi Gio)
- quc Arab Trung ng
-711 Qun Th xm chim Ty Ban Nha
-740 quc Mayan Trung M tn
-771 Charlemagne lp quc Frankish
u Chu
-793 Dn Viking nh Anh v Php
-802 Vng quc Angkor Campuchea
-900 quc Toltecs Trung M

Nh Tng (960-1279)
-Kinh Hoa L
(Ninh Bnh)

-971 i hc u tin ca th gii c

thnh lp ti Cairo, Ai Cp

- L Hon ph Tng
- 982 nh v tiu hy
kinh Chim Thnh

Vit Nam Nin Biu - ii -

Nm

Quc Hiu

1005
1005
1008

i Vit

i Vit
1225
1238
1251
1257
1258

Tr V

Bin C

Trung Hoa

L Trung Tng
L Long nh
i C Vit

1010
1028
1034
1039
1042
1044
1049
1054
1059
1066
1068
1069
1072
1075
1076
1085
1092
1101
1110
1120
1127
1128
1133
1138
1140
1163
1174
1176
1186
1202
1205
1211
1224

Triu i & <Nin Hiu>

<Cnh Thy>
Nh L
<Thun Thin>
<Thin Thnh>
<Thng Thy>
<Cn Ph Hu o>
<Minh o>
<Thin Cm Thnh V>
<Sng Hng i Bo>
<Long Thy Thi Bnh>
<Chng Khnh Gia Khnh>
<Long Chng Thin T>
<Thin Hung Bo Tng>
<Thn V>
<Thi Ninh>
<Anh V Chiu Thng>
<Quang Hu>
<Hi Phong>
<Long Ph>
<Hi Tng i Khnh>
<Thin Ph Du V>
<Thin Ph Khnh Th>
<Thin Thun>
<Thin Chng Bo T>
<Thiu Minh>
<i nh>
<Chnh Long Bo ng>
<Thin Cm Ch Bo>
<Trinh Ph>
<Thin T Gia Thy>
<Thin Gia Bo Hu>
<Tr Bnh Long ng>
<Kin Gia>
<Thin Chng Hu o>
Nh Trn
<Kin Trung>
<Thin ng Chnh Bnh>
<Nguyn Phong>
<Thiu Long>

L Thi T
L Thi Tng

Quc T
-1003 Dn Viking khm ph New
Foundland v thm him M chu

- Di ra Thng Long
(H Ni)

L Thnh Tng
-1066 Ngi Normans xm chim Anh

L Nhn Tng

-Ly t Chim Thnh m

ra Qung Bnh & Qung Tr
-L Thng Kit ph Tng
-M khoa thi tam trng u
tin tuyn nhn ti v
lp Quc T Gim

-1096-1099 Cuc thp t chinh u tin

chim li thnh Jerusalem

L Thn Tng

L Cao Tng

L Hu Tng
L Chiu Hong

-1211 quc Mng C

xm chim Trung Hoa

-1187 Thp t qun ly li c thnh

Jesusalem
-1206 Gengis Khan ln ngi i Hn
Mng C
- quc Aztecs thit lp Mexico

-1271 Marco Polo n

-1237 quc Mng C xm chim Nga,

Hungary, v Ba Lan
-1258 quc Mng C xm lng
Trung ng

Trn Thi Tng

Trn Thnh Tng

-Qun Mng C xm phm

i Vit (Ln th I)

Vit Nam Nin Biu - iii -

Nm

Quc Hiu

1273
1279
1284
1285
1287
1293
1306
1314
1324
1329
1341
1358
1369
1370
1372
1377
1383
1388
1396
1398

Tr V

1400
1401
1403
i Vit

An Nam
i Vit

<Hng Long>

Trn Anh Tng

<i Khnh>
<Khai Thi>
<Khai Hu>
<Thiu Phong>
<i Tr>
<i nh>
<Thiu Khnh>
<Long Khnh>
<Xng Ph>

Trn Minh Tng

<Quang Thi>

Trn Thun Tng

<Kin Tn>
Nh H
<Thnh Nguyn>
<Thiu Thnh>
<Khai i>
Nh Hu Trn
<Hng Khnh>
<Trng Quang>
Minh Thuc
Nh Hu L
<Thun Thin>
<Thiu Bnh>
<i Bo>
<Thi Ha
<Din Ninh>
<Thin Hng>
<Quang Thun>
<Hng c>
<Cnh Thng>
<Thi Trinh
<oan Khnh>
<Hng Thun>
<Quang Thiu>
<Thng Nguyn>

Bin C

- Qun Nguyn nh iVit (Ln th II)

- Qun Nguyn nh iVit (Ln th III)
- Chim Thnh dng t
Tha Thin

Trn Hin Tng

Trn D Tng

H Qu Ly
H Hn Thng

Quc T

-1291 Chm dt Thp T Chinh

-1333 5 triu ngi cht

Trung Hoa v hn hn,
lt li i km v dch
Nh Minh (1368-1628)

Dng Nht LTrn Ngh Tng

Trn Du Tng
Trn Ph

Trn Thiu

Trung Hoa
Trung Hoa
Nh Nguyn (1280-1341)

Trn Nhn Tng

<Trng Hng>

i Ngu

1407
1409
1413
1418
1427
1428
1434
1440
1443
1454
1459
1460
1470
1497
1505
1505
1510
1516
1522

Triu i & <Nin Hiu>

<Bo Ph>
<Thiu Bo>

-1377-1451 Chin tranh Mt Trm Nm

gia Anh v Php
-1347-1353 Bnh Dch en tn ph u
Chu. 1/3 dn s b cht

-Chim Thnh (Ch Bng

Nga) nh Thng Long
-H Qu Ly di vo
Ty (Thanh Ha)

-Ly t Chim Thnh m ra

Qung Nam, Qung Ngha

Gin nh
Trn Qu Khoch (-1413)

L Thi T (L Li)
L Thi Tng

-L Li kh i binh Lam Sn
-Kinh Thng Long
(H Ni)

L Nhn Tng
L Nghi Dn
L Thnh Tng
L Hin Tng
L Tc Tng
L Uy Mc
L Tng Dc
L Chiu Tng
L Cung Hong

-nh Chim Thnh ly

Bnh nh

-1421 Bc Kinh tr thnh

kinh ca Trung Hoa
-1438 quc Inca Peru
-1453 quc Th chim
Constantinople, chm dt quc
Byzantine
-1454 Gutenberg - ch ra my in
-1455-1485 Chin Tranh Hoa Hng
Anh
-1492 Columbus tm ra M chu
-1498 Vasco Gama vt mi Ho Vng
-1510 N l c bn qua M chu
-1517 Th chim Syria, Ai Cp v Arabia
-1517 Thi k Phc Hng

Vit Nam Nin Biu - iv -

Nm

Nh Mc
(H: Mc ...)

1527
1530

ng Dung
ng Doanh

1532
1540
1543

Phc Hi

1545
1546
1548
1556
1558
1562
1570
1573
1592
1593
1599

Hu L Trung Hng
(H: L Duy ...)

Cha Trnh
(H: Trnh ...)

1635
1638
1644
1648
1649
1663
1672
1676
1679
1682
1687
1691

Nh Ty Sn
(H: Nguy-n ...)

Bin C
(Vit Nam, Trung Hoa, Quc T)
*1526 quc Mongul n

Trang Tng (Ninh)

- Nguy-n Kim lp vua L Ai-lao

-Nguy-n Kim khi phc t Ngh An v
Thanh Ha cho nh L
-Trnh Kim gi binh quyn

Phc Nguyn
Trung Tng (Huyn)
Anh Tng (Bang)
-Nguy-n Hong i trn t Thun Ha
1562-98 Chin tranh tn gio Php

Mu Hp
Bnh An Vng (Tng)
Th Tng (m)
Knh Ch
Knh Cung

-Trnh Tng ui nh Mc ln Cao Bng v

v ly li Thng Long
-1592 Nht nh i Hn nhng b Trung

Knh Tng (Tn)

1600
1611
1613
1619
1623
1627

Cha Nguy-n
(H: Nguy-n Phc ...)

Tin Vng (Nguy-n Hong)

Si Vng (Nguyn)
Thn Tng (K)
Knh Khoan

Hoa nh bi
-Nguy-n Hong nh Chim Thnh ly t
Ph Yn
- Nh Nguy-n ng Ph Xun
*1618-1648 Chin tranh 30 nm u Chu

Thanh Vng (Trng)

Thng Vng (Lan)

Knh Hon
Chn Tng (Hu)
Hin Vng (Tn)
Thn Tng Thng Hong
Huyn Tng (V)
Gia Tng (Hi)
Hi Tng (Hp)

-Cha Trnh v Nguy-n nh nhau 45 nm

t Qung Bnh, H Tnh
*1630 Nht b quan ta cng
*1642-46 Ni chin Anh
* Nh Thanh (Vua Thun Tr) ln
ngi Trung Hoa (1644-1661)
* Khang Hi (nh Thanh) ln ngi
Trung Hoa (1661-1722)

nh Vng (Cn)
Ngha Vng (Trn)
Minh Vng (Chu)

*1649 Nga bnh trng ti Pacific

*1690 Nga bnh trng ti Hc Hi

Vit Nam Nin Biu - v -

Nm

Nh Mc
(H: Mc ...)

Hu L Trung Hng
(H: L Duy ...)

Cha Trnh
(H: Trnh ...)

Cha Nguy-n
(H: Nguy-n Phc ...)

Nh Ty Sn
(H: Nguy-n ...)

1692

Bin C
(Vit Nam, Trung Hoa, Quc T)
-Cha Nguy-n ly ht t Chim Thnh
vo n Bnh Thun
- Cha Nguy-n dng chin thut "tm thc"
di 60 nm ly t Cao Min lp ra 6 tnh
min Nam

1698

1706
1709
1725
1729
1732
1735
1738
1740
1765
1767
1771
1775

D Tng (ng)
An Vng (Cng)
Ninh Vng (Tr)
L (Phng)
Thun Tng (Tng)
Tng (Thn)

* Ung Chnh (nh Thanh) ln ngi

Trung hoa (1723-1735)

Uy Nam Vng (Giang)

* Cn Long (nh Thanh) ln ngi

Trung Hoa (1736-1795)
*1760 Cnh mng k ngh ti Anh
*1760 Th chim ht vng Cn ng
*1765 Anh kim sot n
-Nguy-n Nhc kh i ln Quy Nhn
-Hong Ng Phc (Trnh) ly thnh
Ph Xun v Qung Nam. Cha
Nguy-n chy vo Gia nh
*1776 Cch mng ti Hoa K

V Vng (Khot)
Hin Tng (Diu)

Minh Vng (Doanh)

nh Vng (Thun)
Tnh Vng (Sm)

1776
1777

Tn Chnh Vng (Dng)

Nguy-n Vng (nh)

1778
1782
1783
1786

Thi c (Nhc)

*1783 Hp chng quc Hoa K

-Lon kiu binh Thng Long
-Hong T Cnh sang Php
-1784 Quang Trung ph qun Xim
v ra Bc dt nh Trnh 1786

1788

Quang Trung (Hu)

1789
1792

Cnh Thnh (Ton)

-Quang Trung i ph qun Thanh

-Nguy-n nh Xim La v Gia nh
* Cch mng Php 1789
* Gia Khnh (nh Thanh) ln ngi
Trung Hoa (1796-1821)

Mn (K)

Tn Vng (Cn)
oan Nam Vng (Khi)
n Vng (Bng)

1801

Nm

-Nguy-n nh ly li Qui Nhn 1799

v Ph Xun 1801

Quc Hiu
Vit Nam

1802
1820
1826

Triu i & <Nin Hiu>

Nh Nguy-n
<Gia Long>
<Minh Mng>

Tr V
Nguy-n Th T
Nguy-n Thnh T

Bin C

Trung Hoa

-Kinh Hu (Tha Thin

- Ra nh Bc H
o Quang (1820-1851)
- Gic Phan B Vnh ni ln
Nam nh

Quc T
*1799 Napoleon ln lm tng ti Php
nhng b nh bi Waterloo nm 1885
Ch Qun ch c ti lp ti Php
-1820 Anh kim sot ton vng vnh
Ba t

Vit Nam Nin Biu - vi -

Nm

Quc Hiu

Triu i & <Nin Hiu>

Tr V

1833

1834
1835
1841
1848

<Thiu Tr>
<T c

Nguy-n Hin T
Nguy-n Dc Tng

1858
1859
1861
1862
1864
1867
1873

1874
1882
1883

1884
1885
1888
1893
1907

1911

<Dc c>
<Hip Ho>
<Kin Phc>
<Hm Nghi>
<ng Khnh>
<Thnh Thi>

<Duy Tn>

Nguy-n Cung Tng

Hip Ho
Nguy-n Gin Tng
Hm Nghi
ng Khnh
Thnh Thi

Duy Tn

Bin C
L Duy Lng kh i binh
Nam nh. L Vn Khi
Gia nh. Nng Vn Vn
Bc Vit
- Gic Xim La
-Chim Cao-min lp ra
Trn Ty Thnh
-Lp li nc Cao-min

Trung Hoa

-1839 Chin tranh mu

dch gia Tu v Anh

-1840 Tn Ty Lan tr thnh thuc a

ca Anh

Hm Phong (1851-1862)
Lon Hng T Ton

-1848 Cch mng ni ln khp ni

ton u chu
-1854 Hoa K bt Nht phi m ca
giao thng

-Chin thuyn Php v Ipha-nho nh Nng

-Php nh ly Gia-nh
-n K-ho tht th
-Ha c nhng 3 tnh
min ng Nam-Vit
-Cao Min nhn cuc bo h
-Php chim 3 tnh min Ty,
Phan Thanh Gin t tn
-Francis Garnier h thnh H
Ni. Nguy-n Tri Phng t
tit.
-Ho c tr li Bc Vit
-Php h thnh H Ni.
Hong Diu t tit.
-Ha c nhn cuc bo h

-Ho c Patentre
- Phong tro Cn Vng
-Vua Hm Nghi b bt
-Phan nh Phng kh i binh
H Tnh
-1904 Phan Bi Chu lp
Duy Tn Hi & phong tro
ng Du
(ng Kinh Ngha Thc)
-1912 Phan Bi Chu lp Vit
Nam Quang Phc Hi

Quc T
-1830 Php thit lp thuc a Bc Phi

-1861-65 Ni chin Nam Bc ti Hoa K

-1867 Canada c lp
-1868 Hin i ha ti Nht
-1869 Kinh o Suez c m
-1870 Php tr thnh nc Cng Ha

-1901 c c lp

* Cch mng 1911

Trung Hoa.
Nm Dn Quc th I

-1904-1905 Chin tranh Nga-Nht.

Nht kim sot i Hn
-1907 Tn Ty Lan c lp
- I th chin 1914-18
- quc Th sp

Vit Nam Nin Biu - vii -

Nm

Quc Hiu

1916
1926

Triu i & <Nin Hiu>

<Khi nh>
<Bo i>

Tr V
Khi nh
Bo i

1927
1939
1940
1944
1945

Vit Nam

<Quc gia Vit Nam>

<Vit Nam Dn Ch Cng Ha

Chnh ph Trn T. Kim

H Ch Minh

1946
1954

1955

Vit Nam

Bc: VN Dn Ch Cng Ha
Nam: Vit Nam Cng Ha

(B) H Ch Minh
(N) Ng nh Dim

1963
1964
1965
(N) Nguy-n V. Thiu
(B) Tn c Thng

1968
1973
1975

1976
1978
1979

1986

1995

Vit Nam

Vit Nam

Nam: Cng ha min nam VN

Cng ha x hi ch ngha VN

Bin C
-Vit Nam Thanh Nin Cch
Mnh ng Ch Hi (1926)
-Vit Nam Quc Dn ng
-Kh i ngha Yn Bi 1931
-Vit Nam Phc Quc Qun
nh chim Lng Sn
-2 triu ngi cht i Bc
-Nht tuyn b VN c lp
Vit Minh cp chnh quyn
-Vit minh k hip nh cho
Php tr li Vit Nam
-Php rt khi VN sau khi
thua trn in Bin Ph
-20/7/54 Hi ngh Geneva
chia ct t nc. Hn
triu ngi di c vo Nam
(B)-Ci cch rung t
(N)- I Cng Ha
(N)-o chnh min Nam
(N)-Tng lnh cm quyn
(N)-M can thip vo VN
(N)- II Cng Ha
(N)-Bin c Mu Thn
-Hip nh Paris. M rt
qun khi min Nam

Trung Hoa

-1927 Ni chin ti
Trung Hoa

-1949 Cng sn chim

ton th lc a thnh lp
chnh quyn cng sn
Quc dn ng ra i
Loan thnh lp chnh
quyn quc gia

- M bnh thng ngoi giao

* 1917 Cch mng cng sn ti Nga

* 1919 Hi ngh Versaille phn b li
cc nc ng u
-1936-39 Ni chin Ty Ban Nha
- II th chin 1939-45
-M tham gia vo II th chin sau khi
b tn cng ti Trn Chu Cng
-M th bom nguyn t ti Nht, kt
thc II th chin
-1945 Thnh lp Lin Hp Quc
-1948 Nc Do Thi thnh lp
-1949 Khi Nato v Warsaw thnh lp
-1950-53 Chin tranh Quc-cng ti
i Hn

-1963 Tng thng Hoa K Kennedy b

m st
-1966 Cch mng vn
ha pht ng ti Tu

CS Bc Vit chim min nam

-Hng trm ngn qun cn
chnh min Nam b giam
vo tri tp trung.
-Thng nht hai min
-Tch bin ti sn ca gii t
sn & thi hnh quc hu ha
-VN xm chim Campuchea
-Trung Hoa nh Vit Nam
-Hn triu ngi bt u
vt bin, di c khp
th gii trnh ch CS
-Pht ng "i mi" v
"Kinh t th trng"

Quc T

-1967 Chin tranh 6 ngy Do thi- rp

-1968 Nga xm lng Tip Khc
-1969 Phi hnh gia M t chn ln mt
trng
-1975 Nhiu nc thuc th gii th ba
lt vo qu o cng sn

-1980 ng Tiu Bnh

pht ng hin i ha
Trung Hoa

-1989 Vn ng Dn Ch
ti Trung Hoa b n p

-1979 Hip c Ha Bnh gia Do thi

v Ai cp

-1985 Gorbachev pht ng Glasnost v

Perestroika Nga
-1989 ng u thot ch cng sn
- 1992 Lin Bang Nga tan r

vi Vit Nam

Vit Nam Nin Biu - viii -