1.

Khai nim:
Wifi la mt cng ngh kt ni khng dy nhng co tm hoat ng va tc
truyn d liu cao hn hn. iu o cho phep ban co th duyt web,
nhn Email bng may tinh xach tay, in thoai di ng, PDA hay cac thit
bi cm tay khac tai ni cng cng mt cach d dang.
Wifi la vit tt cua Wireless Fidelity, la cng ngh mang khng dy s dung
song v tuyn (song Radio) va co nhng c tinh sau
Chun Wifi

Tn s (GHz)

Tc
(Mbps)

IEEE 802.11a

54

IEEE 802.11b

2.4

11

IEEE 802.11g

2.4

54

Khoang cach
(m)
m
12 54Mbps
90m 6Mbps
30m 11Mbps
90m 1Mbps
15m 54Mbps
45m 11Mbps

2. Phn loai mang Wifi:

Trn c s pham vi phu song co 3 loai mang:
- WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network)
- WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)
- WWAN (Wireless Wide Area Network)
Da trn giao thc mang co 2 loai:
-

Mang co s dung giao thc bao hiu cung cp bi ngi quan ly vin
thng cho h thng di ng nh mang 3G.
Mang khng s dung giao thc bao hiu nh Ethernet, Internet

3. Vn ky thut mang khng dy:

Trong cac h thng mang hu tuyn. D lin c truyn t thit bi nay
sang thit bi khac thng qua cac dy cap hoc thit bi trung gian. Con i
vi mang khng dy, cac thit bi truyn va nhn thng tin thng qua song
in t, song radio hoc tin hiu hng ngoai. Trong WLAN va WMAN thi
song radio c s dung rng rai hn.
Tin hiu truyn trong khng khi trong mt khu vc goi la vung phu song.
Thit bi nhn chi chn nm trong vung phu song cua thit bi phat se nhn
c tin hiu.

Tng quan v cu hinh mang cuc b khng dy (WLAN)

Cu hinh truy nhp c ban cua mt mang WLAN theo chun IEEE 802.11 bao
hm mt nhom cac tram phat song (Access Point AP) c kt ni vi nhau
trong vung dich vu c ban BSS (Basic Service Set), c xac inh bi cac tinh
truyn dn cua mi trng v tuyn. Mt tram AP trong min dich vu c ban co
th kt ni vi cac AP khac trong cung BSS hoc BSS khac. Cu hinh mang WLAN
co th chia lam 3 loai:

Cu hinh mang WLAN c lp (Independent basic sevice set (IBSS))

Cu hinh mang WLAN phu thuc: Infrastructure Basic service sets (BSS)
Cu hinh mang WLAN m rng: Extended service sets (ESSs)
1. Cu hinh mang WLAN c lp
Cac tram trong IBSS kt ni trc tip vi nhau va do o cn phai nm
trong pham vi kt ni trc tip. Mt IBSS con c xem nh la mt kiu
cu hinh ad hoc vi no khng cn thng qua mt ha tng mang nao ca
ma chi la kt ni peer-to-peer (tng i mt). Hai may tinh co lp t
card mang wifi (Network Interface Card NIC), se co th tao thanh mt
mang WLAN (ging nh kt ni 2 may tinh bng cap).
2. Cu hinh mang WLAN phu thuc
Mt BSS la mt nhom cac thit bi 802.11 (station) kt ni vi nhau.
Khac vi cu hinh ad hoc, cu hinh phu thuc oi hoi phai co mt thit
bi c bit lam tm im, goi la tram truy nhp AP (Access Point). AP la
im trung tm lin lac cho moi thit bi trong cung mt vung dich vu
c ban. Cac thit bi se khng lin lac trc tip nhau, ma lin lac thng
qua AP. Thng tin se chuyn n AP, tip o AP se chuyn tip thng
tin n thit bi n. AP co th kt ni vi mt mang co dy. Do phai co
mt AP nn cu hinh nay con goi la cu hinh infrastructure BSS.
3. Cu hinh mang WLAN m rng
Nhiu mang BSS phu thuc co th kt ni vi nhau thng qua giao din
uplink. Trong th gii 802.11, giao din uplink kt ni vi mt h thng
phn b DS (distribution system). Tp hp cac BSS ma kt giao vi
nhau qua DS c goi la Extended service sets (ESSs), hay cu hinh m
rng. Giao din uplink kt ni vi DS khng nht thit phai bng dy
dn ma co th s dung khng dy.

Bo mt
Gm 3 th h chinh la :WEP,WPA,WPA 2.
1. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP):l thut ton bo mt u tin v
c s dung rng ri nht trn th gii. WEP tr thanh phng thc
bao mt tiu chun danh cho WiFi vao thang 9/1999. Phin ban u tin
cua WEP kha kem, do vao thi im o chinh phu My cm xut khu nhiu
cng ngh ma hoa khin cac nha san xut chi bao v thit bi cua ho vi
ma hoa 64 bit. Sau khi lnh cm c d bo, chun 128 bit c a vao
s dung rng rai hn. Sau nay,tuy ma hoa WEP 256 bit c gii thiu,
128 bit vn la mt trong nhng chun c ap dung nhiu nht.
Mc du cac thut toan c cai tin va kich thc ki t c tng
ln,nhng qua thi gian nhiu l hng bao mt c phat hin trong chun
WEP khin no ngay cang d bi b khoa,khi ma may tinh ngay cang manh
me hn. Nm 2001, nhiu l hng tim tang a bi phi bay trn mang
Internet. n nm 2005, FBI cng khai trinh din kha nng b khoa WEP
chi trong mt vai pht bng phn mm hoan toan min phi nhm nng

cao nhn thc v s nguy him cua WEP.

Mc du nhiu n lc cai tin c tin hanh nhm tng cng h thng
cua WEP, chun nay vn khng at c ki vong ,t ngi dung vao vi tri
nguy him,cac thit bi s dung WEP nn c thay th.T chc Lin minh
WiFi (Wi-Fi Alliance) chinh thc cho WEP "v hu" nm 2004.

2. WiFi Protected Access (WPA).

WiFi Protected Access la phng thc c a ra thay th WEP trc
nhng nhc im khng th khc phuc cua chun c. WPA c ap dung
chinh thc vao nm 2003. Phin ban ph bin nht cua WPA la WPA-PSK
(Pre-Shared Key). Cac ki t c s dung bi WPA la loai 256 bit, tn tin
hn rt nhiu so vi ki t 64 bit va 128 bit co trong h thng WEP.
Mt trong nhng thay i t pha c tich hp vao WPA bao gm kha
nng kim tra tinh toan vn cua goi tin (message integrity check) xem
liu hacker co thu thp hay thay i goi tin chuyn qua lai gia im truy
cp va thit bi dung WiFi hay khng. Ngoai ra con co giao thc khoa toan
vn thi gian (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol TKIP). TKIP s dung h
thng ki t cho tng goi, an toan hn rt nhiu so vi ki t tnh cua WEP.
Sau nay, TKIP bi thay th bi Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
Tuy vy WPA vn co nhng han ch ring.TKIP, mt b phn quan trong
cua WPA, c thit k co th tung ra thng qua cac ban cp nht phn
mm ln thit bi c trang bi WEP. Chinh vi vy no vn phai s dung mt
s yu t co trong h thng WEP, vn co th bi k xu li dung.
WPA cng trai qua cac cuc trinh din cng khai cho thy nhng yu
im cua minh trc mt cuc tn cng. Phng phap qua mt WPA khng
phai bng cach tn cng trc tip vao thut toan cua no ma la vao mt h
thng b tr co tn WiFi Protected Setup (WPS), c thit k co th d
dang kt ni thit bi ti cac im truy cp.
3. WiFi Protected Access II (WPA2) :
2006 WPA2 ra i. Mt trong nhng cai tin ang ch y nht cua WPA2 so
vi WPA la s co mt bt buc cua AES va CCMP (Counter Cipher Mode
with Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol) nhm thay th
cho TKIP. Tuy vy, TKIP vn co mt trong WPA2 lam phng an d
phong va duy tri kha nng tng tac vi WPA.
Hin tai, l hng bao mt chinh cua h thng WPA2 khng thc s l r. K
tn cng phai co quyn truy cp vao mang WiFi a c bao v trc khi
co th co trong tay b ki t, sau o mi co th tin hanh tn cng cac thit
bi khac trong cung mang. Nh vy, cac l hng cua WPA2 kha han ch va
gn nh chi gy anh hng n cac mang quy m ln nh cua tp oan.
Trong khi o ngi dung mang tai nha co th yn tm vi chun mi nht
nay.
Tuy nhin l hng ln nht cua WPA vn con tn tai trong WPA2, o la
WPS. Mc du thm nhp c vao mang li c bao v bi
WPA/WPA2 bng l hng trn cn ti 2-14 gi hoat ng lin tuc cua mt

may tinh hin ai, y vn la mt mi lo tim tang. Vi th tt nht WPS

nn c tt i hoc xoa bo hoan toan khoi h thng .