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Metro Train Prototype: Bachelor of Technology
Metro Train Prototype: Bachelor of Technology
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY,KURUKSHETRA
SUBMITTED BY:
GUIDED BY:
NIKHIL (1705429)
CO-GUIDED BY:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many lives & destinies are destroyed due to the lack of proper guidance, directions &
opportunities. It is in this respect I feel that I am in much better condition today due to
continuous process of motivation & focus provided by my parents & teachers in general. The
process of completion of this project was a tedious job & requires care & support at all stages. I
would like to highlight the role played by individuals towards this.
I am eternally grateful to honorable principal Dr. D.P. Gupta for providing us the opportunity &
infrastructure to complete the project as a partial fulfillment of B.Tech degree.
I am very thankful to Asst. Prof. Rajiv Chechi, Head of Department, for his kind support &
faith in us.
I would like to express my sincere thanks, with deep sense of gratitude to my project guide Asst.
Prof. Devender Prakash for their keen interests my project.
I also thank Mr. Varun Sharma for his valuable help in our project.
I am also thankful to all visible & invisible hands which helped us to complete this project with a
feeling of success.
Nikhil (1705429)
Hemant Kumar (1705433)
Priyanshu Chauhan (1705439)
(i)
CERTIFICATE
We hereby certify the work which is being presented in the project entitled METRO TRAIN
PROTOTYPE by NIKHIL SHARMA, HEMANT KUMAR, PRIYANSHU CAUHAN in
partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree B.Tech (Electronics &
Communication Engg.) submitted in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engg.
at Haryana College Of Technology & Management, Kaithal under Kurukshetra University,
Kurukshetra is carried out during a period from August2008 to December2008 under the
supervision of Asstt. Prof. Devender Prakash Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering, HCTM Kaithal. The matter presented in this project has not been submitted by me
in any other University/ Institue for the award of B.Tech. Degree.
HEMANT KUMAR (1705433)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my/our
knowledge.
Asstt. Prof. Devender Prakash
Project Guide
Project Co-guide
The B.Tech Viva Voce Examination of Nikhil Sharma, Hemant Kumar, Priyanshu Chauhan
has been held on _____________ and accepted.
(ii)
ABSTRACT
This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the now a
days driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries like
Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control
the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is
defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is predefined.
In this Project
In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using
microcontroller 8051 as CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor,
for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines.
The train is designed for three stations, named as Aligarh, Ghaziabad & New Delhi. The
Stoppage time is of 3 Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is a
LCD display for showing various messages in the train for passengers. There are
indicators, which are used to show the train direction i.e. Up path and Down path. Before
stopping at station the train blows the buzzer. It also includes an emergency brake system
due to which the train stops as soon as the brakes are applied and resumes journey when
the emergency situation is over.
This paper describes a prototype that has been developed to demonstrate the concept of
integrated gaming and simulation for incident management. Architecture for the purpose
was developed and presented at the last conference. A hypothetical emergency incident
scenario has been developed for demonstrating the applicability of integrated simulation
and gaming. A number of simulation and gaming modules have been utilized to model
the major aspects of the hypothetical scenario. The modules demonstrate the value of
utilizing simulation for incident management applications. They can be used to highlight
the value of simulation and gaming for training applications in particular. Two of the
simulation modules have been integrated using a modified implementation of the high
level architecture to give an idea of the advantages. Technical issues in integration are
identified.
(iii)
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TOPIC
PAGE NO.
1.1
List of Components
1.2
14
4.1
Cost Analysis
45
(iv)
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TOPIC
PAGE NO.
1.1
1.2
Reset Diagram
1.3
10
1.4
ULN 2003
13
1.5
15
1.6
16
1.7
18
1.8
19
1.9
LCD Display
20
1.10
Power Supply
20
1.11
Bridge Rectifier
21
1.12
Basic Transformer
22
1.13
Diode
22
1.14
Symbol of Resistance
23
1.15
24
1.16
Capacitor
26
1.17
Symbol of Capacitor
26
1.18
27
1.19
27
1.20
28
1.21
Buzzer
28
3.1
Block Diagram
43
3.2
Circuit Diagram
44
(v)
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Page
No.
Certificate
(i)
Acknowledgement
List of Tables
(ii)
(iii
)
(iv
)
List of Figures
(v)
Abstract
Chapter 1
Introduction
1-29
Chapter 2
Literature Review
30-37
Chapter 3
PCB Designing
38-40
Working
41-42
Block Diagram
43
Circuit Diagram
44
Chapter 4
Cost Analysis
45
46
Chapter 5
Conclusion
47
Future Scope
47
REFERENCES
48-49
APPENDIX
Program Coding
50-58
Datasheets
59-77
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION & COMPONENTS
INTRODUCTION
This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the
now a days driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries
like Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which
control the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the
path is defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is
predefined. This is very wonderful project to control the working of the train without
driver. These train are equipped with the CPU which control the train.
1. 8051 Microcontroller
2. ULN 2003
3. Stepper motor
4. LCD
In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using ATMEL
microcontroller 8051 to control all the function as CPU. Microcontroller controls the rotation of
motor. First the motor is controlled and name of each station is displayed over LCD and
accordingly the different delay for each station is provided. So this project works for metro
train without driver. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor, for displaying
message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The train is designed
for three stations, named as New Delhi, Noida, and Greater Noida. The Stoppage time is of 3
Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is a LCD display for showing
various messages in the train for passengers. There are indicators, which are used to show the
train direction i.e. UP path and down path. Before stopping at station the train blows the buzzer.
It also includes an emergency brake system due to which the train stops as soon as the brakes
are applied and resumes journey when the emergency situation is over.
APPLICATIONS
Telecom
Mobile phone systems (handsets and base stations), modems, routers
Automotive application
Braking system, Traction control, Airbag release system, Management units, and
Steer-by-wire systems.
Domestic application
Dishwasher, television, washing machines, microwave ovens, Video recorders,
Security system, Garage door controllers, Calculators, Digital watches, VCRs, Digital
cameras, Remote Controls, Treadmills
Robotic
Fire fighting robot, Automatic floor cleaner, robotic arm
Aerospace application
Flight control system, Engine controllers, Autopilots, Passenger entertainment system
Medical equipment
Anesthesia monitoring system, ECG monitors, Pacemakers, Drug delivery
systems, MRI scanners
Defense system
Radar systems, Fighter aircraft flight control system, Radio system, Missile guidance
systems
Office automation
Laser printers, Fax machines, Pagers, Cash registers, Gas pumps, Credit /Debit card
readers, Thermostats, Grain analyzers
COMPONENTS
LIST OF COMPONENTS USED
Table No. 1.1 List of components
Sr. no
Equipment
Quantity
IC 8051 MC
IC ULN 2003
Transformer
Stepper Motor
Crystal Oscillator
Switch
LED
10
Resistors(220,4.7k,10k)
10
11
Capacitors(33pf,ceramic disk)
12
Diode
13
Buzzer
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
1) MICRO-CONTROLLER 8051
DESCRIPTION
The IC 8051 is a low-power; high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K
bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device
is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is
compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The onchip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel IC 8051 is a powerful microcomputer
which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications. The IC 8051 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes
of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector
two-level interrupt architecture, full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock
circuitry. In addition, the IC 8051 is designed with static logic for operation down to
zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle
Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and
interrupt system to continue functioning.
PROCESSOR
A processor is an electronic device capable of manipulating data in a way specified by
a sequence of instructions.
INSTRUCTIONS
Instructions in a computer are binary numbers just like data. Different numbers, when
read and executed by a processor, cause different things to happen. The instructions
are also called opcodes or machine codes.
Different bit patterns activate or deactivate different parts of the processing core.
Every processor has its own instruction set varying in number, bit pattern and
functionality.
PROGRAM
The sequence of instructions is what constitutes a program. The sequence of
instructions may be altered to suit the application.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
Writing and understanding such programs in binary or hexadecimal form is very
difficult ,so each instructions is given a symbolic notation in English language called
as mnemonics. A program written in mnemonics Form is called an assembly language
program. But it must be converted into machine language for execution by processor.
ASSEMBLER
An assembly language program should be converted to machine language for
execution by processor. Special software called ASSEMBLER converts a program
written in mnemonics to its equivalent machine opcodes.
PIN DESCRIPTION
VCC (Pin 40)
Provides voltage to the chip . +5V
GND (Pin 20)
Ground
XTAL1 (Pin 19) and XTAL2 (Pin 18)
Crystal Oscillator connected to pins 18, 19.Two capacitors of 30pF value. Time for
one machine cycle:11.0592/12=1.085 secs
Fig
No.
1.2: Reset
RST (Pin 9)
RESET pin
1. Active high. On applying a high pulse to this pin, microcontroller will reset
and terminate all activities.
2. INPUT pin
3. Minimum 2 machine cycles required to make RESET
4. Value of registers after RESET
External Access: EA 31
0 Connected to VCC for on chip ROM
0 Connected to Ground for external ROM containing the code Input Pin
PORT 1
0 Pins 1 through 8
0 Both input or output
0 No dual function
0 Internal pull up registers
0 On RESET configured as output
PORT 2
0 Pins 21 through 28
0 No external pull up resistor required
0 Both input or output
0 Dual Function: Along with Port 0 used to provide the 16-Bit address
for external memory. It provides higher address A8-A16
PORT 3
0 Pins 10 through 17
0 No external pull up resistors required
10
PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
11
ALU
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs the internal arithmetic manipulation of
data line processor. The instructions read and executed by the processor decide the
operations performed by the ALU and also control the flow of data between registers
and ALU.
Operations performed by the ALU are Addition , Subtraction , Not , AND , NAND ,
OR , NOR , XOR , Shift Left/Right , Rotate Left/right , Compare etc. Some ALU
supports Multiplication and Division. Operands are generally
registers or from one register and memory location to ALU data inputs. The result of
the operation is the placed back into a given destination register or memory location
from ALU output.
REGISTERS
Registers are the internal storage for the processor. The number of registers varies
significantly between processor architectures.
WORKING REGISTERS
Temporary storage during ALU Operations and data transfers.
INDEX REGISTERS
Points to memory addresses.
STATUS REGISTERS
Stores the current status of various flags denoting conditions resulting from
various operations.
CONTROL REGISTERS
Contains configuration bits that affect processor operation and the operating
modes of various internal subsystems.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG.
HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL
12
MEMORY
Memory is used to hold data and program for the processor.
SRAM
Volatile, fast, low capacity, expensive, requires lesser external
support circuitry.
DRAM
Volatile, relatively slow, highest capacity needs continuous refreshing. Hence
require external circuitry.
OTP ROM
One time programmable, used for shipping in final products.
EPROM
Erasable programmable, UV Erasing, Used for system development and
debugging.
EEPROM
Electrically erasable and programmable, can be erased programmed in- circuit,
Used for storing system parameters.
FLASH
Electrically programmable & erasable, large capacity, organized as sectors.
BUSES
A bus is a physical group of signal lines that have a related function. Buses allow for
the transfer of electrical signals between different parts of the processor.
13
CONTROLLER LOGIC
Processor brain decodes instructions and generate control signal for various sub units.
It has full control over the clock distribution unit of processor.
I/O Peripherals
The I/O devices are used by the processor to communicate with the external world
0 Parallel Ports.
0 Serial Ports.
0 ADC/DAC.
2) ULN 2003
14
FEATURES
0- Output current 500mA per driver (600mA peak)
0- Output voltage 50V
0- Integrated suppression diodes for inductive loads
0- Outputs can be paralleled for higher current
0- TTL/CMOS/PMOS/DTL Compatible inputs
0- Inputs pinned opposite outputs to simplify Layout
DESCRIPTION
The ULN2001, ULN2002, ULN2003 and ULN2004 are high voltage, high current
Darlington Arrays each contain seven open collector Darlington pairs with common
emitters. Each Channel rated at 500mA and can withstand peak currents of 600mA.
Suppression diodes are Included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned
opposite the outputs to simplify board
MAXIMUM RATING
Table No. 1.2: Maximum Rating of ULN
15
3) VOLAGE REGULATOR
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable
output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative
voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators
include some automatic protection from excessive current (over load protection) and
overheating (thermal protection). Many of fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads.
They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.
DESCRIPTION
These voltage regulators are monolithic circuit integrated circuit designed as fixed
voltage regulators for a wide variety of applications including local, on card
regulation. These regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG.
HARYANA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, KAITHAL
16
safe-area compensation. With adequate heat sinking they can deliver output current in
excess of 1.0 A. Although designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and
current.
FEATURES
0 Output current in Excess of 1.0 A
0 No external component required
0 Internal thermal overload protection
0 Internal short circuit current limiting
0 Output transistor safe-area compensation
0 Output voltage offered in 2% and 4% tolerance
0 Available I n surface mount D2PAK and standard 3-lead transistor
packages
0 Previous commercial temperature range has been extended to a
junction temperature range of -40 degree C to +125 degree C.
4) STEPPER MOTOR
17
GENERAL INFORMATION
A stepper motor system is an electro-mechanical rotary actuator that converts
electrical pulses into unique shaft rotations. This rotation is directly related to the
number of pulses.
Motion Control, in electronic terms, means to accurately control the movement of an
object based on speed, distance, load, inertia or a combination of all these factors.
There are numerous types of motion control systems, including; Stepper Motor,
Linear Step Motor, DC Brush, Brushless, Servo, Brushless Servo and more.
Stepper motors are ideally suited for precision control. This motor can be operated in
forward/reverse with controllable speed from a BASIC Stamp or any other
microcontroller through a transistor driver circuit. Some of the applications for this
motor include educational experimentation, robotics and precision mechanical control
the #27964 is a Unipolar (4 phase) 12 VDC, 150 mA motor that takes 3.6 degrees per
step.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
0 Phase resistance (Ohms): 75
0 Current (mA): 150
0 Phase Inductance (mH): 39
0 Detent torque (g-cm): 80
0 Holding Torque (g-cm): 600
0 Mounting hole space diagonal (in.): 1.73
0 Mounting hole (in.) 0.11
0 Shaft diameter (in.): 0.197
0 Shaft length (in.): 0.43
0 Motor Diameter (in.): 1.66
Motor height (in.): 1.35
Weight: 0.55 lbs.
18
5) LCD DISPLAY
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
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