Báo Cáo Thực Tập Đạm Phú Mỹ

BO CO THC TP TT NGHIP
MC LC
LI NI U.............................................................................................................. 3
PHN 1: GII THIU CHUNG V NH MY M PH M..........................4
I. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca nh my:..................................................4
II. Cc phn xng chnh ca nh my:.................................................................4
III. Mt s c im ca nguyn liu cng nh sn phm ca nh my:............5
IV. Mt s ci tin nh my thc hin:..............................................................7
V. An ton lao ng trong nh my:........................................................................7
V.1. Cc quy nh chung.......................................................................................7
V.2. Cc yu t nguy him trong sn xut:..........................................................8
V.3. Cc phng tin v bin php bo v ngi lao ng:.............................10
PHN 2: CNG NGH SN XUT AMONIAC CA NH MY M PH
M.............................................................................................................................. 12
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v cng ngh sn xut ammoniac ca nh my m
Ph M....................................................................................................................... 12
Chng 2: Cng ngh sn xut ammoniac ca nh my m Ph M.................14
I. Kh lu hunh(S):..............................................................................................14
I.1.Qu trnh hydro ha:.....................................................................................15
I.2. Qu trnh hp th H2S:................................................................................19
II. Cng on reforming........................................................................................21
II.1. M t cng ngh qu trnh reforming.......................................................21
II.2. Cu to thit b reforming..........................................................................29
II.3. Xc tc reforming.......................................................................................33
II.4. Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh reforming.........................................35
III. CHUYN HO CO.........................................................................................37
III.1. Tng quan cng ngh.................................................................................37
III.2. Lu trnh cng ngh..................................................................................41
III.3. Thit b phn ng......................................................................................44
1
III.4. Mt s vn khi vn hnh......................................................................47
IV. TCH CO2........................................................................................................49
IV.1. Tng quan v qu trnh tch CO2.............................................................49
IV.2. M t cng ngh..........................................................................................50
IV.3. Cc yu t nh hng n cm tch CO2.................................................52
IV.4. Thit b chnh..............................................................................................54
V. Metan ha...........................................................................................................58
V.1. Mc ch:......................................................................................................58
V.2. M t cng ngh tng qut:.........................................................................58
V.3. Thit b Metan ha.......................................................................................60
V.4. Xc tc..........................................................................................................61
VI. Cng on tng hp Amonic.........................................................................62
VI.1. L thuyt qu trnh....................................................................................62
VI.2. Tng hp amonic.....................................................................................63
VI.3. Bnh tng hp Amonic 10-R-5001...........................................................68
VI.4. Lm lnh.....................................................................................................73
VI.5. Thu hi amonic.........................................................................................76
VII. CNG NGH CHUNG CA PHN XNG THU HI CO2..................80
VII.1. Mc ch, ngha ca phn xng.........................................................80
VII.2. Cng ngh chung ca cm thu hi CO2..................................................80
VII.3. Cc yu t cng ngh nh hng n qu trnh hot ng ca cm thu
hi CO2................................................................................................................83
VII.4. Dung mi hp th KS-1...........................................................................87
VII.5. Thit b chnh trong phn xng............................................................88
VII.6. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh........................................................90
KT LUN................................................................................................................93
LI NI U
i vi sinh vin, thc tp tt nghip l mt giai on c ngha quan trng
trong qu trnh hc tp v trau di kin thc. y l dp sinh vin chng em c c
hi tip cn vi thc t, tip cn vi cc thit b k thut, cng ngh ca cc qu trnh
cng nghip, iu kin cng ngh, phng thc vn hnh thc tT , sinh vin c
nhng tm nhn mi m hn, su sc hn v cc phng tin k thut, cch thc nhn
nhn mt vn trong qu trnh lm vic, cch vn dng nhng kin thc c hc
trong nh trng vo thc t cng nghip. Cc thng tin, kinh nghim mang li t cc
t thc tp thc s b ch cho sinh vin sau khi ra trng, lm vic.
Trong thi gian thc tp ti Nh my, chng em c tm hiu cng ngh sn
xut ammoniac Haldor Topsoe ca nh my v c hng dn vn hnh khi ng
phn xng. T gip chng em c ci nhn tng quan v linh hot hn cc yu t
nh hng n cc cm nh trong xng, n c xng ammoniac. Chng em cn
phn no hnh dung c cng vic ca mt DCS (k s vn hnh), k s cng
ngh
Sau thi gian thc tp ti Nh my m Ph M c s ch bo tn tnh,
hng dn mt cch cn k ca cc cn b, k s vn hnh gip chng em b sung
nhng kin thc thc s hu ch v quan trng cho hnh trang ca mnh sau khi ra
trng lm vic.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n ban lnh o Nh my m Ph M c bit
l cc anh ch ti phng cng ngh sn xut, cc anh ch c ch bn phng an ton
to iu kin cho chng em hon thnh t thc tp ny.
Chng em cng xin c cm n cc thy c b mn Cng ngh hu c ha du
to iu kin cho chng em c hi c i thc t ti nh my.
Ph M, ngy 14 thng 05 nm 2013

Nhm sinh vin thc tp
3
PHN 1: GII THIU CHUNG V NH MY M PH M
I. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca nh my:
Nh my m Ph M thuc PVFCCo (Tng Cng ty Phn bn v Ha cht
Du kh n v thnh vin ca Tp on Du kh Vit Nam) c t ti Khu Cng
nghip Ph M I, huyn Tn Thnh, tnh B Ra Vng Tu.
Nh thu : Technip Italia v Samsung Engineering Hn Quc vi tng vn u
t l 370 triu USD v cng sut thit k ban u l 740.000 tn ure/nm, vi din tch
khun vin 63 ha.
Nh my s dng cng ngh Haldor Topsoe an Mch sn xut ammoniac vi
cng sut l 1350 tn/ngy v cng ngh Snampogrety Italia sn xut ure vi cng sut
2200 tn/ngy. y l cc cng ngh hng u trn th gii v sn xut phn m vi
dy chuyn khp kn, nguyn liu chnh u vo l kh t nhin, khng kh, nc v
u ra l ammoniac v ure. Vi chu trnh cng ngh khp kn cng vi vic t to in
nng v hi nc gip nh my hon ton ch ng trong sn xut.
Nh my c khi cng xy dng theo hp ng EPCC gia Tng cng ty
Du kh Vit Nam v t hp nh u t Technip/Samsung.
Khi cng xy dng nh my: 3/2001.
Ngy nhn kh vo nh my: 24/12/2003.
Ngy ra sn phm ammonia u tin 4/2004.
Ngy ra sn phm ure u tin: 4/6/2004.
Ngy bn giao sn xut cho ch u t: 21/9/2004.
Ngy khnh thnh nh my: 15/12/2004.
II. Cc phn xng chnh ca nh my:
Nh my gm 3 phn xng chnh l xng ammonia, xng ure, xng ph
tr v cc phng/xng chc nng khc.
- Phn xng tng hp ammoniac:
4
C chc nng tng hp ammoniac v sn xut CO2 t kh t nhin, hi nc v
khng. Sau khi tng hp, ammoniac v CO2 s c chuyn sang phn xng ure.
- Phn xng tng hp ure:
C chc nng tng hp ure t ammoniac v CO2.Dung dch ure to thnh sau khi
c c c trong chn khng s c a i to ht.Qu trnh to ht c thc hin
bng phng php i lu t nhin trong thp to ht cao 105m.Phn xng ure c th
t cng sut ti a 2.385 tn/ngy.
Mc tiu ra trong nm nay ca nh my l t cng sut: 770.000 tn ure/nm.
- Phn xng ph tr:
C chc nng cung cp nc lm lnh, nc kh khong, nc sinh hot, cung cp kh
iu khin, nito v x l nc thi cho ton b nh my, c ni hi nhit tha, ni hi
ph tr v mt turbine kh pht in cng sut 21MWh, c bn cha ammoniac cho
phn xng ure khi cng on tng hp ca xng ammonia ngng my.
III. Mt s c im ca nguyn liu cng nh sn phm ca nh my:
Kh t nhin: CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10
Kh ng hnh m Bch H, kh t nhin t bn trng Nam Cn Sn v cc b khc
thuc thm lc a pha Nam.
Bng 1: Yu cu k thut i vi kh t nhin
Ch tiu k thut
Nhit (oC) ti giao din
p sut (barg) ti giao din
AMF
18 36
25.0 (ti a 40)
24.5 (ti a 39.2)

im sng ( C) 25 barg -1
Khi lng phn t (g/mol) 20.65
Gi tr nhit tng (MJ/Nm3) 46.92
Thnh phn
AMF
1
C1
78.9813
2
C2
12.2025
3
C3
5.7575
4
i C4
1.0255
o
GPP
18 36
25.0 (ti a 40)
24.5 (ti a 39.2)
-42
18.68
42.85
GPP
83.3113
14.5668
1.5965
0.1077
5
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
n C4
1.2753
0.1091
i C5
0.1818
0.0127
n C5
0.1678
0.012
C6
0.09
0.0051
N2
0.3034
0.2647
CO2
0.0149
0.0141
H2 O
Vi AMF l trng hp vn hnh bt thng ca ngun kh.Cng sut ca nh
my c tnh ton trong giai on thit k c s.

GPP trng hp vn hnh bnh thng ca ngun kh, nng lu hunh cao nht l
24ppm.
Ammoniac:
NH3 %kl
99.8 (ti thiu)
H2O % kl
0.2 (ti a)
Du ppmkl
5 (ti a)
CO2:
CO2 th tch kh
99% (ti thiu)
Kh tr (th tch)
1% (ti a)
Nc
bo ha
Ure ht:
Hm lng nit
46.3%kl (ti thiu)
Hm lng biuret
1%kl (ti a)
Hm lng m
0.4%kl (ti a)
Phn b kch thc ht
90%kl (ti thiu) gia 1.4 mm v 2.8 mm
Phn b kch thc ht
2%kl (ti thiu) di 1 mm
Nhit ht
65oC ti a (vi cng sut danh ngha)

6
IV. Mt s ci tin nh my thc hin:
Ngoi cc hng mc ban u, nhm nng cao cht lng, a dng ha sn
phm, s dng ti a cc ngun lc ca PVFCCo, p ng mt cch thun li v hiu
qu cho cng tc sn xut kinh doanh v ci thin mi trng lm vic cho ngi lao
ng. Tng cng ty hon thin vic ci to, nng cp v u t hng mc v h
thng cng ngh trong nh my:
- H thng thu hi khi thi CO2 nng cng sut nh my t 740.000 tn/nm ln
n 800.000 tn/nm ng thi gp phn bo v mi trng. (t qu IV nm 2010).
V. An ton lao ng trong nh my:
V.1. Cc quy nh chung
1. Thi gian lm vic.
- Gi hnh chnh:
T 08h00 n 17h00
- Gi i ca:
Ca 1: T 07h00 n 19h00
Ca 2: T 19h00 n 07h00
2. Trang phc.
- Khi vo nh my phi eo bin tn theo quy nh.
- Khi lm vic trong khu vc cng ngh phi mang y phng tin bo v
c nhn nh: giy bo h, m cng, nt tai/ bt tai chng n, knh v qun o BHL
3. Khi ra vo cng nh my trong gi lm vic, phi c giy php ca Th trng n
v.
4. Cm nhng ngi khng c trch nhim, nhng ngi c mi bia ru, c biu hin
tm thn vo nh my, khi vo nh my lm vic phi trong trng thi khe mnh.
5. Khi xy ra tai nn hoc s c phi bnh tnh x l v bo co theo quy nh.
6. Cm ht thuc v mang dim qut hay cc dng c gy ra tia la, mang v kh, cht
n hoc cc cht kch thch, cht gy m, gy nghin, cht ma tyvo nh my.
7. Chp hnh nghim chnh cc ni quy, k lut lao ng, cc quy trnh thao tc, quy
trnh k thut an ton. Thc hin ng theo nhim v v quyn hn c phn cng.
Cm khng c t ng m, thao tc s dng cc my mc, thit b khng thuc
phm vi mnh qun l, khng a gin trong khi lm vic.
8. Phi bit cch bo qun tt, s dng ng cc dng c c nhn cn thit cho cng
vic. Tun th tuyt i cc quy nh an ton trong khi lm vic.
9. Khng c i li hay ng gn nhng ni kch cu, ni r r, ni th p hoc ang
r kh, dung dch.
10. Cm khng c li xe v cc phng tin vn chuyn khc khi khng c giy
php. Cc loi xe chy trong nh my phi tun th cc quy nh gii hn tc v
trang b li chng tia la khi vo khu vc cng ngh.
11. Tun th h thng cp giy php lm vic. Phi t cc bin cnh co cho cng
vic lin quan cng ngh v in, khng c di di cc bin bo ny khi khng c
php ca ngi c thm quyn.
12. Nm r v tr, cch s dng cc thit b an ton, thit b cha chy v s in thoi
lin lc, cm s dng chng khng ng mc ch.
13. Trc khi vo nh my phi c ngh ngi thch ng m bo sc khe cho
cng vic. Ht gi lm vic phi ri khi khu vc sn xut.
V.2. Cc yu t nguy him trong sn xut:
1. Yu t nhit:
Nhit cao c th lm cho ngi b bng, b ri lon qu trnh trao i nhit,
gy kh th, chong vng, nhc u
2. Dng in:
Khi dng in tc dng ln c th ngi tu theo in p n c th gy ra tc ng:
- Nhit: t chy c th, mch mu dy thn kinh, tim, no.
- in phn: phn hy cht lng trong c th lm ph v thnh phn mu v cc m.
- Sinh hc: gy co git c bp c bit l c tim, phi ngng hot ng, c quan h
hp v tun hon nu dng in truyn qua no lm ph hy trc tip h thn kinh
trung ng.
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3. Chy n:
- Chy l qu trnh kt hp ca cht chy vi oxy trong khng kh hoc cc cht oxy
ha khc m kt qu l ta nhit v pht quang. Chy ch xy ra khi hi t 3 yu t
sau: cht chy, cht oxy ha v mi cht chy.
- Cht chy c mt hu nh khp ni nn nu khng c bin php phng chy s xy
ra chy.
- N: S bin i vt cht cc k nhanh chng bin nng lng ca n thnh cng c
hc tc ng vo mi trng xung quanh. c bit hay xy ra ti nh my s dng
nguyn liu kh, kh nn.
4. Cht c, nguy him trong nh my:
- Cht c c th dng rn, lng, bi, kh, hi v sng.
- Cht nguy him c th phn loi vo mt trong cc loi sau: chy hoc n, n mn,
c, oxy ha, c hi
- Cht c xm nhp vo c th con ngi qua ng h hp, tiu ha v da.
- Cht c xm nhp vo c th gy ri lon hot ng bnh thng, gy tn hi hoc
hy hoi cc m tng trong c th con ngi, gy nhim c cp tnh hoc mn tnh
ty theo mc c hi ca chng.
- Trong sn xut c s dng cc cht n mn theo yu cu ca cng ngh nh: cc cht
c tnh axit, tnh kim... Cht n mn gy mi mn thit b, my mc. Gy bng, kch
ng hoc n mn da
5. Ting n v rung:
- Ting n trong nh my gy ra bi my mc, my cng c. N gy tn thng n
thnh gic dn n tai, au tai thm ch l ic nu ting n vt qu tn s m thanh
cho php (> 85 dB).
- Rung: gy bin ng chc nng sinh l, mt mi, ri lon kinh nguyt, sy thai,
non.
V.3. Cc phng tin v bin php bo v ngi lao ng:
1. Tn hiu, bo hiu.
9
- Mc ch: Nhc nh ngi lao ng v mi nguy him trc tip, kh nng nguy
him, hng dn thao tc, on nhn quy nh v k thut v k thut an ton.
-Cc loi tn hiu, bo hiu :
Tn hiu nh sng, m thanh, ch bo (ng h cc loi), mu sn, hnh v v ch, tn
hiu bng tay.
2. a ra khong cch v gii hn an ton.
- Mc ch: Xc nh c cc khong cch v gii hn gia ngi vi cng trnh,
thit b, phng tin v gia chng vi nhau nhm m bo an ton cho ngi v thit
b trong qu trnh hot ng.
- Cc loi khong cch v gii hn an ton sau:
Khong cch an ton ca ng dy in.
Khong cch an ton chy, n.
Khong cch an ton phng x.
Khong cch an ton n mn, ph .
3. iu khin t xa.
- Mc ch: a ngi lao ng ra khi vng nguy him.
- ng dng: Cc cng vic c nhiu yu t nguy him c hi m khi ngi lao ng
lm vic ti ch s b tai nn hoc ng c th phi s dng phng php iu khin t
xa
4. Kim tra, nghim th.
- Mc ch: Xc nh tnh trng k thut ca thit b my, cc b phn ca chng v
cng trnh kp thi sa cha, thay th khi h hng.
- Kim tra, th nghim c tin hnh nh k trc khi xut xng, trc khi a
vo s dng cc thit b.
-
Kim tra bn ngoi, th ti tnh, th ti ng cho cc thit b nng.
Kim tra in tr cch in ca dy dn in.
Kim tra in tr cch in ca cc trang b cch in.
Kim tra cc thit b cha chy theo nh k.
5. Nhng bin php t chc k thut.

10
- B tr cc b phn nguy him nhng v tr m ngi khng ngu nhin tip xc.
- Dng in p an ton.
- Khng pht sinh cc yu t c hi vt gi tr cho php.
- Vn dng mu sc an ton vo thit b cng ngh:
- T chc lao ng an ton trong sn xut: B tr ch lm vic gia cc my mt cch
hp l. B tr lao ng hp l, ng ngh, ng kh nng
- Hun luyn an ton cho ngi lao ng.
- iu tra, thng k, phn tch nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng.
- Xy dng quy trnh, quy phm, tiu chun v k thut an ton
6. Phng tin bo v c nhn
- Bo v u: M bo h dng chng chn thng do va p c hc, chng bn,
chng in git...
- Bo v mt: Knh bo v, mt n v tm chn bo v mt chng tc ng ca cc vt
vng bn nh phi, ha cht Ty thuc vo cng vic m chn thit b bo h khc
nhau.
- Bo v c quan h hp: Khu trang, bnh th, bnh t cu, mt n phng c dng
chng hi kh c, bi.
- Bo v c quan thnh gic: Nt tai, chp tai chng n.
- Bo v chn tay: Giy, ng, gng tay cc loi bo v chn tay khi tc dng ca in,
ha cht, trt ng, tc nhn nng, lnh
- Bo v thn: Qun o bo h lao ng chng bn, chng ha cht
PHN 2: CNG NGH SN XUT AMONIAC CA NH MY M PH
M
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v cng ngh sn xut ammoniac ca nh my m
Ph M
Qu trnh sn xut NH3 gm 6 giai on:
- Kh S: kh cc hp cht cha S c trong dng nguyn liu kh t nhin ban u do
cc hp cht ny gy ng c xc tc cho cc qu trnh v sau.
11
- Reforming hi nc (s cp v th cp): cung cp nguyn liu N 2 v H2 cho qu
trnh tng hp ammoniac t nguyn liu l kh t nhin, hi nc v khng kh.
- Chuyn ha CO ( nhit cao v nhit thp): chuyn CO sang dng CO 2 ng
thi thu thm mt lng H2 do CO gy ng c xc tc cho qu trnh tng hp NH3.
- Tch CO2: do CO2 khng c tc dng trong qu trnh tng hp NH 3 vi mt lng
ln n tiu tn nng lng cho my nn, nh hng n xc tc. V thu CO 2 cho qu
trnh tng hp ure.
- Metan ha: chuyn ha CO, CO 2 thnh CH4 do chng c hi i vi xc tc tng
hp NH3.
- Tng hp NH3.
Trong nh my, NH3 c sn xut t kh tng hp c cha Nito v hydro vi
t l ~ 3:1 sau khi qua qu trnh tinh lc kh (lm gim hm lng CO v CO 2).Kh
tng hp c sn xut qua qu trnh reforming hi nc vi nguyn liu l kh t
nhin v hi nc.
Hydro
Hi nc
Hydro ha
v hp th S
Khng kh ( t)
Reforming s
cp v th cp
Chuyn ha CO
nhit thp v
nhit cao
12
Kh t nhin
NH3 n ur
Tng hp NH3
Metan ha
Tch CO2
Hnh 1: S chung ca qu trnh sn xut NH3
Chng 2: Cng ngh sn xut ammoniac ca nh my m Ph M

I. Kh lu hunh(S):
Trong kh t nhin hu nh u c cha mt lng nh cc hp cht ca S c
th ln ti 24ppm th tch. M xc tc ca qu trnh reforming hi nc v chuyn ha
CO nhit thp pha sau cc k nhy vi cc hp cht cha S bi chng:
Lm gim hot tnh ca xc tc.
Hoc gy ng c xc tc.
Do , cn loi b cc hp cht cha S bng cch:
Chuyn cc hp cht hu c cha S sang dng v c H 2S nh qu trnh hydro ha sau
H2S c tch ra bi qu trnh hp thu bi ZnO.
13
Vi yu cu nng ca S trong nguyn liu vo qu trnh reforming l thp hn 0.05
ppm.
Cng on kh S bao gm:
Thit b hydro ha 10-R-2001 vi xc tc l TK-250 (oxit Co, Mo).
Hai thit b hp th S 10-R-2002A/B ni tip nhauvi xc tc HTZ-3 (ZnO).
Hnh 2: Cng on kh Lu hunh

I.1.Qu trnh hydro ha:
I.1.1. M t qu trnh:
Kh t nhin ti im giao nhn ca nh my c a qua my nn 10K
4011 nu nh p sut nh hn 38 barg m bo cho p sut vo qu trnh reforming
khong 38.5 barg. Sau c gia nhit bi khi l trong 10E-2004-2 ri c trn
vi kh tun hon cha hydro m bo cho t l hydro.hydrocacbon bng
0.005Nm3/kg trc khi c gia nhit n nhit phn ng trong 10E-2004-1 ri
c n 10R-2001 c cha xc tc TK-250.
Ti c cc phn ng sau xy ra:
+ Phn ng hydro ha cc hp cht cha S:
RSH + H2 RH + H2S
14
R1SSR2 + 3H2 R1H + R2H + 2H2S
R1SR2 + 2H2 R1H + R2H + H2S
(CH)4S + 4H2 C4H10 + H2S
COS + H2 CO + H2S
CO2 + H2 CO + H2O
RCl + H2 HCl + RH
+Phn ng hydro ha olefin thnh pararafin
+ Phn ng hydro ha cc hp cht cha N thnh parafin v NH3.
I.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh:
- Hm lng CO, CO2, H2 v H2O:
Trong qu trnh ny cn khng ch hm lng ca CO, CO 2 cng nh H2 v
H2O v:
+ Hm lng ca CO, CO2, H2 v H2O lm tng hm lng S cn li trong dng kh ra
khi qu trnh ny do c phn ng:
CO2 + H2
CO2 + H2S
CO + H2O
COS + H2O
V khi hm lng ca CO ln, c th xy ra phn ng (phn ng Boudouard)

2CO
C + CO2
C s c hnh thnh di dng mui bm trn xc tc lm gim hot tnh ca xc tc.

+ Phn ng metan ha c th khng xy ra bi hm lng S c th c duy tr mc
hiu qu ngn phn ng ny.
15
Do cn khng ch hm lng tp cht cc i cho php trong dng nguyn liu vo
thit b hydro ha:
H2: 3 n 4%
CO: 5%
CO2: 5%
- xc tc:
Dng tr rng vi thnh phn hot tnh: CoO, MoO 3 trn b mt cht mang
Al2O3 vi pha hot tnh xc tc: CoMoSx.
+ Hot tnh ln nht ca xc tc t c khong nhit : 330 n 360 oC v ph
thuc vo nng ca H2, gi tr ny c duy tr 0.042 Nm 3 H2 /Nm3 hydrocacbon
tng ng vi nng ca H2 l 3.94%.
Vi kh t nhin, nng H 2 c duy tr trong khong 2 5% ph thuc vo hm
lng S trong kh t nhin.
V c th vn hnh nhit thp hn nhit trn vi xc tc mi v cao hn vi
xc tc b gi ha.
+ Xc tc TK-250 b oxy ha trong qu trnh vn chuyn v hon nguyn li hot tnh
ca xc tc khi c sunfua ha.
trng thi ny, cht xc tc c th t bc chy v vy n cn c bo qun hay d
xc tc trong iu kin khng tip xc vi khng kh nhit ln hn 70oC.
- Khi hm lng S trong kh t nhin ban u t yu cu th vn cn duy tr dng H 2
vo thit b hydro ha 10R-2001 v nhit ln hn 300 oC nu khng c H2 th
hydrocacbon s b cracking nhit to mui C bm vo xc tc lm gim hot tnh xc
tc. V khi vn hnh cha c H2 sn sng th cn khng ch nhit nh hn 300oC.
- Nhit ca qu trnh: l thng s quan trng nh hng n hot tnh ca xc tc.
16
nhit thp, phn ng hydro ha s xy ra rt chm v s chuyn ha s khng ti
u, iu ny c th dn n lng lu hunh hu c trong dng nguyn liu ra khi
qu trnh kh lu hunh cn cao (> 5ppm) s gy ng c S cho xc tc reforming.
Ti nhit tng i cao, xc tc hydro ha c xu hng h tr phn ng cracking.
CH4 C + 2H2
V vy, cn kim sot nhit vn hnh ca qu trnh m bo hiu qu.
- Do , qu trnh vn hnh cn kim sot cc thng s chnh sau:
+ Kim sot p sut vo qu trnh kh S cu kh t nhin m bo gi p n nh
khi i qua cng on kh S n u ht ca my nn kh tng hp 10K-4031 v p ca
kh t nhin vo reforming khong 38.5 barg.
+ Kim sot p sut ca dng tun hon c cha H 2: m bo p cho qu trnh pha
sau.
+ Kim sot t l hydro/hydrocacbon bng cch kim sot lu lng ca hai dng
nguyn liu ban u.
+ Nhit ca dng nguyn liu ban u (hn hp kh t nhin v H 2) vo thit b 10R2001 bng cch iu chnh lng nguyn liu qua thit b trao i nhit 10E-2004-1.
Ngoi ra cn phi theo di chnh lch nhit nh v y ca thit b, thng l rt
nh hoc khng do mt nhit ra ngoi mi trng (v lng S trong kh t nhin l
nh). V c t cnh bo nhit mc cao y ca thit b trnh trng hp qu
nhit cho xc tc.
C im ly mu theo di hot tnh xc tc trong thit b hydro ha u ra ca
thit b.
I.1.3. Xc tc TK 250:
TK 250 l cht xc tc x l hydro da trn hn hp Coban Molypden trn
nn cht mang l nhm oxyt.TK 250 c dng hydro ha lu hunh, nit v cc
hp cht khng no khc t kh t nhin cho n naphta.
17
u im ca xc tc dng vng:
Lm gim tr lc qua thit b phn ng
Xc tc dng vng c kh nng chu c cao hn vi vic tng tr lc do cc
ht rn c mt trong dng nguyn liu.
Mt s c im ca xc tc:
- ng knh: OD x ID (mm) = 4.8 x 2.4
- Dng hot tnh: CoMoSx.
- Cht mang: Al2O3.
- Cht xc tc c s dng c th chy t pht ti nhit ln hn 70 oC
nn khi tho xc tc cn c lm lnh n nhit bnh thng trc khi c ly
ra.
Xc tc qua s dng khng c ti sinh, c thi bv khng em li hiu
qu kinh t.
Chng xc tc ti y: s dng li xc tc, li thp, trn l mt lp ht
nhm hoc gm ngn khng cho xc tc khng b lt qua li.
Lp bo v bn trn lp xc tc: t mt lp cc ht nhm hoc gm c tc dng bo
v cht xc tc khi s rung ng v gip phn phi cc thit b o lu lng.
I.2. Qu trnh hp th H2S:
I.2.1. M t qu trnh:
Kh t nhin sau khi c hydro ha c chuyn sang thit b hp th H 2S 10R2002A/B vi xc tc l HTZ-3.
Hai thit b ny c mc ni tip nhau v H 2S ch yu c hp th trong thit b 10R2002A.
Vai tr ca thit b 10-R2002B:
Bo v trong trng hp kh ra khi thit b 10-R2002A cn d.
Dng khi thit b 10-R2002A b c lp thay xc tc.
- Nhit vn hnh bnh thng 400oC vi cc phn ng:
18
ZnO + 2HCl
ZnO + H2S
ZnO + COS
ZnCl2 + H2O
ZnS + H2O
ZnS + CO2
I.2.2.Xc tc:
HTZ-3 (ZnO): dng p di 4mm.
Cht xc tc ny khng phn ng vi oxy hay hydro bt c nhit no nn
ZnS khng t bc chy c v vy khng c yu cu c bit no khi d xc tc.
Nhng khng nn s dng hi nc cho thit b 10-R2002A/B do ZnO d b hydrat
ha to thnh Zn(OH)2 dng khng c hot tnh.
M khi vn hnh bnh thng hm lng S trong dng kh gim theo hng s cn
bng:
H2 O
=1.5x 10-6 ti 360oC.
H2 S
V vy, cn hn ch hm lng hi nc a vo thit b 10-R2002 A/B.

Kh nng hp th H2S ph thuc vo:
Nhit u vo R2002A.
xp ca xc tc.
Din tch b mt ca xc tc ZnO.
Xc tc ti hai thit b 10R-2002A/B cng c chng ti y v bo v nh nh
trong thit b 10R-2001.
I.2.3.Cc thng s cn theo di ca qu trnh:
- Kim sot p sut u ra ca 10R-2002A/B cng chnh l kim sot p sut u vo
ca qu trnh reforming v cc cng on pha sau.
19
- Theo di nhit ti u vo, u ra ca thit b 10-R2002A v nhit u ra ca
thit b 10-R2002B.
- C cc im ly mu theo di hot tnh xc tc ca kh S ti u ra ca cc thit
b.
I.2.4. Thi gian thay xc tc ph thuc vo:
- chnh p qua xc tc: do xc tc ch chu c mt mc chnh lch p sut
nht nh (lin quan n bn ca xc tc).
- Hot tnh xc tc: xc tc ca qu trnh hydro ha hay hp th H 2S u phi m bo
cho hm lng S trong kh ra khi nh hn 0.05ppm.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh nh my, ngi ta nhn bit xc tc b gim hot tnh
bng cch quan st thay i nhit , p sut ca qu trnh. Khi vn hnh c s thay
i bt thng ca nhit , p sut sau khi kim tra cc thng s u vo m n nh
th nguyn nhn chnh l do xc tc.
Vi bin ng ca nhit th do hot tnh ca xc tc b gim. Cn p sut th c th
l do nh hng ca vic hnh thnh mui carbon bm trn xc tc hay do xc tc b
v lm tng tr lc trong thit b.
II. Cng on reforming

II.1. M t cng ngh qu trnh reforming
a) S cng ngh:
20
Hnh 3: S dy chuyn cng ngh cng on Reforming

b) M t cng ngh:
Trong cng on reforming, kh qua kh lu hunh s cha cc thnh phn
cn thit chun b thnh kh tng hp nh qu trnh reforming xc tc ca hn hp
hydrocacbon vi hi nc v khng kh.
Qa trnh ny c chia thnh 2 phn on chuyn ha:
+Reforming s cp: xy ra thit b 10-H-2001
+Reforming th cp: xy ra thit b 10-R-2003
*) Reforming s cp:
Nguyn liu u vo l kh t nhin qua cng on loi b lu hunh, hm
lng lu hunh xung di 0,05 phn triu.
21
Thng s nguyn liu u vo:
+Nhit : T=525OC
+p sut: P=34,8 barg
+Thnh phn dng nguyn liu vo sau kh trn kh t nhin vi hi nc
(tham kho s liu bn v PFD):
Bng 2: Thnh phn dng nguyn liu vo qu trnh reforming
Thnh phn
Lu lng (Nm3/h)
H2
1324
N2
524
CO2
74
Ar
6
CH4
26241
C 2 H6
4585
C 3 H8
503
n-C4H10
31
i-C4H10
34
C5+
9
H2 O
108210
Cc phn ng din ra trong qu trnh:
(1) CnHm + H2O
(2) CH4 + 2H2O
(3) CO + H2O
Nng mol (%)

3,97
1,57
0,22
0,02
78,72
13,76
1,51
0,1
0,1
0,03
Cn-1Hm-2 + CO + 2H2 Q
CO + 3H2 206,8 KJ/mol
CO2 + H2 + 40,5 KJ/mol
Phn ng (1), hydrocacbon bc cao chuyn ha tng bc xung thnh

hydrocacbon bc thp v cui cng chuyn thnh metan v tip tc c chuyn ha
phn ng (2).i vi hydrocacbon bc cao phn ng bt u xy ra 500 oC v i vi
metan phn ng bt u xy ra 600oC.
Phn ng (1) v (2) l nhng phn ng thu nhit mnh cn phn ng (3) l phn
ng ta nhit nh. Phn ng chnh xy ra l phn ng (2), do vy qu trnh ny l thu
nhit, qu trnh chuyn ha cho hiu sut cao khi nhit cao v p sut thp. Cng t
phn ng (1) & (2) ta thy lng hi nc cn dung d t chuyn ha cao.Tuy
nhin lng hi d qu nhiu s tn km v c th gy nh hng n xc tc nn ta
22
nn dung mt lng hi nc d thch hp.Trong sn xut ngi ta duy tr t l steam/
cacbon l 2,9.
Trong reforming s cp, nhit cn thit cho phn ng c cung cp di dng
gin tip t l t. S chuyn ha trong reforming s cp s c iu chnh sao cho
khng kh s cp nhit cho reforming th cp m bo yu cu t l H 2/N2 l 3/1.
iu ny cn phi khng ch lng metan nh l kh tr trong kh tng hp mc
cng thp cng tt. Hm lng metan trong kh cng ngh c khng ch bng hng
s cn bng ca phn ng (2) theo l thuyt v theo thc t. T l chuyn ha thch
hp khi nng metan cn khong t 7-15%. i vi cn bng ca phn ng (2) hm
lng metan gim i khi tng nhit , tng hi nc v gim p sut.
C 2 trng hp vn hnh cho hm lng metan u ra ca thit b reforming
s cp l khc nhau:
+Khi vn hnh vi thit b thu hi hydro (HRU) lm vic v s dng kh thi
c x l nh l kh nguyn liu cho reforming th kh cng ngh ra khi reforming
khong nhit l 780oC v hm lng metan khong 15% mol tnh theo kh kh.
+Khi vn hnh m thit b thu hi hydro khng lm vic v s dng kh thi
khng c x l nh l kh nhin liu cho reforming th kh cng ngh ra khi
reforming nhit khong 800oC v hm lng metan khong 13% mol tnh theo
kh kh.
Trn thc t nh my m Ph M vn hnh trng hp 1.
Trong khi vn hnh reforming s cp cc bon c th mt phn pha ngoi v
pha trong xc tc theo phn ng phn hy HC nhit cao. Cacbon nm phi ngoi
ht xc tc s lm tng tn tht p sut trong lp xc tc v pha trong ht xc tc v
nh vy s lm gim hot tnh ca xc tc v bn c hc ca n.
Theo nhit ng hc, vic hnh thnh cacbon s khng th xy ra iu kin
nu cn bng t n tng bc. Nu xc tc b nhim c v d nh sulphur, n s b
mt hot tnh v vic hnh thnh cacbon c th xy ra.Ngoi ra vic hnh hnh cacbon
c th xy ra khi t l hi nc/ cacbon thp hoc xc tc khng c hon nguyn
23
trn vn hoc mt phn b oxy ha hoc qu trnh cp nhit t l t khng c ng
u gy qu nhit cc b mt s im.
Hn hp kh t nhin v hi nc sau khi c cp nhit thit b trao i
nhit 10-E-2001 khong 535oC, 34,8 barg v i vo nh ca cc ng thng ng
cha xc tc v i ra khi ng nhit 783 oC, 30,9 barg. Kh cng ngh c dn
trc tip n thit b reforming th cp.
Nhit cung cp cho qu trnh reforming s cp c cp gin tip thng qua l
t. Kh nhin liu cho l t reforming c cng cp theo 2 ngun ring bit, mt
ngun l kh t nhin (kh s cp) v mt l kh off-gas (nguyn liu th cp). Kh offgas l hn hp ca kh thi t b phn tch CO 2 dng ha cht MDEA, kh off gas t
b phn thu hi hydro v kh tng hp d c ly t u ngun ca my nn kh tng
hp.
*) Reforming th cp:
-Thng s u vo: T=783oC, P=30,9 barg:
Thnh phn kh cng ngh a vo nh bng sau:
Bng 3: Thnh phn kh cng ngh

Thnh phn
H2
N2
CO
CO2
Ar
CH4
H2 O
Kh cng ngh i ra
Lu lng (Nm3/h)
70549
524
9630
11616
6
16068
75945
khi reforming s cp c
Phn mol (%)

65,09
0,48
8,88
10,72
0,01
14,82
trn vi dng khng kh
c cp nhit ln n 550oC thit b trao i nhit 10-E-2002.Ti pha trn thit b
24
reforming th cp xy ra phn ng chy nng nhit hn hp kh ln khong 1100 oC
trc khi i xung lp xc tc pha di thit b.
Phn ng chy chnh xy ra:
CH4
2O2
2H2O +
CO2
2H2
O2
2H20 +480KJ/mol
+Q
Trong reforming th cp nhit cho phn ng reforming c cung cp trc tip

t qu trnh t kh cng ngh vi khng kh pha trn ca thit b.Trong khong
khng gian trng pha trn ca thit b reforming th cp ngi ta lp bc t 10-J2001, ti khng kh trn mt phn vo kh cng ngh. y xy ra ch yu l phn
ng chy qu l nhit tng ln. T khng ny, kh cng ngh i qua lp xc tc pha
di m phn ng reforming xy ra hon ton v lm ngui hn hp kh. Nhit
hn hp kh ra khi reforming th cp vo khong 958 oC v hm lng metan ch cn
li khong 0,6% mol tnh theo kh kh.
Kh ra khi reforming th cp cha khong 13,5% mol CO v 7,5% mol CO 2,
chnh v vy s c nguy c hnh thnh mui cacbon theo phn ng Boudouard nh sau:
2CO
CO2 +
Khi hn hp kh ngui xung.

Di vic la chn iu kin phn ng, phn ng c th thc hin nhit
thp hn 790oC v trn 500-560oC do iu kin cn bng v iu kin thc t, di
nhit ny phn ng xy ra chm.
c) Thu hi nhit tha
Nhit tha ca khi thi t bung bc x nhit trong reformer s cp v ca kh
cng ngh i ra t reformer th cp c dng hm nng cc dng cng ngh khc
nhau v to ra hi nc siu cao p.
-
Thu hi nhit tha khi thi
25
B gom khi thi t hai bung bc x nhit i vo cng on thu hi nhit tha
khi thi, ti y nhit tha khi thi c s dng :
+ Hm nng hn hp kh t nhin/hi nc trc khi i vo reformer s cp.
+ Hm nng khng kh cng ngh cho reformer th cp 10-R-2003.
+ Qu nhit cho hi nc cao p
+ Hm nng hn hp kh t nhin/hydro tun hon trc khi i vo hydroho/
hp ph sulphur 10-R-2001.
+ Hm nng nc cp ni hi ca cng on thu hi nhit tha cng ngh.
Ti u ra nhit khi thi gim xung khong 162 oC.
Cng on thu hi nhit tha khi thi c ni vi ng khi thng qua qut
khi 10-K-2001. N ht khi ra mi trng thng qua ng khi reforming 10-SK2001.
-
Thu hi nhit tha cng ngh

+ Kh cng ngh ri cng on reforming i vo l hi nhit tha, 10-E-2008
v b qu nhit hi nc 10-E-2009.
+ Hi nc bo ho p sut 118 barg c sinh ra trong 10-E-2008.
+ Trong 10-E-2009 hi nc c qu nhit t 324 ln 376 oC.
+ Bao hi 10-V-2001 c dng chung cho 10-E-2008/2010 v l hi nhit
tha tng hp amonic 10-E-5001.
+ Kh cng ngh c lm
ngui n 360 oC trong b qu nhit 10-E-2009
trc khi i vo chuyn ho CO nhit cao 10-R-2004.

d) Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh
Nguyn liu kh t nhin ban u 36 oC v p sut 24, 5 barg i vo u ht ca
my nn kh t nhin 10-K-4011. My nn kh t nhin K-4011 l my nn li tm v
c ko bng mt in. My nn ny ch hot ng khi p sut kh t nhin thp
26
hp 38 barg. Ti u ra ca my nn kh t nhin c nhit l 68,6 oC, p sut 39,2
barg i vo thit b trao i nhit 10-E-2004-2 l kh thi reformer s cp. Nhit
kh i ra khi E-2004-2 l 350oC, kh t nhin c trn vi mt dng kh hydro t
cm thu hi hydro c nhit 47oC, p sut 43,6 barg. Hn hp kh sau khi trn i vo
thit b trao i nhit 10-E-2004-1 nng nhit ln n 400 oC, p sut lc ny l 38,
2 barg i vo cm kh hydro. cm ny gm 3 thit b: thit b hydro ha R-2001,
hn hp kh i vo thit b ny, cc hp cht lu hunh hu c s c a v dng
H2S nh xc tc hydro ha. Sau hn hp kh s c chuyn qua hai thit b hp
th H2S R-2002-A/B, hn hp kh i ra khi hai thit b ny c nng lu hunh ch
cn 0,05 ppm c nhit l 390oC. Dng hi nc cao p 370oC v 38 barg n t
turbine hi nc chy my nn kh tng hp 10-STK-4031 cng vi mt dng hi cao
p n t thp T-7001 s c trn vi dng kh ra khi 10-R-2002B. Hn hp kh sau
khi trn s c a sang thit b trao i nhit 10-E-2001 nng nhit ln 535oC ri
c dn vo cc ng xc tc ca reformer s cp. y xy ra qu trnh chuyn ha
kh t nhin bng hi nc, qu trnh ny l qu trnh thu nhit nn nhit cp cho cc
phn ng c cp gin tip t l t reformer. Nhit c truyn bng bc x nhit
qua thnh ng xc tc v bng i lu nhit gia kh cng ngh vi kh thi ca l t.
Trong cc ng xc tc reformer, phn ln kh t nhin s tc dng vi hi nc thnh
kh tng hp. Nng kh metan ti u ra ca reformer s cp l 15%. Dng kh
cng ngh ra khi thit b chuyn ha reformer s cp c nhit 783 oC p sut 30,9
barg s i vo thit b chuyn ha reformer th cp. Mt dng khng kh t u ra ca
my nn khng kh 10-K-4021 172oC v 32,4 barg c cp nhit ln n 550 oC qua
hai thit b trao i nhit 10-E-2002-2 v 10-E-2002-1 i vo thit b reformer th cp.
Khng kh trn vi dng kh cng ngh thng qua bc t. Pha trn ca reformer th
cp xy ra cc phn ng chy gia metan, hydro vi oxy. Cc phn ng ny ta nhit
mnh, nng nhit hn hp kh ln n khong 1100 oC, nhit ny cung cp
cho qu trnh chuyn ha reforming pha di ca thit b reformer th cp. Khng kh
c tc dng cp oxy cho cc phn ng chy v cung cp nit nguyn liu cho qu trnh
tng hp amoniac. Kh cng ngh sau khi ra khi thit b chuyn ha th cp c nng
kh metan t yu cu l 0,6% mol tnh theo mol kh kh. Nhit kh lc ny l
958oC, p sut 30,4 barg. c dn ngay vo thit b trao i nhit 10-E-2008 ngay st
27
thit b chuyn ha th cp v thit b 10-E-2009 tn dng nhit sn xut hi nc
siu cao p. Dng kh cng ngh trc khi i vo cm chuyn ha CO c nhit
360oC 30,2 barg.
Kh nhin liu cung cp cho qu trnh t l reformer s cp bi hai ng gp
ring bit, mt cho kh t nhin (nhin liu s cp) 30 oC, p sut 5 barg vi lu lng
l 11272 Nm3/h v mt cho kh off-gas (nhin liu th cp). Ngun kh off-gas l kh
c nh t cng on tch CO2 cao p, kh tch ra t cng on thu hi hydro v kh
off-gas t cm thu hi amoniac.Tt c cc ngun kh off-gas c dng lm kh nhin
liu, n c t trong cc bec t ring bit v cn bng bi kh t nhin. Vic t
trong reformer s cp c iu chnh sao cho lng metan ra khi reformer th cp
khong 0,6% mol tnh theo kh kh. Ch l phi khng ch qu trnh t sao cho
nhit ca kh ti u ra ca cc ng xc tc l nh nhau. Reforming s cp bao gm
hai bung bc x nhit, mi bung t t mt hng ng xc tc ti cc ng tm.
Cc bec t c lp trn 6 dy cho mi bung. Cc bung t lp 480 bc t, cc
bc t c lp vi khong cch nh nhau trong mi bung t, s sp xp ny v
vi mt s lng ln bc t s d dng kim sot c profile nhit dc theo cc
ng xc tc v phn phi nhit ng nht dc theo chiu di bung t. Ngi ta c
th iu chnh profin chy dc theo ng xc tc bng cc van iu tit ti pha trc
ca mi ng gp kh nhin liu. Khi thi ri khi hai bung t reformer s cp
nhit khong 1027oC. Nhit ca khi thi c s dng cho mc ch hm nng
trong cng on thu hi nhit thi ca reforming s cp. Sau khi qua cng on thu
hi nhit tha, khi thi c chuyn qua cm thu hi CO 2 t khi thi hoc x ra
ngoi khng kh qua ng khi 10-SK-2001 nh qut khi 10-K-2001. Qut khi to p
sut trong bung t reformer s cp 0,025 bar thp hn p ca kh quyn. chn
khng thp trnh r khi thi ra xung quanh.
II.2. Cu to thit b reforming
a) Thit b reforming s cp:
Thit b reforming s cp gm c 180 ng xc tc c t trong 2 bung bc
x nhit, cc bec t c lp trn 6 hng mi bung, cc bung t c 480 bec t.
28
Cc bec t c lp vi khong cch nh nhau trong mi bung t. S sp
xp ny s d dng kim sot c profile nhit dc theo chiu cao cc ng xc tc
v phn phi nhit ng nht dc theo chiu di bung t.
Mt phn nhit chy pht ra t cc bec t truyn cho cc ng xc tc bng bc
x nhit t vch v bng i lu nhit do khi thi. Phn cn li (ngoi tr tn tht
nhit) ri khi bung t khi thi.
Bn trong mi bung bc x nhit l lp gch chu lu.Vi nhit trong
bung gn 1000oC th thi gian lm vic ca thit b khong 10000h.
*) Cc thng s k thut kh thit b hot ng:
-p sut: p sut vn hnh bnh thng nh sau:
+
P u vo (PI-2051): 34,8 barg
Tn tht p sut, PDI-2052: <4 barg
P bung t, PIC-2031: duy tr p sut -5mmH2O
iu cn thit l phi gi p sut vn hnh thp, nu c khuynh hng tng qu

nhanh, cc tnh trng bt thng c th xy ra nh kt t cacbon, xc tc b nt, mt
hot tnh.
Trong trng hp ny, cn thit phi duy tr vn hnh tm ti bng cch tng t
l hi nc/cacbon.Thm vo cng phi phn tch kh cng ngh v hi nc cao
p ti u ra bao hi pht hin nguyn nhn bt thng v tm cch iu chnh
chng.
-Nhit : Nhit vn hnh bnh thng nh sau:
+Nhit u ra b TN 10-E-2001: 535OC
+Nhit b gom kh nng: 783OC
+Nhit u ra b hm nng khng kh 10-E-2002-1: 550OC
+Nhit thit k v ca ng xc tc l 884oC
29
Mc d v ng xc tc c th vn hnh an ton 884 oC v 35 barg nhng nn
gi nhit cng thp cng tt, tng ng vi mc chuyn ha m bo thi
gian vn hnh lu di.
Khi nhit v ng xc tc tng vt qu nhit thit k p sut thit k,
thi gian vn hnh s gim xung. Vic thay i nhit ca v t ng ny n ng
khc c th l do t khng u, xc tc b ng c lu hunh, hnh thnh cacbon hoc
chnh lch p sut khc nhau mi ng.
y l s thit b reforming s cp:
Hnh 4: Thit b Reforming s cp

b) Thit b reforming th cp:
Thit b c cu to hnh tr rng, pha trn nh, pha di ln. Trong reforming
th cp, khng kh cng ngh v kh t reforming s cp c trn vi nhau trong 10J-2001 t pha trn ca thit b phn ng. Ti y xy ra phn ng chy nng nhit
ln n 1000-1100oC.Pha di thit b reforming th cp l lp xc tc c
y. Bn ngoi thit b reforming th cp c sn mu xanh m, khi c s qu nhit
30
xy ra trong thit b th mu sn bn ngoi s b thay i ty theo khong nhit
khc nhau t gip ta c th d dng nhn ra v kim sot im qu nhit c bin
php x l kp thi.
Hnh 5: Thit bi Reforming th cp

*) Cc thng s k thut khi thit b hot ng:
- p sut: p sut khng nh hng nhiu n phn ng trong thit b reforming th
cp, o sut u vo l 30,9 barg v p sut u ra l 30,4 barg.
- Nhit : Nhit vn hnh nh sau:
31
+ Nhit u ra refprming s cp: 958oC
+ Nhit v reforming s cp: 160oC
Nhit u ra th cp ph thuc ch yu vo nhit u vo ca kh cng
ngh t reforming s cp v lu lng ca kh cng ngh.Ni mt cch khc, lu
lng khng kh cng ngh s kim sot t l H 2/N2 l 3/1 ca kh u vo my nn kh
tng hp. Nhit u ra ca cn ph thuc vo hm lng metan d ti u ra ca
reforming s cp.Nu nhit u ra ca reforming th cp qu cao th cn thit phi
gim qu trnh t ca reforming s cp.
Lp sn cm ng nhit c ph ln v ca reforming th cp v ng ng
dn kh cng ngh trc khi i vo cng on chuyn ha CO.
Phn ng chy xy ra pha trn thit b ta nhit lm nhit hn hp tng
mnh v rt cao nn b mt pha bn trong ca thit b reforming th cp, ngi ta
phi lt thm mt lp gch chu nhit. Nhit b mt (V) ca thit b khong 160 oC
(thit k ti a l lp v chu c nhit ti a l 300 oC).Khuyt tt lp gch chu
la c th dn ti nhit cao hn nhit thit k v iu ny c th gy ra nhng
thit hi v v. Reforming th cp c sn mt lp sn nhy cm nhit m c th
thay i mu sc theo nhit ca lp v t ta c th a ra nhng bin php x
l thch hp nhm bo v thit b v s thay i nhit ch r khong nhit m lp
sn phi chu ng, mu gc l mu xanh dng. Khong mu ca lp sn nh sau:
+ Khong mu xanh dng: 160-200oC
+ Khong mu xanh m: 200-315oC
+ Khong mu trng: 315-4800C
Nu s thay i mu sc c nhn thy, vic lm lnh lp v bnh reformer
bng khng kh , hi nc thp p hoc nc l cn thit cho n khi vic sa cha c
th thc hin.
32
II.3. Xc tc reforming
a) Xc tc reforming s cp
Bng 4: Xc tc Reforming s cp
Xc tc
R-67R-7H
RK-211
RK-201 or RK- R-67-7H

69-7H
Cht mang
Cht
MgAl2O4
MgAl2O4
MgAl2O4
MgAl2O4
hot Ni
Ni
NiO
NiO
hot Khng c
K2 O
K2 O
Khng c
16x11
16x11
16x11
ng
Cht
ha
Hnh dng: 7 16x11
l
20x13
HxD, mm
Reforming s c tng cng 180 ng xc tc reformer c lp t trong hai bung bc
x nhit.Phn trn ca cc ng xc tc c np loi RK-211& RK-201, trong khi
phn y ca cc ng xc tc c np bng xc tc R-67-7H.
Cht xc tc c kh bn trong khng kh n nhit 80 oC.Nu n c
tip xc vi khng kh ti nhit cao hn, n s b oxy ha, nhng nhit s khng
nh hng g n xc tc.
Cht xc tc RK-201 by l l mt loi xc tc kim tng hot tnh vi hot
tnh xc tc cao i vi qu trnh reforming kh nguyn liu t kh t nhin n kh
ng hnh ha lng.
RK-211 l dng kh ca RK-201, m c tng hot tnh bi cc kim loi
him. S kh c kim sot cht ch.
33
Xc tc b ng c bi cc nguyn nhn sau:
+ Ng c bi lu hunh: qu trnh x l lu hunh cng on kh lu hunh khng
t yu cu, hm lng lu hunh ln hn 0,05 phn triu s lm cho xc tc b gim
s tm hot ng v dn b mt hot tnh xc tc.
+ Kt ta cacbon: Kt ta cacbon trong xc tc c th do cc l do sau y:
. hot tnh xc tc khng hiu qu iu kin vn hnh bnh thng do hon
nguyn khng hiu qu hoc b ng c lu hunh.
. Vn hnh iu kin bt thting: t l steam/carbon qu thp; qu nhit ti
nh reformer s cp gy ra khuynh hng phn ng cracking nhit; Qa ti, ph ti
cao hn p sut ring phn ca cc hydrocacbon bc cao s gy nguy c cracking
nhit; qu trnh t khng ng u ti cc bec t reforming gy qu nhit cc b ti
mt vi im trn ng xc tc.
b) Xc tc reforming th cp:
Reforming th cp c np xc tc RKS-2-7H. vi cht mang l MgAl 2O4 ,
thnh phn hot tnh l Ni, dng 7 l, kch thc 1611, mm
Lp xc tc nm trn hai lp ca cc ht nhm vi kch c khc nhau v li
nhm c t trn nh ca lp xc tc gi cht sc tc khi b rung ng v bo
v cht xc tc khi tip xc vi ngn la.
Cht xc tc bt u b phn r trong khong nhit t 1400oC-1500OC
Cht xc tc c hot ha khng c php tip xc vi khng kh ti nhit
ln hn 1000C gy nn pht nhit. V nhit to ra do phn ng oxy ha khng
c gii phng khi bnh reformer th cp, n c th dn n tnh trng qu nhit v
ph hy cht xc tc.
II.4. Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh reforming
a) Lu lng kh t nhin
34
Nu lu lng kh t nhin n reformer s cp qu thp: khi lu lng kh t
nhin gim th lng nhit c hp th bi phn ng reforming thu nhit s gim
tng ng. Do , cc ng tup trong reformer s cp v h thng pha di ngun
ca reformer ny c th b qu nhit.
b) Lu lng hi nc
Nu lu lng hi nc qu thp n reforming s cp: khi lu lng hi nc
u vo gim xung, t l hi nc/cacbon s gim theo, iu ny gy nn hnh thnh
cacbon trn b mt cht xc tc reformer s cp. Lu lng qu thp n reformer s
cp c th gy nn ri lon phn phi dng chy gia cc ng reformer, v do vy, cc
ng tup reformer vi lu lng qu thp s b qu nhit.
c) T l hi nc/cacbon
Nu t l hi nc/cacbon qu thp, cacbon c th hnh thnh trn b mt xc
tc ca reformer s cp.
d) p sut kh t nhin nhin liu qu thp
Nu p sut trong u ngun nguyn liu kh t nhin l qu thp, s chy
ngc vo trong m t c th xy ra.Cc m t c th b tt v kh t nhin r r n
l t dn n nguy c gy chy n.
e) S thng gi trong reformer s cp
S thng gi trong reformer qu thp, p sut l t tng cao hn p sut bn
ngoi mi trng, kh t thi nng (1000 oC) s r r ra rt nhiu ni khc nhau.iu
ny rt nguy him cho nhn vin vn hnh, to hn hp n vi khng kh bn ngoi
hoc gy thit hi n v thp ca reformer.
f) T l gas/air
Nu t l gas/air m thp th lng khng kh cp cho l phn ng reforming
th cp s tha oxy do s gy qu nhit v lm hng xc tc ln thit b. Ngoi ra
cn nh hng ti t l hydro/nito.
III. CHUYN HO CO
III.1. Tng quan cng ngh
35
III.1.1. M t cng ngh tng qut
Cacbon monoxit trong kh qu trnh ri khi b phn reforming c chuyn ho
thnh cacbon dioxit v hydro theo phn ng chuyn ho CO trong thit b phn ng
10-R-2004 v 10-R-2005 theo phng trnh phn ng sau:
CO + H2O CO2 + H2 + Q
Cn bng ca phn ng chuyn ho chuyn v pha to thnh nhiu CO 2 hn khi
nhit thp v c nhiu hi nc hn, tuy nhin, tc phn ng do s tng nu
nhit cao.
Nhit ti u cho phn ng chuyn ho ph thuc vo hot tnh ca cht xc tc
v thnh phn ca kh. iu ny c ngha l i vi phn ng chuyn ho CO s c
mt nhit ti u ph thuc vo hot tnh xc tc v tc dng chy, n s cho ra
mt chuyn ho ti u. Do chuyn ho CO c hnh thnh qua hai bc
m bo lng d CO thp v hnh thnh sn phm ph thp.
Bc th nht thc hin trong thit b chuyn ho CO nhit cao 10-R-2004,
c lp t xc tc SK-201-2 oxit crom tng cng bng oxit st.
Xc tc SK-201-2 c th hot ng lin tc trong khong nhit 320-500 oC.Xc
tc cn mi nn hot ng nhit kh u vo khong 360 oC. Sau , do lo ho xc
tc m nhit ti u u vo tng ln, ng thi nhit u ra khng t n 480
o
C, hot tnh xc tc s gim t t. S lo ho xc tc tng ln do ngng my, ch yu
l ngng my khn cp.

Ct li chnh ca phn ng y l gy ra nhit tng ln t 70-100 oC. Nhit
u ra c th ln ti 480 C vi xc tc ny.
Bc th hai c thc hin trong thit b chuyn ho CO nhit thp, ti y
c np hai loi xc tc khc nhau.Lp trn nh l xc tc crome LSK hot ng
nh l bo v chng clo.
Lng xc tc ln hn l LK-821-2, n bao gm oxt ng km crm hoc nhm
v n c hot tnh cao hn.N c th c dng khong nhit thp 170-250
36
o
C.Nhit u vo nn khng ch t nht trn nhit im sng 15-20 C ca hi
nc gim ti thiu nguy c ngng t hi nc.

III.1.2. Thit b chuyn ho CO nhit cao
Bng 5: Xc tc SK-201-2
Tn xc tc
SK-201-2
Dng
Vin
Kch thc, mm
6x6
Thnh phn
Fe/Cu/Cr (No Cr+)
Tp cht
<150
Bnh chuyn ho CO nhit cao 10-R-2004 cha cht xc tc SK-201-2, c

lp t trong mt lp c nh. Cht xc tc l hn hp crm oxit c tng cng st
oxit di dng ht ng knh 6mm v cao 6mm, dng 7 l nh. Xc tc c phn
phi trng thi oxt nn n khng nh hng bi khng kh, hi nc, CO2 v kh
tr nhit cao. Tuy nhin do qu trnh ti kt tinh c th xy ra nn xc tc dng
oxt khng nn b nung nng nhit ln hn 400 oC.
Xc tc c np l trng thi oxt cao nht.Qu trnh hon nguyn c thc
hin bng kh cng ngh c cha hydro vo lc khi ng cng on reforming.
Xc tc khng nn tip xc vi kh hydro hoc CO kh, chng c th lm hng xc
tc.
Khi cn mi, xc tc c th hot ng nhit kh u vo l 350 oC. Sau nhit
ti u u vo s cao hn, nhng ng thi nhit u ra khng t n 460 oC, hot
tnh xc tc s khng nh hng nghim trng n tui th.
Xc tc lnh i c th gia nhit bng hi nc k c khi oxyho v hon nguyn.
Cc git nc ngng t trn xc tc nng c th lm phn hu xc tc.Xc tc rt
nhy cm vi mui v c c th c hnh thnh trong hi nc.Nng Clo nh hn
10 ppm trong kh u vo s khng nh hng n hot tnh xc tc.
37
Do cht xc tc c hot ho c tnh t bc chy, n phi c vn chuyn
mt cch ht sc cn thn trong khi d xc tc.
III.1.3. Thit b chuyn ho CO nhit thp
Bng 6: xc tc chuyn ha CO nhit thp
Tn xc tc
LSK
LK-821-2
Dng
ng trn
ng trn
Kch thc, mm
4.5x4.5
4.5x3.4
Thnh phn
Cu/Zn/Cr
Cu/Zn/Al
Hai cht xc tc c np vo trong bnh chuyn ho CO nhit thp.Lp trn

cng l cht xc tc nn crm (chromium-based catalyst) (LSK).Xc tc cn li l LK821-2.Cht xc tc LK-821-2 cha ng oxit ng, v crm hoc nhm.
Thit b chuyn ho CO nhit thp cha tng cng l 35.7 M3 xc tc.
Kiu xc tc LK-821-2 v LKS ca Topsoe sn xut
Xc tc LKS bo v cho xc tc chuyn ho CO chng li clo v nhng git hi
ngng t.
Khi xc tc trng thi hon nguyn, thng thng nn trnh nhit trn 250
o
C tr phi xc tc cui i.
Nhit vn hnh bnh thng nm khong 170-250 oC.Tip xc vi nhit
300 oC trong thi gian ngn s khng nh hng tn hi n xc tc.

Vn hnh bnh thung nn thc hin nhit cng thp cng tt. Tuy nhin,
nhit gn im sng, hot tnh xc tc c th b gim nc ngng t bn trong
xc tc lm gim b mt t do. Cho nn lc vn hnh nn gi trn nhit im sng
ca kh cng ngh 15-20 oC.
III.1.4. Thu hi nhit tha
Gia hai thit b chuyn ho CO, kh cng ngh c lm ngui bng chui cc
trao i nhit: Thit b cn bng nhit 10-E-2011, b trao i nhit vi hi nc 10-E2010 v b t nng nc l hi s mt 10-E-2012. Kh cng ngh c lm ngui
38
bng chui cc trao i nhit n nhit u vo thit b chuyn ha CO nhit
thp l 190 oC.
Sau thit b chuyn ha CO nhit thp, kh cng ngh c lm ngui bng b
un nng nc l hi s hai 10-E-2013, ni un tripper 10-E-3002 trc khi i vo
cng on tch CO2.
III.2. Lu trnh cng ngh
39
40
III.2.1. Lu trnh chuyn ho CO nhit cao

Nhit u vo thit b chuyn ha CO nhit cao 10-R-2004 c khng ch
bng TIC 2079.
Nhit lp xc tc 3 mc khc nhau c o bng TI-2087 n TI-2092. Nhit
u ra c ch bi TI-2095 v n c trang b bo cnh nhit cao.
Kh cng ngh t 10-R-2004 c lm ngui trong l hi nhit tha s 2 10-E2010 hot ng song song vi thit b cn bng nhit 10-E-2011. Nhit u ra ca
10-E-2010 c o bng TI-2102, n c trang b cnh bo, v nhit u ra ca
10-E-2011 c o bng TI-2096.
Chnh lch nhit gia u ra ca 10-R-2004 v u ra ca 10-E-2011 c ch
ra trn DCS bng TDI-2085 c trang b cnh bo TDAH-2085.
Ton b lu lng kh qua 10-E-2011 c khng ch bng TV-3039B.Van iu
khin TV-3039B c trang b ng c kh ti thiu trnh tch t nc ngng.
Phn phi lng nhit gia 10-E-2011 v 10-E-2010 c thc hin bi mt trong
hai van bm t u ra ca trao i nhit. Van bm u ra ca 10-E-2010 c
trang b dng ti thiu m bo rng lu lng khng b c lp hon ton.
Sau khi trn hai dng kh cng ngh, nhit kh n 10-E-2012 c o bng TI2097.
Vn hnh 10-R-2004 nn ti u ha chuyn ha CO cc i, iu ny c hnh
thnh bng cch thay i nhit u vo.
III.2.2. Lu trnh chuyn ho CO nhit thp
Nhit u vo ca thit b chuyn ho CO nhit thp (10-R-2005) c iu
khin bi 10-TIC-2111. B iu khin ny iu khin ng tt ca b trao i nhit
nc un nng s 1 (10-E-2012 A/B).
Mt van bm c t ti u ra ca b trao i nhit 10-E-2012 A/B nhm m
bo gim p cn thit cho 10-TV-2111 hoch ng ng chc nng trong khi nh
my vn hnh vi cng sut thp.Van bm c cung cp vi mt c ch ngng c
41
hc ti thiu duy tr lu lng qua b trao i nhit 10-E-2012 A/B khi b chn
hon ton.
Nhit ti u vo v u ra ca thit b chuyn ho CO nhit thp v ca cht
xc tc c o ti bn mc khc nhau. S nhit trong cht xc tc v s
nhit gia tng dc theo bnh chuyn ho l kim ch nam cho hoch ng ca cht
xc tc. Hot ng ca cht xc tc c th c kim tra bi qu trnh phn tch CO
c thc hin bi my phn tch 10-AI-2076 hoc qua cc mu xt nghim c thc
hin bi 10-AP-2566.
Thit b chuyn ho CO nhit thp c th b c lp gia cc van 10-HV-2081 v
van 10-HV-2082 v ng gn qua van 10-HV-2083. 10-R-2005 b c lp bi chui
kho lin ng I-205.
Cht xc tc trong bnh chuyn ho CO nhit thp c th b tn hi nu c s
hin din nc trong dng kh qu trnh ti u vo ca bnh chuyn ho hoc qu
trnh ngng t nc xy ra trn cht xc tc. Chnh v vy, nhm an ton kho lin
ng IS-3 s kch hot I-205 c lp bnh chuyn ho 10-R-2005 bi v hi nc bo
v sau c php a vo b trao i nhit tin gia nhit khng kh qu trnh 10-E2002, iu ny s gia tng nhit im ngng t (dew point) ca kh qu trnh. Thit
b chuyn ha 10-R-2005 c th b c lp bi kch hoch bng tay I-205. Phng tin
ny c s dng trong khi ng v ngng hoch ng nh my.
Trong khi b c lp khi dy chuyn cng ngh, thit b chuyn ho CO nhit
thp c th c ni vi h thng tun hon nit.Cng tc ny c thc hin trong
gia nhit v trong vic kh cht xc tc.
Trong qu trnh gia nhit, nu nhm kho lin ng (IS-1) ca reformer s cp b
ngt, hoc nu nhm an ton kho lin ng ca b phn tch CO2 (IS-5) b ngt, kh
qu trnh s c tho ra mt cch t ng thng qua van iu khin p sut 10-PV2076, c t ti u ra ca bnh chuyn ho CO nhit thp.
42
III.3. Thit b phn ng

III.3.1. Thit b chuyn ho CO nhit cao R-2004
43
Hnh 6: Thit b chuyn ho CO nhit cao
A: u vo kch thc 24 inch
B: u ra kch thc 24 inch
H1: ca tay, c th th tay vo hoc quan st 16 inch
H2: ca tay, c th th tay vo hoc quan st kch thc 12 inch
M1: ca ngi kch thc 24 inch
T1-6: l 6 thit b o nhit kch thc 1.5 inch
S: van an ton kch thc 2 inch
III.3.2. Thit b chuyn ho CO nhit thp R-2005
44
Hnh 7: Thit b chuyn ho CO nhit thp

A: u vo kch thc 24 inch
B: u ra kch thc 24 inch
H1: ca tay, c th th tay vo hoc quan st 16 inch
H2: ca tay, c th th tay vo hoc quan st kch thc 22 inch
M1: ca ngi kch thc 24 inch
T1-8: l 8 thit b o nhit kch thc 1.5 inch
S: van an ton kch thc 3 inch
45
III.3.3 Cu to vng vt liu bo v lp xc tc trong thit b
Hnh 8: m t vng vt liu bo v xc tc

Vi Dp = 1804mm
46
H = 620 mm
D2 =2255mm
Vng bo v xc tc c cu to gm 2 lp li thp chn nh hnh v v gia
dng lp bi nhm ng knh 1 inch, cn vi thit b chuyn ha CO nhit thp th
bi ny l cht liu ceramic.
III.4. Mt s vn khi vn hnh
III.4.1. Cc nguyn nhn gy ng c xc tc:
Silica, Phosphorous Alkali nh hng: lm kn cc l mao qun
Chlorine, Sulphur nh hng: lm gim hot tnh xc tc
Qu nhit trong thit b, qu nhit cc b vt qua gii hn chu nhit ca xc tc
Lu hunh c trong kh cng ngh cha c lm sch ti mc t yu cu chng ng
c cho xc tc
Hi nc cha mui kim loi cng c kh nng lm ng c xc tc
Clo l nguyn nhn gy ng c cc mnh vi xc tc trong thit b chuyn ho CO
nhit thp, do vy trong thit b ny cn 2 lp xc tc vi lp trn bo v cho lp
xc tc t tin di.
III.4.2. Nhit nh hng ti phn ng
Qu trnh tng nhit ra khi 10-R-2004 v 10-R-2005 th phi xem li thit b
trc v chuyn ho tng ln l iu khng xy ra vi xc tc ang vn hnh, nu
nhit gim th c th l do chuyn ho gim trong thit b, kim tra li cc vn
v c th xc tc gp s c.
III.4.3. T l hi nc trong hn hp kh cng ngh
T l hi nc cao s lm tng p sut ring phn v tng nhit im sng gy
d ngng t v dn n nhit cng ngh s khng an ton na.
Hi nc ngng t trong xc tc s nm trong xc tc v khi bc hi gy v xc
tc lm tng tr lc cc b vi dng kh gy gim chuyn ho do qu trnh di chuyn
khng u.
47
IV. TCH CO2

IV.1. Tng quan v qu trnh tch CO2
Kh cng ngh sau khi qua qu trnh chuyn ha CO c a sang tch CO 2
nhm phc v 2 mc ch:
-
Loi b cu t khng cn thit v nh hng khng tt n tng hp NH3

Thu CO2 cp cho qu trnh tng hp Ure.
Tch CO2 bng phng php hp th s dng dung dch MDEA hot ha vi thnh
phn:
-
MDEA (metyl dietanol amine): chim 37-38% khi lng.
Piperazine: cht hot ha, vai tr tng tc qu trnh chuyn CO 2 t pha kh vo

pha lng, chim 3% khi lng
Phn cn li trong dung dch l nc.
Cc phn ng xy ra:
R3N + H2O + CO2
2R2NH + CO2
R3NH+ + HCO3-
(1)
R2NH2+ + R2N-COO-
(2)
(1) m t phn ng ca MDEA, (2) m t phn ng ca piperazine.

48
Qu trnh thc hin theo cng ngh hp th 2 cp ca BASF, s dng 2 dng dung
dch ngho v bn ngho (quy c theo nng CO2 trong dung dch).
Dung dch ngho l dung dch cha lng CO 2 gn bng 0, c ti sinh bng h
p nh hp th v chng ct.
Dung dch bn ngho l dung dch cn cha nhiu CO 2 do cha qua ti sinh bng
chng ct.
Kh u vo cha c 18.2% mole CO2 (tnh theo kh kh). Phn ln CO2 c tch
pha di ca thp hp th nh dng dung dch bn ngho, phn cn li c tch nh
dng dung dch ngho. Ra khi thp hp th nng CO 2 cn khong 500 ppm (tnh
theo kh kh).
IV.2. M t cng ngh
Hnh 9: S cng ngh cng on tch CO2

C th chia cng ngh thnh 3 cng on: hp th, nh nhp th v chng ti
sinh dung mi thc hin theo lu trnh nh hnh trn.
49
Kh cng ngh c lm lnh n c 750C i vo thit b tch nc ngng V3004, sau a vo thp hp th 2 cp. Phn di ca thp s dng dung dch
MDEA cha qua chng ct ti sinh (gi l dung dch bn ngho) lm dch hp th,
phn ln CO2 c tch y. Mt lng nh CO 2 cn li c tch pha trn ca
thp bng dung dch MDEA ti sinh (dung dch ngho). Theo thit k, qu trnh hp
th thiu ht mt lng nc iu chnh bng nc b sung. Dng nc ra c
a vo nh thp s hp th lng MDEA b cun theo kh quay tr li ng thi m
bo cn bng nc cho qu trnh. Kh ra khi thp c a sang cm methane ha
tch trit CO v CO2.
Thp hp th vn hnh p sut c 27.5 bar. Dch giu ra khi y thp a
sang h thng gii hp th gm 2 thp hot ng p sut cao v p sut thp. Mc
ch ca qu trnh ti sinh nhm thu dung dch bn ngho v thu CO 2 tinh khit cp
cho tng hp ure.
Trc khi vo thp tch p sut cao (5.5 bar) V-3002, dung dch c h p
xung cn 5.9 bar nh turbine thy lc HT-3001. Cng sinh nh turbine s dng
chy bm dung dch bn thun P-3001.
Qu trnh nh hp th u tin nh phn nh trc nn ti thp tch p sut cao
th hu ht ton b kh tr gm N2, H2, CO c loi khi dng kh. nhm loi b
trit cc tp kh nn ngi ta chp nhn mt mt lng CO 2 vo dng kh tr ra
khi V-3002, kh ny a sang lm nhin liu t l reforming s cp. Dng dch ra t
y V-3002 c y ln V-3001 nh s chnh lch p sut gia hai thit b.Thp tch
p sut thp V-3001 vn hnh c 0.28 bar, p sut ny iu chnh bng p bnh
tch nc ngng V-3003 t 0.2 bar.
Dng CO2 i ra t nh thp c nhit tm 72 0C trng thi bo ha hi nc
qua thit b lm lnh xung 450C v tch nc ngng t, phn nc ny hi bm tr
v V-3001 ng vai tr nh dng nc ra nh thp, trnh tht thot amine v c
tho i khi lng nc trong thp vt mc cho php.
Dung dch sau khi gii hp th p sut thp vn cn cha mt lng CO 2 gi
l dung dch bn ngho. Phn ln c bm v lm cht hp th T-3002, phn cn
50
li a sang thp chng T-3001 ti sinh thu dung dch ngho cp cho phn trn ca
thp hp th. Nhit ca thp chng c khng ch nh b trao i nhit E-3002
vi dng kh cng ngh y thp. Thp vn hnh p sut 0.34 bar. Kh ra khi nh
thp a v y ca V-3001 nhm tng hiu qu cho qu trnh nh hp th.
Thnh phn cc dung dch cn m bo nh sau:

Bng 7: Thnh phn dung dch
Lu lng (tn/h)
Nng
Dung dch ngho
Dung
dch
bn Dung dch giu
331
ngho
1825
2228
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
37.6
3.0
59.1
5.4
0
0
0
0
0
35
2.8
56.8
7.6
1 ppm
16 ppm
40 ppm
1 ppm
< 1 ppm
34.3
2.7
55.4
CO2
(%khi lng)
CO
H2
N2
CH4
Ar
MDEA
Piperazine
H2 O
Dng nc ra nh thp c lu lng 894 kg/h.

IV.3. Cc yu t nh hng n cm tch CO2
IV.3.1. Nhit dng kh nguyn liu
Nhit kh nguyn liu vo thp hp th quyt nh mc tch nc ngng
V-3004. Nu nhit ny nh hn thit k dn n tch nhiu hn lm mt nc
trong dng dch c th dn n mt cn bng nc. Khi cn b sung nc bng
dng nc ra nh thp.
Nu nhit ny cao hn thit k dn n hiu qu tch khng t yu cu, khi
c kh nng lm long dch trong thp.Nhit thit k l 75 0C c iu chnh
bng cch iu chnh dng nc lm lnh qua E-3005.
51
IV.3.2. p sut dng kh nguyn liu
Qu trnh hp th thun li nhit thp, p sut cao.Khi p sut nh hn p
sut thit k s lm gim hiu sut qu trnh hp th. Khi p sut ln hn p sut thit
k th mc hp th c th tng nhng khi vn tc dng kh tng c nguy c dch
chy khng kp vi ti axit, khi vn tc kh qu ln s gy hin tng cun lng trong
thp dn n sc thp.
p sut ny c khng ch nh mt van nh thp V-3004.Khi thy p sut tng
qu mc cho php, iu khin van m x bt kh gim p.
IV.3.3. Nhit dung dch ngho
Nhit thp thun li cho qu trnh hp th nn lng CO 2 trong kh u ra s
gim i, tuy nhin nhit thp lm gim nhit dung dch giu ra khi y thp nh
hng n qu trnh ti sinh.Nhit cao lm gim hiu qu qu trnh dn n r r
CO2 ti nh thp.Nhit ny iu chnh bng dng nc lm lnh qua E-3004.
IV.3.4. Lu lng dung dch
Phn ln CO2 c tch phn di ca thp bng dung dch bn ngho nn
khi lu lng dch bn ngho khng s lm ti axit i vi dung dch ngho tng
gy ra mt mt CO2theo dng kh qu trnh i sang methane ha. Lu lng dung dch
bn ngho c iu chnh bi mt van FIC t trn ng ng y ca bm P-3001.
IV.3.5. Nng amine
Khi nng dch hp th b long lm gim hiu sut qu trnh hp th, mt
CO2. Khi cn b sung amine bng cch a dung dch b sung vo y thp chng.
Nng dung dch b sung c th ln hn 40%.
IV.3.6. p sut bnh tch p sut cao V-3002
Theo nguyn tc gii hp th, p sut cng thp cng tt tch ht phn tr,
m bo tinh khit cho sn phm.Tuy nhin nu thp qu th s gy tch qu mc
lm mt sn phm.p sut ny c iu chnh bng mt van PIC t ti ng kh
tr ra khi V-3002 (dng flash gas).
52
IV.3.7. Qu trnh un si dung dch y thp chng
Khi nhit y thp chng gim, qu trnh bay hi gim dn n nng
amine khng m bo. ng thi lng CO2 i theo dng dung dch y thp tng, sau
khi qua ng ng n bm c th bay hi ti u ht ca bm P-3002 gy hin tng
xm thc.
Khi nhit tng, qu trnh bay hi din ra mnh hn, lng hi trong y thp tng,
tc hi cng tng ln gy tr lc cho dng lng chy xung v ph hy lp m.
n mt gii hn no hi ny s cun vng lng ra ngoi.
Nhit y thp chng c iu chnh bng b trao i nhit y thp E-3002.
IV.4. Thit b chnh
IV.4.1. Thp chng ct T-3001
Thp m s dng m loi Pall 2, chia lm 2 lp mi lp cao 5m. ng
knh 2.75 m. Ch vn hnh ti 0.34 bar, nhit y thp gi n nh 112 0C, kh
i khi nh thp c nhit 91 0C. Khi thy nhit ti nh tng c ngha nhit
vn hnh ca thp b tng cn khc phc bng cch iu chnh s gia nhit y
thp.
53
Hnh 10: Thp chng ct T-3001

IV.4.2. Thp tch p sut V-3001
Thp c ng knh 5.2m cha mt lp m Pall 2cao 6m. Pha trn c 2 a
chp tng tip xc pha gia dng nc ra v dng kh thu hi amine b cun
theo.
54
Hnh 11: Thp tch p sut thp V-3001

IV.4.3. Thp tch p sut cao V-3002
Hnh 12 : Thp tch p sut cao V-3002

Thp c ng knh 4m cha mt lp m Pall 2 cao 3m.Trong thc t, hai
thp V-3001 v V-3002 c xp chng (xem s cng ngh) nhm mc ch tng
55
chiu cao ht cho bm P-3003, tit kim nng lng chy bm. Khi dng kh cng
ngh i t V-3002 n V-3001 do b tt p trn ng ng dn n ng ng b rung.
Hin cha c cch khc phc hin tng ny.
IV.4.4. Thp hp th hai cp T-3002
Hnh 13: Thp hp th hai cp T-3002

Phn di ca thp l phn c ng knh ln 4,38m, cha 2 lp m Intalox
2, mi lp cao 6m. Phn trn c ng knh 2.87m, cha 2 lp m intalox 1, mi
lp cao 6.5m. Pha trn c t 3 a chp tng tip xc pha gia dng kh v dng
nc nhm thu hi amine a tr li dng dch.
56
IV.4.5. Bm tun hon dch
Bm dung dch ngho: P-3002 A/B, bm li tm, cng sut 560 kW, chy bng
m t.
Bm dung dch bn ngho: P-3001 A/B, bm li tm, cng sut 1830 kW, chy bng
m t kt hp vi turbine HT-3001. Cng sut ca turbine l 730 kW.
Khi nh my ang vn hnh, mt bm chy tun hon dch, mt bm ch ch
(auto start) vi nng sut nh nhau. Mc ch khi c s c xy ra lm cht
bmhoc do ngi vn hnh ch ng dng bm th bm kia t ng chy m bo
lun c dng dch tun hon.
V. Metan ha
V.1. Mc ch:
Bc tinh ch kh cui cng trc khi vo thp tng hp l metan ho, mt qu
trnh m cc loi cacbon oxit d s c chuyn ho thnh metan. Metan ng vai tr
nh mt kh tr trong chu trnh tng hp amnic. Ngc li, cc hp cht cha oxy
nh l cacbon oxit (CO v CO2) l cc k c hi i vi cht xc tc tng hp
amnic.
V.2. M t cng ngh tng qut:
Qu trnh metan ho xy ra trong bnh metan ho 10-R-3001vi cht xc tc PK7R: Ni (25-30%),NiO (1-5%), Al2O3 (60-70%), v cc phn ng lin quan l nhng
phn ng ngc ca phn ng reforming:
CO + 3H2
CH4 + H2O + Q
CO2 + 4H2
CH4 + 2H2O + Q
Cc i lng c tnh cht quyt nh n cc phn ng metan ho l : hot tnh

ca cht xc tc nhit , p sut, v hm lng hi nc trong kh cng ngh :
Nhit thp, p sut cao v hm lng hi nc thp gip cho cn bng ho
hc ca phn ng chuyn v pha metan ho. Nhit tng th tc phn ng
tng nhng khng c cao qu s lm hng thit b Metan ha do nhit v nh
hng xc tc, lm gi ci xc tc.
57
Trong khong nhit c gi l 280-450 oC, tuy nhin, cc iu kin cn
bng l hon ton c li n mc hot tnh xc tc trn thc t ch l mt nhn
t xc nh hiu sut ca qu trnh metan ho. Hot tnh ca cht xc tc tng
khi tng nhit , nhng tui th ca cht xc tc li gim i.
Nhit u vo ca bnh metan ho 10-R-3001 c thit k l 300 oC ti lc
khi ng. Kh ra khi thit b metan ho thng thng cha b hn 10 ppm
CO+CO2, nhit tng qua lp xc tc thng thng nm trong khong 20oC.
Phn ng metan ho bt u nhit khong 210 oC, nhng m bo hiu
qu hm lng CO v CO2 thp trong trong kh tng hp, nhit vn hnh
nn trong khong 250-340 oC tu thuc vo hot tnh xc tc v thnh phn kh
cng ngh.
Nhit pht nhit tng ln l 740C/%mol CO v 600C/%mol CO2.
Kh cng ngh i vo cng on metan ho c m t nh sau:
Hnh 14: Cng on Metan ha

Kh cng ngh t thp hp th CO2 (10-T-3002) c gia nhit n nhit ny
khi chng i qua b trao i nhit kh-kh 10-E-3011 v b cn bng nhit (10-E2011).
Trong vn hnh bnh thng, nhit tng qua lp xc tc cn nm trong khong
20oC, tng ng vi nhit u ra khong 320 oC. B trao i nhit kh-kh 10-E3011 lm lnh kh c tinh lc n khong 74 oC. Kh sau c dn n b lm
58
lnh cui cng 10-E-3021 v b tch kh cui cng 10-V-3011, ni m nc ngng t
c tch ra khi kh cng ngh.
T thit b tch kh cui cng kh nguyn liu cho tng hp amonic c a
n my nn kh tng hp.
Kh sau khi tinh ch cha N 2, H2 vi mt t l kh tr nh Ar v CH 4 khong
1,3% mol. T l thch hp ca H2 v N2 s ph thuc vo vic b thu hi hydro (HRU)
c lm vic hay khng. Nu HRU khng c a vo vn hnh, t l l gn 3:1. Nu
HRU c a vo vn hnh, t l c iu chnh sao cho t l H 2:N2 trong kh tng
hp sau khi thm hydro thu hi c s l 3:1.
V.3. Thit b Metan ha
Bnh Metan ha 10-R-3001 c mt lp xc tc loi PK-7R c th tch 20.4 m3.
Hnh 16: Thit b metan ha

A : Kh vo
M1 : Manhole
59
B : Kh ra
T1,T2,T3,T4 : Thit b o nhit
H1, H2 : L kim tra
S : Van an ton
Hnh 15 : Thit b Metan ha

Phn ng Metan ha bt u nhit di 280 oC v gy ra s gia tng nhit
trong lp xc tc. S gia tng nhit tng ph thuc vo hm lng CO v CO 2
trong kh cng ngh. C 1% CO th nhit tng ln l 65oC v 1% CO2 th nhit
tng ln l 70oC. Nu hm lng CO v CO2 cao qu s lm gia tng nhit trong
thit b metan ha v lm hng thit b cng nh xc tc bn trong.
Nhit u vo cn c iu khin m bo hm lng CO v CO 2 thp trong
kh u ra, nhit u vo l khong 300oC l tt nht ti thi im khi ng.
V.4. Xc tc
Xc tc cho phn ng metan ha l PK-7R c thnh phn Ni (25-30%),NiO (15%), Al2O3 (60-70%). Kch thc ht xc tc l 6mm. Xc tc c c im ging nh
xc tc Reforming l xc tc Niken trn cht mang Ceramic. Nhng phn ng Metan
ha c thc hin nhit thp hn rt nhiu so vi phn ng trong Reformer, nn
xc tc phi rt hot tnh nhit thp.
Cht xc tc metan ha khng c php tip xc vi nhit ln hn 420 oC trong
mt khong thi gian di. nhit di 200 oC c nguy c hnh thnh Niken
cacbonyl. Cht xc tc a vo hot ng c th t chy, v vy xc tc cn c
lm mt trc khi c tho ra ngoi thit b phn ng.
Cht xc tc rt nhy cm vi cc hp cht cha Lu hunh v Clo. Hi nc
khng c mt Hydro s oxy ha cht xc tc v do khng c dng trong qu
trnh gia nhit, lm lnh hoc ty. Hn na, cht xc tc khng c php tip xc vi
hi nc ngng t, v iu ny c th gy nn s phn r.
S gim hot tnh xc tc c th do nhng nguyn nhn sau :
Gi ci do nhit, xc tc khng c php tip xc vi nhit ln hn 420 oC
trong thi gian di.
Ng c dn do nhng tp cht trong kh nguyn liu u vo nh Lu hunh,
Kali, Asen ;
60
Ri lon chc nng ca h thng tch CO 2 ( b phn MDEA ) gy nn hu qu
l hm lng CO cao bt thng gy nn s gia tng nhit cao trong lp xc
tc.
Khi cht xc tc tr nn gi ci, n s mt dn hot tnh, iu ny c th c b
tr bng cch tng nhit . Hot ha cht xc tc c thc hin mt cch n gin
bng cch gia nhit trong kh qu trnh bnh thng. Hm lng CO v CO 2 trong kh
c dng trong qu trnh hot ha phi mc thp nh c th, tt nht l di 1%
mol CO + CO2 nhm gim thiu s gia tng nhit ca lp xc tc.
VI. Cng on tng hp Amonic
Hnh 17: S khi cm tng hp Amonic

VI.1. L thuyt qu trnh
Qu trnh tng hp Amonic xy ra theo phn ng :
3H2 +N2 2NH3 + 11Kcal/mol NH3 to thnh
Theo quy lut ca cn bng ha hc, s cn bng c th bin i nh sau :
((H2)3xN2)/(NH3)2 = K
61
C ngha l trong hn hp kh H 2 , N2, NH3 nng amonic s theo t l nng
ca H2 v N2. Cc gi tr cn bng amonic xc nh gii hn m ti phn ng theo
l thuyt c th xy ra p sut v nhit c xc nh. K l hng s nu nhit
l khng i.
Phn ng tng hp NH3 i km theo l ta nhit v gim s mol. Nng amonic
iu kin cn bng tng khi nhit gim v p sut tng.
Nu c s hin din ca kh tr nh l Argon v metan, nng amonic iu
kin cn bng c th xc nh nh sau :
Zeq i = [ (1 lo)/(1 + lo)] . Zeq o
Trong :
Zeq i: Phn mol NH3 cn bng khi c kh tr
Zeq o: Phn mol NH3 cn bng khi khng c kh tr
lo: Phn mol ca kh tr, vi gi nh NH3 b phn hy thnh H2 v N2
Bn cnh iu kin cn bng, ng hc ca vic hnh thnh amonic cng rt
quan trng. Tc phn ng hnh thnh NH3 ph thuc vo hai yu t i lp nhau :
Tc phn ng tng khi tng nhit . y l yu t chung p dng cho
bt k phn ng ha hc no.
Khi gim nhit v tng p sut, cn bng s chuyn v hng hnh
thnh amonic.
C th nh sau: Yu t th nht chim u th nhit khong 400 oC . Tc
hnh thnh amonic c th tng khi tng nhit . Ngc li, nhit hn 500 oC, s
cch bit vi iu kin cn bng l rt nh, gim nhit s lm tng tc hnh
thnh NH3.
Tc phn ng tng nh xc tc. Khng c xc tc, nhit 400 oC theo thc t
vic hnh thnh amonic l bng khng.
VI.2. Tng hp amonic
Qu trnh tng hp amonic xy ra trong bnh tng hp amonic ( 10-R-5001 )
theo phn ng di y:
3H2 + N2 2NH3 + Q
62
y l phn ng thun nghch v ch mt phn hydro v nito c chuyn ha
thnh Amonic khi kh tng hp i qua lp xc tc. p sut cao v nhit thp gip
cho cn bng ha hc chuyn v pha tng hp NH 3. Do tc phn ng c tng
ln rt nhiu nu tng nhit , s la chn nhit phi da trn cn bng ha hc
trn l thuyt v tc t n s cn bng . Trong thit b tng hp NH 3 khong
25% Nito v Hydro c chuyn ha thnh NH3.Phn khng chuyn ha c cn li
s c ti sinh n bnh tng hp sau mt qu trnh tch Amonic thnh phm di
dng lng.
Chu trnh tng hp Amonic c thit k vi mt p sut ti a l 152 barg. p
sut vn hnh bnh thng s l 137 barg trong bnh tng hp amonic, ph thuc vo
ph ti v hot tnh ca cht xc tc. Khi ph ti gim, p sut chu trnh tng hp s
gim theo.
Nhit vn hnh lp xc tc th nht l 360 485 oC v lp xc tc th
hai l 370 445oC trong thit b phn ng 10-R-5001.
Sau khi kh tng hp i qua 10-R-5001, kh i ra c lm lnh xung nhit
ti hu ht amonic c ngng t. Mt lng nhit ng k gii phng trong phn
ng tng hp amonic c s dng sn xut hi nc siu p trong ni hi nhit
tha 10-E-5001 v gia nhit nc l hi p sut cao trong 10-E-5002.
Kh tng hp tinh khit cha mt lng nh tp cht, ch yu l cc kh tr CH 4
v Ar. Mt dng phng khng lin tc t chu trnh tng hp l cn thit trnh s
tch t ca nhng kh tr ny trong chu trnh tng hp.
VI.2.1. Chu trnh tng hp
63
Hnh 18: Chu trnh tng hp amonic

Kh tng hp c tinh lc t b phn metan ha cha N 2 , H2 , kh tr Ar, CH4
vi nng thp 1.3%, t l thch hp H 2 v N2 ph thuc b thu hi Hydro cho t l
xp x 3.0. kh tng hp ny c nn n khong 132 barg trc khi n c a vo
trong chu trnh tng hp. Kh make-up c lm lnh trong b lm lnh ( chiller ) kh
make up 10-R-5009 v c a vo trong chu trnh tng hp gia b lm lnh th
hai 10-E-5007 v b lm lnh amonic th hai 10-E-5008, sau khi kh phng khng
c loi b ti u ra ca b lm lanh th hai. Kh i ra t bnh tng hp c lm
lnh theo tng bc, trc ht trong ni hi nhit tha 10-E-5001 t nhit 440 oC
xung 340oC. Tip theo , khi c lm lnh n khong 280-290 oC trong b gia
nhit nc l hi 10-E-5002 v trong b trao i nhit nng 10-E-5003, ni m kh
tng hp c lm lnh n 65 oC nh gia nhit kh u vo ca bnh tng hp. Kh
tng hp sau c lm lnh n 41 oC trong b lm lnh nc 10-E-5004 v xung
thp hn, n 34-35oC trong b lm lnh th nht 10-E-5005, c dng gia nhit
kh u vo ca bnh tng hp.
64
Hnh 19: Chu trnh tng hp amonic ( tip )

Qu trnh lm lnh cui cng ca kh tng hp n -5 oC xy ra trong b lm
lnh amonic th nht 10-E-5006, b lm lnh th hai 10-E5007 v cui cng l b
lm lnh amonic th hai 10-E-5008. Amonic ngng t c tch ra khi kh tng
hp tun hon trong bnh tch amonic 10-V-5001. T bnh tch, kh c tun hon
tr li n bnh tng hp amonic thng qua b lm lnh th hai, b lm lnh th nht
v cui cng, qua b trao i nhit nng n bnh tng hp amonic nh my nn tun
hon l mt phn ca my nn tng hp 10-K-4031.
Kh make-up i vo chu trnh tng hp c hm lng nc trng thi bo ha
v cha ng du vt CO v CO2. Nng hi nc trong kh make-up l khong 200
phn triu. N s c tch nh s hp th vo trong amonic ngng t. CO 2 trong kh
make-up s phn ng vi c hai amonic lng v kh, hnh thnh amoni cacbamat.
2NH3 + CO2 NH4-CO-NH2
Cacbamat hnh thnh sau ha tan vo trong amonic ngng t. CO ch ha
tan rt t trong amonic, do , n s i qua my nn tun hon n bnh tng hp
amonic, ni m n b hydro ha thnh nc v metan (tng t qu trnh metan ha).
Do cc hp cht cha oxy lm gim hot tnh ca cht xc tc tng hp amonic, hm
lng CO trong kh make-up phi c duy tr mc thp nht c th.
65
VI.2.2. Nng amonic u vo bnh tng hp:
Nng amonic u vo bnh tng hp l quan trng t chuyn ha
trong bnh tng hp. Nng amonic u vo bnh tng hp thp s cho kh nng
phn ng cao hn v nng sut sn phm cao. Nng amonic u vo bnh tng
hp ph thuc vo mc lm lnh trong cc chiller v p sut vn hnh. Nng
4.10% NH3 u vo bnh tng hp tng ng vi -5 oC 131barg trong bnh tch
NH3 10-V-5001
VI.2.3. Cc kh tr/ kh phng khng
Kh make-up cha ng mt lng nh metan v argon. Nhng kh ny l tr khi
i qua bnh tng hp m khng lm thay i v mt ha hc. Nhng kh ny s tch t
trong chu trnh tng hp, v mt nng ca nhng kh ny s tng ln cho n khi
lng kh tr c tch ra khi chu trnh tng hp. Mt vi kh tr ha tan trong sn
phm lng s c tch ra khi kh tng hp trong bnh tch amonic. Lng kh tr
ri khi chu trnh bng cch ny t l thun vi p sut ring phn ca cc kh tr.
Lng ny gii thch ti sao ch mt lng nh kh tr ri khi chu trnh tng hp.
Hu ht kh tr c tch ra nh dng kh phng khng.
Khong 20000Nm3/h kh tng hp c phng khng t chu trnh vi hm lng
NH3 khng ng k. Mc phng khng nn iu chnh sao cho mc kh tr ti u
trong chu trnh l khong 8%.
VI.2.4. T l H2/N2
Trong phn ng tng hp amonic, t l H 2/N2 l 3:1. Mt t hydro v nito c
tch khi chu trnh tng hp theo kh phng khng, mt lng nh ha tan trong
amonic lng thnh phm. Theo phng trnh phn ng tng hp, s sai lch khng
ng k ca t l H2/N2 trong kh make-up s dn n s thay i ln t l H 2/N2 ca
kh tng hp tun hon. T l H2/N2 ca kh make-up sau khi thm hydro thu hi c
t b phn thu hi hydro s mc gn 3.0. T l H 2/N2 trong chu trnh tng hp cn
c duy tr mc n nh c th. T l ny c kim sot bi t l H 2/N2 trong kh
make-up nhm t c t l thch hp trong kh tng hp tun hon. T l tt nht
c chn l t 2.8-3.0.
66
VI.3. Bnh tng hp Amonic 10-R-5001
VI.3.1. Thng tin chung:
Bnh tng hp amonic 10-R-5001 thuc loi S-200 vi kh chy qua cc lp xc
tc theo hng knh. Bnh tng hp loi S-200 cha hai lp xc tc v mt b trao i
nhit gia hai lp xc tc .
Hu ht kh tng hp tun hon li c a vo bnh tng hp thng qua hai u
vo chnh ti y ca bnh p sut. Khi i ln pha trn qua khng gian hnh khuyn
gia r xc tc v v bnh. iu ny gip lm lnh v p sut v nhit thit k ca
v c gim i. Ti nh ca bnh tng hp, kh i qua phn ng tup ca b trao i
nhit gia cc lp xc tc, ni m kh i vo c gia nhit n nhit phn ng ca
lp xc tc th nht. Nhit kh ti u vo ca lp xc tc th nht. Nhit kh ti
u vo ca lp ti u vo ca lp xc tc th nht c iu chnh nh ci gi l
kch lnh ( cold shot), chnh l kh tng hp lnh c a vo thng qua ng trung
tm. Kh ri khi lp xc tc th nht c lm lnh nh i qua phn v ca b trao
i nhit gia cc lp xc tc trc khi chng c dn n lp xc tc th hai. Sau
khi qua lp xc tc th hai, kh ri khi bnh tng hp i qua ni hi nhit tha 10-E5001 tn dng nhit phn ng dng sn xut hi nc.
VI.3.2. Xc tc
Cht xc tc tng hp NH3 l xc tc KM1/KM1R c tng cng bi xc tc
st, cha ng mt lng nh oxit khng kh c. Thnh phn chnh ca KM1 l
Fe3O4 v ca KM1R l Fe. Kch thc ht xc tc khong 1.5-3mm. Kch thc ht
nh m bo hot tnh xc tc tng cng cao. Hn na, dng pht tn ca bnh tng
hp cho php s dng nhng ht xc tc nh m khng to ra gim p ln.
Lp xc tc th nht cha xc tc KM1R c th tch 26.9 m 3. Lp xc tc th hai
cha xc tc KM1 c th tch 70.7 m3.
Cht xc tc KM1R qua tin kh c lm bn ( v ha hc ) trong qu trnh sn
xut nh vic oxy ha b mt xc tc. Cht xc tc qua oxy ha mt phn cha
khong 2% khi lng oxy. S lm bn ny lm cho cht xc tc KM1R khng t bc
chy nhit 90-100oC, nhng cao hn 100oC, cht xc tc s phn ng vi oxy v
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nng ln t pht. Cht xc tc c hot ha nh s kh st oxit b mt sang st t do
vi s hnh thnh nc. S kh thc hin vi kh tng hp tun hon.
C ch phn ng trn xc tc c din t nh sau :
u tin l qu trnh hp ph N2 v H2
N v H kt hp to NH
NH kt hp vi H to NH2
Cui cng NH2 kt hp vi H to NH3
Hnh 20: C ch phn ng xc tc

Vic s dng kh tng hp vi t l H 2/N2 gn vi 3/1 cho qu trnh hot ha
KM1/KM1R c hai li th. Th nht l qu trnh sn xut amonic c bt u sm.
Nhit phn ng c to ra cho php tc tun hon kh nhanh hn, tr gip kh
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phn cn li ca cht xc tc. Th hai l nc c hnh thnh bi s kh c tch
khi kh tun hon, nc s ha tan trong amonic lng v ri khi chu trnh tng hp
vi amonic lng trong bnh amonic. iu ny rt quan trng v nc s gy ng c
xc tc.
Cc iu kin nh hng ti xc tc:
Nhit : nhit vn hnh cng thp th hot tnh ca xc tc gim chm v

ko di tui th xc tc, nhng nu thp qu s lm dng qu trnh tng hp
amonic. Nhng nu nhit cao qu s lm gim tui th xc tc, ph v cu
trc xc tc.
Cc cht gy ng c xc tc nh H2O, CO, CO2. Mt lng nh ca nhng
cht ny khin cho hot tnh ca xc tc gim ng k do s oxy ha. Ngoi ra
cn c cc hp cht lu hunh, clo v photpho l cc k c v gy ra s gim
hot tnh vnh vin. Thnh phn S v P mc ti a cho php l 0.15%, v vi Cl
l 0.01%.
VI.3.3. Nhit phn ng trong bnh tng hp 10-R-5001
Ti u vo ca lp xc tc th nht ca bnh tng hp NH3 cn thit phi c nhit
ti thiu l 360oC m bo mt tc phn ng ln. Nu nhit u vo
lp xc tc qu thp so vi mc ny, tc phn ng s tr nn qu chm n mc
nhit c gii phng bi phn ng l qu nh duy tr nhit trong bnh phn
ng. Phn ng s nhanh chng b tt nu ko tin hnh x l ngay. Mt khc, cn phi
duy tr nhit cht xc tc mc thp nht c th ko di tui th xc tc. Thng
thng, cn a kh tng hp vo lp xc tc th nht ti nhit 360-365 oC. Khi i
qua lp xc tc, nhit ca n tng ln n nhit ti a. Ra khi lp xc tc th
nht hn hp kh s c nhit khong 483 oC. Kh u ra t lp xc tc th nht c
lm lnh bi mt phn kh lnh i vo lp th nht. Kh i vo lp xc tc th hai
nhit khong 374oC v ra khi lp xc tc th hai l 441oC.
VI.3.4. Tc tun hon
Nng sut ca chu trnh tng hp vi sn phm amonic tng khi tng tc tun
hon, tuy nhin, sn phm amonic trn mt mt khi kh tng hp s tng ng vi
chnh lch nhit u vo v ra thit b chuyn ha gim i.
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VI.3.5. p sut vn hnh
Chu trnh tng hp c thit k vi p sut ti a l 152 barg v p sut vn hnh
ban u l 137 barg u vo thp tng hp khi vn hnh nng sut, mc kh tr
v thnh phn kh thit k.
Cc yu t nh hng ti p sut vn hnh thc t l nng sut, kh tr, nng
amonic u vo thp tng hp, t l H 2/N2 v hot tnh xc tc. Nng sut tng khi
p sut tng v i vi iu kin cng ngh thit lp, p sut s t n iu chnh sao
cho nng sut s tng ng vi lng kh u vo chu trnh. p sut cu trnh tng khi
tng kh u vo chu trnh, gim lng tun hon hoc tng hm lng kh tr, tng
nng amonic trong kh u vo thp tng hp, thay i t l H 2/N2 so vi im ti
u v gim hot tnh xc tc.
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Hnh 21: Thit b tng hp Amonic 10-R-5001

1: V chu p
6: Mn Falnels
11: V c lp
2: V bo v
7: Mn trung tm
12: Lp xc tc th hai
3: Ming m
8: Li xc tc
13: ng dn dng Cold bypass
4: Lp xc tc th nht
9: Vng ngoi
14: Ca vo kh t nhin
5: ng trao i nhit
10: V ngoi
15: Ca ra
16: Ca vo dng Cold by-pass

71
VI.4. Lm lnh
Mc ch ca b phn lm lnh l thc hin cc nhim v lm lnh khc nhau
trong chu trnh tng hp amonic. Nhim v c bn l ngng t amonic c sn
xut trong bnh tng hp. Cc nhim v khc l lm lnh kh make-up, kh phng
khng v kh tr.
B phn lm lnh bao gm cc thit b chnh sau : Nm b lm lnh ( chiller ) vn
hnh ti hai p sut khc nhau, cng nh my nn amonic, my nn amonic tng
cng, b lm lnh amonic v bnh tch t amonic. Ngoi ra cn c hai bnh K.O
bo v my nn lm lnh khi cc git amonic ; bnh flat ni m amonic make-up
c ly ra v ni m amonic c quay tr li chu trnh lm lnh.
Cc chiller lm lnh bng NH3 v NH3 c kh nng lm lnh tt, hn na li l sn
phm ca cm tng hp nn c tn dng lun. Cu to ca cc Chiller kh c bit,
khc vi cc thit b trao i nhit thng thng. Cc Chiller c cc b phn trao i
nhit, ng thi trong thit b ny cn c mt khong khng bay hi dung mi
lm lnh. Khi s dng, NH3 bay hi, y l qu trnh thu nhit, gip trao i nhit v
h nhit xung, thm ch l nhit m.
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Hnh 22: Qu trnh lm lnh amonic

Thuyt minh qu trnh : Dng NH 3 lng t 10V-5004 c dn i qua trao i
nhit 10E-5012 cp nhit cho dng amnic lng dn sang sn xut ur, do vy sau
khi ra khi 10E-5012 NH3 lng c h nhit xung 20oC. Mi cht sau khi i ra
khi 10E-5012 c dn vo trao i nhit lm lnh 10E-5006 (i bn ngoi ng
chm), c h p sut xung 7 barg trc khi vo 10E-5006. Ti 10E-5006, mt phn
NH3 lng b chuyn trng thi t lng sang kh (bay hi) do ly nhit ca dng lu
cht i trong ng chm. Hi NH3 lng bay ln c dn tp trung vo 10V-5008. Phn
NH3 lng cha b ho hi c tip tc dn sang 10E-5009 (i ngoi ng chm). Ti
10E-5009, NH3 lng cng b bay hi mt phn do ly nhit ca dng kh nng i bn
trong ng chm. NH3 bay ln c p sut 7 barg c dn sang 10V-5008 cng vi hi
NH3 i ra khi 10E-5006. Phn NH 3 lng cha b bay hi kt hp vi dng lng tch
ra t 10V-5005 c dn sang trao i nhit lnh 10E-5008 v 10E-5014. Trc khi i
vo 10E-5008, 10E-5014, NH3 lng c gim p xung 2 barg. Ti hai trao i nhit
73
lm lnh ny (tng t nh ti 10E-5006 v 10E-5009) do ly nhit ca dng lu cht
nng i trong ng chm. NH3 bay ln t hai trao i nhit ny c kt hp dn sang
10V-5007. Phn NH3 lng cn d khng bay hi c dn sang bnh gim p th cp
10V-5003. T 10V-5003, NH3 lng ca chu trnh lnh cng vi mt lng NH 3 xng
ur khng tiu th ht c bm 10P-5001A/B bm v kho cha.
Hi amnic i ra t nh ca 10V-5003 c my nn 10K-4051 nn tng p ln 2
barg ri c dn vo bnh tp trung 10V-5007 cng vi kh amnic i ra khi trao
i nhit lm lnh 10E-5008, 10E-5014. i vo 10V-5007 cn c kh NH 3 i ra E5011. Ti 10V-5007, amnic lng cun theo c tch ra y bnh v hi lu quay
tr li 10E-5008. Kh amnic i ra khi 10V-5007 c p sut 2 barg, nhit -8,9 oC
c dn sang cng v my nn, i vo cp I my nn kh amnic 10K-4041. Nhit
ca dng kh amnic i vo cp nn th nht ca K-4041 c iu chnh bng
mt dng amnic nh (c ly ra t 10V-5004) phun vo ng ng dn kh NH 3
ti 10V-5007.
Hi amnic i ra t 10E-5006 v 10E-5009 c dn vo bnh tch lng 10V5008. Hi amnic i ra khi cp I my nn 10K-4041 sau khi c lm ngui bi
trao i nhit 10E-4041 c dn vo bnh tch lng 10V-5008. Phn amnic lng
tch ra c hi lu tr li trao i nhit lm lnh 10E-5006. Nhit ca dng kh
amnic i vo cp nn th 2 ca K-4041 c iu chnh bng vic phun mt dng
ammonic nh (c ly t 10V-5004) vo dng kh amnic i t 10E-4041 sang
10V-5008. Kh amnic i ra khi 10V-5008 c p sut 7 barg, nhit 31 oC c dn
sang cng v my nn, i vo cp II my nn kh 10K-4041.
Hi amnic i ra khi cp II my nn 10K-4041 c p sut 16,8 barg, nhit
108oC, c dn sang TB lm lnh ngng t 10E-5010A/B ngng t hi amnic.
NH3 i ra khi 10E-5010A/B c nhit 41,5 oC c dn vo bn cha amnic
10V-5004 vn hnh ti p sut 16,6 barg. Ti bn cha 10V-5004, phn kh cha
ngng t (bao gm c kh tr) i ra khi nh bn cha c dn vo trao i nhit
lm lnh 10E-5011 ngng t hi amnic thnh th lng. Hn hp i ra khi 10E5011 c dn sang bnh tch lng cho kh x tr 10V-5005. Ti 10V-5005, phn lng
tch ra c dn vo trn ln vi dng NH3 lng i vo 10E-5008 (nh trnh by
74
trn); phn hi cha c ngng t c dn i nhp vi dng kh i ra t 10V-5002
ri sang cng v thu hi hyr.
Nh vy chu trnh lnh hot ng nh mt vng khp kn mc d vn c mt
lng amnic ln kh tr c trn ln vo hn hp lu cht lnh nhng sau cng
c tch ra 10V-5003 v 10V-5005.
VI.5. Thu hi amonic
Mc ch ca b phn thu hi amonic l thu hi lng amonic trong kh
phng khng t chu trnh tng hp v t cc kh off-gas thp p khc v thu hi
chng li nng 99% amonic lng.
B phn bao gm cc thit b chnh sau y i cng vi cc b trao i nhit, bm
v thng KO :
Thp hp th kh phng khng ( 10-T-5051 )
Thp hp th kh off gas ( 10 T 5052 )
Thp chng ct ( 10 T 5053 )
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Hnh 23: Qu trnh thu hi amonic

Thuyt minh qu trnh: Kh iu chnh c tch lng i ra t 10-V-5014
c dn sang thp hp th amnic cao p (10-E-5051). Khi cm thu hi amnic
cha c a vo hot ng th kh iu chnh sau khi ra khi 10-V-5014 c th c
x vo ng ng gom kh thi mang i t ti u t ngoi tri (ti flare). Amnic
c trong kh iu chnh c hp th bng dung dch sn phm y (lean solution) i
ra ca thp chng ct ammoniac (10-T-5053), sau khi i qua trao i nhit gia dung
dch vo/ra thp chng luyn (10-E-5051) v trao i nhit lm ngui sn phm y
ca thp chng luyn NH3 (10-E-5054), i vo t nh thp hp th cao p (10-T-5051.
Dng
kh
hp
th
tch
loi
phn
ln amnic i ln ra khi nh ca 10T-5051 c dn sang cng v thu hi hyr

thc hin qu trnh x l tch H 2. Khi cng v thu hi hyr cha sn sng a
76
vo hot ng hoc cng v ny hot ng cha n nh th kh ny c dn ti
ng ng thi chnh dn ra u t ngoi tri (flare).
Dung dch i ra khi y ca 10-T-5051, (rich solution) c gim p n 25 barg
ri hp vi dng i ra t y thp hp th amnic thp p (10-T-5052), sau i vo
10-E-5051. Sau khi ly nhit t dung dch i ra t y thp chng ct amnic (10-T5053) ti 10-E-5051, dung dch hp th amnic c dn vo 10T-5053. Ti thp
chng ct, hi amnic bay ra t nh thp c lm ngui ngng t ( p sut 24.5
barg) ti thit b lm lnh ngng t sn phm nh ca thp chng ct (10-E-5052).
Dng lu cht i ra khi 10E-5052 c dn sang bnh tch amnic lng (10-V5051). Ti 10-V-5051, amnic lng c bm mt phn hi lu tr li 10-T-5053,
phn ln nhp vo dng amnic dn sang xng ur bng bm tun hon sn phm
nh ca thp chng ct (10-P-5053A hoc 10-P-5053B). Kh khng ngng i ra khi
10-V-5051 v kh ra 10-V-5005 c dn gia nhp vo ng ng dn kh i ra khi
bnh gim p s cp dung dch amnic (10-V-5002) ri c dn vo thp hp th
amnic thp p (10-T-5052).
Kh (p sut 16.8 barg) khng ngng ra khi bnh tch lng (10-V-5005), kh (p
sut 24 barg) cha ngng t i ra t nh thit b 10-V-5051, c gia nhp vi dng
kh bay ra khi bnh gim p s cp (10-V-5002) ri a n 10-T-5052. Trc khi i
vo 10-T-5052, kh nguyn liu c van iu tit gim p xung n p sut 15.7
barg. Kh t 10-V-5005 n s c gia nhp vi kh t 10-V-5002 sau van iu tit
(downstream), pha n 10-T-5052. Ti thp hp th thp p, kh cha amnic i t
di ln s b hp th bi dung dch c nng amnic rt thp (lean solution) i t
nh thp xung. Dung dch amnic nng thp (sn phm y) i ra thp chng
ct 10-T-5053, trc khi i vo nh ca 10-T-5052 c gim p bng van iu tit,
c lm ngui sau khi cp nhit cho dng nguyn liu u vo ca 10-T-5053 v
c lm lnh nh i qua cc thit b trao i nhit 10-E-5054 va 10-E-5051. Dng
kh b hp th NH 3 i ln, ra khi nh ca 10-T-5052, c p sut 14,7 barg c
dn i gia nhp vo h thng ng ng kh x chnh lm nhin liu t cp nhit cho
thit b Reformer; khi cng v ny hoc cc cng v khc hot ng cha n nh th
dng kh ny c dn ti ng ng dn kh thi n u t ngoi tri (flare).
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Dung dch hp th NH3 i ra t y ca 10-T-5052 c bm 10-P-5052 bm
ti gia nhp vi ng ng chung dn dung dch hp th amnic t thp hp th
cao p sang thp chng luyn, ti v tr sau van iu tit dng t y ca 10-T-5051
sang v trc khi vo trao i nhit 10-E-5051. Sau khi c gia nhit bi dng sn
phm nng i ra t y thit b chng ct, dng dung dch hp th c nng amnic
cao t 10-T-5051 v 10-T-5052 c dn vo 10-T-5053 ti nh phn chng v y
phn luyn. Dng nguyn liu i t trn xung y ca phn chng, ly nhit ca hi
i t di ln v hi amnic tch ra khi dng lng. Dng nguyn liu lng i t trn
xung ng thi cng hp th hi nc c ln trong dng hi amnic bay ln t y
ri i xung y thit b. Dng hi amnic tip tc bay ln ra khi on chng i vo
y ri i ln nh ca on luyn. Cng ging nh qu trnh xy ra on chng, hi
nc c ln trong dng hi amnic i ln b dng hi lu lng i t nh thit b
chng ct hp th xung y on luyn ri vo on chng. Hi amnic (i ln) c
nhit cao cp nhit cho dng hi lu (i xung) v hi amnic b tch ra khi
dng lng. Khi i ln ti nh thp chng ct, nng amnic trong dng hi tng
ln n ch s theo yu cu cng ngh; hi NH 3 ny c i lm lnh ngng t ti E5052 v tch amnic lng (nh trnh by trn). Dng lng i t trn nh thp
xung n y thp c nng amnic thp dn, do amnic b tch ra v cun theo
dng hi i ln, c nhit tng dn. Khi xung ti y thp, dng lng s c nng
amnic thp t theo yu cu tip tc dn tun hon quay tr li hp th amnic
ti 10-T-5051 v 10-T-5052.
Trong qu trnh chng luyn, cp nhit cho qu trnh th dung dch y thit b
chng ct c gia nhit thng qua b gia nhit 10-E-5053 (reboiler). Dng hi nc,
sau khi c lm bo ho, dn vo 10-E-5053 (i trong ng) cp nhit cho dung
dch y ca 10-T-5053. Nhit cp cho dung dch y l nhit do hi nc c nhit
cao ngng t. Dung dch y ca 10-T-5053 c tun hon do s i lu t nhin.
Dung dch y c nhit thp t i vo 10E-5053 v ly nhit do dng hi nc cp.
Dung dch sau khi ly nhit ca hi nc c nhit cao s bay hi mt phn, phn
cn li t i vo tr li y 10-T-5053 do s i lu.
Do trong qu trnh thu hi amnic c mt phn nc b bay hi li cun theo dng
amnic (sn phm chng ct), mt phn tht thot theo dng kh thi nn phi b
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sung mt lng nc nh vy vo qu trnh ny khi nhn thy c s gim ng k
mc cht lng trong thp chng luyn amnic. Lng nc ny c b sung bng
dng hi (trch ra t ng hi i vo 10-E-5053). Nhit dung dch y ca 10-T5053 c duy tr 226oC, nhit ca dng hi i ra khi nh ca 10-T-5053 c
duy tr 60,9oC.
VII. CNG NGH CHUNG CA PHN XNG THU HI CO2
VII.1. Mc ch, ngha ca phn xng
Trong giai on hin nay, vn bo v mi trng l mt trong nhng vn
i hi s quan tm ca tt c x hi.Hiu ng nh knh v tnh hnh nng ln ca tri
t do nh hng khi thi cc nh my cng nghip ang l mi lo ngi ca ngi
dn n bu kh quyn ca tri t.V nguyn nhn ca nhng vn trn chnh l
nng CO2 c thi ra t cc nh my cng nghip.
Nhn thc c tc hi ca CO2 i vi mi trng,ban lnh o nh my
tin hnh xy lp cm phn xng thu hi
CO 2 t khi thi ca qu trnh
Refoming.Vi cm phn xng ny, nh my gp phn bo v mi trng ng

thi tn thu c mt phn CO2 cho qu trnh tng hp Ure, tng thm thu nhp cho
nh my.
VII.2. Cng ngh chung ca cm thu hi CO2
Cm thu hi CO2 bao gm 03 cng on chnh:
-
Lm ngui khi thi (flue gas)
Thu hi CO2
Gii hp (ti sinh dung mi)
Hnh 24: Cng ngh chung cm thu hi CO2

79
VII.2.1. Cng on lm ngui khi thi
Thit b lm ngui khi thi 10-T-1001 l mt thp hnh tr vi m cu trc
bn trong. V nhit khi thi ra khi 10-H-2001 rt cao, phn ng hp th CO2 l
phn ng ta nhit, ng thi gim lng dung mi KS1 tiu th, dng khi thi
trc khi vo thp hp th 10-T-1002 cn phi c lm ngui. Trong thp 10-T-1001,
dng khi thi s c lm ngui bng cch tip xc trc tip vi dng nc tun
hon t nh thp 10-T-1001 trc khi a vo thp hp th CO2, dng nc tun
hon ny c lm ngui qua thit b lm ngui nc lm mt khi thi 10-E-1001.
Khi thi c ly ra t ng khi thi ca 10H2001 v c a n phn
xng thu hi CO2 bng qut 10-K-1001 c lp t ti u ra ca thp lm ngui
10-T-1001. Khi thi ny c x trc tip ra ngoi qua ng khi 10SK2001 ca
xng NH3 trong trng hp qut 10-K-1001 b s c. V vy, nh my s khng b
nh hng trong trng hp phn xng thu hi CO2 b s c.
VII.2.2. Cng on thu hi CO2
Thp hp th CO2 10-T-1002 l mt thp hnh tr s dng m cu trc bn
trong. Thp ny chia lm 02 phn chnh: Phn di dng hp th CO2 v phn trn
dng ra khi thi qua x l.
a. Hp th CO2
Khi thi sau khi lm ngui trong thit b 10-T-1001 s c np liu vo y
thit b hp th CO2 10-T-1002. Khi thi s i ln trn nh thp qua cc tng m v
tip xc ngc chiu vi dng dung dch ngho CO2 t trn xung qua b mt m,
ti y CO2 trong dng khi thi s b hp th bi dung dch trn.
Dng dung dch giu CO2 t y thp 10-T-1002 c bm 10-P-1003 A/B a
n thit b trao i nhit 10-E-1003 A/B trc khi n thp gii hp 10-T-1003.
b. on ra
Dng khi thi t phn on hp th CO2 di chuyn ln trn vo phn on ra
ca thp 10-T-1002. Khi thi sau khi x l c ra bng nc cha dung mi, sau
chng c lm ngui hon ton 10-E-1002 nhm mc ch duy tr cn bng
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nc trong h thng. on ra phn trn ca thp bao gm m v cc thit b tch
sng. Kh x l s c x ra t nh thp hp th CO2 10-T-1002.
VII.2.3. Gii hp
Thit b gii hp 10-T-3001 c dng hnh tr, bn trong s dng m cu trc.
Ti y dung mi giu CO2 b phn tch bng hi v CO2 c ly ra khi dng dch.
Dung mi giu CO2 t y thp hp th 10-T-1002 c gia nhit bng dung
dch ngho CO2 ly t y thp gii hp 10-T-1003 ti thit b trao i nhit 10-E1003A/B. Dung mi giu CO2 sau khi gia nhit c np liu vo phn trn ca thp
gii hp, ti y n c tip xc vi dng hi stripping.
Dung mi giu CO2 s c phn tch bng hi trong 10-T-1003 v gii hp
thnh dung dch ngho. Hi dng trong thit b gii hp 10-T-1003 c sn xut t
reboiler 10-E-1005, thit b ny s dng hi thp p un si dch ngho CO2.
Hi qua nh 10-T-1003 s c lm ngui n 45 0C qua thit b ngng t 10E-1004. Nc b ngng t t bnh hi lu tun hon 10-V-1001 mt phn s c a
n nh thp 10-T-1003 qua bm hi lu tun hon 10-P-1004A/B.
Dung dch ngho CO2 ra khi y ca 10-T-1003 s c lm ngui n 40 0C
bi thit b trao i nhit 10-E-1003A/B v thit b lm lnh 10-E-1006 trc khi a
vo thp hp th CO2 10-T-1002. Khong 10% khi lng dung dch ngho CO2 ny
c a qua b lc bng than hot tnh 10-FL-1002 tch du v tp cht ha tan,
cc b lc 10-FL-1001 v 10-FL-1003 c t trc v sau 10-FL-1002 dng tch
cc tp cht khng ha tan.
VII.2.4. Cng on ti sinh dung mi (Vn hnh gin on)
SOx v NO2 phn ng vi dung mi KS-1 trong thp hp th CO2 (10-T1002), phn ng ny s hnh thnh mui bn nhit (HSS). S hnh thnh HSS s lm
to bt trong dung dch. Thit b ti sinh (Reclaimer) 10-E-1007 c s dng nhm
mc ch loi b HSS tch t trong dung mi KS-1. Thit b ti sinh 10-E-1007 hot
ng nh mt thp chng ct gin on n gin. Khi hm lng HSS trong dung mi
t n gii hn ti a, 10-E-1007 c khi ng gia nhit cho dung mi vi
81
NaOH v nc hi lu. Mt phn NO2 v SOx trong thnh phn ca HSS s phn ng
vi NaOH trong 10E1007. Phn ng ny s to mui v gii phng mt phn dung
mi KS-1 t mui bn nhit HSS. Mui sinh ra, NaOH tha v cc sn phm khc c
nhit si cao hn dung mi KS-1. V vy, khi c cp nhit dung mi KS-1 v
nc s ha hi trc v i ra khi 10E1007 n 10T1003. Cc hp cht cn li c
xem nh l cht thi v c a i x l.
VII.2.5. H thng bn cha dung dch hp th KS-1
Bn cha dung dch 10-TK-1001 dng cha dung dch KS-1 ca phn
xng thu hi CO2 trong thi gian phn xng ngng hot ng. Bn cha 10-TK1002 c s dng nhm mc ch thu hi dung dch KS-1 sau khi x thi v dng
b sung dch KS-1.
VII.3. Cc yu t cng ngh nh hng n qu trnh hot ng ca cm thu hi
CO2
VII.3.1. nh hng ca cc tp cht.
a. SO2
Nu SO2 c np liu vo thp hp th CO2 10-T-1002 cng vi khi thi,
SO2 s phn ng vi dung dch KS-1 v hnh thnh mui bn nhit (HSS). Dung dch
KS-1 phn ng vi SO2 s c tch ra t HSS v c thu hi trong cng on ti
sinh. Tuy nhin vic np liu SO2 ny s lm tng tn sut hot ng ca thit b ti
sinh, lm tng lng dung dch KS-1 tiu th v mt phn ca dung dch KS-1 np liu
vo thit b Reclaimer 10-E-1007 s c a ra ngoi phn xng x l.
b. NOx
Thnh phn ca khi thi bao gm cc oxit Nito nhng ch yu l NO v NO2.
Khi NO c a vo thp hp th, ch mt lng nh b hp th vt l, phn cn li
c a ra ngoi qua nh thp hp th CO2. Mt khc, phn NO2 phn ng vi
dung dch KS-1 to ra mui bn nhit. Do , NO2 i vo thp hp th s lm tng
lng tiu tn dung dch KS-1. Hn na, NO s b hp th vt l bi dung dch KS-1
v phn nh NO2 s b cun theo lng CO2 thu hi.
c. Oxi
82
Khng ging nh cc amine, dung dch KS-1 khng b nh hng bi oxi khi
nng bng nng khng kh. Do vy, khng cn a kh tr vo cc bn cha
dung dch hoc cc thit b tn tr khc. Tuy nhin, mui bn nhit s c hnh thnh
khi dch tip xc vi O2 thp hp th CO2 trong thi gian di.
d. Bi
Vic tch t bi trong dung dch KS-1 c th gy ra cc vn nh to bt, n mn,
tng lng tiu tn dch KS-1. Thm vo , bi s lm tc cc b lc.
VII.3.2. S hp th CO2
Hiu sut hp th CO2 s b nh hng bi cc yu t sau:
-
Nng CO2 trong dng khi thi np liu v trong thp hp th.
Nhit dng khi thi np liu vo thp hp th.
Hiu sut tip xc lng-hi
Lu lng dng khi thi v lu lng dch KS-1 np liu vo thp hp th

CO2
Nng dch KS-1
Nng lc hp th CO2 ca dch ngho KS-1
VII3.3. Cn bng nc
Vic gi cn bng nc trong h thng l rt quan trng duy tr nng KS1. Cn bng nc c duy tr t ng bng vic kim sot nhit kh u vo v
u ra ca thp hp th 10-T-1002 duy tr mc dch KS-1 n nh ti y thp hp
th. V d: cn bng nc c xc nh bi tng lng m np liu vo thp hp th
CO2 cng vi khi thi, bao gm m a ra khi nh thp 10-T-1002 v m b li
cun cng vi CO2 sn phm. Hn na, tng lng m np liu vo thp hp th CO2
s c kim sot bng nhit nc lm mt khi thi a vo thit b lm ngui 10T-1001 v nhit ca dng khi thi c xc nh bi nhit ca dng nc lm
mt. Lng m a ra khi nh thp 10-T-1002 cng s c kim sot ging nh
vic kim sot m np liu vo thp hp th.
83
Khi nhit dng khi thi np liu vo thp hp th CO2 cao hn nhit
khi thi x l ra khi nh thp hp th, mc dung dch y thp 10-T-1002 s
tng ln v dung dch KS-1 s b long v ngc li.
VII3..4. on ra ca thp hp th CO2.
Mc ch chnh ca on ra trong thp hp th CO2 l thu hi m c to
ra do s ta nhit ca phn ng hp th CO2 v hi amine. Nng KS-1 trong nc
ra v nhit khi thi x l ti u ra ca on ra nh hng rt ln n hiu
sut thu hi hi amine.
C 2 cch hn ch hiu qu vic thot amine nh sau:
a nc hi lu vo on ra
Mt phn nc hi lu c a vo on ra ca thp hp th CO2 nhm mc
ch gim nng ca KS-1 trong nc ra. c bit, trong qu trnh vn hnh bnh
thng, 50% lng nc hi lu ny c a v on ra cn trong qu trnh vn
hnh ch ti sinh th a khong 30-40% lng hi lu.
Gim nhit u ra ti on ra ca thp hp th
Gim nhit u vo kh khi thi s tt trong vic hn ch thot dch KS-1 ra
mi trng. V th, khi nhit nc lm mt thp hn bnh thng trong ma ng
hoc trong ca m, tin hnh iu chnh bng cch gim nhit khi thi ti u ra
ca on ra.
VII.3.5. Cc bin php duy tr cht lng dung dch KS-1
Vic duy tr cht lng dung dch KS-1 tt s lm gim lng tiu th ph tr
v lng tiu th dung dch KS-1 ng thi m bo qu trnh vn hnh n nh. Cc
bin php chnh cn kim sot m bo cht lng dung dch KS-1 tt nht:
a. Kim sot nng KS-1
Khi tng tc tun hon dung dch KS-1 th lng tiu th hi ln, do
nng KS-1 s gim thp. V vy nng ny cn phi c kim tra, theo di
thng xuyn v c b sung khi cn.
b. Kim sot hm lng mui bn nhit.
84
Khi hm lng mui bn nhit (HSS) cao s lm tng tc suy gim cht
lng ca dung mi v gy to bt. V vy khi hm lng mui bn nhit trong dung
dch KS-1 t n gii hn 2% cn phi a thit b ti sinh 10-E-1007 vo hot ng.
c. Loi b cc yu t to bt
Phn dung dch KS-1 np liu vo thp hp th CO2 c a lin tc vo b
lc than hot tnh loi b cc tp cht gy to bt. Do vy cn phi bo dng than
hot tnh thng xuyn.
d. Kim sot hm lng st ha tan
Khi hm lng st ha tan v lng HSS cao, s suy gim cht lng ca dung
mi v s to bt cng tng. Nu hm lng st ha tan t n 10ppm, thit b ti
sinh 10-E-1007 phi c khi ng. Nhng v l thuyt th gi tr ny s khng bao
gi t n.
VII.3.6. n mn
Nguyn nhn chnh ca vic n mn l do vic duy tr cht lng dung dch
KS-1 km v cc nguyn nhn khc do vt liu ch to thit b.
Cc v tr trong thit b nn s dng thp khng r chng n mn:
Cc b mt tip xc vi kh hoc lng c tnh acid. Tuy nhin nhng

v tr tip xc vi KS-1 c th s dng thp carbon.
Cc v tr m qu trnh tch nhanh (fushing) xy ra. Qu trnh tch

nhanh xy ra khi CO2 thot ra khi dung dch do tng nhit hoc gim p.
Cc v tr trong ng ng c vn tc dng chy ln.
VII.3.7. Vn hnh m bo hiu qu kinh t

vn hnh h thng mt cch kinh t nht cn xem xt cc yu t sau:
iu chnh tc tun hon dung dch KS-1
Lu lng tun hon dung dch KS-1 ln s lm tng lng in tiu th cho
bm tun hon, tng hi v tng nc lm mt. V vy tc tun hon nn c iu
chnh ty theo iu kin vn hnh.
85
iu chnh vic np liu khi thi
Vic np liu qu d khi thi dn n vic tht thot dung dch KS-1 tng ln.
Do vy cn phi iu chnh lng np liu ny theo iu kin vn hnh.
Lm mt khi thi
Nhit dng khi thi vo thp hp th CO2 cao th hiu sut hp th CO2 s
gim. ng thi nhit cao cng s lm tng lng mt mt dung dch KS-1 do nhit
ca khi thi x l ra khi nh thp hp th tng theo duy tr cn bng nc.
Lm sch trao i nhit tm u ni vi thit b gii hp 10-T-1003.
Khi cc tm trao i nhit ca thit b 10-E-1003A/B b bn, hiu sut truyn
nhit s gim v lng hi tiu th tng ln do nhit ca dung dch KS-1vo thit b
ti sinh 10-T-1003 gim xung. Nu iu ny nh hng ln n chi ph vn hnh th
cn phi ra thit b ny.
VII.4. Dung mi hp th KS-1
Dung dch hp th CO 2 l dung dch c tn bn quyn l KS-1 c thnh phn ch
yu l monoethanol amin (MEA).MEA l dung mi bnh thng c sn xut v s
dng sm nht vi hn 50 nm trong lnh vc hp th CO 2 cho cc qu trnh tch hay
thu hi vi mc ch sn xut nc gii kht hoc nc kh.
Cng thc phn t MEA:
HO-CH2-CH2-NH2
Hin nay, nh my s dng dung mi KS-1 70% trong qu trnh vn hnh bnh thng
ca phn xng.
Phng trnh phn ng c bn ca qu trnh hp th CO2 bng dch KS-1 :
2 R-NH2 + CO2 R-NH3+ + R-NH-COOR-NH2 + CO2 + H2O R-NH3+ + HCO3 m bo kh nng hp th CO2 ca dch KS-1 n nh, chng ta cn ch ti vic
duy tr nng KS-1 ng thi m bo cht lng dung dch.Kim tra v duy tr cc
yu t nh hng ti cht lng KS-1 trong gii hn cho php bao gm cc yu t nh
sau :
-
Nng CO2 trong dch KS-1 ngho

86
-
Nhit dch KS-1 trong qu trnh vn hnh

Hm lng mui bn nhit (HHS) trong dung dch ( < 2 %)
Hm lng st ha tan ( gii hn 10%)
Nu hm lng mui bn nhit v hm lng st ha tan trong dung dch KS-1 vt

qu gii hn cho php, hay cng to bt trong thp hp th CO2 tng ln th tin
hnh khi ng thit b ti sinh dung mi 10-E1007.Kt hp vi b lc 10-FL1002,
10-FL1001, 10-FL1003 m bo cht lng ca dung mi KS-1.
VII.5. Thit b chnh trong phn xng
VII.5.1. Thit b lm mt khi thi 10-T1001
10-T1001 l thp hnh tr ,s dng m cu trc tng b mt tip xc lng
hi trong thp.Khi thi c a vo thp t di ln, cn dng nc lm mt c
a t trn xung tip xc trc tip vi nhau.Khi thi ra khi y thp c lm lnh
ti nhit 42oC.
Hnh 25: Thit b lm mt 10-T1001
87
VII.5.2. Thp hp th CO2 10-T1002
10-T1002 l thp hnh tr gm 2 phn :
Phn di dng hp th CO2 bng dch KS-1, s dng m cu trc.
Phn trn gm 2 on ra dng m cu trc ra khi thi sau khi hp th.Khi
sau khi ra c thi ra ngoi trn nh thp hp th.
Hnh 26: Thit b hp th 10- T1002

VII.5.3. Thit b gii hp 10-T1003.
10-T1003 l thp chng luyn hnh tr dng m cu trc bn trong.Trn nh
thp c lp 3 a chng c np lng nhm ngn nga hin tng lng cun theo kh
thot ra ngoi lm tht thot amin.
88
Hnh 27: Thit b gii hp 10-T1003
VII.6. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh

Dng khi thi flue gas vi p sut -0,002 barg t l t refoming c a
sang thit b lm mt 10-T1001, ti y khi thi c lm mt ti nhit 42 oC bng
dng nc lm mt i t trn nh thp xung.Dng nc lm mt c bm tun
hon bng bm 10-P1001 v c duy tr nhit lm mt bng thit b trao i nhit
10-E1001.
Khi thi sau khi lm mt c ht qua thit b hp th 10-T1002 bng qut ht
10-K1001.Ti thit b hp th, dng khi thi i t di ln tip xc trc tip vi dng
dung dch KS-1 i t trn xung, CO2 c hp th vo KS-1 p sut thng.Sau
khi ra khi on hp th, khi thi i vo on ra pha trn, ti y khi thi c
lm mt v thi ra ngoi khng kh.
89
Dng dch KS-1 giu CO2 c bm 10-P1003 A/B bm vo thp gii hp 10T1003 sau khi c gia nhit bng dng dch ngho CO2 i ra t y thp gii hp.
Trong thp gii hp 10-T1003, CO 2 c tch ra khi dch KS-1 i ra khi nh
thp.Dng dung dch KS-1 ngho CO2 c bm 10-P1005 tun hon tr li thp hp
th.
Dng hi ra khi thp gii hp c lm lnh bi thit b 10-E1004 sau i
vo thit b tch pha 10-V1001.Ti y kh CO 2 tinh khit c a sang phn xng
tng hp Ure.Dng nc ngng t c bm 10-P1004 A/B bm tun hon li h
thng nh sau : Khi h thng hot ng bnh thng th 50% nc c tun hon v
on ra ca thit b hp th, 50% c a v thit b gii hp.Trng hp vn hnh
thit b ti sinh 10-E1007, 30-40% nc c tun hon v on ra, 30-40% c
a n thit b ti sinh dung mi, cn li c tun hon v thp gii hp.
Dng dung mi KS-1 ngho CO2 sau khi ra khi y thit b gii hp c trao
i nhit vi dng KS-1 giu CO2 vo thp sau c a tr li nh on hp th
ca 10-T1002.Khong 10% dch KS-1 c a qua b lc 10-FL1002 lc du v
tp cht ha tan, b lc 10-FL1001 v 10-FL1003 c lp trc v sau 10-FL1002
lc cc tp cht khng ha tan.
Reboiler ca thit b gii hp c cung cp nhit bng dng hi thp p, duy
tr nhit ca y thp gii hp 117oC.
Thit b ti sinh dung mi 10-E1007 hot ng gin on, c cung cp nhit
bng dng hi cao p c p sut 38 barg , hot ng nh mt thit b chng ct n
gin gin on.Hi nc v KS-1 c nhit si thp hn bay hi trc, cc tp cht
v cc hp cht mui bn nhit c gi li trong thit b v c tho ra sau khi kt
thc cng on ti sinh.
90
Hnh 28: S dy chuyn cng ngh phn xng thu hi CO2
91
KT LUN
Nh my m Ph M i vo hot ng c trn mi nm, cng ngh sn

xut hu nh n nh v c t ng ha nhiu khu.
Trong thi gian ny, nh my c gp mt s s c nh r r kh cng ngh,r r
bm, hng van gy mt hi nc siu cao p dn n mt hi cao p gp trip bn
xng ammoniac v c xng ure gy thit hi v kinh t. Sau mi ln gp s c,
phng cng ngh sn xut u tin hnh tho lun tm ra bin php x l sao cho
ph hp, cc ng x no c u tin nh bo v thit b, trnh gy trip xng ure gy
mt sn phm.
V sn phm ca nh my, hin nay cn tn ti mt nhc im l ht ure b
v trong qu trnh vn chuyn, ng bao. Nh my vn ang nghin cu tm hng
khc phc sao cho hiu qu t c l ti u nht.
Qu trnh thc tp ti nh my, chng em c trc tip lm vic vi cc k s
ca phng cng ngh sn xut, quan st cng vic, tc phong lm vic v hc tp cc
t duy nhn nhn mt vn . c cc anh ch cung cp ti liu, gii p nhng thc
mc trong qu trnh tm hiu. Bn cnh , chng em c lm quen vi h thng m
phng ca vn hnh DCS. Nhng iu thc s rt hu ch nm bt cc thng s,
hiu c r cng ngh m chng em thc tp. N cn gip chng em c ci nhn bao
qut hn v cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh tng hp ammoniac.
Bo co ny l bn tng kt li nhng vn m chng em tm hiu v qu
trnh tng hp NH3 t kh t nhin theo cng ngh ca Haldor Topsoe ca nh my.
Mi cm cng ngh trong xng l do mt thnh vin m nhn (l phn lin quan
n n tt nghip).
Trong bo co khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, knh mong thy c thng
cm v gp chng em sa cha, hiu r hn cng ngh ny.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!
92

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Báo Cáo Thực Tập Đạm Phú Mỹ

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BO CO THC TP TT NGHIP

Ph M, ngy 14 thng 05 nm 2013

24.5 (ti a 39.2)

my c tnh ton trong giai on thit k c s.

99.8 (ti thiu)

99% (ti thiu)

46.3%kl (ti thiu)

Phn b kch thc ht

90%kl (ti thiu) gia 1.4 mm v 2.8 mm

Phn b kch thc ht

2%kl (ti thiu) di 1 mm

65oC ti a (vi cng sut danh ngha)

Kim tra bn ngoi, th ti tnh, th ti ng cho cc thit b nng.

Kim tra in tr cch in ca dy dn in.

Kim tra in tr cch in ca cc trang b cch in.

Kim tra cc thit b cha chy theo nh k.

5. Nhng bin php t chc k thut.

Hnh 1: S chung ca qu trnh sn xut NH3

Chng 2: Cng ngh sn xut ammoniac ca nh my m Ph M

Hnh 2: Cng on kh Lu hunh

V khi hm lng ca CO ln, c th xy ra phn ng (phn ng Boudouard)

C s c hnh thnh di dng mui bm trn xc tc lm gim hot tnh ca xc tc.

V vy, cn hn ch hm lng hi nc a vo thit b 10-R2002 A/B.

II. Cng on reforming

Hnh 3: S dy chuyn cng ngh cng on Reforming

Nng mol (%)

Phn ng (1), hydrocacbon bc cao chuyn ha tng bc xung thnh

Bng 3: Thnh phn kh cng ngh

Phn mol (%)

c cp nhit ln n 550oC thit b trao i nhit 10-E-2002.Ti pha trn thit b

Trong reforming th cp nhit cho phn ng reforming c cung cp trc tip

Khi hn hp kh ngui xung.

Thu hi nhit tha khi thi

Thu hi nhit tha cng ngh

ngui n 360 oC trong b qu nhit 10-E-2009

trc khi i vo chuyn ho CO nhit cao 10-R-2004.

P u vo (PI-2051): 34,8 barg

Tn tht p sut, PDI-2052: <4 barg

P bung t, PIC-2031: duy tr p sut -5mmH2O

iu cn thit l phi gi p sut vn hnh thp, nu c khuynh hng tng qu

Hnh 4: Thit b Reforming s cp

Hnh 5: Thit bi Reforming th cp

RK-201 or RK- R-67-7H

C, hot tnh xc tc s gim t t. S lo ho xc tc tng ln do ngng my, ch yu

l ngng my khn cp.

C.Nhit u vo nn khng ch t nht trn nhit im sng 15-20 C ca hi

nc gim ti thiu nguy c ngng t hi nc.

Fe/Cu/Cr (No Cr+)

Bnh chuyn ho CO nhit cao 10-R-2004 cha cht xc tc SK-201-2, c

Hai cht xc tc c np vo trong bnh chuyn ho CO nhit thp.Lp trn

300 oC trong thi gian ngn s khng nh hng tn hi n xc tc.

III.2. Lu trnh cng ngh

III.2.1. Lu trnh chuyn ho CO nhit cao

III.3. Thit b phn ng

Hnh 7: Thit b chuyn ho CO nhit thp

Hnh 8: m t vng vt liu bo v xc tc

IV. TCH CO2

Loi b cu t khng cn thit v nh hng khng tt n tng hp NH3

MDEA (metyl dietanol amine): chim 37-38% khi lng.

Piperazine: cht hot ha, vai tr tng tc qu trnh chuyn CO 2 t pha kh vo

Phn cn li trong dung dch l nc.

(1) m t phn ng ca MDEA, (2) m t phn ng ca piperazine.

Hnh 9: S cng ngh cng on tch CO2

Thnh phn cc dung dch cn m bo nh sau: