A Guide to Distribution Theory and Fourier Transforms | bea IN ADVANCED MATHEMATICS | % } Be iat DANN a SB.A Guide to Distribution Theory and Fourier Transforms“teary of Congres Caton Paton Da etn nr sn eer tac Rte Siar pee Shi ws nn (Seu a bun (tn aah 2. Parma 1. Te Se maaan noe DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY AND LIMITS OF LIABILITY: The aor os at het sh peg ema The ee Thtrarion WakKan aes OF MaCHUANTAREITY Ot FINES FOR A Pe DDAMAQRS INCLUDING INCIDENTAL Ok CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES LOST Profs, cove oF Lost DxTA or oc SATENIAt, OX OTRStWISE ENRUCTION WITH Ok ARNE OC THE URNSNG, ERFORANS ‘Dt honk conti iron cin om at nd iy red ee. (tonne ee ned emer tlas etva et oe ead SS i ane oe nn cnt ee he wh io i ok ny uy tet med i ty fr yo Iemma Pow, meng, a wi roy sn tran songs sel om ate perme wren ia poe moa Se sn fe edo analog toCRC Pr I, 200 Carre hd, LW Bae Ron Pe, ma © 1994 CHC Pes. ne como rin US. perience ‘Aco! Sad Hosk Saber 4H 7-& ay of Conn Cad Name 3:0Contents Preface What are Disribaions? Examples of oon Problems The Callus of Distributions Parctons a bation (persons on dstitutons Coney of draves ‘raibaonl shoo of fren oqaent Problem Fourier Transforms ram Four sees toi iota ‘he Schwa cas 5 Proper of he Fourie waster on $ ‘he Pee nfm of Gain Fourier Transforms of Tempered Distributions samples Conan with eer dsb Protems i » 2 % Fy “a 2rn sa rey oe 66 8 u ta 16 a ak a 8 u ‘ a Solving Pant Diferental Equations ‘Tee Laptace onion ‘The ben eatin ‘The wate option Schreiner etn aed quant mechanics Probeme The Sracture of Disribatons “Tae supper af n ison Sire heres | Dyson with point appet Pte iba Conia of disrbin ‘Appeoatn by es anctons {oe hat of dstibutons Probleme Fourier Anais ‘The Reman Lebsgv em ley Woe ores ‘The Poon srmton fora ‘bay mesure nd psive dete fons ‘The Heseerg conan rns Radia Pier sims Bese fons Tin fants an male bem Soboler Deory and Micolocal Anas Soba neque Sober ses ii pilfered eqson (ns cet) Pehdeiferenil operat Hype operas ‘The wae fom set Micrel aay of sage Suggestions for Further Reading Inder 1D 133 133 182 15 1 07Preface iaribcon hry ma nef he eget evlatons a mathe eal nin the 20h cerry. can be though of the completion of diferent ‘Sus jst he te grat evalion mest tery (o Lebesase nea- ‘on ter) can be hgh ofthe complet of egal caus Thre we ‘many eles bree the wo revatio. Boh werecrewed by une. EY Indes Preach mabermcians Hav Lebrgue and Latzet Scar) Both were iy simile by the teil Eran bd ope Up ‘ew word of rhea evloment. Buh forced come eng Ca matemsical amas thd come foe and ase sere he ‘tre ofthe question a tel vet keds te ston Tet jin ng te word evn to dese them) ‘Bo tee teal difference When Lobeigae noted mcuae eney (es 191), ‘amon camel Bt fom he ve Aough the der gain the ‘nyt Risnon was completers wee any Mtns td tthe incgrle—it wat simon tn dt the ncomplenes rm within enue awngabe nctns ellyappered have e welded ‘Spa Ar evidence ht he maha oman fl pec comfonsble ‘wih ions’ ier ery. on ea ok a ters mous Bt (ing {Coot 25 omoted poke hat he aught wuld shape the cn of ‘athe earch inthe 20h cenry. Noware hoe sa ht a eungmegron theory was a worth goa On the ote and,» mune Df is pobiens go feresow de developmen dat eo dst ey (cca 1945, When Laurent Schwa came ot with oy fe des robes et we of cent inc, emai oops woerof Ive complied teres ht had ee developed eae nn tery o deal Frome pi of cw ofthis wok the mot important fer i ha reeset ease tery sl lok hard, bu sib hay ok ay Became relate edition tery shoud be aces on wie diene, ican sr of mate st bent who specie theres The echniqus of btn thay cen be wed, eae aoa Pe cvs —jut the dhe chit of eels ae wet witout compe Kowlige of ie frm aerate! andaions of te sabjet. The um of iis book th ey sina the ama pal cael xo: sepa the tcf the theory Ws pec, o prove an nite Scion ‘fhe ss ht underitee ecngues tad be slo f robs Syne he ctu ecb tbe Lebesgue theory fine gration receded stb they his ‘cel and rege er the igor teat development fhe ie ‘oy might be og har» Keowee fhe Lebesgue ary woul bv {oben prereaisie for stdying bate cy nt eve a ae ‘rend hope hs tok esa god case fry ol of ven. Whe You Sean ner inf the Boke you after in tenee t) Inepatoe ery $ou have late. you fe sed the Labs ery ‘any frm, thn of cane think of heer Lebesgue negra Det ‘hc den mot bow Lethe neal mean wba Jon tt es ‘Distibton her perl t,t becimes a veh ae om tefl ot wen i works conton with he heey of Fore arson (One ofthe msn areas of pict the thy of prt leet coins Thee thee teres fom te main homes of i ask The Bt te chp motte wal dice hb concep sd compet gar of bation thoy Cher tee ad er th ome for Farer ransom. Chater Re pes sme portant nd abana nests wcll feral eqns hat re ec se. Te fre chars rT fhe Bo, were wren wi he plo elo 6 the Pinan gly ae psi They have bee ed met fr 2 pono Fours in applied matemaice Cael Univer fr mote han 10 Jer. “Telit ee capes pr eh ack, eum othe ethene im eter seu ling oes ot wert ae nt rp Sevlomet of ut ba whch ate a great meet oan of heses and pio twat fare tnptions. Chapsi treo dart er, expan te oon of ‘Simin and ping e nortan suc res Chap even ones Fourier snl In atone nid eri have aed some eps of recent such 8 qusersls nd wave Fal, Caper eit ees 10 para een eens giving an Intent the made they gener ina eqanions. Hee fe rer wil meet bey space, = pe mies, qutons of ligt an yperbolic pe, ewer pear, Seve fot se nd the esogy Known a mettle Pat I a Srten fr he Bonk ad eae ih meat move sb mera Tt desined forte a tentbok, Su tee to ny he eroty of oe eae of pat T who mont toa i rete dpa shou the mate Valo hope it mil serve ah appt for cies ho wl go on to tly tee ais in reser de. “Te pees or reading this ook ae muismensionl caus an an inact complex anal A ea wh at ot sen oe nlPete « ss wb ewe sree ut of hs bok but wi hae to ae a ‘ere wil be afew mang pags A sod background im mle ‘Sonal slr rexel, bowever, mei in ut I ‘Recent wen nas shopping atone fm ave mathe, me grate ct Cal (ho had nt been may of my comes). He se me what | was Ching an whee Told was wing Os tok, e ake sry Wo Yo ip enjoy mig the m ach we enjoy reading em?” T owt Ko ‘that ihe books he a ind Bu see Te ty gai ene hat Ackowedgments ay tefl tS Hab See Kratz and Wayne Yr for ncn ‘metowrie hs bok, nt Jane Mejerann fore exelent obo peeing he bok in iss, YWhat are Distributions? 11 Generalize functions and test fonctions ‘You tae te tect ake to come fart es eepresetng te vlae py varie at arc pm mapace or pace ie) Dat thie a elite hang tds? Le us Bono «peptive Fete qua the) nd ak What eon you mess ‘Sopp dat (2) repesets enperae ts pois 2 In ¢ om (tf you pec et f(t) be temperate a point and time) Yow ean eae teepeae wi #temomete, pang the bald af he Gemmomet x he fonts Unite te pot he Ht of the tememet hina nomsr sa, 20 ‘that You meme en atrgetempertire oer a al eon face (Gouin yea tik temperate yarn With ea. thm oa ae a0 ‘etaing ver al ne imerval peering th ie when you scaly ‘ad be thermometer). Now thei orev Hevea the verse “tro unbised™ To mutbenatie em hemor mews [ome stem) ns of en 30 pen Sodinnt tensenmes tb an willbe ny aero ce eae uy far a rm he als ‘Tony the non saverages rege We) rupee [0040-1 men eo) Hower, 3 not then conde dirt you. Wt wo thermometer 0 fom at frerninesnd by abating yo ca edae te ae of J fCefar(e)— ya de. Note ‘hu p(e)~ ple) ma lenge omega, By ding max tei fae even compu | Fa)vpsa) axel) fo estat an ‘osa) = aneae) ay hve sy ae or ep ‘Theabove dacs sea conic eh sein ore meaning psy Yoda quiche f[e)ea) de tan te rae of JM Parca point Te mer! of sce mathe sw elite Steer and rtnt nfematon a marca wad ack what olor i the thermometer (iter mold an eager hope) See we have ‘ied thatthe ve off at esetaly posible o messes tp ‘eouting ou fection che a ae nt. Ta men we ee Owen teger cas ef objets Call hen genre inns. What we wil ee ifn gered fant is ht smn ain of f(z)o2) de exis or Sint choie of weraping Fnctons¢ (el hem et ition). Lets wit (Gee) for tis smehiog. shold ev el nme (or complex wba if ‘wah to oad compecld wat icons ad ener unt What ter ropes do we wat? Lets recall sme rite we di ee, ss [tewinde-nf toteres [sedmee)-metent ‘We want ob able to do te same srt of thing wit generale fac, owe soad regu (fon) aloe) “Sen. hs popeny |S called nary. The mins sgn 8 0 Bly sie we can gtr Ky ‘epiacing sb) “2s. ong this me et the Eondon {fon tf.) = Usave 4a): Notice we hare ily sumed ht ie.g2 mes oon ae en inal et fncton. hope hse condos sk nr yor a Pee eal he mrnty Sap of any ako nessa "Yu ne snot sen he entre deun of genre cons. A you sting is aio of wn conta ea factions oe esha pote of enim. Do wot wor aoa ony lays be ‘Se wil tony son ag wines dere Ee) ‘Sono. wht re he te functone? ‘Thee ae tly many pee coe for telecon of st cos, nding to many ect foes of {cad fens vi eee be spac cae, dng oe ey {wrbtons, Later we wil mest her ce of x ann “te undying plat evil be an ele pce Rp = tad fer rE eyrnsts) oven nse O'R tm pe, Re ha i meansend non and i fms, s cry pla € is soa by a ball {y:Je~ a <6 ceed fe 2, ‘wher depends cand bal VW ( coune f= open as i evry open tl {y= [z—y 1 Goby mk 20 and 6217) nee youve one ecole you can manic nt 1 moving shut or + 9) 2. changing vera cle a2) 3. changes Hest eae lee) 4 taking Hear combinations (2) + apna) an er €B. 5 bing pode yy...) = eaten) ta 1 obtain exam pee per dimen ere: Draw the pictures sen with operas I "Tete comierins sold conic You ta You Ean ate 2 wt facie Do apne you cn daw a pice of «snot Fant doing. You can make keen pete ales ist of pty ke vaio ‘pom st and een ke cnt as (ty T) om Hound open stay From he band (th eg emere we) ‘OK Tat what D0). Wenn def he ls of rts on ested (0b all cmc cr fconal on YO}. 8) uncon Tea ek (orcomple) valued ation on DIM), ie (4) By near {nan tts the emi autho) +0nf.02)= saves +000) (es, Vein. + ei P(N) fy and zx we in UM) ) By conte ows Lean tht if he enough ten (9) 8 chose (foe) the eta defo Can va wl It. “Cetlt hs ive yal Intepetaon you matt be sue that ferent hero ie appro rn the same eating provided you contol te mii proces de ‘tstely Pat acther my, when you repent an experent you do mt Wa fo {et ere newer cae sal experimental ers ge raid NOW. ‘erst acon anton rbd lear arnt al end be Troon, ‘Thshepy fact Sseves «Bf expan Ft pan an cal the dierene gy =. Theat = Now eae (fe) and f.91), te far apa So wha? Moe p ls! wo by coming pov an itt ets Then (0480) = (J) 6) by newscast sll the gets leew {f:0) vs docs nani «pros of oto ie the deste rues more "norm bt tol inate that» cain ‘sre of cont bt ints ner. At any tal ear fnctonas ot ‘DAN} yo wil ener encounter wl be carina12. Raampls of datebatons Now for ae examples. Any fucon gives ise to «dsb by Sting Comino, stall ore genera finns wl wok, Depending te nha tary af inepron you we ing or may nk doen fd ees untouede proved te mpripe: ner coves aol. For Stace jolt conege for = an reenter fer 2 "Thus the faction [re co. We cain the same snes Kray by ining by pars [rnese=-f 1 b+ an. Hee we mit sme hat f combust deren, Nw tht here are no randy erm eration y par fra bec aris fringe vale of = Ths i fe” then > which jt ‘Be mation of 8 a the dee of & fae a) de = ~(fae) > #0) 13, What good ae diebatons? Enough expe for ow, We wl have mre ner. La pe to cose the flowing gst Why the parts (perbape pc) cace of est {nctom D? The answer totes. Infact e heat of geared Tse ‘hone wa nw for aot wens Yas Before Lauren Schwa roped he ‘kttlo of . So tis nt pe owe pyscal rnin roan 9 Diethenly “eats fence However dos yon elo td wel thor ht fr the fst we may Dk Lavra Seba foe bie brat np Yow ean Bt ome fe fo what ono et ere Sth anecter you ere eet cons yw bes “rage” you cn blow the ges functons fo be To dine (69), mus be mest ‘tons an dee (0p), you must eure oo be ieee Cater T's chow you haw te dele Serve for np debtion te hy pt tthe dein wl be the abst feet be te ane “The requemem thn tt fenton i D vanish ene » bmi stand eae bounty of sess ras dstibtons "grow able ‘aly you apna foundry (or fn). Laer we wil cose Smal chs eto tempered dribtons, which cane Bow ply at iy by comeing ager cso et fants hat have ‘ear vanishing popes ‘Ate qston you ova be asking ths point is: What god ae is tsbutons? Leiner «hint of ne saree Deel equations oe ted ‘contract mal fay. Smet he ely we ae modeling oes (ta soneslaons of he dint equa need nt be frets! Foreum the “ibn sing” eaton Bola.) _ poet) eR as 2 sion (2) = f(A) foray anton fone vale f hich a ep! nerreton of a"eavlng wave” with shape”) moving Seley fia)=s.0) fe Heat) “Tore i no py ease or the sage oe een, at fe sot the fern equation a saa me pn at we dot {tnt otro aay psy meaning soluions hose of echiesies. ‘You mih be tempted thee hiok hat a ecton sates weet uation exept for sme pont where i at diferente, seal be ‘mite solo. The next example shows asc a imple does Lal's equation ds = 0 where 0 (ald the Lplacin and sometines eiten 0) ete by De, Oe | Oa a * oe] * aay ‘A selon Laps’ eguon hase physi inten of seta in region without huge saighfrwad (abe lg) elo hows ‘hat wees) = loge + 2) and wer enzs) = (ap ta 433) we solos very pence the erg, where at be diferente Bul they mathe rete on phys! rounds tecane pons sy fot ‘hares mst be camino ete set) whe ee ncn ave poles "The mre he ory ta tos cry allows yout tng exween hse two cae. Tn the see un) = /(e Hi) ae adn‘a sss he visting sing eqon But vs2) loa +28) 88 Sitti nH doe ot sanyo Laplace eqaion et for vanoznzs) = of +8 4297-7) fr cain conta and. These (cae mt jst eunesthey ae wef in sing Poon’ equation re sta ee 1A, Probleme 1 Le Hf be the ibation 91!) def bythe Henne foctinn Gites Heo ie 50. Show dt f(s) ieee nto sch hat J Byl2hte) de a fg) ae m0 fale € Dy ten [erasiee +169 ees te anne change if you eens) 0 Bet 2 at fe the dabaion (Fe) = m (92) =e(~2)]- What dr el) ~ (0g, ci Isa itron, (in: te pote she convergence of he st inegrat ‘he the mene hem) 4. Show (a8) = J, Epis Fer any we DUR for which 0) ‘What dition eff fora > B> 076 Forany@ > 0.ow [ls [Flas [ae a in deeb 27 Prove that gy doesnt depend on andthe renin aon ay sehepoay 5, [+ [ee 4 Supyee fp 2 dt on B. Show dt (Fig) = (fish fr 9 € DIRE), whe se) = ol) ie way fae ah cs» 18 Suppose fi ditcon on R. Show ha (2) = (fe) for PE D(R Se Sbutn 09 Ie Cte samen Pin peter 2 18 Stow that a= Eo) ens sittin on Bie Te elaine nei) 11 Wy doef) = AO) dine a aint 12 Show tha thine imal Joe song a sooth cave C i te plane ‘dines tution on Ho he same for brae egal 18. Working with cele vale ot fresnel cuts, J 9 ‘bereaved (fe) = (fg) Show a (Re fav) = {Cob +oe) and (lf.g) = $i(fe)~ Up) deine real-valued Sstibtons,aad Po Ref iin} 14 Suppose f a 9 ae dsb such ht (2) = iF a ty (998) =0. Show dat (fo) eas) For some constThe Calculus of Distributions 2.1 Functions a daribatons “he nesting you hae toh i hw telat wih diaibton. By ow yu sul oe te de at ditto some voto anc ke” ‘hj, sme actualy Ring anton aed some Ie 8 and, Sly Fumcons Things tht you te sed Wo ding with fantom such a ag ‘tem eailrening hen, hol be pose wit ston. Yeu should bo expect opt the ame snver you rep 3 fantom facie ot ‘en, ‘Nv ite backs itl and dices more aly te “nition ‘of some function with ome Sibtone IF fr Tuctin sich tat he lua f fehl) ens Cr every tet fan Be egal ast ex ian solely converge ese) /2)o() de most efate—alough ‘tay Bea improper meg beau J becomes inf a ome on) en Un [enter ete s isin. Do to ere ates dette he se dao? ‘They. may hey ar cua enc ono ta 90 ml os as the neg (in wom of esp eration try, they ae eu sis ‘eyes: or inc gere{t tee then Jae) eo a es fnton 0 fa te re econ dene thename debs cal tthe rrr. navel make ee ‘Tonto hat vane everywhere eee he iin mut so van te tan. Anything en exerimentl err Aled) youscehow Sin thay face ou wove dtc Buti fonts f and {eel diferent a [> fon some mer en he Gb2 ‘ve Cao Drtbons fe ey tern (Jo) > Us) He mma et econ ‘ing ae te er ‘ow eae mtn. Anson (find fr wich eee ssc eomeret recy 9 Df) bce aly egal fod Pe Hoh Acheron fr cl ery he Pico te ‘Regal Jp \f|ae wert cu Bc A et me banded loys) tom Bana To xpi emmy time neo et 2 Intcarebe fanton on Of © 1 (0) fer wich fe) ee ya et orton ely nee bt na Coveney. Fore Spe f() = tie ely mgr tt nlp be af) ‘Taye a at mapa on <2 Forever al ean edo J we soi « dat, sot feanenby (fg) = {lets} ty tht wo ying Fetes gee a hrs hy ae eg. Thuy es ‘acon bttwn equa nine econ pe ely ie ‘eminent fed (0) © (0) Th kee {Se ime stent eS at fe rn Be ‘sol cio julie he tom “pneu cena” “fre me may nein fect ee ey egal, fi spr I nd fon Bg sho nt fe oe a ey {in ely iegnbe on 04 cc become of bel ep lpedt onthe mt genre erin at “ea mm) ‘Septem os me ety ecumted deone sced e Oe {coor expe catnon yg ool [40 whenever (0) = 0 However i a entity diferent contin. You Shon ner eet ha! roperis or pean concern he sin eary nero the drt lee fret cally prt Fo ita Youave sen ane tn one iat cnespnde t/a is Impossible single ol oat more “nara tan anther. Ale alia he Furctn [8 nonmegsive now of he ascites Satins enone {he (ednrtuen fi oanegune (¢) > Ofer every aon hat ‘ter e(z)>0 forall € In cone a mone ely epae Inco is nonegave a sbuten (Eerie Very hi) Tha you see Shai aie frit hry wher vey east make mses. 22 Operations on dstribations Now me ae rodyt0 moe frwad, We have L(A) © D(A) and ence Dia) DA) ence every tet con neg Any propery peanpet en rites » on ust fino maybe extended dibs. Now why i I sy “est Fenton her hen eel gable acts"? Simply Beas hee tore thing you can do with hems foe example, ferniason How det te eine diets work? There ae excl two aye paced. Both ars eve he ame resi “Ans olt wil kee cnet at peration means ea pear (orliner eater) hat fray pe D,T pe D and Tor +osTy. Taos +axpn) = | imes we wl wan consider peo Ts ha may il nctons {nD but we wl abnays var nay bl ‘he fins way to pend st approxi a abirary dbebton by tet {uncon That the always ponble va renurtble ed base et of he theory” We sty thet a soquens of sahoas ffs comeres tthe ‘sidan Jif he sequence (fag) coavergs wo the mumber (6) for al test incon. Wet thn fy > for any amply hate fy ponte f Ieee, youcan we he tng pts to cesta. Ifa) ‘Fsquecs of Simian or mhch he Lm ar» 0 of (fp) ens feral et etons the) = bie) deine isbn ad eeu fe Gre any dation f © D0), there exists equence (en ft actions ‘eh that gy fa dbo ‘Accent a 7 any cpr deed on tet fecions wey xen 1 dross lows Me Deftion : Tf = nee Tif) is. sequen of es fonctions Pick tha ie oom ‘OF cous or sf ike ee = Ti us be independent ofthe choise sequence (p) sprouinag JPanel, hs heen or ‘at tering pero acnsequnc of eon, "Ze sce how th dctton werk fet or cme ro eal, he Best, ler Tbe a tanlaon Ta) = gia bya » fied vec my and 9 DUH) Now let © D(R) bea dsrduten. How sal we deine TF? We sy at (on ty et cn 5 we pene Flin 9 Te € DOR), which ans (10, [startetxn 8 wenden, 1 Crh9)= fim [Posteo ney went [odes ave 1 be Dine Eton J = (9) = 0), We may kee egense eto ook ie See tn, fetes nto eee nee Tn gener! we cn sme pict by rnin n cSege of arable ey rh) = (hete=m Parphvased To anslae sion tough, waste he est anton you ae poze bythe appear ofthe mits sige please go over the stove manipulation agin low gp ia ater cmpuations os al so Took hack athe ein ofOperates deities 1s Nex enample: 7 = fe simpy assume = 1). Tis heii inl version of uasnon If we we ype) ~ ee +) fer ation at mayen ee omen socmtntee (ohod= rae) (is ase ist example) we ave 2) fast eta (idteve-0) <= mbes) te)» vl) (e's that mus Sgn ogi). Sot stands reason hat 4 (ete)= (nse tt i dete itton sc fey acon wenn o "es do hat again more ity Lt fs 08) Ten tn { (dente) nt (de ‘Tosimpiy i, we inept by pr hi algo othe change ovale a3 y mde texan) J (Ee) sera fener“ The Cao Dts ther ao hour terms beast (2) = ouside a hounded et) Sib tung i we obtain ees tn fost gto ~ (ids) ‘Api its insrcsive to look the special ese f=, Then we have yy 8 Jeganie=t %O=n ‘These ens te tH 94 =4y(-Uh om So f pulsed wn Ge ) = ((ae)) > -e(0) 20 eer: iar aoaend (dhs) (rats)‘Avi ents ” 23. Adio ientes Now le tum th second meth of fing pcan om dbton. the ‘Deh fein een At wit ey lok ie! [verse [otssreie forall g.9 © D_ Mare Ti We opetor we we inetd i and & ptt that makes he sey te ner Wor thes peal m0 ‘Rope fr in terms of). Seppe me ae Tacky enough to cover an ‘pin ey nvling Then we ray simply ee (Tf) = (FS) “he asin ety ape he see fe Dad nce my tae fe het fncoes. y+ Jb. © Peand weave (Tbs) = tem) ‘bythe en, we Sas lin T6001 = fi fom Se) ifSe) ‘hus, an alo Key exits, hen We as are hol=U.s0 by he it deft. Thi to sows hat he ane desma depend on the Chole a te aproinwing sequence, smth that was ot obvious bere amos exet ne wil ve th sesind dion nd mpley by ps he fin dfn, Ba at mes weave od the we of ing oda Identity Avis pant me mat beard tt we mut hve Sip Ihoneer ye D, ober (So) may nt be dee ‘Nol a ok ate tn previous examples am hs pin few both othe fal anwer gts use iin ety i me cic o fe D Jovtorenae= [oreo J (dots) vine foinsore a hy ty ey fy be sh t "Na ep ye ety bs a, i et tn) wee See oa os eS wo oe aed” Phe Clea of Duras aie x+y ant second by megan by yas. From see we gt ck heel = rye) sn (One more example: maipliaion by 2 anc =). Teale i Sica fortertenseraes eornertont Hower tte we mast be cafe tat m(a)(s) € P whence ye) € D. ‘Thine awaye he esha we eed msde m=) nly Alea ees) taste ng abou te "see m2) Sco or mear the bundy of In tee me have (om 1) = (m=. Note ion acomusas a = = 0, ay a=) =Sg0-, then Beant te sembly dtd for by rg me sind a (my) = (0m), ot ‘hee conesat way die m0). Thar the prc of to ary ‘urban ane. ‘ater hing to ec amid il he rc mf for © C™ my ot be wat yo fst hak Fo isance, compat m= We have Wm) i (sd) (tthe =" ior) son == een pb ed one re ae Sinay tape nae et Sere ate. Soee PIE Meena Sunes Wat Sena 9) Li arta tse a iio nts ata einen on alcatel cnet ener iheasomaiey sane eareare pelea Seine a ete adComey feats » 24 Conistency of derivatives Ashi poit very tral quesion aes: i (0/044) ex in teeny Sime dee pee with (8/0r)f inthe dibaton seme? Fran he Iawer eyes slang a (0/054) eis a canto derivate "Tose ths we hal be change nttion temporary. Sapose f=) € Lt, andi im fst + hes) fe)) a vector nthe -dicie) eit and continous, Tes Jromnsen frergovere Fecan et faction by the ingrion by parma ime, How cpr the dstrton (2/2e,}f 8 dened by oe) ete == [ serghoteree 10 (0/024)f =9 a atone. Tha te two mosis cine ‘oucen fo le aber, 8 e llowing ewe ase Ler fe) € (8) ad leg) ar ahve eit and econo excep Sil pon yo and U9 © Le(R*) ene 1 arbarary the po Them. ifn > 2 te carbon dernatoe0f rs equal while n= Vis rae Fim adm fi conta “The hyphen of comtnity when = |e ade cae di gm forall 2 20 ne onary seach de ge x = 26 nthe rbaon ‘et me inca a rie proof Forsimply ake y= 0. Pst for ®= 1 we Caos == [newton wnt [ef towne» The Cals of Dts We ave cacy eget of he excel pol, Now we in spy Into by pa [Creve seon-o- [{nevente=-tone [Fsomtre esmice mht nn iy pr i eat (f+ fae) Now fete — 0. The eto tems peo (O40) (O40) = 0 esas Tenia me [i+ [devine = seme came 9 i oly nee, are: What hares iff jmp Tore 2? espa sper Urs Goad 0/0 fc wehwe = freee Be: ‘We write the double tga ata ee intl, dng the -nteraton LU eset) ‘Now fer every 2 excep 9 0, fc comme ieee in 2, sorwe negate by pr: -frwstine- [ovr Svat = JP tevin Ping this ck in he erated ip gives what we mnt since te single prin "0 doe conto othe egal,Doorbell ans ” 215, Diihtoa sltons of erential equations ow wea in psn dics ston cleus om 3 Giro pt Sw Renember he nang ns eon Pale) phen) oF oe Now somider acing wave ws.) = f(t) for f € (8), is sy eee hat (8 0 dein dba. et weak elton (Boe) =(nde) = [fet ainere . «(Bee)» [[ ne-tngieinecn (ee Bies) =| tem (Sasi) -Pbate ) ea We wom his oe ze To sees we ntsuce wow vrisies y = 2 He (1) wandee ne . ee aE |f1e-0 (-&) venta = {fin ZEinsraeay2 The Ck of Ditaos ‘Weclaim he =r sendy races. fr ay. Tose is we ht +e 2840)" [Be wnrae= S09 - Sin since p sd hence 3/0 vanishes ouside» bounded st. Thus (et) = Tle ha) swe ton Tncom se log? +) ba weak elton tote Lap een & (G+B)xenaen) ( (gee) e)-° fora es factions pI wl singly mari eps opr cori, eae Bem Be lhehe and da dy = rd. Then fr w= Ings = lng? the gueton il down Lf [ee (Sata te ‘To avid he singly of ote gn we exes te net fom ) st) arco ISS Son See [vee Loec ona Sine Seal 0 steps ene [vedere [ (eee) ona mecennfst [ove Seveinse=- f° (jem) eon? Boel) =f (Germ) ane + Bim ae vow Flrwwry wart 2, Fleer) = 2 aot Fog =? se asg veg wp ein [fC [ve (Bribe b&) ores off (2e2)eenae 1 [emed seat sa +f come tfionas Pefecienttnn a weet tanore tga dana [aetna he 9 te 8 ec i ty ga Se ea gn i er tenn Sine int Past 2 int he SRP IEgs bt acre ears ‘etal th hove compuasion even more spit fr til ral tosote the egaon Auf for any funtion f We wl ora i ee 26 Problems 1 Exe dsbtons thats deg) = 2 9). Slasetelecehde = "Fee npa)d2}) Show ta f2) IPca ets Sens tment nie ef 9 So a une [lef Dae +f 22 Aee \ enpen de —Ie Lf Beef, atom pe = rove tht 6s homogeneous of dere —n. oO ae or i foo don fee a fe) doin fa toon Show ttf pe fee fen: J choos of Age ad [087 hme pet Dee de) =f) Yc) = U0) Stow i dtnon coi teat td Sn yn Wh 6 Cal eben ‘even if f = f and odd if f = =f. Show that every distibution is uniquely ctl cen ode asin ie Fad ema hee ind pe mre pty n frends ‘nd ald pat) Srow tat neo andthe oer oe. Lath be aC function rom Aw wih (2) #0 for l=, How swol you dene fo Yo be comet ih the Ges dbaiton oe fone? Ut cas —sno = (Ste ote) donc oration the pe tough age 0. Defoe ( a) = fapoi 9) Sow ba como whe no fo or Koto Ws) = go), shar Foyt9 Soy ha fel fo Re = f forall 8 8 eit? Shoe ta Gasgh= 2 Lee Rio) a8 dees aad dsbaicn, Show Oat J Hera ad al Pf 18 Show ta if Fi al oly ner faction he fail 1. Show hat if 6 al dsb tes 1 Show taf 3 Nomopenous dan of epee Hom Rte 15 Show tat (8) = (1) 0) i Bt 14 te 8 dete (9) = JT fo ees v)dedy, Compute 0 and orion. 15. WB deioe (9) = Je ev) ded. Compe 8 200y. 16 te compute md" eapiily frm a C™ fncion. 17 Sow that very et fron 9 © DR) canbe writen @ = +050 where fied fnton sith J pt) de 09 € Dard ce amt in: Choe (2) = [= (ph soporte ‘hse of) Use hie o prove f «detain on BI ing JO ten fis cont 18 Gcperize problem 17. show tat iff dsribaton on saying 10°" 0 then f isa plynomal of degree 0, ad we tke the i sO. The i of ht ide 4 feo’ fei, which ast FEF). The litem the ight side i) because what ald «convo wth an ppcinat ey, Gee fle) The popeies of Cy that ake on aprox ety athe ‘shone Gye) de = tort 2 Gia 20 2 Gt Indeed? ond J we eviews, and I flows bya cane of vrnle Rom the #0, nent ino] 2 «or any «> 0 [een ich we wil vey inthe paces: of comping he Fore warm of the Gani "Tah our imersn formu eet omen the aponite idety tere i, sm apron eaty en G+ f— fas 0 ferany f © 8 Tose hy his theorem las me hove ooze that Be ‘eovolton Ge f canbe ierpsed a weighted serge tJ (y properties and 2, with (ry) a te weighing far re ed a9 he ‘asa inert. But by prpe hs wephing ax coment ‘sound y = anti ese mere Prmounced fOr that nt ait wes Ji AS The Fourier traneorm of « Gausian Now we compute the Furie wnsorn snd inverse Fourie watson of CGanusan. We can do the compton in dersons sed ft te vantage allowing ener m.You sec the Onan fneon (th £5 my ere alm be comer pvidel Ret > 0) itn SER") dtr eee a ea ect of ene deen tote 1s posite show tat hese two properties eset characte this nso (every rial actin in SHO) ht prod af oe dnetsonl‘he Fare sf of Gaon ” Suncom fhe fom ce fo some const cand complex ¢ wih Re ¢> 1) Sine the Fore nf proces pcp we expe th Four teas o hve te sme frm. But we give a more det compan "To toed we the alee oder. Web foy=et Ho [ eterter tg eins “UE (cree) so he robles «ee iemsional Fer ano Now the exponen ein quad polynomial 20 mata ‘complete the gure” Pig [letisaenette [ees Now iis wmsing to make the change of variable x + 44/2 in hi ing o etme te dependence on Bat his a complex change of ‘arable a mune jie ya contour ner Consider econo te fllowne ewe fr €< Oi > Othe rctnge wl be tebe 2-05. ty the Catchy inca ere. The ter long he ais se is fiveee “The imegal along he preside is — fens a, ‘he mins sen coming Tr the at ht long Cth sd seal in he ‘eetve diestom The, eral alan he eres tad wz wt See grey gp fe cet on the veal lee ee oO which tend eo we O96 mot FE) wih Ie tuned independent of Fs the toe vale of he megan eds 0 ee eg ofthe sie ud "Ths ae Rs 0 meget [Lote [ett ae ‘me compuaton wil be complete oct we evs ot “Tere isa fama ek fo dan hi sot = [ete [eat ty fa Sein pli, [ [vee + [eves oS] ® Cede 0sot) = YF. Ths we hve [let eae vaqice [emtertacn (yee Lf gttetag= Ber f= ea A intreing spec ce is when t= 1/2 en i f(a) = eH we have Fray ‘This oul i the sarin pit fr many Fair ese upton ad is wef fr oving he ea eatin ad Schringe'egeston, 6 Problems 1. Compe ene 2 Siow that Fd) = Pa FF fr aay fe S whee df) = Waites _ 2. Show hat 2) ea vale if an nly i F-0) = FO. 4 Compe Fc" io Compe Fle“) in BE for a > 0. Hoe: Compe hese td ee ping-pong tate) aus fe In. Compe Ff (oe fs not in S but tis inept 7 Compa cee in nem 7. ete _ (cat -ae ua(Sr oe) eth a th ape 8 Stow FU 0) = (Pe GER thow one Roo al ci a4.7 € Si!) ves show tat fe € S12) 18. Show hae“ on SR) Had ny me pet nee 1 Show ht fo 0)» fy 01 a te 12. compu Be mane [= 27) dro conf € (nes ne Fre tne 1, Show ht F] = FF fl) = fl. 1. Show at f= (2). Wt es iy sot poi ieee Meer te, FTO hema fe SCR 15 Show ht (2) Oho" mi shin, Cig he aie tex here erin fle! cutis, we cance at ‘Seve em rss What is swab ie" 2)? 16 Wha te Fearir tam (f= 2) 9 17 tet fe SR) at aay= 3S fe ae “Then 9 is peite of prod 2. What she reat ete the Fou sees og and)? 18 Show tu [21 f)P de = J EEO as 18. Show hat fy S(T = eb fn OTE 20 © Ss pte sw tJ? see ts miu ve UP at fe de = BE Let oe) = fles0) for f © SURE). Wat he latins bern 9 ofrFourier forms of Tempered Distributions 1 The dfnitione ‘You may ated bav oid sil Berwee th spaces Sand. Since Suraons mere define 0 be ea facto on, scr lable ht liner fens on Shoal be often They ae and they reeled lumpered darts eho somencnere wage te as of tered Shes (ened) should bee uble f he debtone DR") ‘Tas fo te case: any fm (RP) is feel (9) dened foal Pe SUR) Bu ice DUR") CSUR") he ees by veo a facto (DUE), hence a abeibaton in D(X") Gt ao Wve wate cnet of {fon 5 impish cony of fon, bat ave nt Se hse const eth Dileen fectanals 08 deine diferent anctonas on D (note fond (fp completes determined you know i fe € D0 we wil be ‘lg and ot akan tos Between temper dion sd the ‘scouted dstaon sn 2a"). We ae bus ang wf SR") © DR). ‘What i trae tha sry bain a(R) erespens a empere Sheibaton For example he fancies «Stn ee)de (hein ee tect he“ et) Seater tape [eee [rem“ ear rar of Tempel Datont 1 tere mo way to lie fm 2 wpe dsibton lf ean be ‘Sows tat oc negate ft dens tempered sib if [ule se whee for some cota a ans condo snes ff postive) sere: Ye hat ff sts this estimae ten fy aoe de < feral €S(3*) 2 fu, fabe()de sa empered tuen Now why songlist igs by intodcing tempered disrbvos? The sve sl sn pombe to dee the our tumor af» tempered Inston a tompered dart, ut se mpl one he Farr transform of ll doeoutons in DP) adit Recall th we were able to fie peaion o sbwtons vin ait ices FP and were ier operon al ok fnctosin Dofus in Dwch that Joseninees [osene for 9p €D we defined for any disripation f € DY Te same idea wert for mpred Staines. ‘The adel dently fry €S i weally no more ef fo vee ‘The only new twist Ste eprint T apd § mast preserve he css Instead of. Ths uur fr he speratons we dbase previ wih oe ‘rept: Makipicaton y = fonction fs) allowed ey ms) ee ft grow too fist atin spect we ee mlz) fe m2 = Feesome cand N. Tse pynomia batetlaer es forele PP ieaotin while ee 8 ‘Bult dealing Wich te Fore Watfom real fo wo have he as SeltgeS ten Fo CS, white it@e D kay oot be a th Foe D ‘suprising ts cu tha bs ad Fp we nD hee p= OM) So all ‘ha ena to dcver an ai enn nein Sach ah ety ‘hol Tok ke Jeiomerne [vost where 9 ian et be covered operationat « 1 gh nent ess een) = J ne en ane Jiiewtae= ff varerevie [oso (fotowre) = [toning We meee hv 9 bin [eeevtrds= f oenteras “iis cr ey. yin tw me tht be anche om» ie some of en ow mee) = Ae) we hve Sa) — Pewee {aspen 60) = GoI27—'9 = (yim te ie ‘nig ee cor fnstace fo Now the ado ety alos wt fi he Farr taf of tem ered dsibton fe (fs) = Us). Imei wots that coal gn tht eine © he vas (f9) I facta fein in 5 thn the tempered drt seated with he functor f(). fe ther werd he dfin is consent wi the prvi Sefton, ince We ‘ening foctows s) wie he dsubaine hed [tote In fey more ise. Hf any imegble Fnton we cul dine the ‘ete atom of fey for | rapes Yow jt » hounded comtimtes fincton, 20 toh j and dine tempered sions The en seat continues 1 JHowersen frosee sagen ne hor ene “The Four svenion formu or leper stb takes the sme foam as for functions in SERS = f md FEY = f wih FP« eater Tramp of Tempel Datos (20)-*1F 7 where te peraton 7 for dsuibainsconesonds wa ‘2 or tions ds dete ty (6) = (9). To ets he For Inverse formas ust 6 sone dein chaig: since p= FF or eeswehwe (0) = FE) =F) (any "RFE = a ENF PUFA FO simi for te nvr nthe even oder 42. Kampen , have (0) = (2) = (foe) But by Seton nhs example J sow all so, So fh no ey iin Ba as pid ey a ty 50 fsa, 2. Let f=8 (=I). Sice f= (4d) and 5 = t we would the w we out “pine pong” ble uy (6) = i616) = i. This posite t ieee able x ental Yai fo tempered donor convent favo prods one factor mast bein S) Lats wey france th +(sh/) (mot forany f SUE). By ein (+(e) #) (aa) By tion Now we the dfn of Ff ~U.Fiisag)) = ~(hie nly ae the defn of mains hy nu ~ (hire) = ina)ee elt) s)-tnte wich ty FLL) = if. Te te nis inthe abl ar eri iy simiar "dein Cag” pues. Note ha 81 Somewhat Tougher ‘anf i our anor grow iy 5. at fa) = 9 £0 rea Ten founded comin fon, few Stes eps dara, oagh ft peso at Fhisette we bot hi sample he deftion of / ot ey Rf. Tobe toe. ou sincatmvereanp j fom tina ney ttc red ‘Sind an va) aden go back el how sale fg) = U8) ‘has ws we wil dom i ce ". eal we comp (= ("H.W wal ew sutntc =i Be tht te an mbit whe no ae Sha Sg ot w ae ferns Tien Ciel lg of Ecoles ae We mt ep Re 5 Oi edt hate ‘et got tty. Bato Re 22 0 we ca ore the gene oat unguly by requeng a sss) 9/2 < gs < 5/2. Tas ensineat ih aking he psy ue ot when = seal ad pie. So Friis (els) becomes ei when # > 0 nd Ce) wen Gon ‘wi his ce we ene (ee) = afters Having fst obi thease, how Jo we jos fom the detion? ‘wee 0 how (ete 3) = (nf —)" teh) hic stay foray € 5; hohner ing wel ie, Now our sang point ws the« ear ransom of Tempel Ds, fot ta 8 = 6)" ch te at enya Jottocnde= (BY ferment te ay be acomplia mean. Necomier rey= femannae oe) (2) fcethegane fared € S. er Re +> Othe ineprals comverge (nt that = lo has ‘eal pert > 0) anon be diferemned wth eps fm they def ole ‘We nave een at Pan G requ field > 0), But a arate ‘usin determined by yale fo el v9 Fs) = Gls) Re => 0 mil F end ae como wp the boundary # = 18 fr 34 0, Pls) fim ei) sn simi for G (i requis ome otston sno we ate nertanging "iit and tera. hence FG) = Gs) whieh he est we me ae “This example thse vey pel meta compat Four ferns vin amy comuion Ths 10 te wed wither, Rowe The fan of when you can intranets and nya (Erne maneritcan ad oer if mid. 4 Let f(2) = Yt > 0. hiss iy decreasing foneton eit in sedlt\uateaaeusedscaneed tteemsene ae foe [mete fermsees wel +5 =e, Tre aon oie” ere aexan ” rom he For inven oma, cote fT gtgeta rc: Yes hs dc wig te aes of ies rn > Ime wil we ayer pl maod wich fas ey wwe ‘ror wc nd meio te om [va gage Me oh ei trml retin [arene = Lan yer We ten yt evalu his meu fren if we amt eat expt fy ive more iaformaion tan he gn ourer eae eel). "Now the Meity we sek i indpene ofthe dnenson bose al hat appease no hich eu pte mabe (cl for emp). So ee Cane a forall > 0. We wil ain sach an ety rome ee mensional Foret asf we js computed. We bela by comping “eH me fee dg we my abst a for (0 + etal [fee ie Now i doh craton it we have [Letetagn (eee had at ag» ear ramon of Tempered Dsrbators Ping in 2 Fer we ae hic is esnaly what we mane (We cult make he chang of vale n/t aban he ox fom ded above, ut ths nescenary) Now weet = vary io A and ue for eae oe eay wets “The poeta inegral, Weft ry 10 remove the depends omg. Ne nt eH? me OT Thi sages the change vale SSE HIE Doig ti we et a fh aeons Fe = acta [Ogletree is ot nega usa pening 2 WL ot oF GH cant vd mo be cn er, (ren ad Wg) Ty Matern weven =e) = t= 2 Ys) tha Retiyg =e ("!) ee: Nottie ih ur evinscompetson ere = | Once ann Dean tty fe eel ate enon ti sea, ‘eek fends of as =O ee proal eny iat oft tour oat Actual we wil med oem FH, which ah ACA meena etn (3) ate 5. Let fl2) = oP. ora > Sf local legal (event) ad der nt neeramps sn oo fst 0 dels tempered dsibuon, To comput its Fourier nsform ‘ne we he mame mete in revo example We hve (re have mae the change of vale 4 se") coe for his tga to coneg the sigur a¢ = mst be bet than +", 2 we ee (720. Tha we hae pond te coins —n =a = 0 1 bi kr Now we may compute ue ay [+ a 9 pg gis, ah a type er mt ec iis ad " eds RTE ED ae TH Note ta —a—m siete ame ceitont ws amely mn < -n—a <0, We memo om spec ese hat we wil se ascii PAPO 2 TH i? Fiery wih we am wea Py ge2 eater Damm of empress 43. Comvolotone wih ompered ditribotone Many applieins of fe Faeroe ieee eat toconvluns wher ove fri gee dsb. Real ooter= [ote-nnine sh ns nS Fi) = 9S pt we nei tno st pl toa ta Ceehintau note or ass iee eon Fe OSS" tnncoicn wn ner oe eer ee US ene conto hat eo oy [sotorinde= [] se nniviotoare seve seen ea, Joe—noteadeniy ten) =v Th forotenties [vi soioe tho fi iy Th wen 6/07 Weld bee From this we obtain F(W + f) _f by definition chasing: MF (De Nov) = (8 La) = dee) = LF ew). see eg oars iy omar? nd OOH = PENS ae eBay "Tori mor yw dfn te Sona, bower, wich mach mre inet Remember nt fe Sten esey= fens is mpgenive to wre this Be sled= tered) whee r-o(y) =e ~ i il in S. But write his way makes seme Toramy tempered data fOf eae his deine =f fenton fae © foc, since we ca pot al Sra op What cap Beomar wh omer tens ” tre that se dt deed y this unto i enperd and apes with the previous dfn. Thi im ft the cane Wha yu have fo show that ite dente by ae) = ir-eh) then J oleele)ae = (68 ¢) Famaly team dere thi by asain [atereenite= fisretrecniae (h fir-edreteae) [ecioneie= | ty-eveie= ‘Wat this tht convo is smog pce. you tat with any tempered ait, mater ho ough dae Be abvlon With est fanton 90 get soe fnton {eo st seme singe If +90. (5rd) = He Waa = 92) vet 0 P+6= 9 Tis in comin wih 719 8) = ‘Sint vse we get (te dsvtive of convo with a dsibain can be omputed by puting Whe drive om iter fice). Th maya be computed ely What ‘tows tha iferentton a pci eane of coaveluon you centre ah ‘Nerve othe fasion "We can a entre! the eure ves omul a convoaton a sin If we wie the Jeti imeal for Fas oh Heed epithe Sea cie [ra [sen she tint the amnion ff i 3 (ede wih the vere Fre wansfor ofthe conta fut 1 Bat we rcopie fom 3 =I that Bftcent Cae = 6a) inte dsetaio sese, of coune) 20 he Psy Pstte sop” Pere ramon 0 Tempered Drdaons 3 [leven ae ‘nthe Fore iverson foul fr he dsribtion 4 ab hi snl meson {mule ipl the iverson fool altel ebton, "We il ‘omer b sikr lceamestn inthe ext erste tre w Aileen quan Pe = J fr any suces (nay case sive or (ome esd ben daibont ut so-{5" 228 como fi a Hoye sien eran compute fine. Computed) 4. Let fz) = (14 ot)" in BS for a> 0. Show hat Hayne [erent where cg ative conan. Coch at i posiv aon, 4 apes te itera ro f’ somteses the cameltoe off with tempered dean, 5 Lat fl) be a contre fant oR pera of pid 2. Show (a (6) = FB ane ote cote of be eee sae 7. (6 What ste Fores eanorm of = on 7 2, Show ht Fle) = dif Tree stibutions prob 36D) 4 Show tai fis omozenou of dere then FF i omopeneot of eae nt2) iam Siw 10 =n emf ed ethno so Conn estat yo ten = eons Sih nl nee os) 1 Comp te i otro pee! ae ait 1 binant oop Camp a tens a Shee sng ap wef te ces a ol compton rh. tim Se yen) Ue te ante i ae Lye 12. Une the Planter foul 1 veo Lava 15 Coat te Foire of 1(1 +27 a 14 Compat te Fourier storm of no={S" 22 YE de (sine Can you do hi even when it nt igs a > 0)?Solving Partial Differential Equations ‘SA. The Laplace equation esl hat stand for aoe ant on aR or aoe ae Ot a 2. ist me ak if the ae Sluions the eguaion w= fe a gen 4. trea they a et nig or me a way ad bron ton ‘ion of 0} witow Cann the igh side Now mappone we oul shee eqten AP = 6. Ten Arena ares se P+ fi2u ohn of Qu =f. Of oe we have reasne oly fray, ut P tame out to e's enpeddstbaton and f ©. ther every ie sete ‘Sich oluioes Pm cll damn slo pote a ave been snow or conta We have tent fonds poten when n= 2 Remeber swe found lots} +22) = 8/4 tg] 2/9 1 pte feed ‘he lg prea. ‘When m3 can slve AP = 8 by king the Fourier nso of oth siden We st FLAP) =-KPPO= oa so P Ic? and we have compte (example 5 of veton 42) Pe =r)The Lape ution ” (his scaled the Newtonian potent. We cold abo verify ety wi ‘Stet hore that AP =i te "Now thew ion ot Gat sou ke sig you othe shove compar ‘aon, We ol ht he soon mo et unis et we cme up wath ost ‘newton Tere expats fo ths Fas. we Wid ce ie om te equation -IePP = |e aot conc that P— —1/l bees {te mulipteaon sb of to fons bats feet ines dsbaton Now ioc that“) (-I-2) = | eting [ea dition. Bat ioe we fg ten EP = teat eo = Od (HP) = (IEP) = —IeP oles = 0-40) “Tic lad oe fae sation ~aa tat ‘ae * Oa Uap ha oh eat at Wenn CO ae ‘teh the a fe Ina combine of Sane he ‘eto et weve tone tats i erm =P = ("7016 dors at) Taking 7~"(— "+ 9) we aba he New tet ps polo ht harmo. “Iino ate wl ry. or me now hl he general slsion of ‘au # she Newnan pact pa shat foc. Te we ay ‘mone fons that tt payin So how hve ie soon ‘iped a? Tot he parlor ark, we steno dene al ‘moni cto ie sae met wt fr wll) i Sheer rants save t= One tan P32) 0 fo wh ‘dcr hats bea poo. Tht ee fo ect oes at Ie harmon ut went arom ch eo "uci stn coe ony mt temp ton pow fa 220 Fer enor Sdn fet wat we hve shown tay taro anon ha st Pa tt owt fo ey be emp ston. Singhs he SSasponve torn ahentnc hacen ca or a py gow (ea 0) “te spc cse n= we) + [mere ci ede om Poin ep ok by ia ene 52 The heat equation We rein the notion fom he previous case: 1 2 Qe € (In his here is postive constant You shal ik of C8 ine, tie, pin fm pce (w= 2 ar the ysl ieesting ce) a zi) leprae "The Bounty conden (=) = fle), ven eS, ‘here ‘row condiment soon —touanet more tan negate ‘regen ome wort exh» nner ston wih er tal como) ‘We can the slim expo he metho of ata Foe wast. ‘heart equation comes 2 ’ Bretgsa = net Fote.0 td te inl eonditontesenes (6,0) = F(@). Solving the dierent Faalgst)= ae nd om the ina condone) = (6) 90 ut ie je), arenes a feta =a | ‘stoddn ‘erie ei ety ht his ine slaton fhe heat een, tetThe at quan “ ‘ne neresng apt ofthis salon she way i bebe wt espe to ine This ene foe on te Fee eter ie Fags) =F) ee ny oe iy nes Thi eee ain er ‘pos py oneness) Tina ew ren es ‘Scams of pene The oer eof com hac ne {5 terreno in Fob Tn oer wrk ioe ytd ‘Seen apne Ceding oe tte ea rene) Se ial ep 2) sa every ind Go tf ees 9 fa (er semper dan) ve ie ten or at ferguson by soe eae fom ed iy wore fart) Soir eon hve lokd ticle ving dient epaton cent arco Mo pyc poten me ded en ar theta eqn te sone pal ee oman take n= a Wa yaa te etl 007 <1 Tas eget we mee tone ov of buy etiam x= O ands = We wl leprae ‘Stn an 040 halle sic cereiond tn calariee of wie nated 0 eat doesnot anser {Oeste spewed he wie) ae probes yo wil encoume et nary coton. "The eed pee” the Key to the soon, We imagine the intl ‘expert 2), which i eae om) G0 be consent wih the per baie round condos we must ave f(0) = 1) extend he we linear pede fancton of = f(2 41) = fx) all a6) scl for thee yt) = ny all (oe hat epee condo on ips the bounty cndiion jt by eng 2 =O. ‘ow if we aie eat ped faction J nthe soon fer he whole (9) we o4 -Laaefoormnne yy jm each mera ing he paved o the 0 rence Joy 3)e Soig Part! ier Egos by £19). We can woe is sine f (atm Ee) sn eau he serie converges raily. bse that ti femal Soe indeed prac a feride funcon we). ne the substigion + 1 ean be rnc ty the ces of sma vars jj rhs you me mre fiir with solu 10 the same pole sig our srs Ti act ap toh st rb th ed Fre te Aicovery of Fores, Sins the prob fas unio sin, the mo Sotatas mt be gu, ut ey ae 20 he ame The Fare sees mon Scenes w= [toe Bot soon vo ini sere tt he oe we reas earaniae thre ems areal poe (pie. we.) 53 The wave equation “The equations (02/38), ) = B40) where ti ow yl mabe snd s'€ 2" We il conider the cee 8 = 12,3 ony, hich Soerbe ‘oughly viens of sso. runs sound waves ie reece ‘The conan Es he atin propagation speed awe shal ee soy. The Ina coctos we give we fr bah wand 2/0, wit) = ey Blast sl ese f nah sn ve ii tw ma omperatad Be deaties ote te Unga sation without ny growth codons. ‘Wevalte by ling tial Fourier anton. We obtain # are Borate = erro Fel.) FO 2F.u6.0)= #6)‘he were quton ” “genera slo fhe dierent quan i lho Re + ein 0 rome nl condone we ean Before nein the ori aor It mike se observations soak ihe soln Finis clr ta ime eveatie—acet fr nn gs inte send sem, here tno ifenceHetwaen¢ and. 80 he pati 3) Aer soe 12M mores any ant eso eveeston ya evens {sand ar ne eco of wah ol wet) Teale ‘oghnt pipes ur nea a bent we sete J 1th a lh nae ba tne Haver wy of ong ae ‘ba Sena poppe at xy end fran Hf od 9 ashScrSngr equation and gusto mecaner o vide 8 alo nie ear time £( +o) Sete wil ea lence a point. This erly not the exe when = 12 (when = {tise forthe nll pose f, bt hte al Vl). Tht canbe thought of tn pe fect er the noe ches peat nal epee mtn tobe ea A phy mel fis phestneon he rie oe exon the race pod, ut th in fat ater fs eagles ‘he aecaleqoes ar gover he aos on he sae fae ae Sotioes and there ute feet fe he near wave eatin me have ten suing In pacar he ping machimorepenounnd a (rte dames wave equ, “Tetra weak emo Moyen rine re ald inal mensions: the singles of th sgn prope xa sped Tis ‘evan fem fe ation nen n= 2 theme ‘err excepto the rae of he sper] = “Arter nereing proper ihe oti of inglaiter,wich sows op mst sting when =. ince he soln voles averaging over ee (recon ture single ove te whok see role sharp singursy atthe ener ne hey all ive sie "Ramet inate milf) and 9) depend nly om (mew (anys) $a) since Hay™ Sethe) ale). Then foie hrs) aid, Tes the appearance of the derivative tat cn make (0) mich worse hn fog. Frinamce tke 2) =O a af (ti! a et sor={f west “Ten fb comin, Ou mit ereibe, But w(.) = fl) +4) tees to ini at = 1/8 which she sta when all th singles ae ‘54. Schrodingers equation and quantum mechanics ‘The quam tery of esol parc i deste acomple-veed “ave Fenton” 2) defined on "The only rnicton se at fy oe} Twente. Since ad ary constant mine ofp site the ste psi ‘ate convene tht econ fo earl thin Be oe“ Sobing Parte! Bsons “Te wave action changes Wi ine fs) the wave enon ane £ tes a ate =itdantet “Thi te fc Schtingeregtion. Thre ae lio ts hr 2 etal or eter pyc incon penn. The const Fe lad the ‘aro the frie and Pac's conn “oes Scrage eon ses lve wt nil conto va la) We have (2/00) Foul) = Peale) and Po o0) = ke 30 Fal) = 6. etoing tame) 2 find wlan (EMA [crm ney bere he en he ign of (of at th actor ea 2 py Senicance yw revi em) “teal the expression for Fs more wl. Notice hat (0) |p dependent Ths Mavear = asf iRatenieae ark, Saindependet of 20 ce he mae ann sna ‘omar. "Te interetion ofthe wave into is sev conten but he standard deepen allows tere an iperet opting bees ye {Ex meauement andthe wave foncon 0 tha a piion mesrenet of & Darien nave friction il swap predic te tame ewer Ines Soh srt etn he yy bene Lqlotatas ebare [We ave «sini nemo for mesteent of mamentam. If we choose snes tite aby de mmest etewl ee ne Sule oleae ote dat fy S0)P A = (2) ye) de 20 hat te denon is vay in ‘Now what happes a ine changes? Te poten obabltiecange a | ‘very completed way. but LF) = [2] 6 the momentum posesremain he same. Tis she quantum mechanical analog of conservation of S rm 1 ee el et pre pe pe mace [.wentees What te Hof ising asf Danas + 2? 2 Forth same equations sow a. Hy.) Hi ie 5 Gy f an bere tha 2)» 0, Then se the Fore version formu compute ge 6,2} td estate e.0P ar e>0. we foc) [Beaune 5 (2,0)= fle, = 910) Jog with alt) 1+ I), Hi Stow Foal) = te G04 ("6 + tele. Tove one ht FEM = = FNM, 4 Solve (9/8)2,0) = Egat fort 3 0.2 © HY with a(x.) = fares. Salve (G/F) + Byala) = 0 for 0 <4 < Toa € RE wh (a0) = f(.ulz.t) {he Fourier rato. 4 Soe the ee Siig ettion wth nl wave ton) =” Soig Pr! ier! Egan ‘ute fats commute, Dede his that arly anton is Lat f be a ral fanson in S(R)) and deine # by 6) = loene]/() Shum dt ead an if) and va) ee Sammons fants nthe Bal lane with Pounday Sas f nt 9 es they ae covae Mrmoni fusions abe z= = (Gin Vy the Catchy Reman equtons) Fd an exesion for © In terms of J (Hin: Eve "(isnot 4 Show tht slo othe et eguton or wae eqution tha sine pendent ine (aonar) a hamonfunctn fe sce ales 1, Scie the inital vase bles fr he Kein orden gustion wires Baoan fr Fl state net eR dr. 11 out coe 20-41, (wen s|daoof Seo) a ced i fe be iin in 1S pn er i De See sO. =0, whO=o (ain: onions by ol velecton st the randy pins 20 ged 21 and peso wih peed 2 18. Do the see pole 1 for Newnan Hoey codons o 2 » Zuo: Pau) it ine weve eet. 14 Show ta the ibamogetess beat equation with homage nl Bete) bdo) Pet 00-0ssh Danna visors ([,ounrte-ne-s) a where Gs) er 1s te soon kerl for te horngeenes heat ution. Us this wo ‘ote fly ihensneus poem 2 Satet)= Kasstes) + Pte) W(e.0)= Se) 15. Show tha the inoogeneoas nave equton om with homogeneous tate 7 Palast) + Fl Foto = Paonia + Fla) a wieo20 Zuieo 20 is aed by Dubna inegr sen f (mien) a 1 (sin nar (Sat) ‘Show his va or eave a8 well. Us thio ste he nhormoge- ‘eo nave equation wih inhomoyencas iil dt 16 terete oan in problem 13 i ems of fe ropseation speed ‘Sd Hayghen np (n= 3) forthe fence of the hemopacoas term Fis 17, Show hat he nal nga ara nti then he engerae wereSg Peril erent Rens wher he lectin meget lle F ad I are vec al fc: {ions 082 Show tha eth component of ee fs sass th wave ton wi pnd ropa Lata) bea tua fh fe Stinger yun wh in wave fanction ating feed © o- Show that ert) ct foe some constant Wha des ths el yow abut he ray ising ‘ie pice 2 bonded repo of sce a ie pes by?The Structure of Distributions 61. The support of dstebution “Tei ofeapport ofan bjt Fncton, istbton ) i th 8 which ‘toes someting atv Roh speaking, iis th complement of te et ‘nubich he objet ery, ut int exaty comet Conse fer example the fncton fe) =o eine Thanet to at 20, nds a st ‘eemiphbe templet ay athe saponin, Buh fone Tow snot somplocy dea et. vances how et wt ety psn nr a fonction to ety boring ot po, bok! vn na whole gh toed of ep Therefore we eee he suport os neon f (itn ‘pp (f)t0 Sethe samploment ofthe et of point uh a fair i retthborhoadf 2. nou exam, eso tbe wl ie By he ae 1 te deiion, he ppt vaya ened anne the complemen ff am open set. For oninoesfncton, he sper off st the cae tthe at whee fi ier fo ek ft ht mp (f) 8 compact ‘fc hat comptes ne lcci by to codons ty ‘tat be hse and boule) i en ff vais cui abound et ‘och fnconse sa wo have compact suppor. The et tno in XR") stave compact spot Ths we cn desi the ls of et fants se Srey he O™ fern cmp sip he se so i we cones ‘St foncns onan ene 9) ‘Nowe wld Hee maketh me dein for danatns. We bein by king wi eae for a drone ently 2nd ff poi Since weigher fa pot meas an cp Soman. "he pin i ste same hg to eine 0 9 fran open st Denton 611 T= 0 on 6 mean (F.) 0 for alle fimcins wih supp & 9 Then supp Tis te complemen of tee of pos» ch hat anes wa rigborood of” ‘Te Srvc o orton I we camet eta out of Ty ding ncn on he Ps ‘yen the ppt of ee lsd sta ft aoe the cme Sp pf Sroge tha syng vanes at esey pom at ays {tap vanes 3 nihrnd of every ot mt ft For example Hf (1) mn ten y ms vanish ose (I~) for some > O mice tha spp @ “To umrand th ein, we aed to ook at sme examples. Cone fie the ancton Inte he spy ofthis arte soul be the ‘gine 1 ay open set ot oaing the eign, then B= Oo eee (be) = G10) = Od supp ¢ <1 Om te her Rade cern have = 0. a teighboroado te exigin sce every such ighorhod Tau sugp 8 = [) reget. 1) ‘Sopp fan open sett conning rt imly 0) 0 bu x)= Ofoall-r narod des ey FiO) = 0) Wis ao easy tose ua 2 docs ot vans nay ceed 30 Gon conatat sped i the paertod wih (0) = 1) Tone ‘opp © = (0. tivey, bo 8 nd have th same sopert, bt Jans ‘it et ner Neon appr. Ine wn (8) dope ‘jt on he vals of >on he upper (0) fu abo on he vaso the leaves of» on he suppor. This Wave nse the suport oT Is the Sst lsed et Esch a (Ts) depend ny on evs of a al cerater on B ‘We can ley tse his concep 1 expe he ite popguon ped ad aysen’ pil ote wave gus sce Secon 5. The fe wopogaon speed toys thatthe sons -(cosKie) and FP ng/g) ae Seppo in he Bal oH (me 5 mpd ‘ten the spot ie known oe ame ofthe piven teh a Haye Feil say hat he mappr i actly the oper = Sie sport i ue emo, snp Sep spf where thes et A i find i ete ofl sn 848 wi 0 A rest)= [1e-ntovae‘hemp of daribton “Te ropes Fe solution er, wenn rontape ror (il) (he on gen en ane agen ri ie 8 te et a ea See ne ih aed og cere fcc ane ee ‘aie thereat wel. Th th complement of spp (f) coined the Complement of sap (2). Canter, yas onan open ot they onsen es untons appending 2B fcon 69) fry 6 we {in conlae tf vane ay "A more nereingquerion woes if we dop henson hat f econ sino. We il expect ep (1) 0b ea up (fat what do we me bso (f)? To anderstand why we have Be ceil Bee, ned Ik aa per exe Let tea fuscon onthe le tha iste fo vey 2 excel z= and et f(0) = 1. By ca previ defn for continent famctons te supper off scald e the cig, Ba te datbuton oie ‘sth fe zr Suton, which ha port al eens ‘Of cous ies ke tp example nce the ame ition could te pte hy the ro fiction, hich woul it he erst ipo. Rather then vert se rule ofr sch examples you won't ceed i you ty ils beter so reonaier mbt we mean by"f sans om Hf Hot ctrl cite What we wt tha hegre of soa be 20 Dr tubes of cancelsion of poste nd nega ate Tat mes [ote esti Fehon [fowtna-o forever es fanny with sept in at woe or ay Fon (9. Tin shoul com pli, a lows fom he equals [feserel« [ute em [iene» ‘The Src of Dabs hte AF i the maximum valu 0] webu his eqs Ire complicated pot, in the cea ado est acted Tudo) So we have 0.0 ple = Oona once aga sip (1) sep (fife die ep (fa tlere (stn sap) an oy J vanishes na nebo 2) ‘Te dations om 2” wih comps suport fom an impor ass of sistens. Sie the spp (7) always lsd, my smth ‘me thing ssn tis bode (Fr dateshtons ona pen et, mpc ‘port meat hat he suppor a sys away fom the hoary of 2) The Siero of emp oppor are ested °C) or or hit ran shuld mae you saps ht hy can aso be cmieed cites tha Ela jth spare of a © functions with moreso the rom 2 nny Wht we ae caning i he flowing 1.107 3 dbion of compact per. thes (7) make seme fr ‘vey C™ fan a 2.407 ea dtsbtion and if (4) makes soe for evry C™ fusion ‘ten Te fave compact pe, Wis ey to explin why (1) se, Seppe the spn of Pi coed in ‘he tall © (hi wl ke tu for some Rance te mppor is Hound). {Chose ton ta sent Om 0 sane hper Ball 6 CP then purnin Band ges ean nbhorind ote sage of 7 Tas re) since dosnt cae what happens cio a reign! of spp is ‘yt sc hl he dfn des not depend an the che o (ret eice would ye (Z-0"p) = (Tv) »(7(V —y}e) and he as es ‘ro becaae [0 p}p vais in neighborhood of te ppt 7). We hat five sind ana fron on to cach ton compact pt, ‘iccan be shown ob continu ered seme. The cove (2) 8 ‘as uve a eqs te cot rt of coaimity (see scion 6). ‘he lea thai de ot hve compat spt we cal eon > ‘ancton for which (7s) wend hve ote tite, because neat how Taply ac = ‘We nab conser ll ie paces of fnctoes and debts a ind of ery. For thet atone we hae the continents (ree) pesceot aphabetal order al, even in Freeh), For the ssh the cota. ecsen, In pare snce dttons of comput spate epee the Foret taro they appli them, ‘We wl fave a fx more 1 5 sou isin seton 7.2. (62. Strectare theorems ‘We ve ee many dain se fez a we hve atl much boat what ‘ts mo gener tation ok ke We kom tha thee ae hans {ts come rom frtons sds sanded ss of cation ta hey are ‘he fncostey come fom. Sice the fare of daibatons sls der ‘rentton, ee el he eras fons snes re “tarsal” Ie view dba ry a te completion of he tet cal, then his woul ny that tin completie we ave at ed ating we were not soley competed oa Bok wy ay cela ae?” toe pene een ta i ‘toealy" tae MTs aon of compact pp, ven 3 emer Sebati, ht se at ean be writen a ite um of eras fino IT ively aston, then Ton be wien sa poss fd est ftom nya fe uber offers we nz. Pr example re$ seen, re) Lom, For cach ed ll ut 8 ie uber of ves wil Be 2x. OF couse ‘ne hive wo ye rita 2 sum of dernves of func, at el at FLW shee Hi the Heine fcon mar={ 9 225 eeTALK ew ‘iss ype wt en i gee "he ets ewe aig abo ean be a of a "ace ee sine eb bee of edited Oe thr han yt mare ey gh iit {olen ean wae 2h Senet cpt ton Sco sing te ance have ve mtn ts oe tan "Tae muindr nator wl a be ery tel when We dss feet peta ics! orcs ewe lone gk 3 {Soe msde wh ae mies oye) frome sve ncgan Toe 2/3)" suns (0) jose)" Sal reTyar We we oy tana i ee Inder Tasco wine wl another oi Strate Theorem for £': Let T be dstibaton of compact pen on 1B Ter thee ex ane mambe of conics front fo ssh nt P= ¥(@/e" fe bate um) and each em (2/8) fe as compat per Strctre Theor fr S" Let hea mpd abo on Then he sia erent J) ing ne ‘ow este tsa 725 (2)'h tiem Stroctre Taorem fot D': Let Te sian om RP. Thee tee eis ‘Sonnac fanston fc hat eZ (Z)"h (ete sn vere fx every tod open al ut ante ber of estos (3/00) f sani dete on‘Tee i no uniqueness coresponsing vo thes eprsettins of Inthe St two ste eres ou car even omelet Bite ym Sql term. T= (2)8e)" ff some and Fo example if n= | aed SD a fet fen ako P= whee a) = fie) = okey uerdse: eri this sing the findanental herem of the eels “The woe win consoldation is Ba. Nem 8 > Til may incre Be teter o he derivnves For example comaiie requ (0/24000) “he high der Seine (emasna fo = 09 +04) in (8/82) fu eae he order the Jatt The {hs oer overall uc eesti remember te ack a nique). Ths we ke T= 5 (0/8) fun ol thn we a oly et tha he ‘xe of <,Snce the might ea eter pesenaion (Ale ee ino gener sgreement on wheter rot sit ht he actin J he "mpresaton be continoouy ely one cans sch representa where {he fotoes fare nl lcally Boone o ly merle and fr may ross ht sufee) Foweve espe al hese eves, the impece ron of the ore fa isbn ia wey sed cnet One concsion {fats beyond queso sa te fatto tctine eres art that every Gltibanon in £ oS has tee. We have eon bone av enample of ‘tention of inne or "One tae io he st ate ere i tha the ftom hes saves nel shave compact opp Fr example te ffocen 96 the ‘het (f oy dan an of compet sper, ven ag 6 ‘Spt atthe ern. The ream for is sa (771) 04 T hx compact ‘Spor, whe T ioe the crn fenton. Une (21) = Ee by ‘eon, where Qe is oe on 8 tighter of the sip of TB (ire) (Tee) mado? anaes en eghbrod of Ue Seppe fT: (°/6) = 0, Nace dat is gunent doesnot werk 7 has compat suppor “the rot of the sive thems re ater. Tere ae sre rote te thr and icky ately oeacnsctve. Tr recon frie pros ht ty ae Sr. When m= he wea behind fhe rot Isthar yu negate the usin many ines wl you bala cominuas Faneon Then ht fenton diferent sr many tines igs Sou ck © the orga dsbion. The poem i that Ke tek to define he gr ‘sf dutson ae eblem 9). Once you hae te ih deo, eet ‘he conet nton of entity of craton trove it enor” ‘Te Sco Dara you evemuly ave aa continous fn er a te wero eats (otoure tis mayo te tue er general ten) ‘One spect fhe prof a ery simple hat he suc hoe for ‘”fatows aly fom th steure ere fr ©The ie she port eno parton of nish hy denon quence fff 1G; € Dow hm 52) = Jade sam scaly ine elses onset ns of uit le pce 10), dra abr Siibaton 7 me ee Inve T = 3 ¢sT Gocaly inte sum) Note hat 7 bas compat spor (ihe suppor) Ie spy et ce ere To each 2 a ‘em, we base hid rat hee, 63. Distrbtions wth pot support We hve se tat te font ad ls dtvaive ve spp lo the single pon (0) Tn vow of he artnet of he aon tein genta there oct toon wth suport (0 ee frm raSa(Z)'s can Cn he ter ant, we might so contre acer infinite sms might be Slowed ithe escent send to 0 tpl cough us ot a he fr gus ih and the scon won. In ft folowing even ry mambo thre eit at orton 2 D aah a 2/2)" 0) = Ihe od tere i no ein on the Tylor expansion of a Fimo eal ha he Tao exarsion bt Os Ea (2) oer “This means thal he Tar epson dosnt hve wo connerg (even ft es nverge it des ot hve converge othe font anes anal) Sipps me tied eine T= (0/0s)"€ where ey many Oy awe nana Teh (Te) = 3{—1)lacy and by cosine ey appropeely Sarno. Icey, nt had we dow Ferma fe ge fe so sore DSros)etn wah pot eet ” where -€ Dis eu one na neigh ofthe xen, Aa co aphely 0 2—+00 ap Ws a} hen supp oat is isc! which srikng rap. Foray ed = 7 ieoly ae mabe ‘tiem in he wa Sling pil be nomsera, and fer ~ O oly te fet ‘cm tonsa, we a aored to dln eer tr by tn then see (0) 0) =n tea lhe eras of (ye) enh he ii. ft the er ye freien hat he a wk es ad ft he rate th Ay mat ow willbe determined y he ee ft coetioen Tas because here infinite sas Fn (2/02) 6 does notin tlt prove ht every diebaton super a thei Bae sm of hs rt [ic comeiale hat tee cold be oe, wer iron, wth ne point “oer fl (we depend on he dirtson croc of he date crm, T= 3 (1 04)" Io te ‘an amd an pyrotman aeomene fs vanes ode we appoint Sb gleltne yas) at Aco. Thon (Tap()lt- y))) 0 Ree Sia) = yaa) vate na nih 20 a peer (EG), Eom fan? ston - 0) Toten ole2 Te Srucne of Dobson wc converges as +20 © Sent fren (2) were) Ae comers as 0 flow om he fic hat vane adr Na eto an we evr take mr tan 8 dette eof a the pet rund for fol te reesenton T= 3 (0/05) fa) Ta (Ty) be etm ae ay ihn Tas teal be ea) by eI eh) Iwo pond ges he wong ve at 2 = 0. ne we ow tn (Fe) ~ Doral vant eer te ign isjta mate line lea to comme prot Let ur wit era, ‘Dy for thi spce of et fn. thn ey 4 coma fest of test fants fr ect wh [a = 1) 30 that every tt anton in be writen ugly 0 3+ Src wh @ € Dy Indeed we js ake at)e"o(2), an thes cy = (0/85) 0) des he wk. In rms of liner aieen, Dy bas te csimerin in D. Now (¢) = Soe) any pe D became (7,3) =O. Bal be dstibton J (2/25) an TEo ((2)'40) Leta r (ay af dam 8h y= nae ie (xa (3) *) foe et conv 017 ~ 5008) hice sn anna pein fit ee: is ene fenton ha aml pow fen mt he eal fe = rr) gens nay bey 3 emp ttn The ima =F) =O wh aly inp up 8 = (0) (xe protien 16 foe's moe errr). 80) = Sen (2/9) nih pn wis psn OF cure nt vey psi tab orn > 2 ee Sam ntresing ty eon oi al sphere harmon64. Posie ditriatons “Matenatcons made an yforute ce when they ddd that pasive ‘healt mean sty greet than so ving oe milly ers noeegtve tevmeun > 0 That maker ln of Heat ee omy poe when ‘tel ean somaya. Tas we wl defies pte drbuton Yo be ‘ne hat lcs nonce valves on aeancguv e fces () > Of {6 0. (Throphou i von eal el with ela fncoe ad ‘ett Ce) [chet nd 2 ea Tina sive SSibtn Moreover sf soninabs, thn Ti = poste iba If tnd oly ff 20 fis cosas ten we econ he sae tof “Sty tht wed in he das fe pp of J The enn 9 Se ciety sma i we wre f~ f° ~ fe niu dsorpostion Ino poste ad epi pas 02) = a 2), 0) and f(a) = ma Cye30) Li As r ‘hen Tis a postive ssebton fan ont if [f(r = 0 "Tse Sfinion of postive titten works he way lo fae Sore Are bere any ter oniv dttons?. Youbet! The fein postive Sice (ip) = p(O] > Dal p20. Bu #6 ot pote, noes 8) ce we cama conta henge fhe erative by contin he sgh of “Attra queion aces whenever ne define poi for any clas fob ject is eerng pes silence of we pose object If {we can ae f hr nome canonical cc of pte an negative pat Berto darana we never eto he ctr quo, betas the tne then ra sounding NO! Very few cartation can be writen he fom TT, ey and 7, psyecstbaos. I pet # cnet “To anderstand why postive drains aes geil we med tthe ‘sits exndon nb a igh fren, ad comely eng neu {fy Ir oer to rene te mmet er abuso compact sep 8 ‘Ne supose sup 7) conan i | aed we chose a menage“ ‘Te Srcneo iran {ftom that Is Mendel one ona weigborood of sp (P). Thee és apo sumer = We en el it (9) whee ap eta fo an ot fntion “ove th in we sey oe at het foto pm pine ons region of pp (and (Tveb 4) > tee we ave st the eseraon tat if Pia postive dahon of compact suport we ony eo momepty ofthe tet acon oir he apn of T econ (Ty) 0) Bat en Bote EP) « (T9) 08 “€T.) = (Tov) sil < es) =e ti. ‘What due hi inquaitytl s? Hsays hath sa of, yi comets bythe se of (oe matin vale 9 (2). Ta lle) er oat ‘Shing at volves dates of tease can wig ha hve age See ie (0) ‘nd 2) shouldbe amr fom te dentin fcominous oon ao we have ott etl what" clo 1o 2" 8 aetey = 2 ‘ould ean Semen (3) anon fr comity of rary nce, ‘ed depends onthe new‘ (fer Hs sas. Reales uo Bae Se ‘herame “hounds” “omit (1) rece we 90 Ti the condions we would ke 1 ave cde sy tat 2 hse 9 ya We ceri want te vas 2) eos te ee) and thi hold old frm To expres hs cin eaves ono he "agate nxaon pst Her + alle $ tl + la tha = and 0 < ie with egy nd ony p= 0 Exar! eri hese condos. ‘So we wat tvs tify hove oy. Bat we have to ean moe Gece cu wk witht fats we on iret he Ts ‘we will demand ao Ue (a) Ls ‘Heal atcton yey be cso to or nse tl foe = lel Sal ba iin may De vey lp) Tobe mor prec, we th only ead Ie for ine nner fdas, eee get exer derivates en OW ‘apy tec of dessin goes ay. "Thee sone more conden we il requ noe say oi lose to ex and hs conden not someting You mig ik fa we wat the Spon of oy andy be ay close ActalyW wl beng ead {hat he supports be cote Bel banded sy fo) fr sme {ven Te Witout such codon we wou ate sy Ga et ton {love 1 O even ib haze supe of oa wold have Be ey il far out and this would be very avkard fr he hind of ally feoman of tsreton ” So, atopetie, we wl ay at ys hos ov i IGy'>- Gols tc ol mn oo 8). bce we tell So SG Sh at ag SERIA eaten sc orany a FR nthinty le thre ei parmrre 8m (depending on 9B and) ch af lone to th parameter men Wei) (rel se Comimity oF stint be comity sever es funn. Note that {hs ely sayy we ean make (Ty) ene (Tg) Hf me ake 2 le ‘Pst we mt make pesto Inthe te cong wey dsb Bove. "Now we cn dsb the second deat f sna in sir ters, We ead expan what we en yy ne 2) =p fer te factions Mamet ‘So supe at we want sally o-G)4 fer every aa = takes ce of he ase of 0 deans an the cnaton on ‘he spo a teens Boned wets el ethane tp (andl spp. Ata so an obvious condo, bt is cesar If ‘te we ne ering ncaa when we uk ite Th the esa [fhe ii roc fr D~ Renders who ae falar with he cancels wil ‘cogs th ths as D into steppe spec, bl nla mew ee = thre sn single ation of distance nay feu est eto spss. S. we ‘With his defini of ks of tes encins,M semy 10 we that ss coninous hen £6) = Haman (9) whenever = Hien py THE Igor goes flo: we wet comlty of Tate. Given ¢ > O me {Ske Ws above and tee Gd ons hat [7 6) (Fg <« mene > Sn te ow with parmatr 8 rm,FThen every ha xp 1 fo) tag enough IGye-@)4 forall <1. Thi ihe mesa of l_-° Lss ‘Te Sacto Dats "Ths fr jae nou al psa se 10 wh pamees 6, Fad 0 We) (Te) se Batti is wa tina (Toes) = (Te) means sae arent em the canrapentve sh the Sven HT ahs enya (Tvps) = Ishcnver imp) — pin the above sete) hen Tw coniua "This form fait sexe wei sine allows uso ake Hing srocenes iid the non ofthe don. Po example (0) ot ‘cine of the trove ote der0y=(n Bo) “Te reson fr hi et at the cary allows ws 1 ring te dference een nie the ett, Hees erein~ (rteun- es) adhe he oniiy ete wake thet == Ose 2, de ‘nthe see of converence, Smit with integrals: [orone= (2 [2 cane te Riemann sme aproimaing [comer in the see of ‘and te Riemann sums ae ne We wl se ths cbsraon sen 13 when ne dacs he Fore afr of Sb of compat appr. “Te ht for of comin the howndeder of Teves exe at eos he ey 1 in Monn oa), Kes Mele ha pst stitution of compact spot must sity. The generation Involves allowing devatves othe AN Se and also esticon the spp tp Hee the tat sateen for rey Fhe nit Mand ch hat vrs ®I(2)e,oman of rion ° {ora wih suppor ie Rest see hat is Boundebess implies ‘Sonny nthe it wo fern Fo nampa bath ve upp inf Ren We) Chel =e . EG) G)oL we ~~ IG)"»- Gols fac ten (9) Be comm eto ae ume of mi ho mS He cw in aance, we ft ake 6 = 1 cameo ncn tw ht oy in St sv ings bo does sng ie erty of Toone ofthe tc pcp of fetal Satis The cont of Ta the ro fon meat that given ay «> 0. ame sa of 0" fm. en Te < t ems” EG 5 (a bave em wi ol © noe nnd fp spied © 7, = (2)” Te Sacro Dortbtons But mete the estimate [jr (8) eerel <8)" Laaotee ence women E10, here Me he maximum vale of [igione ran (E74 {or sre mand Moral st fants regal of supp, For temper 2. Tosammure: by te metodo muipcion [yet feces ver drain maybe aprsinted by dbon of ‘Copa upon To show that every debt canbe spina by et Foren, reins to stow th every aan of pac pot ca be gqronmaed oy est ctw Now i Ti dst f compact appr and tt fant, hen ‘ex Pi auc ate nto efit we hve deal sea that opp! Sm (Shee te sees of um ct) 0 p07 as compat appr, aed 0 Sth con pos) = {Tora cll hat (2) = ea) which C™” ‘Te Sracnro Dba Desc desc estan ete Bem pre ey Ge fetes) where els) sds if ey tonto hen (#70) = B20) 2nd Se shapprosiat ety so ep hance (28) (P) "Atay hs argument ees hal o-Ps ecient ast section. That means rend shaw tha al Ge suppers of Ps ren in ‘ed exmpar cand at raves (0/0) etme ery {© (ofde)"6. Bel bt prope w omy oso, ance may (= np Gt sup oad app snk se 0 ile (2/02) rs [00s] and te sprint nity ee hows tha i vege aermiy (9/3e) "We cin combine th Wo aprotinin proces in single, tote procedure. Starting with any bon Tom (os). This te onetom and coneres 0 ae 0 (ogo soem st c= 1/8, edad) le ta tht we con do seve erdarotez or #7) ‘Ses fonction pt he sane one sf) and ese alo approxima Pt the po sr, tiga ieee “Te ame proce sows hat ncn nD san posite foc in |S ore, and istibaons mand, whee ext ewe he ypoxtaion isn the verse appropiate to he sbje ang appoints. For exanple f J ES then we cam pad fw a dts 0 9 (o(e=)f()) 8 4 abu’ hr we re ering mes, te apposition mee of ‘S convergence. oven (8) irl as. "Now we an exlin mae cely why we are allowed oink of epered ierhaton arbor of Sarin Soppoe Ties dsbaton (0) ‘Sete italy ony for €D) and Ps nd etiam imsitse 5: foseor (2)" aa, encanta (2) 1) fer alg € D. Then {claim deri «marl yay w extend 50 ha (4) 1 dened for ll» © 5. Nanely. we apposite © hy tel fnctons {ec € Din the above sense, Bec of he estimate iT ti, lows Uh (Tn converges an and we deine (Pap) tbe i otro show ta thei uique—t depends nly on pad at the Fascia approxima seoence, And of cae, sir eae ete {before tt now fr all pe So he extended Is indeed cman. on ‘hence a tnpred auto, The enon eign swe ted in saying the erga harton ea emp trbuton, andthe een [tan elms of he pve frm the onde a hares temperedaa ary of bons lsnoucas among all dstitudoas In racic cis vuly so eat wo ‘lief given dsm sates ich anette, toupee ae soe eer essence res for dtstons writ sr town 6) Seto decide Ths fo st on acdemie quo, sence, ane have Seen, Fore tafonn methods eit that te dtbuton be epee 67 Loca theory of aistebutons From the besoning we hve ephasaed ht dstibtions ca be died | ty open st n>” Neverthe ete mort of our tron ‘atone detec al fH In ecto we wl comer moe coely tte dstinting, sd seme of he ernest see Real ha be pce ote hts DY) deed wo bet O™ tons ‘ethconpac appr nt In ether wor mate ae ote compact 0K sch ie te open eM 20K mun hve postive dance oe plement of OF ease Da) OUR"). Ther i) he deebaton fn ae te cominons near fn on DYE), where ean mens ‘racy sane hie a fr dros on, ony reseed st tn Ie (0) The two ral quo we eed W answer we 1. wha eth elon Seven D0) and DR) and 2 wha the reonship between 1/2) andthe dsrbaoes of compas ‘eppert wove supe tained Suppose T € D(H) Then (Ta is died or any € DR), since ARV RY we he arb 0) yen Let a ee (RI) = (9) fer pe PM) _Albough RT's deine bythe same fomula as is rent fom leit Seep tot wha T des cb npr. it oe toe heme sseca ely hie RT) = RT wi; Ts Gs ale dsriaton sapped ue 2107 wget). Do we gt aston (0) by escton oF Srbtom t (R") eter mod the mapping R= DBS) =D) fone? Abolitly mo! This what mas the eal ery of dibs Ts ve an example fa fl dsbton that sot he esrtion of otal asuouten Lal (0,1) SB Coney Te (0) gen ty wo= Se (2) Forany D0, 1) his fink sum ice pst be aon sighted™ Te Sacro bats £0, anes ey tse tas Heer and comin on YO), Batley Tin ot the verizon of any hates in D(H) teem Be sre ‘teoem would imply hat sch dsb bus Waly Hie od, whch manent der a Ante camp ‘which snot reo ce weet conse v © D(a) ppd i 1 {or wich te sam Serge. "What there xampr sow nd wha tae in general i that eel ab ‘ions in (ea beta wry a you spam the boundary of he ‘el he et Fenton (0) yan efor you reach be Boo) a fests camot ave oo apd growth ear te Rove. Ba aw sys Ti eal dtaton ta wa earn, T= RT forme Ty © DR) Gan we ind an extn? We know ht Foes et nel deine Tet thre tome sale rts eunn? Cold we, forename dian exes That has spot in 9 (he ls of 1)? Again he oer 1, ‘Avan example, omsier woe for € 040.1). Since vanes ner nr the integra ee is Iecaly nebo (01))- We have sen how o extent T 10 2 dabtion ore frevample rtf Mae Dat wy ome emp even. eo ke [ BeZoaro, ‘Te obi at ei mam Fava nel dt we {Factke wh 0) 9 Ot mer al ene sal sited fh vide cura it Fee sn, ed, P= i tent T= RGGT) whee p wary Om fon ea Sen. te enbne yw cnet cm oie Snot tf “rng i snd genio, wt (0) oe itionaa ay of ets ” 1; #7; we stint dns in (0), hen ao RT) RT, sha we do ‘0 lose any ifort by ening craton in (2) © D1") with ‘hei reson in 20). This £0) © DM). Actual Ff) ia smaller space than te space of etic, nce the spp of» Sswbaton (0) ‘mst ay any om the tony of Thos, or exam cr= [eee te dition in (8) which ect oa dation in (0,1, at i tin #1) sce upon is he sed ter 1 ‘We coaepu aap fone son the geo all fanctons of (po estcon onthe pow a he tous. ty Tn semnary, we have be contanmens yO) CELA) ERO) DLO) and ao £(0) C (0), btn ter omnen re a "Te theory of dstibutons can be extend son srs in B° and swore gery sh afl To Ley the dessin on ence eve Sil ews the cea these SC Ren bythe eguton[r Nove tar SC fan the et ile plane aad $e ou Sri sphere in pace What we wold ike pet thoy that sine {othe pre eather ta he way i a aces space However ‘eal shales erlot th resenation of 5°" Bord py Se claty he doco Belt being sho poi ot thal we aes havea they of ito ‘ins conned wth he shee ae. tutions on whose ppt ‘Scowuiped nS. For example we hve daly conse he dation ira [ene scott econ A to * d= fel 0 Howes, hit clas of dstbucns ely dos depend on the embding of [St in Bt, ad sos extinct than ini Late we wl seat tea ager lac tha he stbtons D(S™- tha we ae pig ee, “Teen qe imple. In vation ofthe dln of D(H") we want tn dene (Sto Be he coinuo nes unto on 4 space oY Function (5°! Tse te econ shod be pt he C™ ects om ihe spre ice the sees comp, we do fave ee the app ‘the et entons nny way) On nay deine # fantom Se Juss the eatin to these of C™ fancon oe he abet pe B: ‘Spal p dered on Sie > ikea be extend > C™ fonetionhe Srucnro bent ‘on 8 Of eue thi defion yeas wo be extinse, lhe exeson by ‘means nig i i ere vo be any ees tat sea C™) ‘Tome mates bene sont Ot we can pay the exension. Lat (7) tea funon of oe vale whew graph ks fe hie icone 6s a0) w() te the xeon hat maki he angler fy he ail Bebavor 8 lr any = 0 he pit Ls Blogs to 5° a0 (a) well end, ad west Ey(0) = 0 ste v0) ~ 0), Then 9 fas 4 O™ exersion ifand ony i pis So we can ce DLS) a the spc of cons pens" sucht By € DIR) SUI, we ive mt ovrsne te obo hat his i exe defn ‘Tot an equal nin denon we nett consider he Hes of eal prints em he spre You sre no ab fir with pl cores fe SE pera contr in We cin yrs on he pry seine» = 1 which ees wos (a we (8,6) courts for Sand Inter wor (on 800) ses pat fn foe any ace of 8, a cosind inom cord) pes apt on he ptr or an che of Ojo can ik of Oe mga ad ff ‘etd Ofcourse we mut inpose sme etic eco ime want tate representation of ach et, snl er whee he ay ‘ofthe codes sys cme it orth eel, we ca ent 9 sin 0 <@ 0) ‘Hee i vial 20 lange, wile 5 oot compat (on. = hyferold FEtsl = 1) oecoary (lst awstats i DS) have mic apport. (Rear nh ate fis wih the deinton of art {© na can rosy guess hw to dene wt unctoes ad teons ‘na anid) ere on mre ites sect eee ivaing '(S*!) ern > 2 {A funciona omgeness of depe (emer his means f(r) AeJla) feat > 0) canbe ten Jr) IP lee) whee Fs fenton othe sper Cold he sae ere formset? "tugs oat dt fis wu i a> (Or eve compen wih Rea > —n) Lec eD (Se), We maton sme ofthe pba aT (oa) WE ‘sr faction of he ope we old we plc owe Jue fog g € DIR). Tha oT (ze) should te grea nthe general ese by ritctenyr ir nee [°([, romenan) ote Ife > 1 then ths exreson defines a dstribsation ow 3 thai home enous of dere, or ary T€ D(S™*). Convery evr dsr hati homogenc of epee if it form for ome T'€ D(S™ ‘The stun when Re a fant “4 Stow tha ff (elds ~ 0 a ony bath fu 2] = Band Ball (ole 0. 4 Sippse 7 #dstbton on Band eine a bt So By (Sp) = vv) whee el) = ple), Show tha apy 5 cote ean Give mame ofa drut whe ot icone {nthe rane whch ao thom (2/059. (6 Let f af be eomimusfurcons on BP how ta ee ext omtinasfrcton fh a oH, oh oy Be; * ars Brohaf + Jed 09 R. Show a a # gale > galeboele. Give a xa on 7 oR tt dwt ve compat Sper rsh es hn comps ie * Oetiay ate ite feprnaypoes J Pie) shee Ite) = [opty pol = nh ty = 80 ‘condition i needed to have Ig € D), ad moce geneity (IT 2+ ay) = Ste) whe wa be ad yu oy fed xt chon wi eee stom tat eet ttn of ma a ‘TT's a well defined distribution. Show that (d/dr)IT = T. Show Shy ne ctf = en ny» cont 18 Lary be ny spc snp te con th at () tesa pone Show bat) = 0) Seats Eve recat 1 te f6) = ine, Sow tt fe) ea per rain, een tewhwe dont hve 70 SA oemy ad 12. Give om fe pnb whe wrt i sige rom 18, Give be fomct este ots wap pf pois 1 Show hh xi eon ge Tr xn con Be roc ay ato da pay a © 15. Shh he en inne rt of (9) we emo be sasoe ore pane ee 1 Show a FT = Oe # = fect fen 6 oie ahenwoste Gen fe fi) =0)) emote) 17, Show to dan re) Is nt postive. (Hin: nose with a mata atx = 0) 16 Show tat sap f= app f° U ap fr oninooesf. Does he ae I even i 7 comics? 1, Show tat (Tg) > 01 i postive dian of comput ppt sade 0 on eghoroa of the sap fTww ‘The Sri of Dros 26 Give a example oF et fncton teh at and ae whore and 2 ae wommeptive tet functions. Why doesnt this com Tc pote 207 272 Deine the Catron f 1 te the conenes, nodes fscon thats eon (0, oe 20) and eur conta ‘mcah of te dled id oh cman tthe Cato ling 5 0) = | on heft ge me i [4] 0) = fa 08 She snd wage mans) Show a be Cntr ect isa te seta dna of Ca cba 24 Show that he al eet ofthe delete ier ie he consti of the Can et ei hs sea he length othe Cr et 24 Give an example of into on te tn for whi le < 10-6 Stan S10" ta ihe = 10 (oe Tey asin for sabe ons a ) 2 Lat g be a ons tet fanton om R!. Dos the sequence g() = (2) eno ten he ere of Dt Canyon fi next ot ton T fr which ita (Toys) #07 Ca you find empered 26 Let Thea dsration and 3 es fcton, Show hat (2)85,N= g)=7 +(8p/0s)) ty eign the deat nie the dition 27, FoeRe <4 Idee «dation Ty concocted on [-* By y= [os [oon + [oer otras xe,Stow tht (ong) = [voll td i 0) = Rea < L ‘oadon wit = 2% Show ht T is homogeneous of depres a, Wold th same be tei te omits Geom (000)? 28. Show tht the fay of dstbuns Ta sate 8 tation of (Ge fas) ie ataly or every let fncton 9) a Re a <2. I 48 Show ta ET sa dstibuion and 4 C™ faction. he detaion| (fTogh = (Tf) sean» tain (in he seme ta JT sien toundedees conse. 3 Let Te) = | fehl) de foam fe) seis fa < ltt Te). What Kind of banded somdton as temper tion oe stay? 22 La T be ditton of comput spp ad f 2 polyoma, Show ‘8a +f is ns plymn. (iiarPoyeri cn chr ty the canon (2/02) = 0 fr some) What cam yous aout the degre af eprom =f? 2% Show hat 6} = Ee a tempered dition om ‘34 Show tht very saion nD) can be posited by tt fe our in DE) oe whe teh et in her sit amen ‘ft function Df) sch hat = ton aK, wth = UR, 8, For 1= (01) CB! const a all fr in poten 4 236 Suppose) 8, Show tua dstebatons in (Mca be seid 0 ther es N such a 6) =r ol > In cter mors, gs uniformly sal ouside» Houde se ‘era connor fonction, vain tft a nronger onion han bounties fs comiuoas hen If) = M on} < Nand fl < le] = 8). The Remann-Lehepoe eer avers ttf vanes ii Jie tine Reman pone ens or eg nthe eas of Reman, 1d Uobcoeeenened the ea for is more neal cry of inept ‘Whatver ery meron you hve anc, ou ca pe he re hater. We wl sy af tearable tf) de De. Let me sec wo Beet ot ating erin ea hat inte ie en tery The st staghtorord pont combines Ue es 1. Westy know he vanishing infinity For fF Since simples ses.he Romane Ledge mt w 2.5 dense in be meal uncon 41 The propery of aig att s preset der anor nits “The demi ofS (even D) in various ehation space war Scud in {66 sent the Same cosacion,mutiphaion by 2 eof fncton ad maton /. 65 sich Oat : dim fitte)=s4e=0 sy pe ac ft alo or a wt Sr Sree Na Deen acy ese see Sumas ty coe Pearson m splice) fel=0. ‘That oconshde he proof the Reman Latege emma we eed o show: gaan ini and gy» gif then 9 wishes a inf. “Tepe his ma sean. Given herr > 0, week nhl and fin sch hat |o(€) af) © § fora i he form emergence) ‘hen er at pr sige fot ua vais aint, we ae Ba (uch ht uf) ffl Bu ten for 21 we ve Wn) ~ A+ ln =the een ‘ofthe For want (hs is nee dimension, be a sip varat works ‘nighersimensos) 6 oa Fo [ Hayetae J nesnioesers [ressiewe oar nays ‘So what? Well ot much unl you ge se even lever average his ‘ste orginal dedi ia He} fern tert Ween s 5 fea) fe + alee Wathen when =? ly =. Je)=Hevstoyee0 (oa ei rie ae pon Be). "Te Remann-begu lemma re for Foie sve nd ce an ferns suey ot sapiing at bn [tome cies dn [tterme teens J iintepable Sc toe orm alow by coming fe) + j(-0 ‘Asan appiation of th Rienan Lebespo lemma we prove eepartion of eougy fer saaion ofthe nave gabon Remember i secton 53 we Showed hate ney Pau = 0, ‘rere ttle a ne energy and econ ent chery. The opepatson ays at rf — “ee Macc aod pet ‘reps ach eo athe wal ener. To se his we epee argument ‘ews to prove he coset of rer ei jit one he oe, ain [[Bomo'« bye Pancho femal, nd sig te frm sled Feat) = festa + se)‘he Remone-Libegse omme ™ for he soon othe wave equation we compute Pi Age HO eon? ke COP —bhsinklestie (ROSE +FOHE)) eronat er [2 ruc.o| PPL + SOF + Sosa WEF = Juli einatil (C08 + TH) ig itv ai le gt, soa tos ere reece Mere ? as fwor + eve teh ey ea yt em 1 er -e feoeats to a [fossa + fsinauey (eH + 10TH) ] ih ue im mst goto seo af 40 hy he Romane Leta em "Th mpmen is perap oper aedetan we comer he a tint Comer he em owe era Wey pte sev of | becune csi eve Now he ‘erent bate al ney bie ges [GPa ee ISIE megrah.Then ie corded 0 he Remane LEserte eans fr he Fae oe wana 0 (0) Sua we smo hve e/g, cee unig of [e447 aome Poa Anat 1 co, Fay he fs 07 aso ine his flows om {he Cans Sehatnegaity for mle, [irc aes (firceran)” (fccerae)”, fiche fe int ema feo end 0 soa (ee) a= f ana (HOT) “Foe myer 9 i sila In a, we apt the oe meson Riemann Lsterpe ea! Thesis do te ingraon in polaris [ener wetars [“soaie (yan) ae “Te fact tat [46 Bite i ean 07° fo ra ae Bing integral ar 3 fncton of te sng ara ad the te one dimensions lenane-Lebespoe ema aes ip, | oottu tora Tote ems fellow ty the same se of resin. . "The Reiman Leberg lemmas alae felt tls yow tat 7 vanishes aint, tt es opel he mf decay. Fo may Wis detinble to hae 2 quae me ach ae fl 2 ee oe let foreome conan andar some cer comparion tS cE) ‘there an expt foncon tha vane at tiny aoa weve ha me cao concae tht any sch esate ols om he mee cha (fit infor any fed Fain hang tity Prsibe to fink J which is coninous and as compost spp och tht [Fe ee} a does moth fray conta carte ae = Saying ab (6) sunbed) Tiree esa ae ea tera att exy pve example of era uncon ato etsy [fle = deh fr alle] >I foray consanc where o> Oi speci ‘niniance. Real hat we showed the Foure mfr of the dba [nwa egal oa mui tPF 0 9< nie constant depends 03, bu for is aumento) Now ff" eve ine, enue ened fo the tna f the trl tae to an > feetbe fess of be megan Infinity Sine he sgt ea er that inert sw othe fncon J) = |~Fe“P¥, Muliig by he Gass fc makes be ep Bite nity. oes of 3. Ts om ncn 5 ep ong 9 ecel—ne™ ae wae sey oa Once we ne S10 sinfy om <8 Te roto he Hastert Yours Inouye tained rom tee tro endpoint eae by 2 mato known “Semon” wich ie hjon he spe Bokm oar nays 72. Paley Wiener theorems ‘have sen ta her elon fete ya infin fora Fncton (crtemered datbaton) and stow ofthe Feuer eastern. We ay ‘Rink of compat uppo are late e deny tintin aed sabay ae {heute smo Then shoul coe nase ht econ (or darnuton of cmp apart has Four stom ‘he the tem “Paley: Weer tere 1 ee 10 ay et ‘ppon nematic abot fin ems of aay endows on F(t that tote Plein theorems encrn port ar et compe. Geer ‘peaking. rather to pss om suppor information st f aes oe, bk sae ky to go In the fevers econ, "You ange generl a er gull by consering the snes ex ample. Let f be fusion co ly and so i pole o eed the ‘Sntion of fom lt © mo arches comples aay anton. The ob ‘ou ie is replace the el varie with he compes vale = 69 nd te hte dion fein) [Leone [letemeye = le H0N0. eset i nn Fo et 1) Then mento meme eae oon, Race pln toe pe Err cy fe ey wet M8 ts sie etn Cem pa Se Ervine (g)to= [Le toe = Feet 1 tax the sae reasoning shows tha i Jia ston of compact spp seem) hes}otnsaminc ome) = ‘What kind of analytic fonctions do we obtain? Observe tht /() i an tre anc function tnd and asco he ese compe lam). BetPater Menem w ‘21 every emi ale fnton can be oben his way case fC) Sins some pow condos Sy, to be mere fect J bonded {Sd appre eS Then ore] f" serenade" tote eet comes" achive maim elon a on te endpins = £4 “Tas be growth o/c 8m mst exponen nthe ImaBary Pa fC. Sc acon recalled etre cos of exponential pe (or more ec cspanemil pe). ote tat ito rely nce to ase af fun we could pt sy with the weer emptor gran "We an now ste wo ay Wiper hore PWT Let {be supponed i (~A,A and saiy [4 f(e)P de < oo Ther f(s a er fucion of egonntial ype A and f= YE) < Se Comers f PG) 2 tte con of exponential pe A and SELIG a <8 then = | forte such icin PMD Le J be a C> fncion suppor in Ay A Ten 6) a ee $fincion of exyonetal ype A and J) raphy decent) = CqIL IK) forall Comer. fF) inane forion of exporentia ‘npe And FE) i rap deca, then =f for none ach nto J (ne hing o kee in mind with these and ahr Paley. Wiener theres ie tt ince you ae desing wah ani facie, some eines yer sites. "Thee posible To charac fhe outer tsar ‘evel deen buat equivalent, wats "The argu we Eve fr f() to be ete of exponen ype A va tundeh hypo of FW. Decne we se (ame) (0) sea(f" ner) weno ost f=) = 0. Tod hr we are ‘hails permite to make he change vate + 9 le te are [everson formula fed, Of sure is ees nor eraioe stgimeet Te etic fee i Fle + inbee or any fed Then we et yg tify spel Ir > A we Foe toe and Wea ch we y= mst at 2 gs ara Te fact ‘hal Fo exponent ype A mean FE 9) Bows mwa kee ba ain, [neomeona ssa hence fe) =0 8 regia. Tso couse a evesnglieaie of e Ipumer, esa weal ave he tga sond ith cnphesed han exponential pe, bene these Foret tant ay hve Polynomial roth the real varale—for example hy maybe eyo Pie Let f bee dsribaion apored im [~A.A, Then fi an entire fancion sahng grt eine Veal set +e {for some « an N- Convers if Fis am enti incon satsing sch Irth vin then the Poarier tango of iron with pp ielaal Asan example. tke f=0(2~ A). Then we keow ji) = iGo. eae L(G) = CE (ce is arly) ad hs sass be rom este with ‘The argument or BW. ina it mre complica tan before. Suppose we cose aca anton» ha identical ne on ighboroal ofA. ted i sopaned in [=A Are) The FC) {fez} and we canPte Mere heens ns ppl he undoes estint discwsed in seon 6 0 obtain wean sed |(£)" ores] Since irentinin of pes powers of 40. td | = ‘Sunde bye he sopet of mechan he ese to sett + eet sich i ot ite wat me wane, Bocas of the «(We amo cima « {yleting tad wo eo cn he cm depends td ay los pin te process) The wk er emia the «to make ¢ aed depend ‘on msn ht the rae conant The mpument for he conmese involves convening with an apron sett ud using PW 2. "A the hee tnd in 2 ata! ay Hom dinesione Peas the nly new iden tha ne mst explin wht ay eae focon of ‘erste sng! bg tat he faci comings an aac each femen compe vats searacy 71 fnon OB spp [e)2 A. hen he Foner tater eed fle) = Fale "4020, tie asi Fncto, an agin i has exponetil yp A mei Yio soe sine «9 has masini vee! on < A ake x = ~ An). Then PW. 1,2, 3c wed Sed wh he bal 2] 0, on ¢*7 wl be Bound for = > 0. SOT ‘appl 020) ten {wil te well ene, and anion the Sper hat space 9 > 0 (Si for spp on (2,0) athe Ter hatespace 90) Pat f be suport on 0,0) with "fd <0. Then FC) ican ‘male acon om 7 O and safer he growth eine sag [Meenas1 oar Aaah urhemore, the wal Fourier anor Ft) 8 the ln off +6) ax yO" nite flowing ses: alg, [erin —forae=0 Comers spon Fl) sana > Od fete routine wef tena cow Then Lor sick a fection f Asan aplication of te Paley Wiener teres (pecially PW. 3) e's sow tht the wae eatin nn dimeson ha th sane asin speed of [ropaeaon ht we cbeved a ssion 53 for m= 1-33. Thi amount F"eos ki) an = (Ht) me se soporte ine < Kl. To spy BW. 3 we ned fst understand bow ‘he fants col and sn | may be evened oem anal encom Note ht wil 2 fo epi yf se [wo anal “Te tey oberon tht snes hth cox and sar even fc Of ze an takes yl in 2a hewlett ale fnctons irene thgh nt cre (ts nt igen). “Tene See ‘ale fonctions re sinktc 2 eo Inde they at nr alts, Ring the compoion of nl fonctions 6 ‘cle analy) ed ey sums he erect alae when ea ‘To mply PW. 3 we eed eat the se of thea frtos in parca we wil show [FV ce" or each of th. The sang ei the observation oak and ference sty‘he Pano emt forme w (cise asp eget or f+] <1 ad e120. T ape te etna to our fons me ned mt (¢-()"2 =u (a oes tv dsrminew and gal since we ene lip Bote by “1, bat doe {eternal and th we hve [FI = fr beth fntons “Tocomplete the arent we have fo sho © Ts flow by sae. tacit argument ey. Weve C= (0-0 wih eas faethe ween ‘by cuing rea nd iain pts, of cone Kl Ef we ean replace te econd eat by thinly se s KP. a Pe? + MP ~ bP) s lePn. eee (eosemty<(eae) vtec Baie ea Ee eaten reches ‘aur the dbo hae been cae exp, bt same somes! ‘ons fr more gel hypertaifieal aun 13. The Poison summation frmla ‘We ive compute he Foret wasn fo he anton tha ea Cally 1 Wen ko compas he Fortune of ay ante of (Ole we For simply ers sume n = 1. Let y ary ve the integer (ll 1 adms Poa Anat ‘The sum on the (eo taking he Fore nesom) dines eine tempered dro, ic econ isk if an tine “ems” af evely ‘pned pint musesThe sm om the ip looks ike» comple anton Inc sor What ts oo almost exact he sae the Sm ‘Of couse thes Sz does ot extn te il sc, 0 wll sot dacove the Poovonsrimaton feral by 2 et tak. We wil ke ‘moe cca rate, aring ih the es of perodiaon Ciena fncton J ‘ne we cn cet 8 pr foc pid) bye ee Eneom Pile) sssuming fas coast suport of decay ply cough iy “The key question ak se folowing: wht she laos between the cefekns of the Fear eres epunson of Pf. f(z) = Seve" and the Four nso of 7? Ove you sk his question he ase sa ad bff rete It we sai te defo of Pf and inercange the sum an the ine nce a 7 Pa coma Sapo, ea & fl nemene LE CO me £[Lrneme gic sine «234 = 1 So the Foie sts cones of PY ae exe ‘he by resting the com, "The Psion summation oma a emer f we compete Pf(0) in wo ‘ays the tinny summing the ower ees E som-2 F jw.‘he Pose summation forma ” “he esd i jt (Bean) Ems) -2¢(Eea)) £( Eten) oa 5 sean Inn dimensions the argent simi. Let 2° deo te lace of pins (iy ly) ah imge corns Ten we ave ($40-0) 00" Ene nd theo sie is &(E 4-9) 1 Lene ae EHH er wih eos fds sont om lO ne fm at ton ected een ey el die Oe) Sct arc Stray pecan tee fem hc ayers ing upon Cro, {Timmy sa the me anf tc) tr mc ecm tay, ren meh pnb ey Stcion eesti fe he are ton th ‘tee he ng ie ee nner of me ne bal Crandon of agen be 3 tng ae nn nrc put inten be Ses he Fionn etl as nas te sng tec we Re tm eed Fereume» Case = ; Wa. ‘sn npr te ey tsee Ponte Anat 1 woul he w comer now a rsp ierpremon of he Poison sation forma We er feard Saga def) a4 Moe! of cae yma eack em H(2~ )vereseog atom needa he ate ost 1E'The Fourie eestor the a ode of he cup ofan Xray ction periment Sock experiment doi st pice the carter pers of tra spats oma case lace een hough be fal sl sof fie spat ight genrasion of the Poison matin fora we eat compute the Boer waster of Spy (23) wher Pan aber tie 2 By detonator at represen by 9 = Rey toot Ae wher tue ines al rte ae neat Independent ecto in BO rn ‘ksripon we seth? = AZ" where Aiea iver nn mats. (A sal {s the matin ‘A. For example, the lative in B® generated by vy = (0,1) and So (hl) ithe ame ae 22) ‘Gives any latched lace 1 dee We te set of veces 2(Ze-n) we Dae-7) ‘a te lentiied wt th lame of fede dia of Te ek #(Ze-») w=re “Eee an Daag) by the wa Poisson summation femal. Bu (AE) = dea" — (eS) wich prover or mae with = (2 dat Te ngedseton fo te Hoan of quaint The song rangement rode dace Fourie stom. The paral srungeren we describe eae ysp- ‘ropeton fa higher lena tin. To bo pci, ae lie Fs JF baie rom 2 y aon eg an “atonal” angle (mae pes, ‘ihe gent the angle hat me be a ana ume, We abe a ip‘he Patron emt forme ” In

0p > 0 Te conn wi) = 1s eaalen wo fide = stich ne can write} = 1 by af tation te cnt anton | Ind, so (et) mat dnd or). Ofcourse sean ie) = ‘thre sy tesa seacne tet ante appreinaig the etn Fimaton ‘The corer same pte ay poe dren wih Gt) = 1 Isai co a probably ese in ts ay 17 I's pone, iterate fncon i [f(x = I eriay eteprson, then here an atid robe menine, dened f(2) de, died by A) = [fled who msi iter ot fps ~ fof a) de ‘Sock mee re ill abso contract. Other staple are datePraiaymenare a poste die fants a mesures = 5 p(t ~ a) whee (5) ae dsc pobbies (smet ot Dy=t) shed onthe points (Ie sm may Be it cout ad mere etic ‘Cann measesdverbod seston 4 "robaiy means hve Foner baer he seed dnt re tempered, which are vena tons Sey ty te Fru erty = ferta oh bs He fas a fet = fey = = fe tm = fi te wr ese In gener dos not vai Inf. fer expe 3 1 ars ot it we ean exactly cacti he Fur waar of rob ‘iy eases. This hrc i ale Booker shorn malin ‘henson of poste defen, Ble dex at mere he nl ‘ogo cece fr mains. Te Ay dente an 15 0 mart with complex ens. Asie 1 thi rmatit isa qian fom on C™, whch wedene by (48,0) = Sy Anh foe = (orn) avestor a, We ey te mari pontine dee the guna fom always nomegate, ty.) > Ofer a Note tha 2 Fer tbe qa om ot neces Yea wis egued when we ‘Tne (faye) » 0. Asse th te tere nomeptve define ometines el with pose deinie” bang eee fer te Songer onion (gro i go. Fr opps it is Bete nt ist 08 i st piv. Al, i aoc med thal th ti Heras nniog An = Ae fe ‘Shaton we ne consieng the wil ana e the cae Bough at ecru tt oo, Now we can dete wht meet by pst de fost 0 Defnton 24 ‘cone (complealued) isin Fon sai to be postive dpe [fise mari Syn Play 4) pte deft foray choice of ptsmm oar nay {Bose MY, and any. Spell his means CY Aes ge 20 foray chic af uo [Now we chim hat the Fear asim of poabity meas is pitve kite incon Ta ery ey ts See EEW com EE (fetal) oe [(Exe enero) ae =f snes mpc pi te bt id 2 I he pobdily eases concent on he ois whee the ie Siyen" vanies. Th ne hve elite he ny tal of ul oe Boomers Theorem: A freon I isthe Fourier ranform of probly measure and ont 2 RO=1 2 Fi potive dite “T rove he conver. we fis ne otro the rostie dete con: Aion om &dioee t contos fa, The Hea ata the codon ening ysve denies, we can hin of he bes wm weight as Sted the ptr Then them sppotinaies a doable ner ‘The omnes Term shoul ha be ff r0e-nitaeinseay20 foray te fonction € D_ A technical emma, whos proof we wl omit, ‘Sor tha conn in fq opie denen fr om “ios fonctions ‘So to stat with comnous,psie definite fon F. The postive cnt condones a Pi bode, tha P= Ter soe mere “dbcon We are ping o pov ht ie nat» pte dbo‘Prty mere apie ene fonts bs 1 ac. te comic fn fps eines says ety (F .2 forevery p€ Dan the ame bs fo every € 5 Heemne Ds deme nS [Now ace of varie ets s wre hi at (rye) 20 where (2) = ATH. Since F =P we hve (90g) = (E909) = (7 F149) = Ie Ste postive deste of F says tht Tix mosopatve o fenton of ie frm rallye, whch ihe sme ay? feral € Sn te Fare nfm a omer of 5 "We have amet proved what we cated case 1 sty Tia postive rons 4) (9) > 0 er any tet etn ha nonegae. Serer ech mero pss om fees fhe oem [10 general onepatve enone Once we know tht Tn postive runt ele ection 64 comes rma postive mate (et mcs i Iowever) Frm (0) 1 and 7 contour we ence at R°) = 70) = Toy ea baby mene Pee dees aay. ney conse over bt hee one cumple wheres possible Fob ¢ Gain Since We kno Fis the ‘ours wesfrm of 1 Gaui wich spose fantom, we tno rm Boctne’s thee htc pie dt We ca very hi det LLM -adom LE LEetetenan ‘The em «4 seems Lo pee iia. ets expand in power erm = ane, Wen we sbstite ds nto our campeon we can tke te m summationmm oar Anat whlch cle pse. The agunest in» dimensions simi bt we have (ot tek ype ina pdt compet Fn the nttoe I pokward here since 2) and eves) andthe ake he pone eve cxpansion tech exponen tor 75 The Hesenberg unceraity principle neo hos fous ad prox rin of uti ys Steet ti tsmpesble ei ret he oso ‘Roms of sp with te cic. Th quae vam Senet he Fetes scram pcp wach mayb oma = icyely i Ptr myn (ctr so cnn pe Src, swe wil cna) Todo te nay et Sy 0 Sa pimps of gust econ A pre dead by Aare ten oC, which comer vabed ftw oo sing ‘locos = any eating, te wave con nly ered op io pha. e, ve) ae e"¥a) nent the sae ate). The te ‘hy mews olede es he ry Seige pre ome ‘ep ferme. pob pw ern t) = foe Te meen pono Fe pen 2 gen y= [5M ad tar oe roby mene wee fies 12 god inet of he amour of “sea” ofthe mesure, hence he “one tary in mesring tbe potion ote parce. We wll write Va) see Ihe deendeme on he wave fncen. An inert at clement Serato athe varance ant ered dct at veto a. finite it nt ig een oh y= Jie-2-siepée= [les +h? fear fen ance We lam he at itera aise, teome (22) 2= FP (0,2) ant floy-2)is2ae = Oy he Satin, (omen [4 = 1)Tre Heeb crn pice [in 8-sPotet as = wat) +18 th minimum let ated when «= 0 ta quntum mectaics, obsess reesei by operas (try speaking. Herman cpr) It chu eer then (Ao) Pso(e)o (ede epee te expe va of he creping ser ahi the parle reesei by I ber wor, hs he serge You woul sctally ease fer the stevie ov callin of nal par ‘(Eh ened by or Irwe we = [ase ten vt (a A=) = fay A ae epee te var, or nce nthe memento A, Fo te obser {Beeston the operator A mlipeton by tly hss a vector ‘Soper ice poton 3 vetr suerte) You can easly voy tat ‘Band Waa) coespond 6 # and V9) wih we dens ere Fer th hervale "moment he oer amie Ota er a, We notte concer here mh the constants in he her. etig the fameas Packs contr. Fur ths jer the computon of mean aed ‘race cate moved 10 the Pir tanto sige (hi ma the aye ‘ected tin scton 54), Fer the mean. me have eye [ere a i [ (88) ee ap [sii yt Pace oral ad he fi at (2/2 Ma he costa)" esl rete Yew (2) tote con (2) "00 te eet oe [resieora 10.0 th me of he men sortie $e ae he met tthe oso vil for (x)-"6. Sami te variance fr moment Mea) 9). “i. soe wore "Yar st We i ng ge ee a eyms our Anas By chosing» very coments and 1, We at make Va) sal as snc pene. eter med gant mechanics dosnt pce be ene ‘St pricks whore pstne ser loaiae. Silay, there area ater Shoe momento ery lead (ps ence). What he Heer “cera incinerate canna ace oth valnston tencusy forte sue wave fon. The feason is that he Poet 9 the ‘rane x banded below by min ter werd ‘Vuovar(an)-"8) 2 a “hes if wee toma Vr very al me a Fro make Vir @)-*8) lege. an vie vem "To poe the Heisenberg cera ripe, conser ft he me = Lett wie 4 forthe perso fd) and B rhe operator egteion tye Noe tht te operas J commie we wie [4B = ABB law «spy [4B] = Fe Mey oper As, bathers ae He tian (19-04) = ty) hy eto by par he ctor races 8 ‘ean ign nde complex conjunc the ins gn om near {in y par and siaty 6,93) = 0B). a ‘The commetton enya ih {AB ~ BAW} = -i{B¥, Ae) 448.3) RelA BY) ‘Then the Cauchy Scat neu ges 1 248.29) < 2640, A0)"B9, 89)" (av, A0}B9.00) 2 the means A and B ae bth ver, fr ten (40,40) =] AG TDi de ates poston. weve the gene case sliced his spell ase. One W291 secthisis to creas tenn vmoves the ean poston witht chang Sng the momentum cleiton (ci maid by a0 exponen of sae ‘ae ene, Si nchged) Simi we ay Wane © aly ©‘Ihe Mester mcr plc » by <-**) witht cungng the positon computation, Ths apg te above rament oes) fora =A amd b= B pede «mae lotion walk Ihnen sr, ad the ako segue pil his ave face le the dead Henenterg cea pple oe (Anthea fs the ‘ne thing isto aberve al the oper AAV and BI ay We ne eran elation, othe above agen apple hes pers i (Ae Av, 48 ABS ~ BO, ~ BO) > sich ihe general form fhe scent rnin Now ther re 9 port esos oe da rm ur agunent. The fs tha veal operator theoebe eu. We ony wed he ft Ut A al ere Hern operates whine commute ste he ey STU) ~ 1 ln fat the same amet woke if me ave the nega iy “iA Bl > 1, wich sorties tlt pletion hi ot ee (Cua) > Gra). Two ach operates led complementary pars te gut echnich Tas the cpr version the uncer eae sere Va) -Var(B) > | for ompemenry pa at ete Fre thay fem fhe erin ripe we needed 1 Se the Went Maa) = Vea) -Y 8) forthe momen aperter A= (de “he sco porta son ha meres rom the poo i that we a also termine cry when he nga inte scariest {the psa ese ba oth operate ve meas 2, the aly ace Mee 1 nouns eee Ref Av BG) 2449, AV)" BO, BO) sich mola the Cac Schr noua. Bat we kw tha thi ual an ol if the fo fncione and Bae proprio! oe ‘ther cee to ave euty sve we ano ned to tno ta (le 4 ‘el an ponte) But i ea tnd diferent! eaton = ry ‘ich sexy the Gass ssltons an i a 0 che Sat te lnaion 46,5) > One foray Cain ce “has we conde hat thr iy nthe once inp exaly eth pean ment es (24/)"—e tomate [|e = 1). One cold ako comput the vanes enact i ‘Sar An nresing pn aboot these nce tty varying he pre: {Srt wey ot pone ve Tor Va) and ar) hone ct cas~ oar Anat arth Heesterg uve pine densons, we case the» complemeaay pt Ay = (0/00) and = macnn yy Gt ey tsee “ily B,]= Dyan hetce we have cata 2 fem) gma) ty elementary noe; tsi them isin ni. Apnea hkl exactly wen» 8 Gain and in spe ad momen. ‘Aiborh te foot of te uncer pipe we gave was ot Fore analyte the intrpeain nour snc tome i erect nereing Fr oe thing ves teeta of he unrated paysice. Spore) 2 snd wave. Then Var) san ade of econ emeaton nine. We nee) abe frequency Staton of th sn Weve ab Va (2e) 7G) te a index of te coneomaen of he pth The eta pil hens) tha sound ct Be ery concent i bh time an ph aprile short derton tes wl ves poo eerie ‘ch Sng players and singers ake vantage haa voy ra seg, ‘Sorin tonsil eb notable "Te Foure sale veo tthe neritic also bas anata ‘erpeaton seal peeing. The Ke tht ne woud ore hve wine frie ths, aad moreover fells you th the Catan fe the Best mpromin Th en 1 he Gabor taser. Take «Bred auc, sy °F? wane ins and eon ana he et rot Ss poe sen 0) to be aad o Hf orm, “Ts ives spoof he tenth thesia in he iio he tine {and in he cnt ofthe een a. The oa ralvan shee by te Gan het ean db i et among te ay ‘Wecanalways recover te signal f fom Gabor tanto, ithe reson 10, 1 [cla nye 7 datemt cons a Tosti his fomula sy foe J € i hols me gener sae ene) we jt subatnte in he et ie the defnon of a8) enaming the damon aie ff rmeenesene tase nd wing he Fre inverion fr fr the and neal we ctin oe Looe Since [7 0-97 dh we hae 0) a aed “The iverson foal is has wes ior Reane the Gator as farm sty voomtat_ We an nah 2 gal tt ft fcion Sf oe ‘arable and crete a transfom hat cin of two varies On ofthe Interentig uesone in niga poceig in wht me can eave te sia by scape the Gabor transform; fe, tering the vars and B10 1 erie fonctions Gani Cantons tae pay x cen rle eur decriion of Feuer ‘alysis npr becuse te Foe storm «Gass gan a Gsm Speicli if Je) = 07 on BE Vint From ein poi of vie. the Gain is jt he fit of sequence of fn on, clled Hert finns ll of hem sasig an segs conten t higaneigenuncton he Fer andor eal ate igenfeetion forany operator Ai ened to ex not soon o AY =f for coe ‘et cel he igemate, whee ronal mean fo tcl 260) ‘Becrse the Fear inverse forma ca be watea Fs) = 244-2) ‘alowed = (28) 50 te ony allowable eigervales mist sas Vir or ~ iema our ay ‘om a ean point of view the problem of fing eigentons fo the ‘ows maf bs vial ten Ie a wi ny fmt ye f= e420) Fo4 aN Rot an Pe sstses 27 = (20), and aslogou ines combinations sve the eer Saevaies. You mph ory that's eel eo tu we can FOr ‘Mart he pai sich an exresson ges us vey fron aoa the ‘Sefton so sno conslerel ying Tiss open he Hee fain: ot a igefunins of th Four tensor bal ae a egefecns fe opera ff = (de) 2 “This oper rown ae harmon rita nd he ue en. fenchoms and sigemalaes (fecal hey) i porta inte quan me hana hear of tis system. Here we wil werk ene-dimenson, soe he ‘simersiona hay of erate fanatins ler nahing more a ag ‘alact ot Hermte cons ofc fhe comin varus. “Te spec thy ef the harmon alle Hf Bes undertone of wha the phys ll creaton an amnion ops A= (2) Spd A= (aja) Ris ary 0 seta he cron operon 4° he ‘int opet tothe anna pera A- Now we needa do sone ata Savane Asan HB we nod WAR Hm A you cam easy check, Then AH = aA sey Ht maa Sta a ihe ose iene Sapp terol cate I el abo \e The Mevel= tte) eh eave A. Prterore we him A> 1, Tones we AA = Lt evel = (fave) = (AAR + (e08) = he, Ae} + (608) 2 ove sd furtermore X= i pose oly Ay = 0. But Ap = Oi feat onder tere eguion woe ute won to cons ei) ee pity abet neteMeme cons ws Soe at denied | he foes egal the Bem of he spectrum) sith lpi oe nd he Cts tiger orogens hw grounda) To pal of re othe crm we ne ile tenn tat dere the scion ofthe toon tnd aneaton sper ‘sentuncions: Sippore 9 i an eigen of H ith igre \. Then Ag it a igen [fon ih eigemaiue +2 and Ap a eigenen fs ong 0814 1) wh egematieh 2 “The pratt singe compution involving the commutton entie we skeny opie OF cour we nce ant sare that Arp nd are ‘ot ena neo tat ne hve sey seen thas =O meas b= and {he rotons to Ap = Owe oc" whch ae ed oat by roth cons (ve eed teas fp) ae < cfr spectal her to wah). Now sce Si HA 24 webu Allo Hp 2h, hence (Ae) = Atte 246 =(0-2)A0 ed nat Whe Hates he, BU e) =A Hose 42 —, ving he em ‘othe eaton oper boosts igenale by andthe aiiaion opera ter decree 2. We mde an infin Ir of igenenctons ih igemalies 3,5. By apple powers fhe rein operates the froma, We we ale) = eal Aryrert it ere the pov contac wechonen sth hy) de = 1 fet ce = 1) bat ne wll ase ts Formula. Then Hh = (20+ Uh 1 tema. We cm i ee the ies, nde pis ‘lingers tity ne he pce fies ee dimension. Sensing of mulls of a). The ening gos lows if we tr th ‘aye pie ince, then by apping high emo power of the ‘Snlaon operon ve wal nd up with angele than 1 (at at ‘ener pas tvouph he geval), shich cond ou brain | Tete toe of the seca, Simaty he at nt he genoane Powe Anat aulipiy ores nerd ince fr the eignspaces of 28+ 1 tees ‘he anaiain operators one tone mapping Swe eae (oly tele opetoone on he igeopace of 1, cht does ambi) ‘The fears M(x) se alle the Heme fenton Expy and ii easy seth hs) =H (2) we Hae se plynomia ff eee in fit Fever oo doening on te pty on) ced te erate plone rn ther that he € ‘Now the Hermite fnctoes frm an oonomal ac hin i ge. tral propery of egefunions of slat operas aly (yh) = Grlodhete)ds = Oi n hm tend =f for nm). Note th Se ela) iu ee fants, me can nt compe cowgmes Tis fos Go the ety (28+ (lig) = Uh) ich impose form # mules has) =O. Tey ae aa complete ‘stem, sony fneion fot fer <5) has an exams hate) Bi) 2m + hashed 1=Sthhohe Calo he Hermite expansion of J. To contents) ey he Parva Elunat= fire ‘oe expansion i very well ited to he pees S and We have f € 1 iad only if he ceticiens ae rly easing, [by] ev = fy a Mote at (fu) wel dd fr J 6.5" In at ce we fave [ha ST) fr some Nan emery hese leopard dite the cote ay xh = oom bond ‘Now is mt ad to ee hat the Herat Trt te patton fhe Frere. Inded, me enly have to check (rm he ping psa ae) the beave af the cea td aiton oper o he Rewer ator sie, waely at Fhe ary.ad Pn rams nd Bee fucos Bs Frm theta of ese wend Fg = earlayecr? esha Sire AF? = OVE 0 ha # a gettin wih eigemave V7, We ao observe hat Filip FUCA pm (AEF p = HEY so H cntes wth he Fata. i gener ripe com ttn oper ave onsen eigen. whch expan why the seca ‘eo of Hand are 0 oe ene. ite tate ca ere hs Tata sping ta the Herat expansion agonal te Furr easform Uf = Ssh en FF = i So tt repose ns nga ma mee the Be (ho). ‘We ss hve sr feeentaton ral he eens ie Feuer ‘ut: fr example, 7 = 247 Wand ony if tas «Here expansion f= Soenhiscomtning oly Herm con for =O me. Ags. {hs dst soy ining conn. Fey example, th Bson ommaon ermal at he tbe f= op fz VF) mien Ff = Vie}. [donot hmow how compu th Hermit exparsion of is ion Using father properios of Homie tons, eee fo Ea epi seta 6 varius ees eunons involving 1, such she Strings (aed he mmensoal analog) which snp! iequstum mechan 717° Radial Forler transforms and Bese! fectons ‘The Fourie wasn fda fusion sau a rail funetn. We 0 ‘re! blr icy, brane the Porto Cates wi tos anal fcr ae character Wy invariance wer rt, In {hacen ne etme de pnt, ni ml et Bene! oncom. We bein nl with ope disoeaeae, whee te reat ster bana inane dimen saci acon nt an even fcon,ms owt Asay (2, The Foe slo of amen ation ao even at nays fone [teose sinsotey ts LF feyomaeae, ie term vaishngtecane she integral of mo fiction, “Tee rf or = 3 bu eve co wek tard oie ‘We wrt ina aphrea coortnte satom. Hf ral we write fs) = fe) by abuse of station Suppose me want 0 compute J(0,0,P).Then we ake the sats the cena a nd he pees ont with 0 <7 < c0 < 8 < 20 < 6 < wand he clemet of integration i (dedyde = ange ddd (sna is the detest he cobs {a A211 6.8). compaten you sou dot $08 hve nt Sen foams [0 [ [ om*nveseae Now te Beal prices «fc of 2 since ming depend on 8. The imegral can ao be doe exp, sce [rmssnas “Th we have shogeter f100.m) Since fra hss he emt for F(R) (you peter pve sy & with 1 = Be up a sper oud seem wth pnp ans nthe Alecson of andthe computation enc). Sipe he (emul orn = 3 resem he oma for » = 1 with she cone replaced bythe sne. Buti ppesrnce of 7 te desiral Pure anor nd Bel econ wr ts se npc comer he ay of Four eas of aa {cto For examps ngs Hal ad ep We cn et (Srl fpr tn ae sy“ ee Shave aman somthing swt ebb off heat sales © Ther coun a nm ren ot Bsn in nebo of 0 ‘Rectnar/ eigenen we interes fo Ts eta npn fr dr © psn be nae OF Ft gs ff) <0 [eras “Then the RemaanLebepe lemma fr he Fos sie tao of the oe meson fst 7 eis a sentra ‘Since f(A) = 4n2-! [snr (er de me bin the dire conlon, OF ure his smh tong han She contin af the 3. densa Rieman teh ena Tem te try Bat Fer erm ra ‘Soha thes fr ter dimension? = 2 wil are heise ye we pol coor fee 0< 7 < 6,0.¢0< 2x the ent of integration i dy = rr A nd ‘cr cmptaton Bete eco Heo= [°° [eters ‘This ime hr i no cay sin fact, 50 we cago! do the tegration in ferme of elonety anton Tt ture st tae" ga new Kink Scent he eat notation kena te) ‘Th he dno dl Fore tral i en by HR) =22 ie ele Ry fear. ‘This woud hepa ofthe ter ew css if we oud comic oes hat Jy tvs something Hk oie a sine ies 3 powerbe owe Anat Now there a wine Boks devoted tthe properties of yan is coats, (te olberBenlfnctone ad pec teil crmpulions re sail Hore il nly gives fw talent fact Ft we oe tat y obi {be power sees forthe exponetl we cam inert er By ee i he Slenenay ft Po 049 = 28 [cote ste wotaia 17" nent omg | Ee (@eimegas of he odd powers ae eo by careton). This power series omerpeseveryher showing tht Janeen ent tai con. Al S(O} = 1 Natce hat these popes are ste by cons ans MG ‘nee ages itn ee n= ad = 3 “Tn beh of Jol) eo refi oder, Fit et mae ‘stage of variable fo ede he intel ening Jo Feuer seem inet fom 8a “hes Je linen oa ese tam of te inion we can wit (176), 1 ge ect means ne te ton sal oP when 1 Necome mgt te ote i <.Thi focton ba cot ‘cpp sd rca ve gh it hi ings a= #1 Ne at thee ener heer np tJ em ete ton a we steve ‘Sted inet fa exponent pe 1 Ano he Remon eng ean imps J vas infty, bt ne we seing mah me pe Informa, Now we can hepa ener be sng PET coho e eresng vo ef J nea init te wee tovmiy (1) by nom of incon vaso in shorond of the ingles thr nol be fron ny hone Pater hem nn Shee ery eer a 27 pia Now neon torte neon I=) (=). 68), a ira Soi mein (14 05", hd it pon thead! Pure amor nd Be fucos ws onsan 2. Smarty. in ameighteriad of =~. th fon 11)" 'SC™ ane ppcniatly 2" Tha, 1 fat apresinan we shave wong fo ak oon ale tok [event (emcee ching f vars = =m he rt integra and x= 14 in Ihe sear), Homer by a modicaio of te epunest a eae 3 of 42 [everees Veer ano weer sco sy Mom serenely ae Fanton Of cou ob pprotmal cau oy suggest 1 inore rt ns ofthe eer shows ht ec fate ror ans + 4/8) ive the dfn ofthe Bese! frton Jy of buy a at a > 1) Jael=re [oyewe oat ays he sn grey = VFI Nie a wen = 5 ae sintn= ef = Brians sig integration by pars we cin prove the felling recursion elon oe Bowel fieine of dite ordre 4 foros rn Ja) =F Saal Using these we can compute Laple) ad moe general, fa = +k am inegr, hen J erent as 2 Sse sam of poner an sine and conten The fron #-°Jy() i ley tn etre lfc Fanon. Ao, he ypc: skior of Ja) a =» > Seen by fae [er stint an Te pr om te ey ie at cB” Fes ce ‘integrable, and bounded near the onigin, then f(R}) decays faster than RF") ya nce py ope oti ate eR alo de® foe the appropiate contints en)sr unos on ares 18 Haw Sanction and wavelet Foie analysis shows us ow wo expan an aay fusion in ems of he ‘eel efectos Tw felons te ecole {ios tt ave no eclaon in epce. We han ment he Howes “ersiny pil pronto fom satan tng very To fo in spate and foes The Gao Fama and inverson forms eyo ming ahi gp Ca Teele o tshirt and ne ant do any ter fom ha pin of we "Wetle thor flat tempt expend pene arto inter of Single big books that we resosly lca sce and fees “Te ference ht we not te be equ ie iad we ake eth ats and dines of single meee, "Ta pln ene of rch rae the Har fat, ed 2 1 oces} oe) w ferst The spp i], We ae by poner of 2, V2) sapped n|0.27] (bm tpt, nos necessary postive) ad we tase he te S52" ene an integer 0 oan $Me P48) = vie, ‘hie actin isso on 2", 2°H(E4 1), in coveient seemwe Poe Ant tne itn mie by 2°, Te fy feo 20°44 1) 2 yale) te oor amy. mente ger oe) tote So) lu = wc tan te eg ton fe onion Porntay as 2 wise ay ene be tomato ar 28 ‘he ecm te eqs eontton ays) = 7° Tete ncn any hve dejo Fo ex rd ini se 9 ten ya sd yay hte veg ser Bote tm at eer i eit mat si em eee CSc Sey > J The dn cnr son nein nea of iene 7" to. conn ner of gn np on Semper of a5 ontirrutede= cmt fouahe=s Bec we have an oon ami, me cn tego expand an wi tray ion coding on ee $= SE eed Were thi at the Har erie expansion These cal complte Ire expansion ald Ofcourse ths something of overnpcaion 1. We camo expec een cmp ria unetion, he ws rnin tet ng feat < the ptmse esc an mayne hve cera ely pause rope Since both ese problems eat cece with rn Fouts, we should note rien met them apn er "We din ath ee Han cts we do have competes. etre semenstating hi we sould pit et ne padi camer oh ‘hm Eat fe ncn yeh lineal to, [= ya (a) de =O. ‘omy lnc combination wil sso have integral 1 98st ot wih Function J whee tl eral soma Row can expe re a8 3 ‘ers foetons wth eo nepal? “The fesltn of he pis ess on he at tha an inte sess Ey yale ot gute sme a te near comnaton The mec a [Eewmsree= on foutnte= Ba