BG Ly Thuyet Mach

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
PT
IT
NGUYN QUC DINH BI TH DN
TI LIU
L THUYT MCH
(Dng cho h o to i hc)
Ch bin
NGUYN QUC DINH
H NI 2013
LI GII THIU
L thuyt mch l mt trong s cc mn c s ca k thut in t, vin thng, t ng ho,

nhm cung cp cho sinh vin kh nng nghin cu cc mch tng t, ng thi n l c s
l thuyt phn tch cc mch s. Ni dung chnh ca hc phn ny cp ti cc loi bi
ton mch kinh in v cc phng php phn tch-tng hp chng.
PT
IT
Hc liu ny gm c su chng. Chng I cp n cc khi nim, cc thng s c bn

c a l thuyt mch, ng thi gip sinh vin c mt cch nhn tng quan nhng vn m
mn hc ny quan tm. Chng II nghin cu mi quan h gia cc thng s trng thi ca
mch in, cc nguyn l v cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in. Chng III i
su nghin cu phng php phn tch cc qu trnh qu trong mch. Chng IV trnh by
cc cch biu din hm mch v phng php v c tuyn tn s ca hm mch. Chng V
cp ti l thuyt mng bn cc v ng dng trong nghin cu mt s h thng. Chng VI
gii thiu cc vn c bn trong tng hp mch tuyn tnh. Cui cng l mt s ph lc v
ti liu tham kho cho cng vic bin son.
y l ln son tho th t. Tc gi c nhiu c gng cu trc li ni dung nhng cng
khng th trnh khi nhng sai st. Xin chn thnh cm n cc kin ng gp ca bn c v
ng nghip. Cc kin ng gp xin gi v a ch dinhptit@gmail.com.
Nguyn Quc Dinh
MC LC
Li ni u
T v thut ng vit tt
Chng I: Cc khi nim c bn
1.1. Mch in trong min thi gian
1.1.1 Tn hiu lin tc
1.1.2 M hnh mch in
1.1.3 Thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch
PT
IT
1.2. Mch in trong min tn s
15
1.2.1 Cc dng biu din ca s phc
15
1.2.2 Phc ha dao ng iu ha
16
1.2.3 Tr khng v dn np
16
1.3. Cu trc hnh hc ca mch
24
1.4. Tnh cht tuyn tnh, bt bin, nhn qu v tng h ca mch
25
1.4.1 Tnh tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu
25
1.4.2 Tnh tng h ca mch
27
1.5. Cng sut
27
1.5.1 Cc thnh phn cng sut
27
1.5.2 iu kin cng sut ti t cc i
29
1.6. Cc nh lut Kirchhoff
29
1.6.1 nh lut Kirchhoff 1
29
1.6.2 nh lut Kirchhoff 2
30
1.7. K thut tnh ton trong l thuyt mch
32
1.7.1 Chun ha gi tr
32
32
Cu hi v bi tp chng I
33
Chng II: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch
38
2.1. Phng php dng in nhnh
38
2.2. Phng php dng in vng
40
2.3. Phng php in p nt
44
2.4. nh l ngun tng ng
49
2.5. Nguyn l xp chng
53
Cu hi v bi tp chng II
55
Chng III: p ng qu trong cc mch RLC
60
PT
IT
1.7.2 Cc i lng logarit
3.1. Cc phng php phn tch mch qu
60
3.2. Bin i Laplace
62
3.2.1 Bin i Laplace thun
62
3.2.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Laplace
63
3.2.3 Bin i Laplace ca mt s hm thng dng
64
3.2.4 Bin i Laplace ngc, phng php Heaviside
64
3.2.5 Mi quan h gia v tr cc im cc v tnh xc lp ca hm gc
68
3.3. ng dng bin i Laplace gii mch qu
69
3.3.1 Cc bc c bn gii mch in qu
69
3.3.2 Laplace ha cc phn t th ng
69
3.3.3 ng dng gii mch qu RL
70
3.3.4 ng dng gii mch qu RC
73
3.3.5 ng dng gii mch qu RLC
76
Cu hi v bi tp chng III
83
Chng IV: p ng tn s ca mch
89
89
4.1.1 Cc c trng ca h thng
89
4.1.2 Cc phng php v p ng tn s ca h thng mch
90
4.2. th Bode
91
4.2.1 Nguyn tc th Bode
91
4.2.2 th ca thnh phn h s K
93
4.2.3 th ca thnh phn ng vi im khng gc ta
93
4.2.4 th ca thnh phn ng vi im khng nm trn trc
94
4.2.5 th ca thnh phn ng vi cp im khng phc lin hip
95
4.2.6 th ca thnh phn ng vi im khng nm trn trc o
97
PT
IT
4.1. H thng v p ng tn s ca h thng mch
4.2.7 th ca thnh phn ng vi cc im cc
98
4.3. ng dng th Bode kho st mch in
100
Cu hi v bi tp chng IV
104
Chng V: Mng bn cc
107
5.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh v s tng ng mng bn cc tng h
107
5.1.1 Cc h phng trnh c tnh
107
5.1.2 iu kin tng h ca bn cc
112
5.1.3 S tng ng ca bn cc tuyn tnh, th ng, tng h
112
5.1.4 Cc phng php ghp ni bn cc
113
5.2. Mng bn cc i xng
118
5.2.1 Khi nim bn cc i xng
118
5.2.2 nh l Bartlett-Brune
120
5.3. Cc thng s sng ca mng bn cc
122
5.3.1 Tr khng vo mng bn cc
123
5.3.2 Hm truyn t in p ca mng bn cc
123
124
5.3.4 Cc thng s sng ca mng bn cc
125
5.3.5 Mi quan h gia cc loi thng s ca bn cc
126
5.3.6 Cc thng s sng ca mng bn cc i xng
126
5.4. Mng bn cc tuyn tnh khng tng h
129
5.4.1 S tng ng ca mng bn cc khng tng h, tch cc
130
5.4.2 Mt s bn cc khng tng h, tch cc thng gp
131
5.4.3 Mng bn cc c phn hi
136
5.5. Mt s ng dng l thuyt mng bn cc
138
5.5.1 Mng bn cc suy gim
138
PT
IT
5.3.3 H s truyn t, lng truyn t ca bn cc
5.5.2 Mng bn cc phi hp tr khng
139
5.5.3 Mch lc th ng LC loi k
140
5.5.4 Mch lc th ng LC loi m
149
5.5.5 B lc th ng LC y
154
5.5.6 Mch lc tch cc
160
Cu hi v bi tp chng V
162
Chng VI: Tng hp mch tuyn tnh
166
6.1. Khi nim chung
166
6.1.1 Tnh cht ca bi ton tng hp mch
166
6.1.2 im cc v im khng c trng cho mch in
167
6.2. Tng hp mng hai cc tuyn tnh th ng
168
6.2.1 iu kin tr khng ca mng hai cc
168
6.2.2 Tng hp mch hai cc LC, RC theo phng php Foster
169
6.2.3 Tng hp mch hai cc LC, RC theo phng php Cauer
171
6.2.4 Tng hp mch hai cc RLC theo phng php Brune
173
177
6.3.1 Cc hm truyn t cho php
177
6.3.2 Vn xp x trong tng hp mch
178
6.3.3 Xc nh cc thng s ca bn cc
180
6.3.4 Thc hin hm mch
180
6.4. Tng hp mch tch cc RC
183
6.4.1 Cc bc chnh ca qu trnh tng hp mch tch cc
183
6.4.2 Phng php tng qut tng hp mch tch cc RC
183
6.4.3 ng dng php bin i RC-CR
186
Cu hi v bi tp chng VI
187
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6.3. Tng hp hm truyn t bn cc th ng
Ph lc 1: Mch in i ngu
189
Ph lc 2: Cc thng s ca mch dao ng n
190
Ph lc 3: MatLab-Cng c h tr
196
Ti liu tham kho
206
THUT NG VIT TT
AC
(Alternating Current) ch dng xoay chiu.
ADC (Analog Digital Converter) b chuyn i tng t -s.

(Direct Current) ch dng mt chiu.
FT
(Fourier transform) bin i Fourier
PT
IT
DC
KTT B khuch i thut ton.

LT
(Laplace transform) bin i Laplace
M4C
Mng bn cc.
CHNG 1
CC KHI NIM C BN
Chng ny cp n cc khi nim, cc thng s v cc nguyn l c bn nht ca
l thuyt mch truyn thng. ng thi, a ra cch nhn tng quan nhng vn m
mn hc ny quan tm.
1.1 MCH IN TRONG MIN THI GIAN
1.1.1 Tn hiu lin tc
V mt ton hc, tn hiu c biu din chnh xc hoc gn ng bi hm ca cc
bin c lp. Th d: Tn hiu m thanh x(t) l hm ca mt bin c lp, trong x l
hm, cn t l bin. Tn hiu nh x(i,j) l hm ca hai bin c lp.
Chng ta ch tp trung nghin cu i vi cc tn hiu l hm ca mt bin c lp.
PT
IT
Tn hiu
Tn hiu lin tc
Tn hiu tng
t
Tn hiu ri rc
Tn hiu lng
t ho
Tn hiu ly mu
Tn hiu s
Hnh 1.1. Phn loi tn hiu
Xt di gc thi gian, mc d trong cc ti liu l khng ging nhau, nhng trong

ti liu ny chng ta s thng nht v mt phn loi cho cc tn hiu ch yu lin quan
n hai khi nim lin tc v ri rc nh hnh 1.1.
Khi nim tn hiu lin tc l cch gi thng thng ca loi tn hiu lin tc v mt
thi gian. Mt tn hiu x(t) c gi l lin tc v mt thi gian khi min xc nh ca
bin thi gian t l lin tc.
Hnh 1.2 m t mt s dng tn hiu lin tc v mt thi gian, trong : Hnh 1.2a m
t mt tn hiu bt k; tn hiu ting ni l mt th d in hnh v dng tn hiu ny.
Hnh 1.2b m t dng tn hiu iu ha. Hnh 1.2c m t mt dy xung ch nht tun
hon. Hnh 1.2d m t tn hiu dng hm bc nhy n v, k hiu l u(t) hoc 1(t):
1,
u (t )
0,
Khoa KTT-Hc vin BCVT
t0
t0
(1.1)
Cn hnh 1.2e m t tn hiu dng hm xung n v, cn gi hm delta. Hm ny c

phn b Dirac v k hiu l (t):
(t ) 0,
t0
(1.2)
(t )dt 1
(b)
(a)
(c)
(t)
u(t)
1
0
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t
(d)
(e)
Hnh 1.2: mt s dng tn hiu lin tc v mt thi gian
Cn lu rng, v mt bin , tn hiu lin tc v mt thi gian cha chc nhn

cc gi tr lin tc. Nu bin ca loi tn hiu ny l lin tc ti mi thi im trong
min hu hn ang xt, th tn hiu mi l tn hiu lin tc thc s, cn c gi l
tn hiu tng t.
X l tn hiu l mt khi nim rng ch cc qu trnh bin i, phn tch, tng hp
tn hiu nhm a ra cc thng tin phc v cho cc mc ch khc nhau. Cc h thng
khuch i v chn lc tn hiu; Cc h thng iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu; cc h
thng phn tch, nhn dng v tng hp thng tin phc v cc lnh vc an ninh-quc
phng, chn on bnh, d bo thi tit hoc ng t... l nhng th d in hnh v
x l tn hiu.
1.1.2 M hnh mch in
Mch in (circuit) tng qut l mt h thng gm cc thit b v linh kin in, in
t ghp li thnh cc vng kn dng in c th pht sinh, trong xy ra cc qu
trnh truyn t v bin i nng lng. Trong cc h thng ny, s to ra, tip thu v
x l tn hiu l nhng qu trnh phc tp. Vic phn tch trc tip cc thit b v h
thng in thng gp mt s kh khn nht nh. V vy, v mt l thuyt, cc h
thng in thng c nghin cu thng qua mt m hnh ton hc thay th cn c
vo cc phng trnh trng thi ca hin tng vt l xy ra trong h thng. M hnh
gi l m hnh mch in, hay l mch in l thuyt. Trong ti liu ny, thut ng
mch in c ngm hiu l mch in l thuyt. V mt cu trc, mch in l

thuyt c xy dng t cc phn t v cc thng s ca mch.
Cn phn bit s khc nhau ca hai khi nim phn t v thng s. Khi nim Phn t
tng qut (general elements) trong ti liu ny l m hnh ton hc thay th ca cc vt
liu linh kin vt l thc t. Cc vt liu linh kin thc c th lit k ra y nh dy
dn, t in, cun dy, bin p, diode, transistor, vi mch...
Thng s (parameters) ca mt phn t l i lng vt l c trng cho tnh cht ca
phn t ni ring hay ca mch in ni chung. Thng c k hiu bng cc k t
v c th nhn nhiu gi tr. Cc thng s vt l th ng c cp y l in tr
R, in dung C, in cm L v h cm M; cn cc thng s tc ng bao gm sc in
ng ca ngun v dng in ng ca ngun.
PT
IT
Mt linh kin c th c nhiu thng

s. Hnh 1.3 l mt trong nhng m
hnh tng ng ca mt chic
in tr thc. Trong m hnh tng
ng ca cu kin ny c s c mt
Hnh 1.3: Mt minh ha linh kin thc
ca cc thng s in tr, in cm
v cc thng s c th c
v in dung. Nhng thng s
c trng cho nhng tnh cht vt l
khc nhau cng tn ti trn linh kin ny v s pht huy tc dng ca chng ph thuc
vo cc iu kin lm vic khc nhau.
Phn t n (simple element), cn gi l phn t c bn, l loi phn t n gin
nht, ch cha mt loi thng s, n khng th chia nh thnh cc phn t b hn. Cc
phn t c bn bao gm: phn t in tr, phn t in dung, phn t in cm, ngun
p l tng v ngun dng l tng. B khuch i thut ton khng phi l mt phn
t c bn v n c th phn tch thnh cc
phn t b hn.
C
Trn quan im l thuyt h thng, mch

+E
in l m hnh ton hc chnh xc hoc
Uv R
Ura
gn ng ca mt h thng in, thc hin
+
mt ton t no ln cc tc ng u
-E
vo, nhm to ra cc p ng mong mun
0
u ra. M hnh mch in thng c
Hnh 1.4: Mch tch phn tch cc
c trng bi mt h phng trnh m t
mi quan h gia cc tn hiu xut hin bn trong h thng. Trong min thi gian, cc
h thng mch lin tc c c trng bi mt h phng trnh vi tch phn, cn cc
h thng mch ri rc c c trng bi mt h phng trnh sai phn. Th d hnh
1.4 l mt mch in lin tc thc hin ton t tch phn, trong mi quan h vo/ra
tha mn ng thc: u ra k u v dt .
V mt hnh hc, m hnh mch in c m t bi mt s kt ni cc k hiu ca
cc phn t v cc thng s ca h thng thnh cc vng kn theo mt trt t logic nht
nh nhm to v bin i tn hiu. S phi phn nh chnh xc nht & cho php
phn tch c cc hin tng vt l xy ra, ng thi l c s tnh ton & thit k
h thng. S la chn m hnh mch c th ca mt h thng phi da trn c s d
liu thc nghim v kinh nghim.
S ghp ni ca hai phn t tr ln to nn mt Mng. Mt mng in s c gi l
mt mch in nu trong cu trc ca mng to nn ti thiu mt ng khp kn
to nn dng in. Mch ng nhin l mng, nhng mng cha chc l mch.
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IT
Mt h thng mch c cu thnh t phn ln cc phn t mch tuyn tnh & khng
tuyn tnh. Mch tuyn tnh li c chia thnh mch c thng s phn b (nh dy
dn, ng dn sng, dng c pht nng lng...) v mch c thng s tp trung. Trong
m hnh mch tp trung, bn cht qu trnh in t c m t thng qua cc i
lng dng in, in p, v cc h phng trnh kirchhoff...
C hai lp bi ton v mch in: phn tch v tng hp mch. Phn tch mch c th
hiu hai gc , vi mt kt cu h thng sn c th:
+Cc qu trnh nng lng trong mch, quan h in p & dng in trn cc phn t
xy ra nh th no? Nguyn l hot ng ca mch ra sao? y l cc vn ca l
thuyt mch thun tu.
+ng vi mi tc ng u vo, chng ta cn phi xc nh p ng ra ca h thng
trong min thi gian cng nh trong min tn s l g? Qu trnh bin i tn hiu khi
i qua mch ra sao?
Ngc li, tng hp mch l chng ta phi xc nh kt cu h thng sao cho ng vi
mi tc ng u vo s tng ng vi mt p ng mong mun u ra tha mn
cc yu cu v kinh t v k thut. Ch rng phn tch mch l bi ton n tr, cn
tng hp mch l bi ton a tr.
Cc bi ton mch li c phn thnh bi ton mch xc lp v mch qu . Khi
mch trng thi lm vic cn bng & n nh, ta ni rng mch ang Trng thi
xc lp. ch xc lp, dng in, in p trn cc nhnh bin thin theo qui lut
ging vi qui lut bin thin ca cc ngun in: i vi mch in mt chiu (DC),
dng in v in p l khng i; i vi mch in xoay chiu sin, dng in v
in p bin thin theo qui lut sin vi thi gian.
Khi trong mch xy ra t bin, thng gp khi ng/ngt mch hoc ngun tc ng
c dng xung, trong mch s xy ra qu trnh thit lp li s cn bng mi, lc ny
mch Trng thi qu .
1.1.3 Thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch
Di gc nng lng, ta hy xem xt mt phn t n, hay cn gi l phn t c
bn (ch cha mt thng s) nh hnh 1.5. Nu ta chn chiu dng dng in i(t) l
cng chiu dng ca in p u(t) trn phn t l t cc A sang cc B. Cng sut tiu
th tc thi trn phn t ti thi im t l:
i(t)
p ( t ) u (t ).i ( t )
Trong khong thi gian T = t2 t1, nng

lng c trn phn t l:
t2
WT
u(t)
Phn t
p (t ) dt
Hnh 1.5: Minh ha xc nh tnh

cht ca phn t
t1
PT
IT
+ Nu p(t) c gi tr m, tc chiu thc ca

u(t) v i(t) ngc nhau, th ti thi im t phn t cung cp nng lng, hay phn t l
tc ng thi im ang xt, ngha l n c thng s tc ng (thng s to ngun).
+ Nu p(t) c gi tr dng, tc u(t) v i(t) cng chiu, th ti thi im t phn t nhn
nng lng, hay phn t l th ng ti thi im ang xt, ngha l n c thng s
th ng. Lng nng lng nhn c c th c tch lu tn ti di dng nng
lng in trng hay nng lng t trng, m cng c th b tiu tn di dng
nhit hoc dng bc x in t. Cc thng s th ng c trng cho s tiu tn v tch
lu nng lng.
a. Cc thng s th ng
Ngi ta phn cc thng s th ng

thnh hai loi thng s qun tnh v thng
s khng qun tnh.
i(t)
in tr
u(t)
Thng s khng qun tnh r c trng cho

Hnh 1.6: K hiu phn t in tr
tnh cht ca phn t th ng khi in p
v dng in trn n t l trc tip vi
nhau. N c gi l in tr (r). Phn t in tr c bn l phn t thun tr, thng
c hai kiu k hiu nh hnh 1.6 v tha mn ng thc: u(t) = r.i(t), hay
1
i( t ) u(t ) g. u(t )
r
(1.3)
r c th nguyn vn/ampe, o bng n v m (). Thng s g=
1
gi l in dn, c
r
th nguyn 1/, n v l Siemen(S).

V mt thi gian, dng in v in p trn phn t thun tr l trng pha nn nng
lng nhn c trn phn t thun tr l lun lun dng, r c trng cho s tiu tn
nng lng di dng nhit.
Cc thng s qun tnh trong mch gm c in dung, in cm v h cm.
- Thng s in dung (C):
i(t)
u(t)
Hnh 1.7: K hiu phn t in dung
PT
IT
in dung l thng s c trng cho tnh cht

ca phn t th ng khi dng in trong n t
l vi tc bin thin ca in p, c th
nguyn ampe.giy/vn, o bng n v fara
(F). Phn t in dung c bn l phn t thun
dung, k hiu nh hnh 1.7 v c xc nh
theo cng thc:
i (t ) C
hay
u (t )
du( t )
dt
1 t
i (t )dt u (t 0 )
C t0
(1.4)
(1.5)
Trong thc t, c th chn t 0 v u ( ) 0 , khi c th vit:

u (t )
1 t
i (t ) dt
C
Cng c th vit li ng thc trn di dng tch phn bt nh:

u (t )
1
i (t )dt k
C
Mt khc, in tch tch lu c trn phn t thi im t c th vit thnh:

t
q(t ) i(t )dt
Nn ta cn c cng thc:
q C .u
v nng lng tch lu trn C:

W E p (t ) dt C.
du
1
.u (t ).dt Cu 2
dt
2
(1.6)
Xt v mt nng lng, thng s C c trng cho s tch lu nng lng in trng.

Nhn xt:
-Thng s in dung khng gy t bin in p trn phn t v thuc loi thng s

qun tnh .
-Xt v thi gian, in p trn phn t thun dung chm pha so vi dng mt gc /2.
- ch DC, phn t in dung coi nh h mch. Dng in trn n bng khng.
- Thng s in cm (L):
in cm c trng cho tnh cht ca phn
t th ng khi in p trn n t l vi tc
bin thin ca dng in, c th nguyn
vn*giy/ampe, o bng n v hery(H).
Phn t in cm c bn l phn t thun
cm, k hiu nh hnh 1.8 v c xc nh
theo cng thc:
u( t ) L
i (t )
u(t)
Hnh 1.8: K hiu phn t in cm
di( t )
dt
(1.7)
1 t
u (t ) dt i (t 0 )
L t0
(1.8)
PT
IT
hay
i(t)
Trong thc t, c th chn t 0 v u ( ) 0 , khi c th vit:

i (t )
1 t
u (t ) dt
L
Cng c th vit li ng thc trn di dng tch phn bt nh:

i (t )
1
u (t ) dt k
L
v nng lng tch lu trn L:

WH L
di
1
i( t ) dt Li 2
dt
2
(1.9)
Xt v mt nng lng, thng s L c trng cho s tch lu nng lng t trng.

Nhn xt:
- Thng s in cm khng gy t bin dng in trn phn t v thuc loi thng s
qun tnh.
-Xt v mt thi gian, ch ac, in p trn phn t thun cm nhanh pha so vi
dng in mt gc l /2.
- ch DC, phn t in cm coi nh ngn mch. in p trn n bng khng.
-Thng s h cm (M):
H cm l thng s c cng bn cht vt l vi in cm, nhng n c trng cho s
nh hng qua li ca hai phn t t gn nhau khi c dng in chy trong chng.
Cc phn t ny c th ni hoc khng ni vi

nhau v in. Cng cn ch rng, khng c
phn t h cm, m ch c cc phn t ghp h
cm.
i1
u1
L1
i2
L2
u2
Th d nh trn hnh 1.9, vi chiu dng quy

c ca dng v p trn L1 v L2 nh hnh v,
Hnh 1.9: M hnh ghp h cm
gi thit h s h cm gia hai in cm l
bng nhau v bng M, khi dng in i1 chy trong phn t in cm th nht s gy
ra trn phn t th hai mt in p h cm l:
u
21
di
1
dt
(1.10)
Ngc li, dng in i2 chy trong phn t in cm th hai s gy ra trn phn t th

nht mt in p h cm l:
di
2
dt
(1.11)
PT
IT
u M
12
Nh vy do tc dng ng thi ca cc thng s in cm v h cm, trn mi phn t

s c tng ng mt in p t cm v mt in p h cm. Tng hp ta c h phng
trnh:
di
di
2
u L 1 M
1
1
dt
dt
di1
di2
L
2
2 dt
dt
(1.12)
trong M k L1 L2 (k l h s ghp, c gi tr trong khong t 0 n 1). Nu cc

dng in cng chy vo hoc cng chy ra khi cc u cng tnh th in p h cm
ly du +, nu ngc li s ly du -. Trong cc s
, cc u cng tnh thng c k hiu bng cc
du (*).
B1
Quy tc nh du cc cng tnh: Xt hai cun dy
cun trn li st hnh 1.10. Dng in i1 chy qua
cun dy, to ra trn li st t mt cm ng t B1.
Dng in i2 chy qua cun dy, to ra trn li st t
mt cm ng t B2. Hai dng in chy vo hai cun
dy, chng s to ln li st t mt cm ng t tng
hp:
B = B1 B2
10
i1
*
B
B2
i2
*
Hnh 1.10: Minh ha

cc cc cng tn
Nu dng in i1 v i2 cng chy vo hoc cng chy ra cc cc tnh ca hai cun dy

B1 cng chiu B2 th cc cc gi l cc cng tnh, c nh du bng k t (*).
Trong trng hp c mt s cc phn t cng loi mc ni tip hoc song song vi
nhau th cc thng s c tnh theo cc cng thc ghi trong bng 1.1.
Cch mc
Thng s in tr
Thng s in cm
Thng s in dung
Ni tip
r rk
L Lk
1
1
C
k Ck
Song song
1
1
r
k rk
1
1
L
k Lk
C Ck
k
Bng 1.1
Th d 1.1:
Gii:
PT
IT
Minh ha cng thc tnh in cm tng ng ca ca hai phn t in cm L1 v L2

trong hai trng hp mc ni tip v mc song song.
a. Trong trng hp mc ni tip (hnh 1.11):
di
di
Ta c: u L
; v u L
1
1 dt
2
2 dt
Mt khc: u u1 u 2 ( L1 L2 )
Vy
di
di
Ltd
dt
dt
L2
L1
Hnh 1.11
Ltd = L1 L2
b. Trong trng hp mc song song (hnh 1.12):

Ta xt trong cch biu din phc:
i(t ) i1 i2
i(t)
di
di
di
u Ltd
L1 1 L2 2
dt
dt
dt
T cc phng trnh trn rt ra:
1
1
1
Lt L1 L2
L1
i1
i2
L2
Hnh 1.12
b. Cc thng s tc ng
Thng s tc ng cn gi l thng s to ngun, n l thng s c trng ca phn t
ngun c kh nng t n (hoc khi n c kch thch bi cc tc nhn bn ngoi) c
th to ra v cung cp nng lng in tc ng ti cc cu kin khc ca mch.
Thng s tc ng c th l:
+ Sc in ng (eng) ca phn t ngun p: l mt i lng vt l c gi tr l in
p h mch ca ngun, o bng n v vn v c k hiu l V.
11
+ Dng in ng (Jng) ca phn t ngun dng: l mt i lng vt l c gi tr l

dng in ngn mch ca ngun, o bng n v ampe v c k hiu l A.
S xc nh cc thng s to ngun dn n khi nim cc phn t ngun c bn,
l ngun p l tng v ngun dng l tng.
Ngun p l tng l phn t c in p trn hai cc ca n cp cho ti ngoi khng
ph thuc vo gi tr ca ti. Ngun dng l tng l phn t c dng in cp cho
mch ngoi khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca ti.
+
+
- eng
e(t)
Edc
Hnh 1.13: Cc kiu k hiu ngun p c lp l tng
Hnh 1.13 l mt s kiu k hiu ca ngun p c lp, cn hnh 1.14 l mt s kiu

k hiu ca ngun dng c lp.
Jng
Jng
PT
IT
Jng
Hnh 1.14: Cc kiu k hiu ngun dng c lp l tng
Hnh 1.15 l k hiu ca ngun p ph thuc, cn hnh 1.16 l k hiu ca ngun dng
ph thuc. Ngun ph thuc cn gi l ngun c iu khin, bi n c iu khin
bi mt bin khc trong mch.
+
e
- ng
eng
Jng
Jng
Hnh 1.16: Cc kiu k hiu

ngun dng ph thuc
Hnh 1.15: Cc kiu k hiu

ngun p ph thuc
Theo cc quy c trong ti liu ny, chiu dng sc in ng ca phn t ngun s

ngc li vi chiu dng dng in chy trong ngun, v cng sut ca phn t
ngun s mang du m.
Th d 1.2: M hnh ha li cc phn t qun tnh th ng khi cn nhn mnh n
nng lng ban u tn ti trong chng ti thi im t=0.
Gii:
12
Xut pht t phng trnh: i L (t )
1 t
1 t
u (t ) dt i (0) , u c (t ) i (t )dt u (0) , ta c th v
L 0
C 0
li m hnh ha cc phn t khi c tnh n iu kin u nh hnh 1.17.

+
i(t)
C
u(t)
iL(0-)
uc(0-)
-
Hnh 1.17: M hnh ha cc phn t L v C

khi cn tch bit iu kin u
c. M hnh ha ngun in thc
PT
IT
Ngun in l tng l phn t khng c tn hao nng lng trn chnh bn thn
ngun. Nhng trong thc t khng tn ti loi ngun nh vy, ngha l phi tnh n
tn hao. S tn hao trong cc b ngun thc l do c s tn ti ni tr trong hay cn
gi l in tr ra ca ngun (Ri).
Ngun p c lp thc t c th m hnh ha gm hai phn t c bn l ngun p l
tng v in tr i din cho ni tr trong ca ngun, mc ni tip nh hnh 1.18.
Ri
Ri
+a
Ngun p
+c lp
- eng
thc
+
-
+a
eng
-b
-b
Hnh 1.18: M hnh ngun p c lp thc
Ngun dng c lp thc t c th m hnh ha gm hai phn t c bn l ngun dng

l tng v in tr i din cho ni tr trong ca ngun, mc song song nh hnh
1.19.
+a
+a
Ngun
dng
Jnglp Ri
c
thc
-b
Jng
Ri
-b
Hnh 1.19: M hnh ngun dng c lp thc
13
Ngun p ph thuc thc t c th m hnh ha gm hai phn t c bn l ngun p l

tng v ni tr trong ca ngun, mc ni tip nh hnh 1.20.
Ri
Ri
+a
Ngun p
+ ph
eng
-thuc
thc
+a
+
e
- ng
-b
-b
Hnh 1.20: M hnh ngun p ph thuc thc
Ngun dng ph thuc thc t c th m hnh ha gm hai phn t c bn l ngun

dng l tng v in tr i din cho ni tr trong ca ngun, mc song song nh
hnh 1.21.
Ri
+a
Ngun
+dng
eng
ph
- thuc
thc
+a
PT
IT
Jng
Ri
-b
-b
Hnh 1.21: M hnh ngun dng ph thuc thc
Ngun ph thuc cn c gi l ngun c iu khin. Do thng s tc ng ca

ngun chu s iu khin bi mt dng hoc mt in p no , nn c th phn loi
chi tit ngun ph thuc thnh bn m hnh nh hnh 1.22, bao gm:
Ri
+
kus
-
A-A
Ri
gus
ris
Ri
is
-
D-A
A-D
Ri
-
D-D
Hnh 1.22: M hnh ca bn loi ngun c iu khin
+ Ngun p c iu khin bng p (A-A), trong Sc in ng ca ngun eng

lin h vi in p iu khin us theo cng thc:
eng =kus
(1.13)
(vi k l h s t l )
14
+ Ngun p c iu khin bng dng (A-D), trong sut in ng ca ngun eng

lin h vi dng in iu khin is theo cng thc:
eng =ris
(1.14)
( r l h s t l )
+ Ngun dng c iu khin bng p (D-A), trong dng in ngun Jng lin h
vi in p iu khin us theo cng thc:
Jng =gus
(1.15)
( g l h s t l )
+ Ngun dng c iu khin bng dng (D-D), trong dng in ngun Jng lin h
vi dng iu khin is theo cng thc:
Jng =is
(1.16)
( l h s t l )
PT
IT
Trong cc ng dng c th, cc ngun tc ng c th c k hiu mt cch r rng

hn nh ngun mt chiu, ngun xoay chiu, ngun xung...
Hai ngun c gi l tng ng nu chng cng tc ng ln mt ti bt k vi
cc gi tr in p v dng in nh nhau. Vi nh ngha nh vy, tr trng hp
ngun l tng, ngun p thc s tng ng vi ngun dng thc v ngc li nu
chng c ni tr bng nhau v tha mn mi quan h:
eng =RiJng
(1.17)
1.2 MCH IN TRONG MIN TN S
Trong cc phng php phn tch mch in, c mt phng php rt c hiu qu da
trn cch biu din phc.
1.2.1 Cc dng biu din ca s phc
S phc c xc nh trn mt phng phc nh hnh

1.23. N c cc dng biu din sau:
{Im}
b
C
{Re}
Dng nh thc: C a jb ; vi j l n v o,
2
+j
Hnh 1.23
j 1; j 1; j j; j 1;
Dng hm m o: C Ce j ; trong C C a 2 b 2 ; arg C tan 1
Dng cc: C C
Cc php tnh v s phc c th tham kho trong cc ti liu ton hc.
15
b
a
1.2.2 Phc ha dao ng iu ho

Theo l thuyt chui v tch phn Fourier, cc tn
hiu ngu nhin theo thi gian v hu hn v bin
u c th phn tch thnh cc cc thnh phn
dao ng iu ho. Bi vy vic phn tch s hot
ng ca mch, c bit l mch tuyn tnh, di tc
ng bt k, c th c quy v vic phn tch phn
ng ca mch di cc tc ng iu ha.
x(t)
Xm
Hnh 1.24
mt gc khc, xut pht t cng thc ca nh

ton hc Euler:
exp(j) = cos + jsin
(1.18)
Bt k mt dao ng iu ho x(t) trong min thi gian vi bin Xm , tn s gc =

2
[ rad / s] , v pha u l 0[rad] (hnh 1.24), u c th biu din di dng phc
T
trong min tn s:
PT
IT
X X m . exp( jt 0 ) X m . exp( jt )
(1.19)
trong bin phc ca x(t) c nh ngha:
X m X m . exp( j 0 ) X m o
(1.20)
Biu din X m X m o trong h ta cc c gi l phasor ca hm iu ha

x(t)=Xmcos(t + o), n l mt php bin i t min thi gian sang min tn s.
Ngc li, mt hm iu ho c biu din phasor l X m X m o , th biu thc thi

gian ca n s l:
x(t) =Xmcos(t + u) Re[ X ]
Cn nhn mnh rng, vic phn tch ngun tc ng thnh cc thnh phn iu ho v
biu din chng di dng phc lm cho s tnh ton cc thng s trong mch in tr
nn thun li da trn cc php ton v s phc. Thng qua qu trnh bin i ny m
cc phng trnh vi tch phn bin thnh phng trnh i s. c bit khi cc ngun
tc ng l iu ha c cng tn s, th thnh phn exp(jt) tr nn khng cn cn
thit phi vit trong cc biu thc tnh ton na, lc ny bin phc hon ton c
trng cho cc thnh phn dng v p trong mch.
1.2.3 Tr khng v dn np
By gi hy ni n nh lut m tng qut vit di dng phc:
U Z. I
(1.21)
16
I U Y .U
Z
hay
(1.22)
trong Z chnh l mt ton t c nhim v bin i dng in phc thnh in p

phc v gi l tr khng ca mch, n v o bng m (), cn Y =
1
l mt ton t
Z
c nhim v bin i in p phc thnh dng in phc v gi l dn np ca mch,

n v o bng Siemen (S). Chng c biu din di dng phc:
Z =R + jX = Z exp( j arg Z ) Z exp( j Z )
(1.23)
Y =G + jB = Y exp( j arg Y ) Y exp( j Y )
(1.24)
trong R l in tr, X l in khng, G l in dn v B l in np.

Mt khc:
U
I
m exp[ j( )]
u
i
m
Im
PT
IT
U U m exp[ j( t u )]
Z
I
I exp[ j(t )]
m
i
I exp[j( t )]
I
i
Y m
U
exp[j(
U
m
u )]
Um
exp[j( u )]
i
(1.25)
(1.26)
Nh vy, t cc biu thc trn ta c th rt ra:

Z R 2 X2
v:
m ;
I
m
arg Z arctg
Z
X

u
i
R
I
Y G 2 B2 m ; Y arg Y arctg B u Z
i
U
G
m
(1.27)
(1.28)
Sau y ta xt tr khng v dn np ca cc phn t l tng tng ng vi cc tham

s th ng:
-i vi phn t thun tr:
U Z . I r. I
r
r
vy
Zr =r
v Yr =1/r
(1.29)
-i vi phn t thun dung:
1
1
1
1
U Idt I exp[j(t )]dt
I exp[j(t )]
IZ I
C
C
C
C m
jC m
jC
vy
1
Z
j X
c jC
C
(1.30)
YC = jC =jBC
(1.31)
17
trong
XC
1
;
C
BC = C
(1.32)
-i vi phn t thun cm:
d I exp[ j(t )]
di
m
U L
L
jLI exp[ j(t )] jLI Z I
L
L
m
dt
dt
vy
ZL = jL = jXL
Y
L
trong
1
jL
XL =L ;
jB
(1.33)
(1.34)
L
B
L
1
L
(1.35)
PT
IT
Nh vy nh c cch biu din phc, ta thay th cc php ly o hm bng ton t

nhn p, cn php ly tch phn c thay th bng ton t nhn 1/p (trong trng hp
c th ny th p=j). Tng qut hn, vi p l mt bin nm trn mt phng phc, s
c cp chi tit trong cc chng sau.
Tr khng v dn np ca cc phn t mc ni tip v song song cho trong bng 1.2.
Cch mc
Tr khng
Dn np
ni tip
Z td Z k
1
1
Ytd
k Yk
1
1
Z td
k Zk
Ytd Yk
song song
bng 1.2
ngha ca vic phc ha mch in lin tc trong min thi gian (cn gi l mch
in truyn thng) chnh l chuyn cc h phng trnh vi tch phn thnh h phng
trnh i s (trong min tn s).
Th d 1.3: Tnh in cm tng ng ca ca hai phn t in cm L1 v L2 trong
hai trng hp mc ni tip v mc song song (gi s gia chng c h cm M).
Gii:
a. Trong trng hp mc ni tip (hnh 1.25):
di
di
di
di
; v u L
M
M
1 dt
2
2 dt
dt
dt
Ta c: u L
1
L2
L1
Hnh 1.25
di
di
Mt khc: u u1 u 2 ( L1 L 2 2 M ) L td
dt
dt
18
Vy
Ltd = L1 L 2 2 M
(1.36)
Du - ly khi u ni chung gia hai phn t l cng cc tnh, ngc li ly du +.

b. Trong trng hp mc song song (hnh 1.26):
Ta xt trong cch biu din phc:
L1

I I1 I2
U Z1 . I1 ZM I2 ZM I1 Z2 I2
M
L2
T cc phng trnh trn rt ra:
Hnh 1.26
Z 1 .Z 2 Z M2
U
Z td jLtd
Z1 Z 2 2Z M
I
Vy
Ltd
(1.37)
Z td
j
(1.38)
PT
IT
trong : Z1=jL1, Z2=jL2 l tr khng ca hai phn t trong cch biu din phc.
ZM=jM l tr khng h cm gia hai phn t. Ztd =jLt l tr khng tng ng
ca hai phn t.
Du - c ly khi dng in cng chy vo hoc cng chy ra khi cc u c k
hiu *, nu ngc li th biu thc ly du +.
Th d 1.4: Tnh tr khng ca on mch hnh 1.27, bit R=100, XL=20,
XC=5 (ly theo gi tr mun)
Gii:
Zab = ZR + ZL + ZC = R jX L jX C
XL
XC
hnh 1.27
thay s ta c:
Zab 100 j20 j5 (100 j15)
Th d 1.5: Cho mch in nh hnh 1.28, vi cc s liu vit di dng phc:

Z1=(2.4 + 5j) ; Z2=(5-j) ; Z3=j ; Z5=(2 - j4) ; Z4=(2 + j4) .
a. V s tng ng chi tit theo cc
tham s r, XL, XC
b. t ln mch in p iu ha c gi tr
hiu dng l 5V, vit biu thc thi gian
ca dng in chy trong mch.
Z1
Z2
Gii:
Z4
Hnh 1.28
a. S tng ng chi tit theo cc

tham s r, Xl, Xc c dng nh hnh 1.29, ly n v l .
Z5
Z3
19
b. Ta c:
Z45
Z4 Z5
20
5
Z4 Z5
4
r =2.4
XL=1
XL=5
r =2
r =5
Z345 Z3 Z45 (5 j)
Z2345
r =2
XL=4
XC=1
Z2 Z345
26
2.6
Z2 Z345 10
XC=4
Hnh 1.29
ZV =Z1 + Z2345 = (5 + 5j) .
Um
5 2
Im
exp[ j (t )]
ZV
5(1 j )
4
Vy biu thc thi gian ca in p v dng in trong mch l:

u ( t ) 5 2 .cost
)
4
PT
IT
i ( t ) cos(t
Th d 1.6: Cho mch in nh hnh 1.30, vi

cc s liu di dng phc (n v l Siemen):
Y1=5 + 5j
Y2=4 + 5j
Y3=1 - j
Y4= 0.5 + 4j
Y1
Y5
Y3
Y4
Y2
Y5= 0.5 - 3j
Hnh 1.30
a. V s tng ng chi tit theo cc tham s

g, BL, BC
b. Cho dng in iu ha chy qua mch c gi tr hiu dng l 5A, hy vit biu
thc thi gian ca in p t trn hai u mch in.
Gii:
a. S tng ng chi tit ca mch theo cc tham s g, BL, BC c dng nh hnh
1.31, (n v l Siemen).
b. Ta c: Y45 Y4 Y5 1 j
Y345
Y3 . Y45
1
Y3 Y45
BC=5
Y1 . Y2345
2.5 2.5 j
Y1 Y2345
g=0.5
BL=1
BC=5
Y2345 Y2 Y345 5 5 j
YV
g=1
g=5
g=4
BC=4
Hnh 1.31
20
BL=3
g=0.5
Im
5 2
Um
2 exp[ j (t )]
YV 2.5(1 j )
4
Vy biu thc thi gian ca in p v dng in trong mch l:

i ( t ) 5 2 cost
u ( t ) 2 cos(t
)
4
Th d 1.7: Hy xt cc c tnh v in (theo tn s) ch xc lp ca mch RLC

ni tip nh hnh 1.32.
Gii: Tr khng ca mch:
U
Z R j ( X L X C ) R jX
I
X L L nm na dng ca trc o;
1
nm na m ca trc o.
C
Hnh 1.32
PT
IT
XC
X X L X C l thnh phn in khng ca mch.
Z R2 (X L X C )2 R2 X 2 ;
arg[ Z ] arctg
X
R
Mi tng quan ca cc thnh phn tr khng ca mch c biu din trn mt

phng phc nh hnh 1.33a. Cn hnh 1.33b m t c tnh cc thnh phn in khng
ca mch theo tn s. Khi tn s nh hn f0, XC ln hn XL, khi X c gi tr m,
mch c tnh in dung, in p chm pha hn so vi dng in. Khi tn s ln hn f0,
XC nh hn XL, khi X c gi tr dng, mch c tnh in cm, in p nhanh pha
hn so vi dng in.
XL
XL
Z
X=XL-XC
f0
f
XC
XC
(a)
(b)
Hnh 1.33
Ti tn s cng hng ca mch f 0
1
2 LC
, XL cn bng vi XC, thnh phn in
khng X ca mch b trit tiu, tr khng ca mch l b nht v thun tr, dng in
21
trn mch t cc i v ng pha vi in p. Khi tn s lch khi gi tr cng hng,

phn in khng X ca mch s
I
tng, tc l tr khng ca mch
tng, ngha l dng trong mch
U
I0
s gim. S ph thuc ca bin
R
0,7 I 0
dng in vo tn s dn n
tnh chn lc tn s ca mch.
f
f1 f0 f2
Hnh 1.34 m t tnh chn lc
BW
tn s ca mch (vi ngun tc
Hnh 1.34
ng l ngun p l tng).
-Di thng ca mch:
BW f 2 f 1
f0
Q
(1.39)
PT
IT
trong f1, f2 l cc tn s bin ca di thng, cn gi l tn s ct, c xc nh ti

v tr m bin c tuyn b gim i 3dB (tc bng 0,7I0); cn Q l i lng c
trng cho tnh chn lc tn s ca mch v gi l phm cht ca mch (ti tn s cng
hng). Khi Q tng th di thng ca mch cng hp, chn lc cng cao.
Q
1 L
.
R C
(1.40)
-Ti tn s cng hng, in p trn L v C ngc pha nhau v u gp Q ln in p

tc ng:
U r U (in p trn R bng in p tc ng c v bin v pha).
U c jQU in p trn C chm pha /2 so vi U.
U L jQU
in p trn L nhanh pha /2 so vi U.
Ch rng, thc t, ti tn s cng hng, in p tng U s t cc tiu, nhng trong

L v C tn ti cc in p ngc pha nhau vi ln bng nhau v gp Q ln in p
tng. V vy ngi ta ni mch RLC ni tip l mch cng hng in p.
Th d 1.8: Hy xt cc c tnh v in (theo tn s) ch xc lp ca mch RLC
song song nh hnh 1.35.
I
Gii: Dn np ca mch:
I
1 1
Y j ( BC BL ) G jB
Z
R
U
BC C
1
nm na dng ca trc o;
XC
22
Hnh 1.35
BL
1
nm na m ca trc o.
XL
B BC BL l thnh phn in np ca mch.
1
( BC BL ) 2 G 2 B 2 ;
2
R
arg[Y ] arctg
B
G
Mi tng quan ca cc thnh phn dn np ca mch c biu din trn mt phng

phc nh hnh 1.36a.
BC
BC
Y
B=BC-BL
f0
BL
BL
(a)
(b)
PT
IT
Hnh 1.36
Cn hnh 1.36b m t c tnh cc thnh phn in np ca mch theo tn s. Khi tn

s nh hn f0, BL ln hn BC, khi B c gi tr m, mch c tnh in cm, in p
nhanh pha hn so vi dng in.
U
Khi tn s ln hn f0, BL nh hn
U 0 IR
BC, khi B c gi tr dng, mch
c tnh in dung, in p chm
0,7U 0
pha hn so vi dng in. Ti tn
s cng hng ca mch
f
f
f0
2 LC
, BL cn bng vi BC,
f1 f0
BW
Hnh 1.37
thnh phn in np B ca mch b
trit tiu, tr khng ca mch l ln nht v thun tr, in p trn mch t cc i v
ng pha vi dng in. Khi tn s lch khi gi tr cng hng, phn in np B ca
mch s tng, tc l tr khng ca mch gim, ngha l in p trn mch s gim.
Hnh 1.37 m t tnh chn lc tn s ca mch (vi ngun tc ng l ngun dng l
tng).
- Di thng ca mch:
BW f 2 f 1
f0
Q
(1.41)
- Phm cht ca mch (ti tn s cng hng):
23
Q R.
C
L
(1.42)
Khi Q tng th di thng cng hp, chn lc ca mch cng cao.

-Ti tn s cng hng, dng in trn cc thnh phn ca mch u t cc i, trong
dng trn L v C ngc pha nhau v u gp Q ln dng in tc ng:
I R I (dng in trn R bng dng tc ng c v bin v pha).
I L jQI dng trn L chm pha /2 so vi I.
I C jQI
dng trn C nhanh pha /2 so vi I.
PT
IT
Ch rng, thc t, ti tn s cng hng, dng in tng I qua mch s t cc tiu,

nhng tn ti mt dng in lun chuyn v khp kn trong LC vi ln gp Q ln
dng in tng. V vy ngi ta ni mch RLC song song l mch cng hng dng
in. Cc c tnh y v in ch xc lp iu ha ca cc mch dao ng
n c th tm thy trong phn sau.
1.3 CU TRC HNH HC CA MCH
Mt khi mch tng ng ca mt h thng c xy dng, vic phn tch n

c tin hnh da trn mt s cc nh lut c bn v cc nh lut ny li c xy
dng theo cc yu t hnh hc ca s mch. y l nhng khi nim mang thun
ngha hnh hc, to c s cho vic phn tch mch c thun tin, chng bao gm:
+ Nhnh: l phn mch gm cc phn t mc ni tip trong c cng mt dng in
chy t mt u ti u cn li ca nhnh.
+ Nt: l giao im ca cc nhnh mch.
+ Cy: l phn mch bao gm mt s nhnh i qua ton b cc nt, nhng khng to
thnh vng kn. Xt mt cy c th, nhnh thuc cy ang xt gi l nhnh cy v
nhnh khng thuc cy gi l nhnh b cy.
+ Vng: bao gm cc nhnh v cc nt to thnh mt vng khp kn. Vng c bn
(ng vi mt cy) l vng ch cha mt nhnh b cy. Nu mch in c s nhnh
Nnh, s nt Nn, ng vi mt cy c s nhnh b cy l Nb v s vng c bn l Nv th ta
c:
Nb = NV = Nnh - Nn + 1
(1.43)
+ Mt li: L vng kn khng cha vng no bn trong n.
minh ha, ta xt mch in hnh 1.38. Mch in ny c cc nt A, B, C, O (tc
Nn =4); c cc nhnh Z1, Z2, Z3 Z4, Z5, Z6 (tc Nnh =6). Cc nhnh Z1, Z3, Z5 to thnh
mt cy c ba nhnh, gc ti O, cc nhnh cn li l cc nhnh b cy. ng vi cy c
gc O, cc vng V1, V2, V3, l cc vng c bn; cn vng V4, cha 2 nhnh b cy,
24
nn khng phi vng c bn. Vng V1 v V2 l mt li, cn V4 khng phi l mt

li.
V3
Z6
Z2
Z4
Z2
C
Z5
Z3
Z1
Z6
C
Z5
Z3
Z1
O
V1
Z4
V4
V2
Hnh 1.38: Minh ha cc yu t hnh hc ca mch
PT
IT
1.4 TNH CHT TUYN TNH, BT BIN, NHN QU V TNG H CA

MCH IN
1.4.1 Tnh tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu
Tnh tuyn tnh
Mt phn t c gi l tuyn tnh khi cc thng s ca n khng ph thuc vo in

p v dng in chy qua n, nu khng tho mn iu ny th phn t thuc loi
khng tuyn tnh.
Mch in c gi l tuyn tnh khi cc thng s hp thnh ca n khng ph thuc
vo in p v dng in chy trong mch. Nh vy, trc ht mch tuyn tnh phi
gm cc phn t tuyn tnh, ch cn trong mch c mt phn t khng tuyn tnh th
mch cng khng phi l mch tuyn tnh. hiu r kha cnh ny, ta xt ngay
i vi cc phn t th ng:
+in tr l phn t tuyn tnh nu c
tuyn Vn-Ampe ca n l mt ng
thng nh trng hp (a) trn hnh
1.39, quan h gia in p v dng
in trn n theo nh lut m, c
dng:
U =R.I
hay
U
R
I
i[mA]
(a)
(b)
u[V]
(vi R l mt
hng s), v n s l khng tuyn tnh

Hnh 1.39: Minh ha tnh tuyn tnh
(phi tuyn) nu c tuyn Vn-Ampe
ca n khng phi l mt ng thng m l mt ng cong nh trng hp (b) trn
hnh 1.39, quan h gia in p v dng in trn n c dng mt hm:
25
U=f(I) hay
R=f(U,I)
+Tng t nh vy, mt t in c gi l tuyn tnh nu c quan h:

q =C.U
hay
q
C (vi C l mt hng s)
U
v n s l phn t phi tuyn nu c quan h hm s:

q =f(U)
hay
C=f(U,I)
+Cng nh th, mt cun cm c gi l tuyn tnh nu c quan h:
L. I
hay
L (vi L l mt hng s)
I
v n s l phn t phi tuyn nu c quan h hm s:
f ( I)
hay L=f(U,I)
* Cc tnh cht ca cc phn t v mch tuyn tnh bao gm:
PT
IT
+C th p dng nguyn l xp chng.

+c tuyn c trng cho phn t l mt ng thng.
+Phng trnh ca mch l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh.
+Di tc ng vi tn s bt k, trong mch khng pht sinh ra cc hi mi.
* i vi mch khng tuyn tnh, th cc tnh cht ni trn khng cn ng na:
-Khng p dng c nguyn l xp chng.
-c tuyn c trng cho phn t khng l ng thng.
-Phng trnh ca mch l phng trnh vi phn khng tuyn tnh.
-Di tc ng vi tn s bt k, trong mch c th pht sinh ra cc hi mi.
Tnh bt bin
Mt mch c gi l bt bin nu cc thng s ca mch khng ph thuc thi gian,

khi mt trong cc thng s ca n chu nh hng ca thi gian th mch l mch
khng bt bin (mch thng s). Vi mch bt bin, gi thit mch khng c nng
lng ban u, nu y(t) l p ng ca mch tng ng vi tc ng x(t), th y(t-t1) s
l p ng ca mch tng ng vi tc ng x(t-t1).
Tnh nhn qu
Mch in (vi gi thit khng c nng lng ban u) c gi l c tnh nhn qu
nu p ng ra ca mch khng th c trc khi c tc ng u vo.
Cng cn phi nhc rng tnh cht tuyn tnh v bt bin ca mch in ch ng trong
iu kin lm vic nht nh, khi iu kin lm vic b thay i th cc tnh cht c
th khng cn ng na. Vic phn chia tnh tuyn tnh /khng tuyn tnh v bt bin
/khng bt bin ch mang tnh cht tng i.
26
1.4.2 Tnh tng h ca mch in

Phn t tng h l phn t c tnh cht dn in hai chiu. Mch in tng h l
mch in bao gm cc phn t tng h. Sang phn sau, khi nm c khi nim
tr khng Z v dn np Y, th c th tng qut: Mt phn t c gi l c tnh tng
h nu tho mn iu kin: Zab = Zba. Trong mch tng h, n tho mn iu kin:
Zlk = Zkl hay YMN = YNM
trong :
(1.44)
Zlk: tr khng chung gia vng l v vng k,

Zkl: tr khng chung gia vng k v vng l,
YMN: dn np chung gia nt M v nt N,
YNM: dn np chung gia nt N v nt M.
PT
IT
Nh vy trong mch tng h, dng in trong vng l (sinh ra bi cc ngun t trong

vng k) bng dng in trong vng k (sinh ra bi chnh ngun chuyn sang vng l).
Hay ni mt cch khc, dng in trong nhnh i (sinh ra bi ngun E t trong nhnh
j) bng dng in trong nhnh j (sinh ra bi chnh ngun chuyn sang nhnh i).
1.5 CNG SUT
1.5.1 Cc thnh phn cng sut
Xt mt on mch nh hnh 1.40. ch xc lp

iu ha, dng in v in p trn mch c biu din
di dng:
i(t)
on
mch
u(t)
u(t) =Umcos(t + u)
i(t) =Imcos(t + i)
Hnh 1.40
-cng sut tc thi trn on mch ti thi im t l:

p ( t ) u (t ).i ( t )
(1.45)
Trong khong thi gian T = t2 t1, nng lng m on mch nhn c l:

t2
WT
p (t ) dt
t1
-Cng sut trung bnh, cn gi l cng sut tc dng trn mch ny l:

P
1
T
t2
p (t ) dt
t1
1
U m I m . cos( u i ) UI . cos
2
(1.46)
trong U,I l cc gi tr hiu dng ca in p v dng in, cn l gc lch pha

gia in p v dng in trong on mch. Cng sut tc dng c ngha thc tin
hn so vi cng sut tc th. Trong mch th ng, s lch pha ca p v dng lun
27
nm trong gii hn nn P lun lun dng. Thc cht P chnh l tng cng sut
2
trn cc thnh phn in tr ca on mch. n v cng sut tc dng tnh bng W.

-Cng sut phn khng trn on mch ny c tnh theo cng thc:
Qr
1
U m I m . sin( u i ) UI . sin
2
(1.47)
Trong mch th ng, cng sut phn khng c th c gi tr dng hoc m. Nu

mch c tnh cm khng, tc in p nhanh pha hn so vi dng in, th q s c gi
tr dng. Nu mch c tnh dung khng, tc in p chm pha hn so vi dng in,
th Qr s c gi tr m. Thc cht Qr chnh l cng sut lun chuyn t ngun ti tch
ly trong cc thnh phn in khng ca mch v sau li c phng tr v ngun
m khng b tiu tn. N c gi tr bng hiu i s gia cng sut trn cc thnh phn
in cm v cng sut trn cc thnh phn in dung. Khi Qr bng khng, c ngha l
cng sut trn cc thnh phn in cm cn bng vi cng sut trn cc thnh phn
in dung, hay lc mch l thun tr. n v cng sut phn khng tnh bng VAR.
PT
IT
-Cng sut biu kin, cn gi l cng sut ton phn trn on mch ny c tnh
theo cng thc:
S
P 2 Q r2
1
U m I m UI
2
(1.48)
n v cng sut ton phn tnh bng VA. Cng sut ton phn mang tnh cht hnh
thc v cng sut trong mch khi cc i lng dng v p c o ring r m khng
ch ti s lch pha gia chng. Tng qut cng sut trong mch cn c biu din
di dng phc:
S P jQ r
(1.49)
-H s cng sut l t s gia P v S:

P
cos
S
(1.50)
V mt l thuyt, mc d Qr khng phi l cng sut tiu tn, nhng trong thc t
dng in lun chuyn nng lng gia cc thnh phn in khng v ngun li gy ra
s tiu hao cng sut ngun do ni tr trn cc ng dy di ti in. V vy trong k
thut in, nng cao hiu sut truyn ti in nng (gim dng in trn ng dy)
ngi ta thng phi s dng bin php c bit nng cao h s cng sut.
Th d 1.9 : Cho mch in hnh 1.41, trong : Z1 = 1-5j ; Z2 = 3+3j ; Z3= 6+6j
. in p vo c bin phc: U 1m 9 2 .e j 30 V.
a. Xc nh U1(t), i1(t), i2(t) v i3(t).
b. Tnh cng sut tc dng ca on mch.
28
Gii:
a.Ta c: Z td Z 1
Z2 Z3
33j
Z2 Z3
Z1
U1
0
U 1m
I 1m
3.e j15
Z td
0
I 1m
I 2m
Z 3 2.e j15
Z2 Z3
0
I 1m
I 3m
Z 2 1.e j15
Z2 Z3
Z2
Z3
Hnh 1.41
-Vy: u1 (t ) 9 2 cos(t 30 o )
i1(t) =3cos(t + 15o)
i2(t) =2cos(t + 15o)
i3(t) =cos(t + 15o)
b. Cng sut tc dng:
PT
IT
P = U.I cos = 13,5W.

1.5.2 iu kin cng sut trn ti t cc i
Xt mt ngun iu ha c sc in ng E (gi tr hiu dng). Gi thit rng ni tr

trong ca ngun l Zng =Rng+jXng. Trong trng hp khng ch trng n hiu sut
ca ngun, nu tr khng ti ni vi ngun tha mn iu kin:
*
Z t Z ng
R ng jX t
(1.51)
khi cng sut trn ti s t cc i v c gi tr bng:

P0
E2
4 R ng
(1.52)
Tng qut, vi mt ngun p hoc mt ngun dng, iu kin ti nhn c cng

sut cc i l tr khng ca n bng lin hp tr khng ca ngun.
1.6. CC NH LUT KIRCHHOFF
Bao trm ln hu ht cc hin tng c bn trong mch in l cc nh lut
Kirchhoff, cc nh lut ny lin quan ti dng in ti cc nt v st p trong cc
vng kn.
1.6.1 nh lut Kirchhoff I
nh lut ny pht biu v dng in, ni dung ca n l: Tng cc dng in i vo
mt nt bng tng cc dng in i ra khi nt . Hoc l: Tng i s cc dng
in ti mt nt bng khng:
29
a i
k k
(1.53)
trong :
ak = 1 nu dng in nhnh i ra khi nt ang xt

ak = -1 nu dng in nhnh i vo nt ang xt
ak = 0 nu nhnh khng thuc nt ang xt.
Nh vy nh lut I c th m t di dng ma trn:

A . I nh 0
(1.54)
trong A l ma trn h s c kch c ti a [Nn x Nnh] gi l ma trn nt, v I nh c

kch c [Nnh x 1] gi l ma trn dng in nhnh.
Chng ta c th thy mc d t nh lut Kirchhoff 1 c th vit c Nn phng trnh,
nhng ch c Nn -1 phng trnh c lp. Nh vy s c Nnh- Nn+1 dng in nhnh
coi nh nhng gi tr t do.
1.6.2 nh lut Kirchhoff II
PT
IT
nh lut ny pht biu v in p, ni dung ca n l: Tng i s cc st p trn

cc phn t th ng ca mt vng kn bng tng i s cc sc in ng c trong
vng kn . Hoc l: Tng i s cc st p ca cc nhnh trong mt vng kn
bng khng:
b u
k
(1.55)
trong :
bk = 1 nu chiu in p trn nhnh cng chiu vng quy c,

bk = -1 nu chiu in p trn nhnh ngc chiu vng quy c,
bk = 0 nu nhnh khng thuc vng ang xt.
Chng ta cng c th chng minh c t nh lut kirchhoff 2 ch c th vit c

(Nnh - Nn + 1) phng trnh c lp (tng ng vi s nhnh b cy, hay s vng c
bn tng ng vi mi cy c la chn).
Nh vy nh lut Kirchhof 2 c th m t di dng ma trn:
(1.56)
B. U nh 0
trong B l ma trn h s thng c kch c [Nb x Nnh] gi l ma trn mch, v U nh

c kch c [Nnh x 1] gi l ma trn in p nhnh.
Th d 1.10:
Thnh lp cc phng trnh cn thit cho mch in nh hnh 1.42 theo cc nh lut
kirchhoff.
Gii:
30
Mch in c 6 nhnh v 4 nt mch. K hiu tn cc nt l ABCO.

Z6
Z2
Z6
Z4
Z2
A
Z1
Z5
Z3
Z4
Z1
C
Z5
Z3
Hnh 1.43
Hnh 1.42: Mch in ca th d 1.1
Vi qui c chiu cc dng in nhnh nh hnh v 1.43, theo nh lut Kirchhoff I

ta c th vit c bn phng trnh, nhng trong c mt phng trnh ph thuc:
Nt A:
i1
Nt B:
+i2
-i2
+i6
+i3
Nt C:
=0
-i4
-i1
+i5
-i3
-i6
-i5
PT
IT
Nt O
+i4
=0
=0
=0
Vit di dng ma trn:
i1
1
0
0
0
1 i2
1
0 1 1

1
0
0
.i3 0
0
0
0 1 1 1 i4
1 0 1 0 1 0 i5
i
6
Z1
Z6
IV
Z2
Z4
Z3
Z5
II
III
Tr li thnh lp cc vng c bn cho mch

O
in nu trn, nu p dng nh lut
Hnh 1.44
Kirchhoff II cho cc vng c bn ng vi
cy gc ti O (hnh 1.44) th ta c th vit c cc phng trnh tng ng:
Vng
I:
-u1
Vng II:
Vng III:
Vit di dng ma trn:
+u2
+u3
-u3
-u1
=0
+u4
+u5
+u5
u1
u
1 1 1 0 0 0 2
0 0 1 1 1 0.u 3 0
u 4
1 0 0 0 1 1
u 5
u
6
31
=0
+u6
=0
1.7 K THUT TNH TON TRONG L THUYT MCH

1.7.1 Chun ha gi tr
Ta bit rng gi tr ca cc phn t v cc thng s trong mch in thng nm trong
mt khong rt rng v lin quan ti cc gi tr m ca 10, iu ny gy kh khn
nhiu lm nh hng n tc tnh ton. khc phc nhc im ny trong l
thuyt mch thng s dng mt s k thut tnh ton, c bit l s dng cc gi tr
c chun ho.
Nguyn tc: Bng vic chn cc gi tr chun thch hp, ngi ta thay vic phi tnh
ton trn cc gi tr thc t bng vic tnh ton qua cc gi tr tng i, iu cho
php gim phc tp trong biu thc tnh ton. Sau khi tnh ton xong, ngi ta
li tr kt qu v gi tr thc ca n.
<Gi tr tng i> = <Gi tr thc t> / <Gi tr chun>.
Sau y ta xt trng hp mch in tuyn tnh cha cc thng s R,L,C, v . Nh
vy cn phi la chn bn gi tr chun. Bn gi tr chun c mi lin h:
PT
IT
R ch ch . L ch
1
R
ch . C
ch
ch
(1.57)
Nh vy trong bn gi tr chun, c hai gi tr c chn t do v hai gi tr chun cn

li c suy ra t h thc trn.
Th d 1.11: chun ha cc
thng s ca mch in hnh 1.45,
ta c th chn hai gi tr chun mt
cch tu , chng hn ta chn: Rch =
100; Lch = 4mH, v ta c hai gi
tr chun cn li:
ch
C ch
200
350
0,4F
4mH
100
Hnh 1.45
R ch
100
25 Krad / s
L ch 410
. 3
1
1
0.4 F
ch . R ch 2510
. 3 .100
16mH
0,8F
2
3,5
4
2
1
T , ta c th biu din gi tr cc
Hnh 1.46
phn t ca mch theo cc gi tr
c chun ho, tc l theo cc gi tr tng i nh hnh 1.46.
1.7.2 Cc i lng lgarit
Trong l thuyt mch ta lun gp nhng i lng c gi tr nm trong mt khong rt
rng, hn na cc khu khuch i thng c ni ghp theo kiu dy chuyn. Vic
32
dng cc n v lgarit s gip cho s tnh ton v biu din cc c tuyn c thun
li. Sau y l mt s i lng logarit thng dng:
-i vi t s cng sut:
a 10.log
hoc
P1
,
P0
P
1
.ln 1 ,
2
P0
(1.58)
dB
(1.59)
Np
-i vi t s in p: xut pht t hai cng thc trn, ngi ta nh ngha:

a 20.log
hoc
a ln
U1
,
U0
U1
,
U0
(1.60)
dB
(1.61)
Np
Quan h gia dB v Np: 1Np=8,7dB
hay
1dB=0,115Np
(1.62)
PT
IT
-i vi t s ca tn s:
log 2
hoc
lg
(1.63)
[oct]
[D]
0
Quan h gia [oct] v [D]: 1oct=0,3D hay
(1.64)
1D=3,33oct
(1.65)
CU HI V BI TP CHNG I
1.1 Phn t c bn (phn t n) c bao nhiu thng s?

1.2 Khi nim phn t th ng ?
1.3 c im phn t ngun ?
1.4 c trng ca m hnh ton hc ca mch in trong min thi gian ?

1.5 Hiu qu khi chuyn mt mch in analog t min thi gian sang min tn s ?
1.6 Mch in hnh 1.47 c my mt li?
R1
R3
R1
R2
e1
V1
V2
L
-
O
Hnh 1.47
R2
e2
-
Hnh 1.48
33
R3
1.7 Mch in hnh 1.48 c (nhiu nht) bao nhiu nt v nhnh ?

1.8 Chng minh rng t mt mng hnh sao c th bin i tung ng thnh mng
hnh tam gic, hoc ngc li (hnh 1.49).
A
Ra
Rca
Rab
Rb
Rc
C
Rbc
Hnh 1.49
Trong , cc in tr lin h vi nhau theo cc cng thc sau:

Ra
Rbc Rab
Rca Rab
Rca Rbc
; Rb
; Rc
Rca Rab Rbc
Rca Rab Rbc
Rca Rab Rbc
Ra Rb
RR
RR
; Rbc Rc Rb c b ; Rca Rc Ra c a
Rc
Ra
Rb
PT
IT
Rab Ra Rb
(1.66)
(1.67)
1.9 Hnh 1.50 din t iu g?

i(t)
0,4
e(t)
0,8
0,4
(b)
(a)
(c)
a
a
1,8
i(t)
1,8
2,68
2,4
1,4
2,68
e(t)
0,88
d
d
(d)
(e)
(f)
Hnh 1.50
1.10 Chn biu thc ng cho ngun t hp E, hnh 1.51.

1.11 Chn biu thc ng cho ngun t hp J, hnh 1.52.
34
(g)
E1
J1
E2
J2
J3
J
E3
Hnh 1.52
Hnh 1.51
1.12 Vit mi quan h dng v p trn cc mch ghp h cm hnh 1.53

i1
i2
u1
L1
L2
i1
+
u2
u1
i2
*M
L1
u2
L2
*
Hnh 1.53b
Hnh 1.53a
PT
IT
1.13 Xc nh Ux v Ix trn mch hnh 1.54.
I4
2A
I5
2A
I1
Ux
1
2
1A
3A
+
-
Ix
48V
Hnh 1.54
1
I2
I3
+
-
40V
Hnh 1.55
1.14 Cho mch in nh hnh 1.55. Bit I1 =1A, xc

nh dng in trong cc nhnh v cng sut cung cp
bi ngun dng 2A.
4A
Hnh 1.56
40
2A
I2
I1
+
-
20
I3
+
1V -
5A
+
- 38V
0,03A
Hnh 1.58
Hnh 1.57
35
+
- 16V
+
-
1.16 Tm dng in trong cc nhnh mch in hnh

1.57.
10
1.15 Xc nh E ngun p 16V cung cp cng sut

32W trong mch in hnh 1.56.
0.4V
10V
1.17 Tnh dng, p v cng sut trn cc phn t mch in hnh 1.58. T rt ra
kt lun v s cn bng cng sut trong mch.
1.18 Xc nh u1 v cng sut tiu tn trn in tr 8 mch in hnh 1.59.
1.19 Tm h s khuch i uo/E ca mch in hnh 1.60.
6
+
-
5V
20V
- +
1000i
10
- u1 +
3u1
+
-
i1
(II)
(I)
+
-
i2
1k
+
uO
-
Hnh 1.60
Hnh 1.59
1.20 Tm p u trn mch in hnh 1.61.

1.21 Xc nh uo mch hnh 1.62.
2
+
-
i1
PT
IT
u1
u1
5V
24
u0
2
Hnh 1.61
+
uo
-
i2
4A
Hnh 1.62
1.22 Dng cc php bin i tng ng tm dng I mch hnh 1.63.

1.23 Tm u0 mch in hnh 1.64.
12
3A
12
+
uo
-
6A
12
12
Ix
4Ix
Hnh 1.64
Hnh 1.63
1.24 Xt mch in hnh 1.65. Xc nh uc v iL ch DC xc lp.

2
+-
2i
5V
+
-
uc
2
4F
5H
iL
Hnh 1.65
36
10F
2A
1.25 Cho mch in AC nh

h
hnh 1.66 vi Z1=1.5-2j(); Y2=1+j (s); Y3= 1-j (s). in
p tc ng c bin
phc: U 1m 6 2 .e j 30 .
a. Xc nh U1(t), i1(t), i2(t) v i3(t).
Z1
b. V s tng
ng ng on
o mch theo tnh cht cc
thng s th ng.
U1
c. Tnh cng sut

t tc dng ca on mch.
Y2
Y3
Hnh 1.66
1
1.26 on mch in nh
hnh
h
1.67, trong : Z1 = 1+5j;
Z2=3-3j; Z3= 6-6j .. i
in p vo c bin phc:
o
U 1m 6 2 .e j 60
Z1
U1
a. Xc nh U1(t), i1(t), i2(t) v i3(t).

Z2
PT
IT
b. V s tng
ng ng on
o mch theo tnh cht cc
thng s th ng.
Z3
Hnh 1.67
1
c. Tnh cng sut

t tc dng ca on mch.
1.27 Mch ab nh hnh

nh 1.68.
1.68 Bit r1=1, r2=6,
r3=12, XC1=9, XL2=6,, XL3=12. in p tc
ng c bin phc: U abm 5 2 .e j 30
a. Xc nh tr khng tng
ng ng ca
c mch
b. Xc nh biu thc Uab(t), ir1(t), ir2(t), ir3(t)
c. Xc nh
nh cng sut tc dng trn
tr on mch.
1.28 Cho mch in nh hnh

nh 1.69
1.69. Xc nh
gi tr Z cng sut trn
n n ccc i, tm PZ
max?
Hnh 1.68
5
+ E =200 0 (V)
Hnh 1.69
j10
CHNG II
CC PHNG PHP C BN PHN TCH MCH
Trong chng mt chng ta xt cc khi nim c bn ca mch in, trong ch
yu da vo hai thng s trng thi c bn l in p v dng in v mi quan h ca
cc thng s trng thi . Mi quan h ny c quy nh bi cc nh lut c bn v
chng l cn c xy dng cc phng php phn tch mch in.
2.1 PHNG PHP DNG IN NHNH
Bi ton tng qut:
Cho mch in vi s nt mch l Nn,
s nhnh mch l Nnh. Hy tm dng
in chy trong cc nhnh. Cc thng
s ngun AC gi thit cho di dng
hiu dng phc.
E8
-+
Z8
Z4
Z2
Z7
Z5
Z1
- Trong mch hnh 2.1, ta c:
Z3
+
-
E1
+
-
E5
PT
IT
Nn=5, Nnh=8
Z6
nh vy tng ng s c 8 bin s (l
8 dng in chy trong 8 nhnh tng
ng).
+
-
E7
Hnh 2.1
gii bi ton ny, phng php dng in nhnh c cc bc:

Bc 1: t tn cho cc nt ca mch (A, B,C,D,O), chn mt nt bt k lm gc (c
th ta chn O lm nt gc) nh hnh 2.2. Ch rng cy tng ng vi nt gc O s
cha cc nhnh l, cc nhnh chn l
E8
Z8
cc nhnh b cy.
-+
Bc 2: Gi nh chiu dng trong cc
nhnh mt cch ty (c th ta chn
chiu dng trong 8 nhnh nh hnh
2.2). Ch rng vic chn chiu dng
trong cc nhnh ch nh hng ti vic
vit phng trnh, cn du ca kt qu
cui cng mi cho ta bit chiu thc t
ca dng trong cc nhnh.
Z2
Z4
Z6
D
Z7
Z5
Z1
Z3
E1 +-
+
-
E5 +-
E7
O
V1
V2
V4
V3
Hnh 2.2
Bc 3: thnh lp cc vng cho mch
(mi vng cha 1 nhnh mi). S vng phi thnh lp l Nnh-Nn+1. Thng vng la
chn l cc vng c bn ng vi mt cy no . Chiu vng c th la chn ty . C
th ta thnh lp 4 vng nh hnh 2.22.
38
Bc 4: thnh lp h c Nnh phng trnh dng in nhnh, bao gm:

+ (Nn-1) phng trnh theo nh lut I (vit cho cc nt, tr nt gc), c th nh sau:
Nt A:I1+I2+I8 =0
Nt B: I2-I3-I4 =0
Nt C: I4-I5-I6 =0
Nt D:I6-I7+I8 =0
+ (Nnh-Nn+1) phng trnh theo nh lut 2 (vit cho cc vng lp). C th nh sau:
p.trnh cho V1:
Z2.I2 + Z3.I3 + (-E1-Z1.I1) = 0
p.trnh cho V2:
Z4.I4 + (Z5.I5 + E5) - Z3.I3 = 0
p.trnh cho V3:
Z6.I6 + (Z7.I7+E7) + (-E5 - Z5.I5) = 0
p.trnh cho V4:
( Z8.I8 -E8 )+(Z7.I7+E7)+(-E1 - Z1.I1) = 0
Bc 5: gii h phng trnh thnh lp tnh dng in trong cc nhnh.
PT
IT
Th d 2.1:
Tnh dng trong cc nhnh ca

mch in nh hnh 2.3 bng
phng php dng in nhnh (gi
thit ngun tc ng l mt chiu c
gi tr 10V).
R1=5
E
10V
Gii: mch c Nn=2, Nnh=3.
R3=10
A
R2
10
O
Hnh 2.3
+t tn cc nt l A, O. Chn O lm gc.
+Gi nh chiu dng dng trong cc nhnh v thnh lp 2 vng nh hnh 2.4.
+Vit h phng trnh:
R1=5
I1+I3=I2
R1I1+R2I2-E=0
-R3I3- R2I2=0
E =10V
DC
V1
Thay s liu ca mch ta c:
R3=10
A
R2
10
V2
I1+I3=I2
Hnh 2.4
I1+2I2=2
I3-I2=0
Gii h ta c: I1= 1A, I2= 0,5A, I3= -0,5A. iu ny chc t dng I3 thc t chy
ngc li
39
2.2 PHNG PHP DNG IN VNG

Tr li bi ton tng qut hnh 2.5, by gi ta s tm dng in chy trong cc nhnh
bng mt phng php khc, trong thay cc n s thc l dng trong cc nhnh
bng cc n s trung gian l dng in
E8
vng gi nh trong cc vng kn.
Z8
-+
Bc 1: Thnh lp cc vng cho mch

nh hnh 2.5 (mi vng tng ng vi
mt dng in vng gi nh). Ch
rng vng thnh lp sau phi cha ti
thiu mt nhnh mi so vi cc vng
thnh lp trc. Cc vng c bn
ng vi mi cy s tha mn iu kin
ny. S vng phi thnh lp l NnhNn+1. C th, ta thnh lp bn dng
in vng ca mch l IV1, IV2, IV3, IV4.
Z2
Z4
Z3
Z5
Z7
E5 +-
+ E7
-
Z1
E1 +
-
Z6
O
IV1
IV2
IV4
IV3
Hnh 2.5
PT
IT
Bc 2: Thnh lp h gm Nnh-Nn+1 phng trnh cho mch tng ng vi cc vng

kn, trong n s l cc dng in vng gi nh, da trn c s ch p dng nh lut
kirchhof 2. H phng trnh dng in vng cho mch nh sau:
V1:
(Z1+Z2+Z3).Iv1 -Z3.Iv2
+0.Iv3
+ 0.Iv4
+Z1.Iv4
V2:
-Z3.Iv1 +(Z3+Z4+Z5).Iv2+ Z5.Iv3
V3:
0.Iv1
+Z5.Iv2 + (Z5+Z6+Z7).Iv3- Z7.Iv4 = E7-E5
V4:
Z1.Iv1
+0.Iv2
= E1
= -E5
-Z7.Iv3 + (Z1+Z7+Z8).Iv4= E1 +E8 -E7
lm r quy lut thnh lp h phng trnh, ta xt mt vng c th, chng hn IV4:

Cc dng in vng ln cn
Dng in vng
ang xt
Z1.Iv1 +0.Iv2 -Z7.Iv3 + (Z1+Z7+Z8).Iv4
Tr khng chung gia cc

vng ln cn v vng ang
xt (ly du dng nu
vng ln cn cng chiu
vng ang xt, ly du m
nu hai vng ngc
chiu nhau).
Tng cc tr
khng trong
vng ang
xt
40
V phi
E1 +E8 -E7
V phi l tng i s cc sc in ng c
trong vng ang xt, ly du dng khi
chiu dng ca ngun cng chiu vng
ang xt, ly du m khi chiu dng ca
ngun ngc chiu vng ang xt
nh lut 2 p dng cho vng bn, nguyn thy theo n s thc (l dng in nhnh)
c vit nh sau:
( Z8.I8 -E8 )+(Z7.I7+E7)+(-E1 - Z1.I1) = 0
Ch rng: I8=IV4; I7= IV4-IV3; v I1= -( IV1+ IV4). Khi , phng trnh ca vng bn
c vit li theo cc n s mi (l dng in vng gi nh) nh sau:
Z1.Iv1 +0.Iv2 -Z7.Iv3 + (Z1+Z7+Z8).Iv4 = E1 +E8 -E7
Cc vng cn li d dng c vit da trn quy lut ny.
Bc 3: gii h phng trnh tm gi tr cc dng in vng gi nh.
Bc 4: chuyn kt qu trung gian v dng in trong cc nhnh, c th l:
I2=Iv1
I3=Iv1-Iv2
I4=Iv2
I5=Iv2+Iv3
I6=-Iv3
I7=Iv4-Iv3
I8=Iv4
PT
IT
I1=-(Iv1+Iv4)
Ch : H phng trnh dng in vng c th vit di dng phng trnh ma trn

Z1 Z 2 Z 3
Z3
Z1
Z3
Z3 Z4 Z5
0
Z5
Z5
0
Z5 Z6 Z7
Z7
I v1 E1
I E
. v 2 5
I v3 E 7 E5
Z7

Z 1 Z 7 Z 8 I v 4 E1 E8 E 7
Z1
0
trong ta gi ma trn:
Z1 Z 2 Z 3
Z3
ZV
Z1
Z3
Z3 Z 4 Z5
0
Z5
Z5
0
Z5 Z6 Z7
Z7
Z1
0
Z7
Z1 Z 7 Z 8
l ma trn tr khng vng. Ma trn vung ny c c im l:

-Nm trn ng cho chnh l cc tr khng vng.
-Hai bn ng cho l tr khng chung i xng nhau qua ng cho chnh.
Thd 2.2:
Tnh dng trong cc nhnh ca mch in trong th d trc bng phng php dng
in vng.
Gii: Thnh lp 2 vng, tng ng IV1 v IV2 nh hnh 2.6.
H phng trnh c vit thnh:
41
(R1+R2) IV1-R2IV2= E
-R2IV1+(R2+R3) IV2=0
R1=5
Thay s liu, ta c:
E =10V
DC
15 IV1-10IV2= 10
R2
10
V1
-10IV1+20 IV2=0
R3=10
V2
Gii h ta c:
Hnh 2.6
IV1=1A, IV2=0,5A.
Vy dng trong cc nhnh l:
I1= IV1=1A, I2=IV1- IV2=0,5A, I3=IV2=0,5A.
Cc kt qu ny hon ton trng vi kt qu trong cch gii bng phng php dng
in nhnh.
Th d 2.3: Cho mch in hnh 2.7.
XL1
PT
IT
a. Vit h phng trnh dng in vng khi

khng tnh n h cm gia cc cun cm.
b. Tnh dng in chy qua cc nhnh trong

trng hp c tnh n ghp h cm, cho bit
cc gi tr: R1=1; R2=1; XL1=1;
XL2=2;
XM=1; E=1V.
Gii:
R1
+
-
Iv1
*
XL2
Iv2
R2
Hnh 2.7
a. Cc phng trnh dng in vng khi khng tnh n h cm:

(R1+jXL1+R2)Iv1 -R2Iv2 = E
-R2Iv1
+(jXL2+R2)Iv2 = 0
b. Cc phng trnh dng in vng khi c tnh n h cm:

(R1+jXL1+R2)Iv1 -(R2 +jXM)Iv2 = E
-(R2+jXM)Iv1
+(jXL2+R2)Iv2 = 0
trong thnh phn -jXMIv2 l in p h cm do dng in Iv2 chy trong XL2 gy ra

trn XL1, cn thnh phn -jXMIv1 l in p h cm do dng in Iv1 chy trong XL1 gy
ra trn XL2.
Thay s ta c:
(2 j)I v1 (1 j)I v 2 1
(1 j)I v1 (1 2 j)I v 2 0
p dng quy tc Crame ta tnh c:

42
I v1
2 j
A
3
I v2
1 j
A
3
Theo cng thc bin i vng:

i X L1 I v1
2 j
1 j
1
A ; i X L2 I v 2
A ; i R 2 I v1 I v 2 A
3
3
3
Th d 2.4: hy tnh cc dng in nhnh ca mach in hnh 2.8.

Gii: Trc ht ta phi chuyn ngun dng Ing2 v dng ngun p: E2 = Ing2.R2, v
mch in c v li nh hnh 2.9. By gi ta vit h phng trnh dng in vng
cho mch mi:
( jX c jX M ) I v 2 E1
( R1 jXL1 jXc ) I v1
( jXc jX M ) I v1 ( R 2 jX L 2 jX c ) I v 2 E 2
Theo quy tc Crame ta c:
XM
XL1
I v2
j( X c X M )
R2 j ( X L 2 X c )
Z v
R1 j ( X L1 X c ) E1
j( X X )
E 2
c
M
Z v
XL2
R1
R2
Xc
PT
IT
E1
E
I v1 2
+
-
Ing2
E1
Hnh 2.8
Cc cng thc bin i vng ca mch in:

IL1 = Iv1; IL2= Iv2; IC= Iv1 + Iv2.
XM
XL1
Ch rng dng in trong R2 ca mch

in ban u s c tnh theo cng thc:
R1
+
-
IR2= Ing2 - Iv2.
XL2
Iv1
Xc
R2
Iv2
E1
+
-
E2
Hnh 2.9
Th d 2.5: Tnh dng cc in nhnh ca mch in hnh 2.10 vi cc s liu ngun

di dng hiu dng phc:
E1=1V; E6=j V; Z1=1; Z2=-j; Z3=j; Z4=1; Z5=j; Z6=1.
Gii: Ta s s dng phng php dng in vng gii bi ton ny:
( Z1 Z2 Z4 ) I v1 Z2 I v 2 Z4 I v 3 E1
Z2 I v1 ( Z2 Z3 Z5 ) I v 2 Z5I v 3 0
Z I Z I ( Z Z Z ) I E
5 v2
4
5
6 v3
6
4 v1
43
( 2 j) I v1 jI v 2 I v 3 1
Thay s: jI v1 jI v 2 jI v 3 0
I jI ( 2 j) I j
v2
v3
v1
Z6
Iv3
A
Gii h phng trnh ny theo phng

php nh thc:
2 j
Zv
j
1
Z4
-+
E6
Z5
Z1
Z3
Z2 Iv2
Iv1
E1
j
j 2 4j
j 2 j
Hnh 2.10
Tnh c:
Iv1
1
j
1
0
j
j
j j 2 j
24 j
3 j
; Iv2
10
2 j 1
1
j
0 j
1 j 2 j
24 j
1 3 j
; I v3
5
2 j j
1
j
j
0
1 j j
2 4 j
1 7 j
10
Theo cc cng thc bin i vng ta tnh c cc dng in hiu dng phc:
3 j
1 j
1 3 j
1 3 j
; I 2 I v1 I v 2
; I 3 I v2
; I 4 I v 3 I v1
10
2
5
5
PT
IT
I 1 I v1
I 5 I v3 I v 2
3 j
1 7 j
; I 6 I v3
10
10
E8
-+
Y8
2.3 PHNG PHP IN P

NT
Tr li xt bi ton tng qut hnh
2.11. By gi ta s tm dng in
chy trong cc nhnh bng mt
phng php khc, trong ta thay
cc n s thc bng cc n s trung
gian l in p ca cc nt. Trong bi
ton ny c mt s thay i nh l
biu din cc nhnh theo dn np.
Bc 1: nh k hiu cho cc nt
A,B,C,D,O v chn mt nt lm gc
nh hnh 2.12. Nt gc s c in th
quy c l im chung (0V). in
th cc nt cn li chnh l in p
ca n so vi gc. Trong trng hp
c th ny ta chn gc l nt O.
Y2
Y4
Y6
Y3
+
-
E1
Y7
Y5
Y1
E5
+
-
+
-
E7
Hnh 2.11
E8
Y8
Y2
Y4
C
Y5
Y1
Y3
E1
Y5
O
Hnh 2.12
44
Y6
D
Y7
E7
Bc 2: Thnh lp h phng trnh in p nt cho mch. H phng trnh vit cho

Nn-1 nt, tr nt gc. C s l nh lut Kirchhoff 1.
Ta vit c h phng trnh in p nt cho mch nh sau:
A:
(Y1+Y2+Y8).UA - Y2.UB - 0.UC - Y8.UD
B:
= Ing1 - Ing8
-Y2.UA +(Y2+Y3+Y4).UB - Y4.UC - 0.UD = 0
C:
0.UA -Y4.UB + (Y4+Y5+Y6).UC - Y6.UD = Ing5
D:
-Y8.UA -0.UB -Y6.UC + (Y6+Y7+Y8).UD = Ing7 + Ing8
tm quy lut thnh lp, ta hy xut pht t phng trnh gc ca nt A:

I1 + I2 + I8 = 0
khi , phng trnh ca nt A c vit li theo cc n s mi (l in p cc nt)
nh sau:
U A E1 U A U B U A U D E8
0
1 / Y1
1 / Y2
1 / Y8
PT
IT
nhm s hng v chuyn v ta c:
(Y1+Y2+Y8).UA - Y2.UB - 0.UC - Y8.UD = Ing1-Ing8

Ta rt ra quy lut thnh lp cc v tri v phi ca phng trnh vit cho nt A:
Nt
ang
xt
A:
Cc dn np chung gia
cc nt ln cn so vi nt
ang xt. Tt c u ly
du m.
(Y1+Y2+Y8).UA - Y2.UB - 0.UC - Y8.UD
Cc nt ln cn
Tng cc dn
np ni vo nt
ang xt
Ing1-Ing8
V phi l tng i s cc Ing ni

vo nt ang xt. Ly du + nu
chiu ca Ing i vo nt ang
xt, ngc li th ly du -
trong , cc dng in ngun c tnh theo biu thc:

I ng 1
E1
E1Y1 ,
Z1
I ng 8
E8
E8Y8 .
Z8
Bc 3: gii h phng trnh tm ra in p cc nt.

Bc 4: Chuyn i kt qu trung gian v dng trong cc nhnh, c th l:
45
I1
U A E1
U
U E5
U E7
U U B
; I3 B ; I5 C
; I7 D
; I2 A
;
Z1
Z3
Z5
Z7
Z2
I4
U B UC
U U D
U U D E8
; I6 C
; I8 A
Z4
Z6
Z8
Ch : H phng trnh trn c th vit di dng phng trnh ma trn:

Y2
Y1 Y2 Y8
Y
Y2 Y3 Y4
2
0
Y4
0
Y8
U A I ng1 I ng 8
U
0
. B
U C I ng 5
Y6

Y6 Y7 Y8 U D I ng 7 I ng 8
Y8
0
0
Y4
Y4 Y5 Y6
Y6
trong , ta gi ma trn:
Y2
Y2 Y3 Y4
Y4
0
Y4
Y4 Y5 Y6
Y6
Y8
0
Y6
Y6 Y7 Y8
PT
IT
Y1 Y2 Y8
Y
2
Y8
l ma trn dn np nt, n c c im l:
-Nm trn ng cho chnh l cc dn np nt.
-Hai bn ng cho l dn np chung i xng

nhau qua ng cho chnh.
Th d 2.6: Tnh dng trong cc nhnh ca

mch in hnh 2.13 bng phng php in p
nt.
R1=5
E
10V
Gii: t tn cc nt mch l A,O. Chn nt O

lm gc. Mch ch c 1 phng trnh cho nt A:
(
1
1
1
E
).U A
R1 R2 R3
R1
Thay s ta c:
1 1 1
10
( ).U A
5 10 10
5
U A 5V
Cui cng, i kt qu trung gian v dng trong cc nhnh:

I1
UA E
1A,
R1
I2
UA
0. 5 A
R2
I3
UA
0. 5 A
R3
Du - ca I1 c ngha l dng thc t ca I1 chy vo nt A.
46
R3=10
R2
10
O
Hnh 2.13
Th d 2.7: Hy vit h phng trnh

in p nt cho mch in hnh 2.14.
Gii:
R2
XL1
K hiu cc nt l A, B, C, O v chn
nt O lm gc. Nh vy ta s c h ba
phng trnh, ba n s UA, UB, UC:
E2
XL2
R1
Xc
+- E1
C
R3
Ing3
O
Hnh 2.14
1
E
E
1
1
1
1
)U A
UB
UC 1 2
(
jX L1
R2
R1 R 2
R 1 R 2 jX L1
1
1
1
1
1
UA (
)U B
UC 0
jX
jX
jX
jX
jX
L1
L1
L2
c
L2
1
E
1
1
1
1
UA
UB (
)U C I ng3 2
R 2
jX L2
jX L2 R 2 R 3
R2
Th d 2.8:
PT
IT
Cho mch in hnh 2.15. Hy tnh cc dng in chy qua R1 v XL bng phng
php in p nt.
Gii:
R1
Chn nt gc l O, khi h hai phng

trnh in p nt l:
+
- E1
E1
1
1
1
1
( R jX jX )U A jX U B R
1
c
L
L
1
1 U + ( 1 1 1 )U = E 2
A
B
jX L
R2 R3 jX L
R2
XL
B
R2
Xc
R3
+
- E2
Hnh 2.15
Theo qui tc Crame ta c:

E1
R1
UA
E2
R2
1
1
1
R 2 R3
jX L
1
1
1
R1 jX c
jX L
1
jX L
1
UA
jX L
1
jX L
UB
1
1
1
R 2 R3
jX L
1
1
1
E1
R 1 jX c jX L
R1
1
E2
jX L
R2
1
1
1
R 1 jX c jX L
1
1
1
UA
jX L
R2 R3
Theo cng thc bin i nt ca mch ta tnh c:

I R1
U A E1
R1
I XL
47
U A U B
jX L
1
jX L
1
jX L
Th d 2.9: Cho mch in iu ha hnh 2.16 vi cc s liu di dng phc: E1=1V;

E6=jV; Z1=1; Z2=-j; Z3=j; Z4=1; Z5=j; Z6=1. Tnh cc dng in nhnh
bng phng php in p nt.
Gii: Chn nt B lm gc, khi :
1
1
1
1
1
E
E
) UA
Uc U D 1 6
(
Z6
Z1
Z1 Z6
Z1 Z4 Z6
1
1
1
1
1
E
) Uc UD 6
U A (
Z3 Z5 Z6
Z3
Z6
Z6
1
1
1
1
1
E
)UD 1
UA Uc (
Z3
Z1 Z2 Z3
Z1
Z1
Thay s ta c:
3U A Uc UD 1 j
U A (1 2 j) U c jUD j
U jU U 1
c
D
A
Z1
Z6
-+
E1
-+
Z3
E6 C
PT
IT
Dng qui tc Crame ta tnh c:
I5
Uc
3 j
Z5
10
I2
Z2
Z5
Z4
1 3j
UA
5
Hnh 2.16
UD 1 j
Z2
2
V dng in nhnh s l:
Uc
3 j
;
Z5
10
I4
UA
1 3 j
;
Z4
5
I1
U A U D E1 3 j
Z1
10
I3
Uc UD 1 3 j
Z3
5
I6
U A U c E6
1 7 j
Z6
10
I5
I2
UD 1 j
Z2
2
R1
L3
R3
Th d 2.10: Cho mch in hnh 2.17.

E1
a. Vit h phng trnh in p nt.

b. Da vo cu a, hy vit cng thc
tnh dng trong cc nhnh theo in p
cc nt.
R4
C2
Ing4
0
Hnh 2.17
48
Gii:
a. Chn 0 lm gc. H phng trnh in p nt:
UA(Y1+Y2+Y3) - UB.Y3 = Ing1
-UA.Y3
+ UB(Y3+Y4) = -Ing4
b. Dng trong cc nhnh:

I1=(UA-E1)/R1;
I2=UA/ZC2; I3=(UA UB)/(R3+ZL3); I4=UB/R4.
Th d 2.11: Mch in nh hnh 2.18, vi cc s liu: R1= R2=R3= 2; E1= 1,5V;

E2= 3V. Hy tnh dng in trong cc nhnh bng phng php dng in vng v
phng php in p nt?
Gii:
-Gi thit chn chiu cc vng nh hnh 2.19:
- IV2.R3 = E1.
Xt vng 2: -IV1R3
E2
R3
E1
-
PT
IT
Xt vng 1: IV1(R1+R3)
R2
R1
a. Theo phng php dng in vng:
+ IV2(R2+R3) = E2.
Hnh 2.18
-Dng trong cc nhnh:

IR1 = IV1= 1A.
R2
R1
IL2 = IV2= 1,25A.
IR3 = IV2 IV1= 0,25A.
E1
IV1
R3
b. Theo phng php in p nt:

-Chn 0 lm gc nh hnh 2.20.
E2
IV2
Hnh 2.19
-Phng trnh in p nt:
R1
UA(G1+G2+G3) = Ing1-Ing2
-Thay s tnh c:
R2
E1
UA = -0,5V.
-Vi chiu dng ca dng trong cc

nhnh chn nh hnh v, ta c:
E2
R3
Hnh 2.20
I1= 1,0 A; I2= 1,25 A; I3= -0,25A.

2.4 NH L NGUN TNG NG
Trong mt s trng hp, nhim v phn tch mch khng i hi phi tnh tt c
dng v p ca tt c cc nhnh, m ch i hi tnh ton trn mt nhnh hay mt phn
mch no . Lc vic vn dng cc phng php nu trn s dn n cc php
49
tnh khng cn thit v cc kt qu tha. Phng php ngun tng ng m c s

ca n l nh l Thevenine-Norton cho php chng ta gii cc bi ton nh vy mt
cch n gin hn bng cch thay th phn mch c cha ngun bi mt ngun p hay
ngun dng tng ng.
Ni dung nh l Thevenine-Norton
Xt mch in gm phn mch AB c cha ngun, ni vi phn cn li Z ca mch ti
cp im AB. Gi thit gia hai phn mch khng c ghp h cm vi nhau, th phn
mch AB c th c thay th tng ng bng mt ngun p c sc in ng bng
in p h mch trn cp im AB (hay mt ngun dng c dng in ngun bng
dng in ngn mch trn cp im AB). Nu mch ban u ch cha ngun c lp
th tr khng ca ngun tng ng Zi bng tr khng tng ng nhn t cp im
AB vi nguyn tc ngn mch cc ngun sc in ng v h mch cc ngun dng
c trong phn mch ny. Ni dung nh l c m t nh hnh 2.21.
Zi
PT
IT
S tng ng
Thevenine
E=Uhm AB
Phn mch c
cha ngun A
Z
B
Ing=Inm AB
Zi
Z
B
S tng ng
Norton
Hnh 2.21
nh l ny c th suy ra trc tip t s m rng nh ngha ca ngun in v nu

phn mch gc ch cha cc phn t tuyn tnh th ngun tng ng ca n cng l
ngun tuyn tnh. Nh vy, nh l Thevenine-Norton cho php bin i phn mch
in c cha ngun thnh 2 s tng ng: s tng ng ngun p (cn gi
l s Thevenine), v s tng ng ngun dng (cn gi l s Norton).
Th d 2.12: Cho mch in nh hnh 2.22a, hy tnh dng in chy qua Z3.
Gii:
Ta thy y ch tnh dng chy qua mt nhnh, do n gin hy p dng
phng php ngun tng ng.
50
Z3
A
Z1
E1
Z2
Z1
Z5
+
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z2
+
E1
E5
Z4
E5
Hnh 2.22b
Hnh 2.22a
-Trc ht ct b Z3, phn mch cn li chnh l phn mch c cha ngun nh hnh
2.22b.
-Xc nh in p h mch trn cp im AB:
UhmAB UA UB
E1
E5
Z2
Z4
Z1 Z2
Z4 Z5
-Xc nh ZtAB nhn t cp im AB, ngn

mch ngun s E1 & E5 nh hnh 2.23:
Z1
Z5
Z2
Z4
Z1Z2
ZZ
4 5
Z1 Z2 Z4 Z5
PT
IT
ZtdAB
Z3
-T suy ra c dng in ngn mch trn

cp im AB l:
I nm. AB
Hnh 2.23
U hmAB
Z tdAB
S tng ng Thevenine v Norton c dng nh hnh 2.24.

Zt AB
Z3
Uhm AB
A
Z3
Inm AB Zt AB
S Thevenine
S Norton
Hnh 2.24
R rng vic tnh dng trn Z3 lc ny tr nn n gin hn nhiu:

I3
U hmAB
I nm. AB
Z tdAB
Z tdAB Z 3 Z tdAB Z 3
Th d 2.13: Cho mch in hnh 2.25, hy tnh dng I0 bng phng php ngun
tng ng.
Gii:
51
-Ngt R0 v X0 ra khi mch. tnh UhmAB, th trc ht ta tnh dng in vng Iv

chy trong mch theo cng thc:
R1
Iv
Iv
E1 E 2
R1 R2 j ( X 1 X 2 2 X M )
E1
Mt khc: ( R1 jX1 jX M ) I v U hmAB E1
X0
Vy: U hmAB E1 ( R1 jX 1 jX M ) I v
X2
I2
R2
X1
Z1
Z2
PT
IT
*
ZM
I2
X2
Hnh 2.25
I1
*
XM
XM
R2
By gi ta phi tnh ZtAB. Sau khi ngn

mch hai ngun s, nhn t cp im AB
c hai nhnh mch nh hnh 2.26a.
R1
E2
+
I1
X1
R0
Hnh 2.26b
Hnh 2.26a
Do c tnh n ghp h cm nn ta khng th tnh ZtAB theo quan nim hai nhnh
mch ghp song song vi nhau m phi p dng phng php dng in vng, t:
Z1 = R 1 + jX1
Z 2 = R 2 + jX 2
Z jX
M
M
khi s hnh 2.26a c th v li nh

hnh 2.26b:
ZtdAB
I0
Ri=Zt AB
U

I
R0
E=Uhm AB
X0
B
Hnh 2.27
Theo kt qu ca th d xt trong chng I, p dng trng hp c th ny ta c:

Z tdAB
Z 1 Z 2 Z M2
Z1 Z 2 2Z M
Nh vy theo s tng ng Thevenine hnh 2.27 ta tnh c kt qu:

I0
U hmAB
Z tdAB R0 jX 0
Th d 2.14 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.28. Hy xc nh cc thng s ca mch

Thevenine.
52
Gii:
-H mch ti Z5, ta xc nh c sc in ng
ca ngun tng ng l in p UAB h mch:
A
Z1
Z5
Z1
Z4
Etd E
Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 4
hay
Z2
Z4
Z3
B
Z2
Z3
Etd E
Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 4
E
-
Hnh 2.28
Ngn mch ngun E, nhn t cp im AB ta xc

nh c ni tr ca ngun tng ng:
Z td
ZZ
Z1Z 2
3 4
Z1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 4
2.5 NGUYN L XP CHNG
PT
IT
Trong chng I chng ta c dp bn n khi nim phn t tuyn tnh v mch

tuyn tnh. Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng nht ca loi mch ny l c th p
dng nguyn l xp chng phn tch cc p ng v cc qu trnh nng lng xy
ra trong h thng.
Ni dung nguyn l xp chng
Trong h thng tuyn tnh, nu yi l p ng tng ng vi tc ng xi, th a.y1+b.y2 s

l p ng tng ng vi tc ng a.x1+b.x2.
C th, nu mt mch in tuyn tnh c cha nhiu ngun tc ng, th dng in
vng sinh ra trong vng l bi tt c cc ngun ca mch bng tng cc dng in vng
sinh ra trong vng l bi ring cc ngun t trong mi vng k ca mch. Hay ni mt
cch khc, dng in vng sinh ra trong vng l no ca mch, bi tt c cc ngun
ca mch bng tng cc dng in vng sinh ra trong vng l bi mi ngun ring r
ca mch ( khi cc ngun khng lm vic s ngn mch nu n l ngun sc in
ng v h mch nu n l ngun dng ).
Nguyn l xp chng hon ton ng cho dng in nhnh, dng in vng v c in
p nt. Vic m t nguyn l ny s thng qua mt s th d minh ho di y.
Th d 2.15: Cho mch in tuyn tnh
nh hnh 2.29, hy tnh dng in chy qua
Z3 bng cch p dng nguyn l xp chng.
53
Z1
Z5
+
Gii: Nu ngun E1 gy nn trong Z3 mt

dng in I3E1 v ngun E5 gy nn trong
Z3 mt dng in I3E5 th dng tng qua Z3
Z3
Z2
Z4
E1
+
-
Hnh 2.29
E5
s l s xp chng ca I3E1 v I3E5.

- tnh dng I3E1 trc ht ta ngn mch
ngun E5, khi mch nh hnh 2.30:
Z4 Z5
;
Z45
Z4 Z5
Z2345
Z1
Z5
Z2
Z4
E1
Z345 = Z3 + Z45;
Hnh 2.30
Z2 Z345
; Ztd1 = Z1 + Z2345
Z2 Z345
v nh vy: I 3 E1
Z3
E1
Z2
(t A sang B)
Z td 1 Z 2 Z 345
- tnh dng I3E5 ta phi loi b ngun E1, khi mch tr thnh nh hnh 2.31. Vi
cch tnh tng t ta s tnh c:
Z12
Z1Z2
;
Z1 Z2
Z4 Z123
;
Z4 Z123
v: I 3 E 5
Z1
Z5
Z2
Zt5 = Z5 + Z1234
Z4
+
E5
PT
IT
Z1234
Z3
Z123 =Z3 + Z12
E5
Z4
(t B sang A).
Z td 5 Z 4 Z 123
Hnh 2.31
Nh vy nu tnh n chiu dng in ta s c: I 3 I 3 E1 I 3 E 5

Th d 2.16: cho mch in nh hnh 2.32 vi cc s liu: R1= R2= 4; R3=R4 = 2.
Eng1 = 6V (ngun mt chiu). Ing4= 3A (ngun mt chiu). Hy tnh dng in IR3.
Gii: Mch l tuyn tnh, nn c th
vn dng nguyn l xp chng:
R1
-Khi E1 tc ng, Ing4 b h mch, lc

ny mch c dng nh hnh 2.33:
Eng1
R3
R4
R2
Sau mt vi php tnh n gin, dng

in trn R3 l I3.1 =0,5A (chiu t A
sang B).
Ing4
Hnh 2.32
-Khi Ing4 tc ng, E1 b ngn mch, lc ny mch c dng nh hnh 2.34. Ta cng d
dng tm c dng in trn R3 l I3.2 =1A (chiu t B sang A).
R1
+
A
R2
Eng1
R3
R1
B
R4
R3
R2
Hnh 2.33
Hnh 2.34
54
B
R4
Ing4
- Vy khi c hai ngun ng thi tc ng, ta c dng in tng hp trn R3 l:

I3 = I3.2 - I3.1 = 0,5A (chiu t B sang A).
CU HI V BI TP CHNG II
R1
2.1 Cho mch in hnh 2.35, chn chiu dng

in trong cc vng nh hnh v. Hy vit cc
biu thc dng in vng cho mch.
E1
+
+
Hnh 2.35
L2
L1
R1
E1
PT
IT
a. Thnh lp h phng trnh

dng in vng cho mch. So
+
snh vi bi tp hnh 2.36 trc
IV1
E1
c nhn xt v nh hng ca
chiu vng trong h phng
trnh.
b. Da vo cu a, vit cng thc
tnh dng trong cc nhnh theo cc dng in vng.
R1
L1
IV1
L2
IV2
2.5 Cho mch in hnh 2.39,

chn chiu dng in trong cc
vng nh hnh v. Hy vit cc
biu thc dng in vng ?
IV2
E2
R1
R2
E2
E1
IV1
Hnh 2.37
2.4 Cho mch in hnh 2.38,

chn chiu dng in trong cc
vng nh hnh v. R1=R2=R3=2;
E1=10 V; E2=4 V. Hy xc nh
dng in trn cc nhnh theo
phng php dng in vng ?
R2
Hnh 2.36
R2
E2
IV2
R3
IV1
2.2 Cho mch in v chiu dng in trong

cc vng nh hnh 2.36. Hy vit cc phng
trnh vng theo phng php dng in vng.
2.3 Cho mch nh hnh 2.37:
R2
IV2
R3
E2
Hnh 2.38
XM
*
XL1
R1
+
E1
IV1
XL2
XC
R2
IIV2
++
E2
-
Hnh 2.39
55
2.6 Mch in hnh 2.40 vi cc s liu:
R2
R1
R1= R2=R3= 20.

+
E1= 3V.
E1
E2
R3
E2 = 6V.
Hy tnh dng in trong cc nhnh bng

phng php in p nt.
Hnh 2.40
2.7 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.41. Chn nt O l nt gc, hy vit cc phng trnh
nt theo phng php in p nt ?
R1
+
XC
R2
+
E1
XL
R3
E2
PT
IT
Hnh 2.41
2.8 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.42. Chn nt O lm nt gc. Hy vit cc phng trnh
nt cho mch theo phng php in p nt.
L2
R2
R1
Ing1
R4
C3
Eng4
Hnh 2.42
2.9 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.43. Tnh in p Et v ni tr trong Rt ca ngun

tng ng khi chuyn sang mch Thevenine.
R1
10
10
+
10V
R2
2020
R3
20
20
Ti
Hnh 2.43
2.10 Xt mch in nh hnh 2.44. Tnh in p Et v ni tr trong Rt ca ngun

tng ng khi chuyn sang mch Thevenine.
56
R1
R3
+
10V
R2
10V
Ti
B
Hnh 2.44
2.11 Cho mch in hnh 2.45. Hy tnh dng in IR4 theo phng php ngun tng
ng vi cc s liu Ing= 4A; Eng =6V; R1=R2=R3=R4=R5=R6=2.
R3
R1
+
Eng
R2
R5
R6
R4
Ing
Hnh 2.45
PT
IT
2.12 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.46 vi cc s liu:

R1=R2= 5.
R3= R4 = 10.
R4
R2
Ing1= 6A.
Ing1
+
Eng4
R3
R1
Eng4 = 15V.
Hy tnh dng in iR2

bng nguyn l xp
chng.
Hnh 2.46
2.13 Mch in ch xc lp (hnh 2.47)

bit: R1=R4=100, L3=1mH, C2=C3=0,1F.
a. Tnh cc tn s lm mch pht sinh cng
hng trn cc nhnh thun khng.
b. Tm gi tr tc thi ca dng trong cc
nhnh mch khi in p tc ng:
R1
C3
U1(t)
C2
R4
L3
U1 (t ) 100[1 cos(105 t 30o )]
c. Tm gi tr tc thi ca dng trong cc

nhnh mch khi in p tc ng:
Hnh 2.47
U 1 (t ) 100[1 sin( 2 .105 t )]
2.14 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.48 trng thi xc lp, bit e(t) = 10cos100t V; J=5 A
(ngun DC). Hy tm dng in qua in tr 2 .
57
0.01 H
1
0.03 H
0.02 H
e(t)
Hnh 2.48
2.15 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.49 trng thi xc lp, bit e(t) = 15cos100t V; J=8 A
(ngun DC). Hy tm dng in qua in tr 3 .
3
10mH
20mH
5mF
e(t)
5mF
PT
IT
Hnh 2.49
2.16 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.50 trng thi xc lp, bit E1=10V (ngun DC);
e2(t)=20cos100tV; R1=R2=2; R3=4; L1=L2= 40mH; L3=M=20mH. Hy tm dng
in qua in tr R3 v cng sut tiu th trung bnh trn in tr .
2.17 Tm p uc(t) ch xc lp ca mch in hnh 2.51.
M
R1
E1
10mH
R2
L2
L1
R3
e2(t)
L3
+ ux ux
10
100F
+
uC(t)
-
20cos1000t(V)
Hnh 2.51
Hnh 2.50
2.18 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.52. Xc nh gi tr Z cng sut trn n cc i, tm

PZ max?
5
10
j10
100 (V)
(hiu dng)
10
b
Hnh 2.52
2.19 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.53, bit: j(t)=2 sin100t A, e(t)=12sin(100t+900) V,

R1=R2=2, L=20mH.
58
a. Hy xc nh
nh cc thng s trong s
s tng
ng Thevenin bn tri ab.
a
R2
R1
Zt
j(t)
b. Vi gi tr no ca Zt th cng sut
su tc dng
ln Zt ln nht? Hy
y tnh gi tr
tr cng sut .
e(t)
b
Hnh 2.53

nh 2.54,
2.54 bit:
R=10 ,, L=200mH, C=1mF, e(t)=10 cos
100t V.
a
i1
a. Hy xc nh
s
tng ng Thevenin bn tri ab.
e(t)
3i1
Zt
b
b. Vi gi tr no ca Zt th cng sut
su tc
dng ln Zt ln nht? Hy
y tnh gi tr
tr cng
sut .
Hnh 2.54

nh 2.55,
2.55 bit:
e(t)=40sin(100t) V, R1=4,, Rt=3,
L1=L2= 40mH, M=20mH, C =10/3 mF .
PT
IT
L1
e(t)
L2
C
Rt
R1
a. Hy xc nh
s
tng ng Thevenin bn tri ab.
b. Hy tm cng sut tiu
u th
th trn Rt
2.22 Cho mch

ch in xc lp nh
nh hnh 2.56, bit:
4
u (t ) 120(1 cos10 t ) [V] ;
R1 R3 R4 10 ; R5 5 ;
u (t )
L1 L5 1mH ; C2 10 F ;
b
Hnh 2.55
R1
L1
R3
L5
Hy tnh dng in
n qua in tr R5 .
C2
2.23 Cho mng hnh

nh thang R-2R
R
nh hnh 2.57.
Hy tnh Vout theo n in
n p tc ng ti cc
im a0, a1,....,an-1.
Hnh 2.57
Hnh 2.56
R5
R4
CHNG IV
P NG TN S CA MCH
Cc phng php phn tch v tng hp h thng c mt tm quan trng c bit
trong k thut in t. Ni dung c cp trong chng ny bao gm phng
php phn tch mch trn quan im h thng qua vic xc nh p ng tn s ca
mch.
4.1 H THNG V P NG TN S CA H THNG MCH
4.1.1 Cc c trng ca h thng
Xt h thng lin tc, tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu (bc hu hn n) trong min thi
gian nh hnh v 4.1:
H thng
LT.TT.BB.NQ
Tc ng x(t)
p ng y(t)
Hnh 4.1
PT
IT
Quan h gia p ng ra v tc ng vo c th tn ti di hnh thc l mt phng

trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng (bc n) chun ha:
d n y (t ) n 1 d i y (t ) m d i x(t )
ai
bi
dt n
dt i
dt i
i 0
i 0
(4.1)
Khi nng lng u ca h thng bng khng, p ng xung h(t) ca h c nh

ngha:
h (t ) y (t ) x ( t ) ( t )
(4.2)
Cn trong min tn s phc, hm truyn t H(p) ca h thng c nh ngha:

H ( p)
Y ( p)
LT [ h(t )]
X ( p)
(4.3)
Dng tng qut ca hm truyn t thng l mt phn thc hu t, c th xc nh

trc tip t cc h s ca phng trnh vi phn ni trn:
H ( p)
b0 b1 p ... b m-1 p m-1 + b m p m H 1 ( p )
H 2 ( p)
a 0 a1 p ... + a n-1 p n-1 p n
(4.4)
K hiu im khng ca h thng l cc im pi m ti H1(pi)=0. im cc ca h

thng l cc im pk m ti H2(pk)=0. Khi H(p) c th biu din di dng tch:
m
(p p )
i
H ( p ) bm
i 1
n
(4.5)
( p p
k 1
Nu cc nghim khc khng, dng tch cn c biu din theo mt cch khc:
89
H ( p) k 0
(1 p )
i 1
n
(4.6)
p
(1
)
pk
k 1
Khi Fourier ha h thng sang min tn s ta c khi nim p ng tn s H ( j ) ca

h thng:
H ( j ) FT h(t )
Y ( j )
H ( j ) .e j arg H ( j )
X ( j )
(4.7)
trong H ( j ) l p ng bin v arg H ( j ) l p ng pha ca h thng.

T kt qu ca chng trc, ta thy rng nu vng hi t ca H(p) bao hm c iu
kin tn ti bin i Fourier th ta c mi quan h:
H ( j ) H ( p )
(4.8)
p j
i vi cc h thng nhn qu v n nh, lun tn ti H ( j ) .
PT
IT
Tnh n nh ca h thng lin quan ti v tr ca cc im khng v cc im cc ca

H(p) trn mt phng phc nh hnh 4.2. Chng l mt c s quan trng xc nh
c trng ca h thng.
Im[p]
+ Trn cc h thng n nh, vi

mi tc ng hu hn th p ng
cng phi hu hn. H thng l
n nh khi v ch khi mi im
cc ca H(p) nm bn na tri
ca mt phng phc, tc l
Re[pk]<0, vi mi k=1,2, ...,n.
k/hiu im cc
k/hiu im khng
=Re[p]
+ H thng nm bin gii n

Hnh 4.2
nh nu khi v ch khi cc im
cc ca H(p) nm bn na tri
mt phng phc, ngoi tr c th tn ti cc im cc khng lp nm trn trc o.
+ H thng l khng n nh khi tn ti im cc ca H(p) nm bn na phi mt
phng phc, hoc tn ti im cc lp nm trn trc o.
i vi cc mch th ng, c th tn ti cc im cc (khng lp) nm trn trc o
m mch vn n nh bi v mch khng bao gi b t kch vi bt k s thay i no
ca cc thng s. Cn i vi cc mch tch cc, nu tn ti cc im cc nm trn
trc o, th di tc ng ca bt k s thay i nh no ca cc thng s mch, cc
im cc hon ton c th nhy sang na mt phng phi v mch s b t kch.
4.1.2 Cc phng php v p ng tn s ca h thng mch
v p ng bin v p ng pha ca h thng mch, c hai phng php c bn:
S dng h trc ta tuyn tnh, cn gi l phng php v trc tip.
90
S dng h trc ta logarit ( phng php v gin tip).

Th d 4.1
Xt mch in nh hnh 4.3. Khi mi gia i(t) l dng in tc ng, v u(t) l p
ng ra s l pt vi phn cp 1:
dy (t )
1
1
y (t ) x(t )
dt
CR
C
x(t) =i(t)
-Hm truyn t tng ng vi

cc h s ca phng trnh l:
H ( p)
U ( p)
1/ C
1
I ( p)
p
CR
y(t)=u(t)
Hnh 4.3
H thng tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu ny l n nh v ch c mt im cc l

nghim n pk=-1/RC nm bn na mt phng tri.
-Do h nhn qu n nh nn tn ti p ng tn s:
1/ C
1
j
CR
1/ C
1
2
2 2
C R
.e jarctgRC
PT
IT
H ( j ) H ( p) p j
argH(j)
/H(j)/
-/2
Hnh 4.4
Cho tn s bin thin t 0 n v cng, c tuyn tn s ca h gm c tuyn bin

v c tuyn pha c th v nh tnh nh hnh 4.4. c tuyn ny m t mi tng
quan v bin v pha ca in p ra i vi dng in vo theo tn s.
Trong th d trn, ta ngu nhin cp ti phng php v nh tnh c tuyn tn
s ca h thng mt cch trc tip.
4.2 TH BODE
Trong mc ny, chng ta s ni n mt phng php v nh tnh c tuyn tn s
ca mch theo phng php v gin tip.
4.2.1 Nguyn tc th Bode
Nguyn tc th Bode l v p ng tn s (bin & pha) ca mch bng cch tng
hp trc tip cc c tuyn tn s thnh phn ng vi cc im cc v im khng ca
H(p), c th nh sau:
91
-c tuyn bin :
(4.9)
a ( ) ln F( j ) Np
hoc
a ( ) 20. lg F( j ) dB
(4.10)
b() = arg[F(j)] rad
(4.11)
-c tuyn pha:
Cc c tuyn ny c thc hin trn thang t l logarit i vi , k hiu l trc ,
n v Decade:
lg
[D]
0
(4.12)
(4.13)
hoc n v octave: log 2
[oct]
trong 0 l tn s chun dng chun ho gi tr cho .
PT
IT
Trong ti liu ny, ta quy c cc th d v th Bode c thc hin trn h trc ta

logarit nh hnh 4.5.
b(), rad
a ( ), dB
[D]
[D]
c tuyn pha
c tuyn bin
Hnh 4.5
th Bode l mt cng c c lc c bit v nh tnh c tuyn tn s ca h

thng. iu th hin qua s phn tch v h o lng ca phng php ny:
m
Tng qut:
H i ( p)
i 1
n
H ( p) K
(4.14)
H k ( p)
k 1
Khi , vi s thay th p=j, ta s c:

m
H ( j ) K
H i ( j )
i 1
n
(4.15)
H k ( j )
k 1
-Vy p ng pha s l:
m
b( ) arg[ H ( j )] arg[ K ] arg[ H i ( j )] arg[ H k ( j )]

i 1
-Cn p ng bin s l:
92
k 1
(4.16)
a( ) dB 20 log H ( j ) K
dB
H i ( j )
i 1
H k ( j ) dB
(4.17)
k 1
dB
V mt ton hc, vic s dng n v dB cho php phn gii tch cc tha s thnh
tng i s ca cc i lng thnh phn, lm n gin ho php nhn th bng
php cng cc thnh phn th Bode c bn. Ngoi ra s lgarit ho cn lm n
gin vic phn tch cc khu mc dy chuyn (mc chui xch) trong h thng.
Trc Decade gip cho vic biu din cc vng tn s d dng hn d n bin thin
trong mt khong rt rng. ng thi cho php cc ng phi tuyn trn trc (dng
) bin thnh ng thng trn trc (dng a( ) dB A. ) v do

a ( ) dB A. lg
0
vic tng hp cc ng cong s c n gin ha thnh vic tng hp cc on
thng tim cn gn ng ca cc th thnh phn c bn.
PT
IT
Nh vy th Bode ca p ng tn s H(j) da trn cc thnh phn tha s K,

Hk(p) v Hi(p) ca hm truyn t. Ngoi tr thnh phn h s K, dng ca cc thnh
phn cn li ph thuc hon ton vo v tr ca cc im khng pi ( nghim ca tha
s Hi(p) ) v v tr ca cc im cc pk ( nghim ca tha s Hk(p) ).
4.2.2. th ca thnh phn h s K:
a( ) 20. lg K
dB
0
b( ) arg K
khi K > 0
khi K < 0
a()[dB]
b()[rad]
20.lg[K]
K<0
K>0
[D]
[D]
Hnh 4.6
th Bode ca thnh phn ny c minh ho trn hnh 4.6.

4.2.3 th ca thnh phn ng vi im khng gc to :
Trn hnh 4.7 m t mt im khng gc, pi =0, khi
hm truyn t thnh phn s c dng:
Im
H i ( p) p
suy ra:
=Re
Hi(j)=j
+ Xt c tuyn bin :
a( ) 20. lg j 20. lg 20 [dB]
93
Hnh 4.7
Lu rng vit y c chun ho, tc l t s ca tn s ang xt v tn s

chun. Nh vy a() l mt ng thng i qua gc v c dc 20dB/D.
+ By gi ta xt sang c tuyn pha:
b( ) arg( j )
[rad ]
2
th pha l mt ng thng song song vi trc honh. th Bode ca thnh phn

ny c minh ho trn hnh 4.8.
a()[dB]
b()[rad]
20dB/D
/2
20
[D]
[D]
0
Hnh 4.8
PT
IT
4.2.4 th ca thnh phn ng vi im khng (khc 0) nm trn trc :

Nu im khng nm trn na tri trc :
Trn hnh 4.9 m t mt im khng pi =- h

trn na tri ca trc , vi h l mt hng s
dng, khi hm truyn t thnh phn s c
dng:
H i ( p) 1
-h
Im
=Re
h
Hnh 4.9
+ Xt c tuyn bin :
a( ) 20. lg 1
10. lg[1 ( ) 2 ]
h
h
a ( ) 3dB
20 lg
[dB]
khi 0.1 h
a()[dB]
20dB/D
khi h
khi 10 h
20
3
[D]
a() c th c xp x l mt ng
h
101h
10-1h
gy khc ti tn s gy h trn trc D,
Hnh 4.10
dc bng 20dB/D nh hnh 4.10.
ng chnh xc ca a() s l mt ng cong tim cn vi ng gy khc ni trn
v i qua gi tr 3dB ti im h.

94
b( ) arg(1
) arctg
h
h
b()[rad]
/2
b( )
4
/4
khi 0.1 h
khi h
101h
10-1h
[D]
Hnh 4.11
khi 10 h
Vy c tuyn pha cng c th xp x bng mt ng gy khc nh hnh v:

ng chnh xc ca b() s l mt ng cong tim cn vi ng gy khc ni trn
v c gi tr l /4 ti im h.
Im
Nu im khng nm trn na phi trc :

Khi im khng nm trn na phi ca trc
nh hnh 4.12, hm truyn t thnh phn s c
dng:
PT
IT
H i ( p) 1
=Re
Hnh 4.12
vi h l mt hng s dng.
b()[rad]
a()[dB]
20dB/D
10-1h
20
3
101 h
[D]
-/4
10-1h
[D]
-/2
101h
Hnh 4.13
th Bode trong trng hp ny c dng nh hnh 4.13.

So vi trng hp H i ( p) 1
, th bin ca thnh phn H i ( p ) 1
dng khng thay i, nhng th pha c dng ly

i xng qua trc honh.
4.2.5 th ca thnh phn ng vi cp im
khng phc lin hp:
Nu im khng l cp nghim phc lin hp
nm trn na tri mt phng phc:
Hnh 4.14 di y minh ho gi tr mun v
argumen ca im khng l cp nghim phc lin
95
Im
i
-i
Hnh 4.14
=Re
hp nm trn na tri mt phng phc. Lc tch hai tha s tng ng vi cp

nghim ny trong min tn s phc c dng:
H i ( p ) (1
p
p
p p2
)(
1
)
=
1
2cos
i
i i2
i .e ji
i .e ji
Hay: H i ( p) 1 2
p2
i2
, trong = - cosi , 0 1 , v i>0:
+ c tuyn bin :
a ( ) 20.lg 1 j2
2
2
2 10.lg[(1 2 ) 2 4 2 ( ) 2 ]
i i
i
i
a ( ) 10 lg 4 2
40 lg
[dB]
khi 0.1 i
khi i
khi 10 i
PT
IT
a() c dng l cc on cong v on gy khc tu thuc vo gi tr ca ( vi

0<<1) c m t nh hnh 4.15.
a()[dB]
40dB/D
40
=1
=0,5
-1
-6
10 i
[D]
10 i
=0,25
Hnh 4.15
i
b( ) arctg
2
1 2
i
b()[rad]
1 < 2
/2
b( )
2
khi 0.1 i
10-1i
khi i
khi 10 i
[D]
101i
Hnh 4.16
c tuyn pha cng c th xp x bng cc on cong v gy khc tu thuc vo gi

tr ca ( vi 0<<1) nh hnh 4.16.
96
Nu im khng l cp nghim phc lin hp nm trn na phi mt phng

phc (nh hnh v 4.17):
Hm truyn t thnh phn s c dng:
H k ( p) 1 2
Im
p2
i
i2
trong : = -cosi , ( 1 0 )
Hnh 4.18 l th d th Bode trng hp ng vi
0.25 .
a()[dB]
=Re
-i
40dB/D
Hnh 4.17
b()[rad]
40
10-1i
i
10-1i
-6
101i
[D]
101i
[D]
-/2
PT
IT
-
=0,25
Hnh 4.18
So vi trng hp 0.25 , th bin thnh phn ng vi 0.25 c dng

khng thay i, nhng th pha c dng ly i
xng qua trc honh.
Im
4.2.6 Thnh phn ng vi im khng nm trn

trc o:
ji
Hnh v 4.19 di y minh ho im khng

l cp nghim phc lin hp nm trn trc o.
y l trng hp c bit ca thnh phn
xt trn khi 0 , lc hm mch tng
-ji
Hnh 4.19
ng vi cp nghim ny trong min p c

dng:
H i ( p ) (1
p
j i
)(1
p
j i
) = 1
a()[dB]
p2
40dB/D
i2
40
+ c tuyn bin :
2
a( ) 20. lg 1 2
i
10-1i
[dB]
[D]
101i
c tuyn bin c m t nh hnh 4.20.

Hnh 4.20
97
a ( )
40 lg
-Ti 2 i
khi 0.1 i
khi i
khi 10 i
a( ) = 0
b()[rad]

b( ) arg[1
2
]
i2
[rad]
10-1i
[D]
101i
c tuyn pha c dng nh hnh 4.21:

Hnh 4.21
khi i
khi i
PT
IT
0
b( )
-Ti = i c s nhy vt ca pha.

4.2.7 Thnh phn ng vi cc im cc
Xt hai thnh phn: Hj(p) v
1
, th Bode (bin v pha) ca hai thnh phn
H j ( p)
ny hon ton i xng nhau qua trc Decade. V vy chng ta ch cn xt dng th

Bode ca cc thnh phn c bn ng vi im khng, t suy ra dng th ca cc
thnh phn ng vi im cc theo nguyn tc ly i xng. Cng cn phi nhc li
rng cc im cc khng nm bn na phi ca mt phng phc.
4.2.8 Tng hp th Bode
c tuyn tn s H ( j ) ca mt h thng c tng hp theo phng php th

Bode nh sau:
+ Phn tch hm truyn t H(p) thnh dng tch ca cc thnh phn c bn.
+ V c tuyn bin v pha ca tng thnh phn tng ng.
+ Tng hp c tuyn bng phng php cng th. Ch vic cng th nn c
thc hin t tri sang phi, ch cc im gy khc.
Th d 4.2
Tr li xt mch in nh hnh v 4.22, i(t) l dng in tc ng, v u(t) l p ng ra
ca mch.
-Hm truyn t tng ng l:
98
H ( p)
U ( p)
1/ C
1
I ( p)
p
CR
-Phn tch hm truyn t H(p) thnh

dng tch ca cc thnh phn c bn:
1
H ( p) R.
1
u(t)
R
10
C
100F
i(t)
Hnh 4.22
p
1 / RC
- Thnh phn (1) ng vi h s R, H1(p)=R, th bin v pha ca n c dng nh

hnh 4.23:
b1()[rad]
a1()[dB]
20.lgR
20
[D]
[D]
0
PT
IT
Hnh 4.23
-Thnh phn (2): tng ng im cc nm trn na tri trc :

H 2 ( p) 1
, trong h
1
10 3
RC
th bin v pha ca n c dng nh hnh 4.24 (i xng vi th ca im

khng tng ng qua trc Decade):
a2()[dB]
b2()[rad]
[D]
[D]
-/4
-20
-20dB/D
-/2
Hnh 4.24
-Xp chng hai th thnh phn ln nhau v thc hin cng th (bt u t tri
qua phi, ch cc v tr gy khc), th tng hp c dng nh hnh 4.25.
a() c xp x l mt ng gy khc ti tn s gy h =3D, dc bng 0 khi
<<h, v dc bng -20B/D khi >>h nh hnh v. ng chnh xc ca a() s
l mt ng cong tim cn vi ng gy khc ni trn.
b() c xp x l mt ng gy khc ti cc tn s gy h 1 trn trc D. ng
chnh xc ca b() l mt ng cong tim cn vi ng gy khc ni trn.
99
a()=a1()+a2()
20
b()=b1()+b2()
(1)
[D]
3 4
(1)
[D]
-/4
-20
-20dB/D
(2)
-/2
(2)
Hnh 4.25
4.3 NG DNG TH BODE KHO ST MCH IN

Trong nhiu trng hp, p ng tn s di dng cc c tuyn gy gn ng theo
phng php Bode cng kho st tnh cht ca h thng, v vy khng cn phi
v c tuyn chnh xc ca n.
PT
IT
Trong th d va xt trn: Khi tn s tng th c tuyn bin b suy hao. Ti im

h suy gim l 3dB (so vi gc).T c tuyn tn s, ta c th nhn bit c c
trng ca mch trong min tn s l mch lc thng thp. vng tn s thp tn hiu
vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s cao tn hiu ra chm pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc
/2. Cng cn ch rng c tuyn bin c on a() >0dB, tuy nhin iu ny
khng minh chng c rng y l mch khuch i bi nh ngha hm truyn t
ca n khng phi p dng cho hai i lng vo v ra cng loi.
Sau y ta s xt mt vi th d vi nh ngha hm truyn t ca hai i lng cng
loi.
Th d 4.3: Hy xc nh th Bode ca hm truyn t in p ca mch in hnh
4.26. Cho cc s liu: R1=40k, R2=10k, C=100nF.
Gii:
Hm truyn t in p ca mch:
R2
U
1 R2 pC
R2
K ( p) 2
R2
U1
R1 R2 pR1 R2 C
R1
1 R2 pC
R2
R1 R 2
1
k
R1R 2
p
1
1
C. p
h
R1 R 2
trong : k
U1
R2
10
0,2
R 1 R 2 40 10
R1
R2
Hnh 4.26
100
U2
R1 R2
(40 10).10 3
1250rad .s 1
6
9
R1 R2 C 40.10.10 .100.10
th Bode ca hm truyn t in p ca mch in biu th trn hnh 4.27 gm c

hai th thnh phn, trong gi tr bin thnh phn th nht ca th l:
a1 = 20lgk=20lg0,2=-14dB.
b,rad
a,dB
[D]
-10
[D]
-/4
(1)
-/2
(2)
-20dB/D
Hnh 4.27
Gii:
PT
IT
Th d 4.4: Hy xc nh th Bode ca hm truyn t in p ca mch in hnh

4.28 trong cc trng khc nhau ca L (L=1H; L=4mH; L=0,4H).
Hm truyn t in p ca mch:
C=0,1F
RLp
U
R Lp
LC. p 2
K( p ) 2
1
RLp
L
U1
1 p LC. p 2
pC R Lp
R
U1
R
1k
U2
a. Trng hp L=1H:
Khi mu s c dng:
-3
-7
H2(p)=1+10 .p+10 .p
Hnh 4.28
tam thc bc hai ny c hai nghim n:

p1 = -1,12.103;
t 0
1
LC
1
1.0,1.10 6
p2 = -8,9.103
10 7 3,16.10 3 , T s c dng
p2
02
K ( p)
(1
p
p
)(1 )
p1
p2
p2
02
(1
p
p
)(1
)
p1
p2
Thay s, K(p) c th vit li:
101
H1(p) =
p2
.
20
p. p
K ( p) 10 7
p
p
)(1
)
1120
8900
(1
th Bode ca hm mch gm c nm th thnh phn tng ng vi:

K 1 ( p ) 10 7
K 2 ( p) K 3 ( p) p
p
1120
p
K 5 ( p) 1
8900
K 4 ( p) 1
v th tng hp ca chng nh hnh v 4.29.

b,rad
a,dB
(1)+(2)+(3)
40dB/D
(1)+(2)+(3)
PT
IT
/2
3
-10
[D]
-/4
(1)
(4)
[D]
4
(5)
-/2
(4)
-20dB/D
(5)
-20dB/D
Hnh 4.29
Nh vy vng tn thp, in p ra b suy gim nhiu, ng thi nhanh pha hn so

vi in p vo. Khi tn s tng th suy gim tin gn n khng v dch pha
cng tin dn n khng. Mch ng vai tr l b lc thng cao (HPF).
b. Trng hp L=4mH:
0
1
LC
4.10 .0,110
.
0,2510
. 10 510
. 4
Mu s c dng:
H2(p)=1+4.10-6.p+4.10-10.p2
(1)
tam thc bc hai ny c cp nghim phc lin hip:

p1 = -0,5.104 + j0,5.105 ;
p2 = -0,5.104 - j0,5.105
Vy ta s a v dng:
H 2 ( p) 1 2
p
p2
2
i i
(2)
102
Thc hin ng nht hai biu thc (1) & (2) ta c:

i = 5.104;
= 0,1;
Vy K(p) c th vit li:

p2
20
K( p)
p
p2
1 2
2
i i
hay
pp
p
K ( p ) 4.10 10
1 2
p2
i2
th Bode ca hm mch gm c 4 th thnh phn tng ng vi:

K 1 ( p ) 4.10 10
K 2 ( p) K 3 ( p) p
K 4 ( p ) 1 2
p2
i2
v tng hp th Bode ca chng nh hnh v 4.30.

b,rad
a,dB
(1)+(2)+(3)
40dB/D
PT
IT
(1)+(2)+(3)
/2
-10
[D]
[D]
(1)
-/2
(4)
-40dB/D
(4)
Hnh 4.30
Nh vy ti ln cn tn s i = 5.104 , trong mch xy ra hin tng c bit, l

in p ra c bin ln hn in p vo . iu ngha l c s khuch i in p
(cng hng in p) ti vng tn s ln cn
1
LC
, l mt trong nhng tnh
cht quan trng ca cc mch th ng bc hai RLC. Lc ny mch vn ng vai tr l

b lc thng cao, nhng c tuyn tn s ca n xut hin vng bu vng ln.
c. Trng hp L=0,4H:
0
1
LC
1
0,4.0,110
.
0,2510
. 8 510
. 3
Mu s c dng:
H2(p)=1+4.10-4.p+4.10-8.p2
tam thc bc hai ny c nghim kp:
p1,2 = -5.103
103
p2
20
Vy K(p) c th vit li: K( p)
p 2
(1
)
p1
th Bode ca hm mch gm c bn th thnh phn nh hnh 4.31.

b,rad
a,dB
(1)+(2)
40dB/D
(1)+(2)
/2
[D]
[D]
-10
-/2
(3)+(4)
-40dB/D
(3)+(4)
PT
IT
Hnh 4.31
CU HI V BI TP CHNG IV
4.1 Cc im cc ca hm truyn t H(p) ca mch c iu kin g mch in thc

s n nh ?
4.2 Xc nh tnh n nh ca h thng c trng bi hm truyn t sau y:
p
H ( p)
(1
p
p
)(1
)
1120
8900

p
H ( p)
(1
p
p
)(1 )
11
90

H ( p)
k
p.(1
p
)
11

H ( p)
k
p 2 .(1
p
)
11
4.6 i vi cc mch in nhn qu v n nh, ta lun c th tnh ton trc tip p

ng tn s H ( j ) t hm truyn t H(p) bng cch no?
104
4.7 th Bode ca im cc c dng tha s tng ng vi dng tha s ca im

khng thuc na tri mt phng phc c suy ra t th ca im khng theo
nguyn tc no?
4.8 Xc nh hm truyn t ca h thng nu th Bode ca n c dng nh hnh v
4.32
a()
b()
20
2
[D]
3 4
[D]
-/4
-20
-20dB/D
-/2
Hnh 4.32
4.9 v nh tnh trc tip (khng dng h trc ta logarit) c tuyn hm truyn t
in p ca mch in hnh 4.33:
R1
PT
IT
U1
U2
R2
U1
U2
Hnh 4.34
Hnh 4.33
4.10 V thi Bode ca hm truyn t in p v nhn xt v tnh cht ca mch

in hnh 4.34.
in hnh 4.35.
C
C
R
U1
U2
U1
R
2C
Hnh 4.35
R
R/2
U2
Hnh 4.36

hnh 4.36
4.13 Cho mng nh hnh 4.37.
a. Lp biu thc hm truyn t:
U1
C
2R
T ( j )
U 2 ( j )
.
Hnh 4.37
U t ( j )
b. V nh tnh ng cong T ( j ) v ()=arg[T(j)].

105
U2
2R
c. ch xc lp iu ho, khi no in p ra ng pha vi in p vo?

d. Tnh p ng qu U2(t) khi U1(t) = 1(t ).3 sin
1
t.
RC
4.14 Cho mch in (hnh 4.38):

.
a. Lp biu thc hm truyn t phc T ( j )
U2
.
U1
U1
R U2
b. Vi cc iu kin u bng khng, tnh p ng

Hnh 4.38
qu U2(t) khi U 1 (t ) 1(t ). sin
1
t.
RC
4.15 Xt h thng hnh 4.39

a. V p ng tn s H(j). Khi no p
U1
U2
ng ra ng pha vi tc ng vo?
Hnh 4.39
PT
IT
b. Tnh p ng khi U1(t)=2.1(t).

Gi thit h khng c nng lng ban u.
4.16 Xt mng hnh 4.40. Xc nh hm truyn t in p. Khi no p ng ra ngc

pha vi tc ng vo?
4.17 Xc nh hm truyn t in p ca mng 4.41.
C
U1
U2
C
R
U1
U2
Hnh 4.41
Hnh 4.40
4.18 Xc nh c tuyn tn s ca hm
truyn t in p ca mch in hnh
4.42. Gi thit vi mch c ZV =, Zr=0,
H s khuch i vng h A=104.
C
-
R
U1
U2
Hnh 4.42
4.19 Xc nh hm truyn t ca h thng hnh 4.43

( )
( )=
( ) = ( 2)
( )
Hnh 4.43
106
( )
CHNG V
MNG BN CC
Mng bn cc (M4C), cn gi l mng hai ca, l mt h thng mch c bn u ra
tng ng vi hai ca ( thng thng c phi ghp vi ngun tn hiu v ti ) din
t nh hnh 5.1, trong :
I1
U1, I1: in p v dng in ti ca 1

U1
U2, I2: in p v dng in ti ca 2

Trong ti liu ny, ta quy c mang tnh
thng nht nh sau: chiu dng ca in
p t trn xung, chiu dng ca dng
in i vo M4C.
I2
M4C
U2
Hnh 5.1
Ni dung ca chng ny nghin cu mch in di gc l thuyt mng bn cc.
PT
IT
5.1 CC H PHNG TRNH C TNH V S TNG NG

M4C TNG H
5.1.1 Cc h phng trnh c tnh
C tt c 6 h phng trnh c tnh m t mi quan h gia dng v p trn cc ca

ca M4C nh bng 5.1. Mi h phng trnh tng ng vi mt loi thng s.
H phng trnh c tnh
Thng s tng ng
U1 z 11 I 1 z12 I 2
U 2 z 21 I 1 z 22 I 2
Tr khng h mch zij
U1 a 11 U 2 a 12 I 2
I 1 a 21 U 2 a 22 I 2
Truyn t aij
U1 h 11 I 1 h 12 U 2
I 2 h 21 I 1 h 22 U 2
Hn hp hij
I 1 y 11 U1 y 12 U 2
I 2 y 21 U1 y 22 U 2
Dn np ngn mch yij
I 1 g11 U1 g12 I 2
U 2 g 21 U1 g 22 I 2
Hn hp ngc gij
U 2 b 11 U1 b 12 I 1
I 2 b 21 U1 b 22 I 1
Truyn t ngc bij
Bng 5.1
107
Dng tng qut ca phng trnh c tnh:

a11U1 + a12U2 + b11I1 + b12I2 = 0
a21U1 + a22U2 + b21I1 + b22I2 = 0
Sau y ta s xt mt s h phng trnh c tnh c th:
- H phng trnh c tnh tr khng
Di dng ma trn:
U1
I 1
U Z. I
2
2
z11
Z
z 21
trong
z12
z 22
(5.1)
(gi l ma trn tr khng h mch)
Di dng h phng trnh:
PT
IT
U1 z 11 I 1 z12 I 2
U 2 z 21 I 1 z 22 I 2
(5.2)
Cc h s (thng s tr khng h mch) c tnh theo cc cng thc:

z11
z 22
z12
z 21
U1
I1
I2 0
U2
I2
I1 0
U1
I2
I1 0
U2
I1
I2 0
(tr khng vo h mch ca ca 1)
(5.3)
(tr khng vo h mch ca ca 2)
(5.4)
(tr khng truyn t h mch)
(5.5)
(tr khng truyn t h mch)
(5.6)
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
z12 = z21
(5.7)
- H phng trnh c tnh dn np

Di dng ma trn:
I1
U1
I YU
2
2
trong
y 11
Y
y 21
y 12
y 22
(5.8)
( ma trn dn np ngn mch)
Di dng h phng trnh:

108
I 1 y 11 U1 y 12 U 2
I 2 y 21 U1 y 22 U 2
(5.9)
Cc h s (thng s dn np) c tnh theo cc cng thc:

y 11
y 22
y 12
y 21
I1
U1
U2 0
I2
U2
U1 0
I1
U2
U1 0
I2
U1
U2 0
(dn np vo ngn mch ca ca 1)
(5.10)
(dn np vo ngn mch ca ca 2)
(5.11)
(dn np truyn t ngn mch)
(5.12)
(dn np truyn t ngn mch)
(5.13)
(5.14)
PT
IT
y12 = y21
- H phng trnh c tnh truyn t
Di dng ma trn:
U1
U 2
I A I
1
2
trong
a 11
A
a 21
a 12
a 22
(5.15)
( ma trn truyn t)
Di dng h phng trnh:
U1 a 11 U 2 a 12 I 2
I 1 a 21 U 2 a 22 I 2
(5.16)
Cc h s (thng s truyn t) c tnh theo cc cng thc:

a 11
U1
U2
a 22
I2 0
I1
I2
a 12
U2 0
U1
I2
a 21
U2 0
I1
U2
(5.17)
I2 0
a= -1
(5.18)
- H phng trnh c tnh truyn t ngc

Di dng ma trn:
U 2
U1
I B I
2
1
(5.19)
109
b 11
B
b 21
trong
b 12
b 22
( ma trn truyn t ngc)
Di dng h phng trnh:

U 2 b 11 U1 b 12 I 1
I 2 b 21 U1 b 22 I 1
(5.20)
Cc h s (thng s truyn t ngc) c tnh theo cc cng thc:

b 11
U2
U1
b 22
I1 0
I2
I1
b 12
U1 0
U2
I1
b 21
U1 0
I2
U1
(5.21)
I1 0
b= -1
(5.22)
- H phng trnh c tnh hn hp

Di dng ma trn:
trong
PT
IT
U1
I1
I HU
2
2
h 11
H
h 21
h 12
h 22
(5.23)
( ma trn hn hp)
Di dng h phng trnh:
U1 h 11 I 1 h 12 U 2
I 2 h 21 I 1 h 22 U 2
(5.24)
Cc h s (thng s hn hp) c tnh theo cc cng thc:

h 11
U1
I1
h 22
U2 0
I2
U2
h 12
I1 0
U1
U2
h 21
I1 0
I2
I1
(5.25)
U2 0
h12 = - h21
(5.26)
- H phng trnh c tnh hn hp ngc

Di dng ma trn:
I1
U 1
U G I
2
2
trong
g11
G
g 21
g12
g 22
(5.27)
( ma trn hn hp ngc)
Di dng h phng trnh:
110
I 1 g11 U1 g12 I 2
U 2 g 21 U1 g 22 I 2
(5.28)
Cc h s (thng s hn hp ngc) c tnh theo cc cng thc:

g11
I1
U1
g 22
I2 0
U2
I2
g12
U1 0
I1
I2
g 21
U1 0
U2
U1
(5.29)
I2 0
g12 = - g21
(5.30)
Tr khng
h mch
U1 z 11 I 1 z12 I 2
U 2 z 21 I 1 z 22 I 2
z11
z12
z21
z22
Hn hp
ngc
I 1 g11 U1 g12 I 2
U 2 g 21 U1 g 22 I 2
g11
-g12
g21
g22
PT
IT
- Quan h gia cc thng s cu mng bn cc
Truyn t
ngc
U 2 b 11 U1 b 12 I 1
I 2 b 21 U1 b 22 I 1
b21
-b22
b11
-b12
Truyn t
U1 a 11 U 2 a 12 I 2
I 1 a 21 U 2 a 22 I 2
a21
a11
-a
-a22
-a12
Hn hp
U1 h 11 I 1 h 12 U 2
I 2 h 21 I 1 h 22 U 2
h22
h12
-h21
h11
Dn np
ngn mch
I 1 y11 U1 y 12 U 2
I 2 y 21 U1 y 22 U 2
y22
-y12
-y21
y11
Bng 5.2
c im ca bng ny l:
+ Trong mt hnh ch nht bt k thuc bng, tch cc thng s trn ng cho bng
nhau. Chng hn nh
-z12.h21 = h12.z21.
+ Cc hng t l vi nhau theo mt h s nht nh. H s t l chnh l thng s trn
hng bit nm cng mt ct vi ch s 1 trn hng thng s cha bit. Chng hn,
cho bit zij, tm hij ta lm nh sau:
Ly ch s 1 trong hng hij c hi, chiu ln hng zij cho ta s tm c z22 l h
s t l. Dng theo ct ta s c gi tr cc thng s tng ng, kt qu l:
h 11
z
;
z 22
h 12
z 12
;
z 22
h 21
111
z 21
;
z 22
h 22
1
;
z 22
z 11
z 22
+ S t l theo quy tc trn cng ng vi cc ct. Nh vy c th tm cc thng s

trn mt ct da theo mt ct khc bit (nh quy tc nu i vi hng).
5.1.2. iu kin tng h cu bn cc
Bn cc tng h c xy dng t cc phn t tng h ( tc l cc phn t c tnh
cht dn in hai chiu (nh RLC)). Ta c th tm tt iu kin ca bn cc tng h
nh sau:
z 12 z 21
g 21 g 12
a 1
h 12 h 21
y 12 y 21
(5.31)
b = -1
(trong k hiu a, b l nh thc ca ma trn thng s aij, bij)

5.1.3 S tng ng ca bn cc tuyn tnh, th ng, tng h
PT
IT
Nh phn trn ta bit bit bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h hon ton c xc nh bi

ba thng s. Quan h gia dng in v in p hai ca ca bn cc s tng ng
vi quan h ca ba thng s ny trong mng bn cc c ba tr khng c chn mt
cch thch hp. Cc s tng ng n
Z1
Z2
I1
I2
gin nht cha ba tr khng thng gp l
bn cc hnh T v hnh .
U1
- S chun hnh T:
K hiu cc tr khng ca bn cc hnh T l

Z1, Z2, Z3 (hnh 5.2):
Z3
U2
Hnh 5.2
By gi ta tnh cc thng s zij ca bn cc

tng h theo cc tr khng trn. Theo nh ngha ta c:
z11
z 22
z12
z 21
U1
I1
Z1 Z 3
(5.32)
Z2 Z3
(5.33)
Z3
(5.34)
z12 Z 3
(5.35)
I2 0
U2
I2
I1 0
U1
I2
I1 0
U2
I1
I2 0
V ta c th suy ngc li, xc nh cc tr khng ca s tng ng hnh T theo

cc thng s zij ca bn cc:
Z1=z11-z12
Z2=z22-z12
112
Z3=z12=z21
(5.36)
y l cc thng s ca s tng ng chun hnh T ca bn cc tng h, s

tng ng ny th hin trn hnh 5.3.
I1
U1
Z1 =Z11-Z12
I2
Mng bn cc
tng h
Z2=Z22-Z12
I1
c trng bi
cc zij
I2
U1
U2
Z3 = Z12 =Z21
U2
Hnh 5.3
- S chun hnh :
K hiu cc dn np ca bn cc hnh l
Y1, Y2, Y3 (hnh 5.4). By gi ta tnh cc
thng s yij ca bn cc tng h theo
cc dn np trn. Theo nh ngha ta c:
I1
Y3
Y2
Y1
U1
I2
U2
Hnh 5.4
I1
U1
U2 0
I2
U2
U1 0
(5.37)
Y1 Y3
PT
IT
y 11
y 22
y12
y21
I1
U2
(5.38)
Y2 Y3
Y3
(5.39)
y12 Y3
(5.40)
U1 0
I2
U1 U
2 0
V ta c th suy ngc li, xc nh cc dn np ca s tng ng hnh theo

cc thng s yij ca bn cc:
Y1= y11+ y12 ;
Y2= y22+ y12 ;
I1
I2
Y3= -y12= -y21

I1
U1
Mng bn cc
tng h
c trng bi
cc yij
U1
U2
Y3=-y12=-y21
Y1=y11+y12
(5.41)
I2
U2
y22+y12 = Y2
Hnh 5.5
y l cc thng s ca s tng ng chun hnh ca bn cc tng h, s

tng ng ny th hin trn hnh 5.5.
5.1.4 Cc phng php ghp ni bn cc
113
C nm cch ghp ni bn cc, bao gm:

Ghp ni tip - ni tip (N-N)
Cc bn cc c gi l mc ni tipni tip vi nhau nu vi mi ca c
dng in chung, cn in p l tng
cc in p thnh phn (hnh 5.6). H
phng trnh thch hp nht c trng
cho c im ca cch ni ny l h
phng trnh tr khng. Vi cch k
hiu cc thng s nh hnh v, ta c:
i vi bn cc I:
'
U1'
' I1
Z
'
'
U2
I2
i vi bn cc II:
''
U1''
'' I 1
'' Z ''
U 2
I 2
I1
U1
U1
I2
I1
U2
I2
I1
U1
I2
II
U2
U2
Hnh 5.6
PT
IT
Cng hai phng trnh ma trn theo tng v v nhm tha s chung, ta c:
U1
I1
'
''
[Z Z ]
U 2
I 2
Z Z ' Z ''
Vy ta rt ra:
Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc N-N vi nhau:

n
Z Zk
(5.42)
k 1
Ghp song song - song song (S-S)
Cc bn cc c gi l mc theo kiu S-S vi nhau nu i vi mi ca c in p l

chung, cn dng in l tng ca cc
I2
I1
dng in thnh phn (hnh 5.7). H
I2
I
U1
U2
I
1
U2
U1
I2
I1
phng trnh dn np. Ta c:
II
U2
U1
I1
U1
'
''
[Y Y ]
I 2
U 2
Vy ta rt ra:
Hnh 5.7
Y Y ' Y ''
Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc S-S vi nhau:
114
Y Yk
(5.43)
k 1
Ghp ni tip - song song (N-S)

I1
Cc bn cc c gi l mc theo kiu
I2
I1
I2
N-S vi nhau nu i vi ca 1 c dng
I
U1
U2
in l chung, cn in p l tng cc
U2
U1
I
I
2
1
in p thnh phn. Cn ca 2 c in
II
U2
U1
p l chung, cn dng in l tng ca
cc dng in thnh phn (hnh 5.8). H
Hnh 5.8
phng trnh hn hp. Vi cch k hiu cc thng s nh trn hnh v, ta c:
U1
'
'' I 1
[H H ]
I2
U 2
H H ' H ''
PT
IT
Vy ta rt ra:
Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc N-S vi nhau:

n
H Hk
(5.44)
k 1
Ghp ni song song - ni tip (S-N)
Cc bn cc c gi l mc theo
kiu S-N vi nhau nu i vi ca 1
c in p l chung, cn dng in
l tng ca cc dng in thnh
phn. Cn ca 2 c dng in l
chung, cn in p l tng cc in
p thnh phn (hnh 5.9).
I2
I1
I1
U1
U1
U2
I2
I1
U1
II
I2
U2
U2
Hnh 5.9
H phng trnh thch hp nht c
trng cho c im ca cch ni ny l h phng trnh hn hp ngc. Vi cch k
hiu cc thng s nh trn hnh v, ta c:
I1
'
'' U 1
[G G ]
U 2
I2
Vy ta rt ra:
G G ' G ''
Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc S-N vi nhau:

n
G Gk
(5.45)
k 1
115
Ghp ni theo kiu dy chuyn

Cc bn cc c gi l mc theo kiu dy chuyn vi nhau nu ca ra ca bn cc
ny c ni vi ca vo ca bn cc kia theo th t lin tip (hnh 5.10).
I1
I1
U1
U1
I2
I1
U2
U1
I2
II
U2
I2
U2
Hnh 5.10
H phng trnh thch hp nht c trng cho c im ca cch ni ghp ny l h

phng trnh truyn t. Vi cch k hiu cc thng s nh trn hnh v, ta c:
U 1
*'
'' U 2
[A . A ].
I1
I2
A A *' . A ''
Vy ta rt ra:
PT
IT
Mt cch tng qut ta c th vit cho n bn cc mc dy chuyn vi nhau:

n 1
A A *k . A n
(5.46)
k 1
Trong , ma trn
i du ct hai.
Th d 5.1: Hy nu phng php xc nh cc thng s yij v zij ca M4C nh hnh

5.11:
Z4
I1
U1
Z2
Z1
I1
I2
Z4
U1
Z2
U2
Z3
Hnh 5.11
I2
U2
Z1
Z3
Hnh 5.12
Gii: C th c vi phng php xc nh cc thng s zij.

-Tch mch in trn thnh hai bn cc thnh phn mc ni tip-ni tip vi nhau.
Xc nh cc thng s zij ca cc bn cc thnh phn, sau tng hp li thnh cc
thng s zij ca bn cc theo cng thc:
2
Z Zk
k 1
z11
z 22
U1
I1
U2
I2
I2 0
Z 2 ( Z 1 Z 4 ) Z 3 (Z 1 Z 2 Z 4 )
Z1 Z 2 Z 4
Z3
I1 0
Z 1 (Z 2 Z 4 )
Z1 Z 2 Z 4
116
z 12
U1
I2
z 21
I1 0
Z 2 Z 1 Z 3 (Z 1 Z 2 Z 4 )
Z1 Z 2 Z 4
Khi bit zij ta c th tnh yij (hoc ngc li) theo bng quan h thng s. Hoc tch
mng in trn thnh hai bn cc thnh phn mc song song-song song vi nhau nh
hnh 5.12. Xc nh cc thng s yij ca cc bn cc thnh phn, sau tng hp li
thnh cc thng s yij ca bn cc theo cng thc:
2
Y Yk
k 1
Th d 5.2: Cho mng bn cc hnh 5.13, hy xc nh cc thng s dn np ngn

mch yij v cc thng s truyn t aij ca mng.
R1
Cho bit R1 = 10, R2 = 2, R3 = 3, R4 = 5,
R5 = 5, R6 = 10.
R2
R3 I2
I1
Gii:
R5
U1 R4
PT
IT
Nhn vo s ta nhn thy mch in c th

phn tch thnh hai mng bn cc thnh phn
hnh T v mc song song-song song nh hnh
5.14. Ta c:
U2
R6
Hnh 5.13
Y = Y T + Y
Nh vy ta s phi tnh cc thng s yij ca tng bn cc thnh phn.

R3
R2
I2
R5
I1
U2
U1
R1
R4
R6
Hnh 5-14
-Xt mch hnh T: l s chun ca bn cc (hnh 5-15) vi cc cc thng s zij

c tnh theo phn t ca mch:
Z11-Z12
z11 = R2 + R5
Z22-Z12
I1
z12 = R5
U1
I2
Z12 =Z21
z22 = R3 + R5
Z R 2 R 3 R 2 R 5 R 3 R 5
Hnh 5-15
Theo bng quan h thng s ta c cc

thng s yij ca mch hnh T:
117
U2
y 11
z 22
R3 R5
8
0,258
Z R 2 R 3 R 2 R 5 R 3 R 5 6 10 15
y 12
y 22
z 12
R5
5
0,1615
Z
R 2 R 3 R 2 R5 R 3R 5
6 10 15
z 11
R2 R5
7
0,226
Z R 2 R 3 R 2 R 5 R 3 R 5 6 10 15
-Xt mch hnh : y l s chun ca bn cc (hnh 5-16) vi cc cc thng s yij

c tnh theo phn t ca mch:
R R 4 15
1
1
0,3S
R 4 R1
R1R 4
50
y 12
y 11
y 22
I1
-y12
I2
y11+y12
1
1
0,1S
R1
10
U2
U1
y22+y12
R R 4 15
1
1
0,3S
R 4 R1
R1R 4
50
Hnh 5-16
PT
IT
y 11
R R6
1
1
20
0,2S
R 6 R1
R1R 6
100
-Nh vy ta c cc thng s yij ca mng da vo cc bn cc thnh phn l:

0,258
0,161
0,3
0,1
0,558
0,261
Y = Y T + Y =
0,161 0,226 0,1 0,2 0,261 0,426

Y 0,558.0,426 0,2612 0,17S 2
-Theo bng quan h thng s ta tnh c cc thng s aij:

a 11
a 12
1
1
3,84
y 21
0,261
a 21
a 22
y 22 0,426
1,635
y 21 0,261
Y 0,17
0,653S
y 21 0,261
y 11
0,558
2,14
y 21
0,261
a a 11 a 22 a 12 a 21 1,635.2,14 3,84.0,653 1 (ph hp vi iu kin tng h)
5.2 MNG BN CC I XNG

5.2.1 Khi nim bn cc i xng
118
Mt bn cc c gi l i xng v mt in nu cc ca ca n c th i ch cho
nhau m cc thng s ca bn cc hon ton khng thay i. C th ta xt h phng
trnh tr khng h mch:
U1 z 11 I 1 z12 I 2
U 2 z 21 I 1 z 22 I 2
(1)
Nu bn cc i xng, ta c th i ca 1 thnh ca 2, ngha l trong h phng trnh

trn cc ch s 1 v 2 ca cc i lng in p v dng in c th i ln nhau m
cc thng s zij vn gi nguyn:
U 2 z 11 I 2 z 12 I 1
U1 z 21 I 2 z 22 I 1
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta rt ra iu kin i xng v mt in ca bn cc:

z12 = z21
z11 = z22
(5.47)
Nh vy i vi bn cc i xng ta ch cn xc nh hai trong s bn thng s.
PT
IT
Bn cc gi l i xng v mt hnh hc nu n tn ti mt trc i xng qua trc

ng chia bn cc thnh hai na ging nhau (hnh 5-17a).
I1
U1
I2
U2
1/2
1/2
BCX
BCX
Hnh 5-17a
Th d v mt M4C i xng v mt hnh hc nh hnh v 5-17b di y:

Z1
Z1
Z1
2Z2
Z2
Z1
2Z2
Hnh 5-17b
Ch rng mt bn cc i xng v mt hnh hc th ng nhin i xng v mt

Rc
Ra
in, nhng iu ngc li th khng ng.
Th d 5-3:
Hy xc nh iu kin mng bn cc (M4C)
hnh 5-18 tho mn iu kin i xng v mt
in.
Gii: Ta c:
z 11 R a
R b (R c R d )
Rb Rc Rd
119
Rb
Hnh 5-18
Rd
z 22
R d (R b R c )
Rb Rc Rd
iu kin mch in tho mn iu kin i xng v mt in l z11 = z22, tc l:

Ra
R (R R c )
R b (R c R d )
= d b
Rb Rc Rd
Rb Rc Rd
T ta rt ra mi quan h gia cc in tr mch in i xng in l:

Rd
RaRb RaRc RbRc

Rc Ra
Ta thy: Nu Ra > Rc th mch in khng th i xng c. Nu Ra = 0 th iu kin

s l Rb = Rd v mch tr thnh i xng v mt hnh hc. Cn nu Rc = Ra th Rd =
v mch cng tr thnh i xng v mt hnh hc.
5.2.2 nh l Bartlett - Brune
PT
IT
Ni dung: Bn cc i xng v mt hnh hc bao gi cng c th thay th bng s

cu tng ng ( cn gi l hnh X, hnh 5-19). Tr khng ZI bng tr khng vo ca
na bn cc i xng khi ngn mch cc dy dn ni hai na bn cc v cun dy th
cp ca bin p 1:1, cn i vi cc dy dn cho v bin p 1: -1 th phi h mch.
Tr khng ZII bng tr khng vo ca na bn cc i xng khi h mch cc dy dn
ni hai na bn cc v cun dy th cp ca bin p 1:1, cn i vi cc dy dn cho
v bin p 1: -1 th phi ngn mch.
ZI
I1
U1
I2
M4C i
xng
U1
U2
ZII
ZII
U2
ZI
Hnh 5-19
Ni dung nh l Bartlett-Brune c minh ho trn hnh 5-20.
1/2
1/2
ZI
ZII
bn cc
i
xng
bn cc
i
xng
Hnh 5-20
Trong nh l trn chng ta thy s c mt ca bin p, y l mt trong s cc phn

t bn cc c bn ca mch in. Bin p l tng theo nh ngha l mt bn cc
c cch in mt chiu gia ca vo v ca ra v c h phng trnh c trng:
120
U 2 n. U 1
I 1 I
1
2
n
(5.48)
M hnh bin p l tng minh ho trn hnh 5-21a. B phn ch yu ca bin p thc
gm hai cun dy ghp h cm vi nhau, nu b qua in tr ca cc cun dy th bin
p c v nh hnh 5-21b (n l t s vng dy gia cun th cp v s cp)
I1 1:n
I2
U2
U1
1:n
I1
I1
U2
U1
Hnh 5-21b
Hnh 5-21a
i vi bin p l tng ta c:
U 2 U 1
I 2 I 1
(5.49)
Nu n=-1 th:
U 2 U 1
I 2 I1
(5.50)
PT
IT
Nu n=1 th :
Vy bin p 1:1 tng ng vi bn cc c hai dy dn song song hnh 5-22a, cn

bin p 1:-1 tng ng vi bn cc c hai dy dn cho nhau nh hnh 5-22b.
I1
I1
I2
U1
U2
Hnh 5-22b
By gi ta s xt ti quan h gia cc thng

s trong s cu ca bn cc i xng.
Nh ta bit, i vi bn cc i xng
ch cn xc nh hai thng s, chng hn
hai thng s l z11 v z12. Trong s
tng ng cu ca bn cc i xng
(hnh 5-23) ta c:
z 12
U1
I1
U1
I2
I1
U1
ZI
ZII
I2
ZII
U2
ZI
Hnh 5-23
1
(Z I Z II )
2
(5.51)
1
(Z II Z I )
2
(5.52)
I2 0
I1 0
U2
U1
Hnh 5-22a
z 11
I2
Nh vy suy ra mi quan h ngc li:
ZI = z11 - z12
(5.53)
ZII = z11 + z12
(5.54)
121
Sau y ta xt mt th d v ng dng ca nh l Bartlett-Brune.

Th d 5-4: Hy xc nh cc thng s zij ca mch in hnh 5-24a.
Gii: Theo kt qu tnh c t cc th d trc, ta bit mt s cch gii:
-Cch 1: Tch mch in trn thnh hai mng bn cc thnh phn mc ni tip-ni
tip vi nhau. Xc nh cc thng s zij ca cc bn cc thnh phn, sau tng hp
li thnh cc thng s zij ca bn cc.
-Cch 2: Xc nh cc zij trc tip theo nh ngha trong h phng trnh tr khng c
tnh ca bn cc.
z 11
R (R R 1 ) R 2 (2 R R 1 )
;
2R R1
z 12
R1/2
R1
I1
I2
ZV
U2
R2
R1/2
2R2
2R2
PT
IT
U1
R 2 R 2 (2 R R1 )
2R R1
Hnh 5-24a
Hnh 5-24b
-By gi ta s dng cch dng nh l Bartlett-Brune gii bi tp ny. Trc ht ta

b i ly mt na bn cc (hnh 5-24b), sau tnh ZI v ZII:
R1
2 R. R 1
R
2R R1
R 1
2
R
Z I Z Vngm
Z II Z Vhm R 2 R 2
z 11
R ( R R 1 ) R 2 (2 R R 1 )
1
1 R. R 1
( Z I Z II ) [
R 2R 2 ]
2
2 2R R1
2R R1
z 12
R 2 R 2 (2 R R1 )
R. R 1
1
1
(Z II Z I ) [R 2 R 2
]
2 R R1
2
2
2R R1
Vy kt qu ny hon ton trng vi kt qu cch trn.

5.3 CC THNG S SNG CA M4C
Xt mch nh hnh 5-25. Gi s Z1 l tr
khng ca ngun tn hiu ca 1, cn Z2
l tr khng ca ti ca 2 ca M4C,
trong :
Z1 =R1+jX1
Z1
E
I1
U1
I2
Mng bn
cc
Hnh 5.25
122
U2
Z2
Z2 =R2+jX2
5.3.1 Tr khng vo M4C
Tr khng vo ca ca 1:
ZV 1
U 1 z11 Z 2 z a11 Z 2 a12
I1
z 22 Z 2
a 21 Z 2 a 22
(5.55)
Tr khng vo ca ca 2:
ZV 2
U 2 z 22 Z 1 z
a Z a12
22 1
I2
z11 Z 1
a 21 Z 1 a11
(5.56)
Trng hp ring khi ca 2 b ngn mch hoc h mch th tr khng vo ca 1:

Z V 1nm
a12
a 22
Z V 1hm
a11
a 21
(5.57)
Tng t nh vy, khi ca 1 b ngn mch hoc h mch th tr khng vo ca 2:

a12
a11
Z V 2 hm
a 22
a 21
(5.58)
PT
IT
Z V 2 nm
5.3.2 Hm truyn t in p ca M4C

K ( p)
U2
Z 2 .z 21
E
( z11 Z 1 )( z 22 Z 2 ) z12 .z 21
(5.59)
Trng hp ring: khi Z1=0, ta c:

K u ( p)
U2
Z 2 .z 21
Z2
y 21
U 1 z11 ( z 22 Z 2 ) z12 .z 21 a11 Z 2 a12

y 22 1 / Z 2
(5.60)
Th d 5-5: Cho M4C nh hnh v 5.26a

+ Xc nh cc thng s aij ca M4C.
+ V nh tnh c tuyn bin ca hm truyn

U ( j )
t in p T ( j ) 2
khi u ra M4C c
U 1 ( j )
U1
R1
C
R2
U2
Hnh 5.26a
Zt=R2. Nhn xt tnh cht ca mng.

Gii:
/T(j)/
Theo nh ngha, d dng tnh c:

R1 R2 R1 R2 Cp
R2
[ A]
1
pC
R2
R1
R2/(2R1+R2)
Hnh 5.26b
Hm truyn t in p c tnh theo biu thc:
123
T ( j )
Zt
R2
a11 Z t a12 2 R1 R2 jR1 R 2 C
c tuyn bin nh tnh nh hnh v 5.26b. Nhn xt: y l mch lc thng thp,
vng tn s thp tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s cao tn hiu ra chm pha
so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2.
5.3.3 H s truyn t, lng truyn t ca bn cc
Nu t ngun l tng ta c th ly c cng sut ln bt k, th vi ngun khng l
tng c th d dng chng minh cng sut tc dng ln nht ti c th nhn c l:
E2
4. R 1
P0
(5.61)
Cng sut tiu th trn ti u ra M4C c tnh theo cng thc:

P2
U 22
R2
(5.62)
PT
IT
- H s truyn t ca bn cc theo nh ngha i vi mch th ng:
T c th rt ra:
P0
>1
P2
P0
E
P2 2U 2
(5.63)
R2
R1
C th vit li biu thc trn theo hm ca tn s phc p:
E
( p )
2U 2
R2
R1
(5.64)
H s truyn t tnh theo cng thc trn ch dng cho cc mch th ng, c
trng cho mch in tng qut ngi ta phi s dng thm biu thc ca hm truyn
t in p nu mc trc.
Ta c th vit li h s truyn t cho mch in tng qut:
(p)
(z 11 R 1 ).(z 22 R 2 ) z12 . z 21
2. z 21 . R 1 . R 2
(5.65)
Nh vy h s truyn t v hm truyn t in p t l nghch vi nhau. Trong cc

mch khuych i v tch cc th K(j) ln hn 1, cn trong cc mch th ng th
(j) ln hn 1. H s truyn t l mt hm phc v c th biu din theo bt k loi
thng s no ca bn cc da theo bng quan h gia cc thng s.
Xt ring i vi trng hp bn cc i xng, trong trng hp R1 = R2:
( p )
(Z I R ). (Z II R )
( Z II Z I ). R
(5.66)
124
- Lng truyn t c vit di dng lgarit t nhin ca h s truyn t:

(5.67)
g ( ) ln ln j. arg( ) a ( ) jb ( )
trong a( ) ln gi l suy gim, o bng Npe (Nu tnh theo xiben th

a ( ) 20. log , dB ); cn b() = arg() gi l dch pha, o bng rad.
5.3.4 Cc thng s sng (cc thng s c tnh) ca M4C

Trc ht ta xt ti khi nim phi hp tr khng trong l thuyt ng dy, khi c
ngun tc ng in p E vi ni tr trong l Zi c mc vo ti c tr khng Zt (hnh
5-27a) . c s phi hp tr khng m bo khng c s phn x tn hiu th phi
tho mn iu kin: Zt =Zi, khi cng sut trn ti s l:
P0
E 2 .Ri
4(R 2i X 2i )
Zi
Zt
(vi Zi =Ri + jXi ).

v h s phn x khi PHTK s l:
PT
IT
Hnh 5-27a
Z Zi
r t
0
Zt Zi
By gi ta xt mng hai ca nh hnh 527b. c s phi hp trn c hai ca

(tc khng c phn x) th cn phi c
hai iu kin:
Z10
M4C
Zv1=Z10
-Vi ti ca 2 l Z20 th tr khng vo

ca 1 phi l Z10,
Zv2=Z20
Z20
Hnh 5-27b
-Vi ti ca 1 l Z10 th tr khng vo ca 2 phi l Z20.
Ni mt cch khc, iu kin c s phi hp tr khng c hai ca l:

Z i Z 10
Z 2 Z 20
(5.68)
trong Z10 gi l tr khng sng ca ca 1 v tnh theo cng thc:

Z10
a 11 . a 12
a 21 . a 22
(5.69)
v Z20 gi l tr khng sng ca ca 2 v tnh theo cng thc:

Z 20
a 22 . a 12
a 21 . a 11
(5.70)
125
Khi Bn cc c phi hp tr khng c hai ca th h s truyn t c gi l h

s truyn t sng v k hiu l 0:
0
hay
( z11 Z10 ).( z 22 Z 20 ) z12 . z 21
(5.71)
2. z 21 . Z10 . Z 20
a 12 Z10 . a 22 Z 20 . a 11 a 21 . Z10 . Z 20
2. Z10 . Z 20
(5.72)
a 12 . a 21 a 11 . a 22
Lng truyn t lc ny s l lng truyn t sng:
g 0 ln 0 ln
trong :
(5.73)
a 12 a 21 a 11 a 22 ln 0 j.arg(0 ) a 0 jb 0
gi l suy gim sng, o bng Npe.
a 0 ln 0
b0 = arg(0) gi l dch pha sng, o bng rad.

5.3.5 Mi quan h gia cc loi thng s ca bn cc:
thg 0
Trong
(5.74)
PT
IT
Z 10 Z V1ngm . Z V1hm ; Z 20 Z V 2 ngm . Z V 2 hm
Z V1ngm
Z V1hm
Z V 2 ngm
(5.75)
Z V 2 hm
ZV1ngm: tr khng vo ca ca 1 khi ngn mch ca 2.

ZV1hm: tr khng vo ca ca 1 khi h mch ca 2.
ZV2ngm: tr khng vo ca ca 2 khi ngn mch ca 1.
ZV2hm: tr khng vo ca ca 2 khi h mch ca 1.
Cc thng s sng Z10, Z20, g0 hon ton xc nh bn cc tuyn tnh c thng s tp

trung, th ng v tng h. T cc thng s sng ta c:
z 11
z12
z 22
Z 10
;
thg 0
Z10 .Z 20
shg 0
y 11
1
;
Z 10 thg 0
; y12
Z 20
;
thg 0
y 22
1
Z10 .Z 20 .shg 0
1
;
Z 20 thg 0
a11
Z10
.chg 0
Z 20
; a12 Z 10 .Z 20 .shg 0
a21
1
Z10 .Z 20
.shg 0 ; a 22
(5.76)
Z 20
.chg 0
Z10
5.3.6 Cc thng s sng ca M4C i xng

Nu l bn cc i xng vi s tng ng l mch cu (hnh 5-28), khi :
126
Z V1hm Z V 2 hm
ZI
1
( Z I Z II )
2
Z V1ngm Z V 2 ngm 2.
ZII
Z I . Z II
Z I Z II
ZI
Hnh 5-28
T suy ra tr khng sng c tnh:

Z10 Z 20 Z 0 Z I .Z II
ZII
a12
a 21
(5.77)
Nu cc tr khng ca mch cu l cc phn t i ngu, ngha l:

Z I Z II R 20 const
khi Z0 = R0, tr khng sng ca mch cu trong trng hp ny khng ph thuc

vo tn s.
H s truyn t sng ca mch cu c tnh theo cng thc:
( Z I Z I . Z II ).( Z II Z I . Z II )
ZI
Z II
(5.79)
0 DX
1 q
1 q
(5.80)
t
Khi :
(5.78)
( Z II Z I ). Z I . Z II
PT
IT
0DX
Mt khc, trong M4C i xng c phi hp tr khng, Z10 = ZV1, do :

0 DX
Z 20
U1
E
E
.

2U 2 Z10 2U 2 U 2
(5.81)
ng thi lng truyn t sng c xc nh theo biu thc:

g 0 DX ln 0 DX
U1
U1
U1
ln ln j. arg( ) a0 DX j.b0 DX
U2
U2
U2
(5.82)
Th d 5-6: Xc nh cc thng s sng ca mch in hnh 5-29.

Gii: Ta xc nh cc tr khng vo ca 1:
XL1=1
ZV1ngm=jXL1 nt [jXL2 // (-jXC)] = 7j
XL2=2
ZV1hm=jXL1 nt (-jXC) = -2j

Vy
U2
U1
tr khng sng ca 1 l:
XC=3
Z 10 Z V1ngm . Z V1hm = 14 .
Hnh 5-29
Tng t i vi ca 2:
127
ZV2ngm=jXL2 nt [jXL1 // (-jXC)] =
7j
2
ZV2hm=jXL2 nt (-jXC) = -j
Vy
tr khng sng ca 2 l:
7
2
Z 20 Z V 2 ngm . Z V 2 hm =
Lng truyn t sng ca mch c tnh theo cng thc:

thg 0
Z V1ngm
Z V1hm
Z V2 ngm
Z V2 hm
7
j 3,5 .
2
Th d 5-7: Cho mt bn cc i xng c tr khng sng Z0 = 1000, lng truyn
t sng g 0 1 j , tr khng ti Zt = 1000. Bn cc mc vo ngun c Em =100V,

in tr trong ca ngun l 1000. Hy tnh in p v dng in ca 2.
PT
IT
Gii: Theo bi, Zt = Zi= Z0 , nh vy bn cc i xng ny c phi hp tr

khng c hai ca. Theo l thuyt phn tch ta c:
g 0 ln
Vy
ln
U1
jb 0 1 j
U2
2
U1
E
ln
1 suy ra
U2
2U 2
b 0 U1 U 2
Vy ta c
U 2 18,5. e
U2
suy ra
2
E
50
18,5V
2. e 2 ,7
U2 E
( V)
Th d 5-8: Cho M4C nh hnh 5-30, cho bit R = 1n v chun, C =1 n v chun.

a. Xc nh cc thng s sng ca M4C.
b. Tnh h s truyn t (p) khi mc M4C trn vo ngun v ti vi cc gi tr Ri = Rt
= R0 = 1 n v chun.
Gii:
a. y l bn cc i xng, nn c th p dng nh
l Bartlett-Brune a v bn cc hnh X vi cc
thng s:
ZI =[ C // R ]=
1
p1
U1
R
2C
R
R/2
Hnh 5-30
128
U2
ZII =[(C nt R) // (C nt R)] =
p1
2p
Vy tr khng sng ca bn cc l:
Z 10 Z 20 Z 0 Z I . Z II =
1
2p
H s truyn t sng c tnh theo cng thc:

0 DX
1 q p 1 2p
=
1 q p 1 2p
(trong q
ZI
Z II
b. Trong trng hp ny khng cn s phi hp tr khng nn h s truyn t ca

mch c tnh theo cng thc:
( p)
( Z I R 0 ).( Z II R 0 ) ( p 2).( 3p 1)
( Z II Z I ). R 0
1 p2
By gi ta bin i (p) v dng cha cc thnh phn chun:

p
p
(1 )(1
)
2
1/ 3
1 p2
PT
IT
( p 2).( 3p 1)
( p)
2.
1 p2
c tuyn (j) trong trng hp ny gm c mt thnh phn tng ng vi h s k,

hai thnh phn ng vi im khng nm trn trc -, v mt thnh phn tng ng vi
im cc l cp nghim phc lin hp nm trn trc o.
5.4 MNG BN CC TUYN TNH KHNG TNG H
Tr li h phng trnh c trng ca bn cc tuyn tnh, khng cha ngun tc ng
c lp gm c hai phng trnh tuyn tnh, thun nht:
a11U1 + a12U2 + b11I1 + b12I2 = 0
a21U1 + a22U2 + b21I1 + b22I2 = 0
T hai phng trnh trn ta c th lp nn 6 h phng trnh c tnh. Mi mt h

phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc tng ng vi mt tp thng s c tnh. Trong
phn trc ta nghin cu cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc vi gi thit v
s tng h ca mch in. By gi ta s xt gc tng qut hn, tc l trong
mch c th tn ti cc phn t khng tng h. Lc ny cc iu kin tng h:
z 12 z 21
g 21 g 12
a 1
h 12 h 21
y 12 y 21
b = -1
s khng c tho mn, nh vy mch tng ng ca bn cc khng tng h cn

phi xc nh bi bn phn t (tng ng vi bn thng s). a s cc mch khng
tng h l tch cc, do trong phn ny cng s xt mt s phn t tch cc.
129
Bn cc khng tng h cn c bn phn t biu din, trong c t nht mt phn

t khng tng h. C mt loi phn t khng tng h, tch cc c nhc ti
trong chng I, l ngun iu khin.
5.4.1 S tng ng ca mng bn cc khng tng h, tch cc
Tt c cc loi M4C khng tng h, tch cc u c th biu din tng ng c
cha ngun iu khin. Ta s biu din s tng ng ca bn cc vi s c mt
ca ngun iu khin.
a. S tng ng gm hai tr khng v hai ngun iu khin
Nu xut pht t h phng trnh tr
khng:
I1
I2
Z11
Z22
U1
U1 z 11 I 1 z12 I 2
U 2 z 21 I 1 z 22 I 2
U2
Z12I2
Z21I1
Hnh 5-31
ta s biu din c s tng ng

ca bn cc nh hnh 5-31.
PT
IT
I1
Nu xut pht t h phng trnh dn np:
y11
U1
I 1 y 11 U1 y 12 U 2
I 2 y 21 U1 y 22 U 2
th s tng ng ca bn cc s biu
din c nh hnh 5-32.
y22
I21U1
I12U2
I1
Tng t nh vy cng c th biu din

mng bn cc khng tng h theo h
phng trnh hn hp H nh hnh 5-33.
I2
U1
Hnh 5-32
I2
h11
h12U2
b. S tng ng gm ba tr khng
v mt ngun iu khin
U2
1/h22
U2
h21U1
Hnh 5.33
Cc s c th c thnh lp t cc s chun hnh T v hnh bng cch gn

ni tip ngun in p iu khin vo mt trong ba nhnh ca s hnh T, hoc mc
song song ngun dng iu khin vo mt trong ba nhnh ca s hnh . Nh vy
s c rt nhiu cc trng hp c th, nhng trong thc t thng gp l cc s
hnh 5-34, tng ng vi cc h phng trnh tr khng v dn np:
I1
U1
Z11-Z12
Z12
Z22-Z12
I1
I2
-y12
y11 +y12
(Z21 -Z12)I1 U
2
U1
y22+y12
Hnh 5-34
130
I2
(y21-y12)U1 U
2
U1 z 11I 1 z 12 I 2 z 12 I 1
U 2 z 21I 1 z 22 I 2 z 12 I 1 z 12 I 2
I 1 y 11 U 1 y 12 U 2 y 12 U1
I 2 y 21 U 1 y 22 U 2 y 12 U 1 y 12 U 2
Theo cc s trn, nu z12 = z21 hoc y12 = y21 th cc s ny li tr v dng bn

cc tng h bit. Sau y ta xt mt s phn t phn tng h, tch cc.
5.4.2 Mt s bn cc khng tng h, tch cc thng gp
a. B bin i tr khng m (NIC)
U1
I1
I2
I1
INIC
U1
U2
I2
UNIC
U2
k= -1
k=1
Hnh 5-35
K hiu ca b bin i tr khng m nh hnh 5-35. H phng trnh c trng ca

NIC l h phng trnh hn hp:
U1 kU 2
I 2 kI 1
PT
IT
(5.83)
-Nu k = 1, ta s c:
U 1 U 2
I 2 I 1
theo quy c v du ca bn cc, in p hai ca s cng chiu cn dng in hai

ca s ngc chiu, phn t NIC trong trng hp ny c k hiu l INIC.
-Nu k = -1, ta c:
U 1 U 2
I 2 I 1
trng hp ny in p hai ca s ngc chiu cn dng in hai ca s cng

chiu, phn t NIC vi k=-1 c k hiu l UNIC.
0 k
[H ] NIC
,
k 0
T ta rt ra:
0 1 / k
[G ] NIC
0
1 / k
i vi NIC cc h phng trnh tr khng v dn np khng c ngha.

Tr khng vo ca 1 khi mc ti ca 2:
Z V1
U1
U
k 2 2 k 2 . Z t
I1
I2
(5.84)
Nh vy NIC ng vai tr l mch bin i tr khng m. Chng hn nu ti l dung

khng th u vo tng ng l dung khng m.
b. Transistor
Transistor lng cc (Bipolar Junction Transistors-(BJT)) thuc loi linh kin bn
dn. Hnh 5.36 l k hiu ca hai loi BJT npn v pnp.
131
Hnh 5.37 l mt minh ha v cch ng gi ca loi linh kin ny.
Hnh 5.37: C1815 transistor
Hnh 5.36: K hiu ca BJT
Transistor c coi l mt bn cc tch cc. Hnh 5-38 l k hiu chiu dng in

trong transistor PNP. Dng Emitter c phn phi gia Base v Collector, tho mn
h thc:
-IC
IE
IC
I 0,98 0,998
E
I B (1 ) I E
IC
1

IB 1
IB
PT
IT
B
Hnh 5-38
(5.85)
Dng Emitter ch yu c xc nh bi in p UBE , ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo

in p Collector, t dng IC cng ph thuc mt t vo in p UCE.
nghin cu BJT, ngi ta phi thay th n thnh cc cc dng m hnh gn ng
khc nhau. Mi m hnh c th mnh ring ty thuc vo tng iu kin lm vic c
th (tuyn tnh/ phi tuyn, tn s cng tc, hay cch mc mch) v yu cu tnh ton.
min tn hiu nh v tn s thp, ngi ta c th dng cc dng s tng ng
vt l ca mng bn cc, mt minh ha nh hnh 5.39. Trong s ny c ngun
dng ph thuc. Cc in tr trong s l cc in tr vi phn ca cc thnh phn
dng xoay chiu c bin nh m bo on lm vic tuyn tnh, v gi tr ca
chng c xc nh bi h c tuyn vo/ ra ca transistor.
IE
I1=IE
E
I2=-IC
rE
rC
U1
rB
C
U2
Hnh 5.39: Mt kiu m hnh tng ng vt l ca transistor pnp
Cng theo cch s dng cc m hnh theo cc thng s c bn ca mng bn cc,

ngi ta hay dng mt kiu m hnh khc, l m hnh re nh hnh 5.40. Trong s
ny cng c mt mt ngun dng ph thuc. in tr ac emitter (re) l mt thng s
c xc nh da theo im lm vic trong on lm vic tuyn tnh.
132
C
B
R1 1k
ie
re
B
ib
ie
ib
re
Hnh 5.40: M hnh re ca BJT npn vng tn s thp
Mt loi m hnh khc cng hay c dng, l m hnh hybrid n gin min tn
s thp. M hnh ny cng da vo cc
I1
I2
hi
phng trnh c tnh H v tham s xc
nh trong ch tn hiu nh, vi s b
U1
U2
hrU2
qua cc thnh phn tch in. M hnh ny
1/h0
hfU1
c minh ha nh hnh 5.41. Mc d cc
m hnh c th c s dng phn tch
Hnh 5.41
cho mi cch mc mch, nhng m hnh
hybrid thng c s dng nhiu hn phn tch cc mch mc emitter chung.
PT
IT
min tn s cao, m hnh BJT phi c s tnh n nh hng ca cc in dung v

in tr k sinh.
By gi ta s quay li ni thm v s tng ng vt l ca trasitor vi mt ngun
iu khin hnh 5.39 di gc M4C. Trong s ny c ngun dng ph thuc
IE. in tr rE c gi tr vi m n vi chc m, rB khong vi trm m, trong khi
rC c gi tr cao (t hng trm k n vi M). Ngun dng cng c th c thay th
bi ngun p nh hnh 5.42, vi eng= rC.IE = rm.IE, trong rm = .rC.
Tu theo cch chn u vo v u ra, c th
c ba loi mch khuch i transistor:
I1=IE
rmIE
rE
-S baz chung (hnh 5.42). Di y l ma

trn tr khng ca transistor tng ng vi
trng hp ny:
[Z] BC
rE rB
rB rM
U1
rC
I2=-IC
C
U2
rB
rB
rB rC
Hnh 5.42
-S Emitter chung (hnh 5.43). Di y l ma trn tr khng ca transistor tng

ng vi trng hp ny:
rmIE
rE rB
[Z] EC
rE rM
I1
B
rE
rE rC rM
U1
-S collector chung (hnh 5.44). Di

y l ma trn tr khng ca transistor
tng ng:
133
I2
rB
rC
C
U2
rE
E
Hnh 5.43
rC rB
[Z] CC
rC
I1
B
rC rM
rE rC rM
rB
I2
rE
E
rC
U
U1
2
Trong thc t, ty vo ch phn cc
r m IE
bng cc ngun mt chiu, transistor c
th c ng dng lm cc mch kha,
C
mch khuch i, mch bin i tn s...
Hnh 5.44
Trong hnh 5.45 l mt th d mch
khuch i tn hiu s dng transistor mc Emitter chung ghp RC. Vic la chn cc
gi tr linh kin bn ngoi m bo sao cho transistor lm vic trong min khuch i
tuyn tnh. Cc ng dng c th ca
+E
transistor s c nghin cu chi tit trong
R1
R3
C2
cc hc phn k tip.
Q1
C1
c. B khuch i thut ton:
1n
Rt
Uv
Ur
PT
IT
B khuch i thut ton l mt trong

R2
R4
C3
nhng bn cc khng tng h, tch cc
0
in hnh. Tn gi ca mch l dng ch
Hnh 5.45
nhng mch khuch i lin tc a nng
ghp trc tip, c h s khuch i ln, tr khng vo ln v tr khng ra nh, v vi
cc mch phn hi khc nhau th mch khuch i thut ton s thc hin nhng chc
nng khc nhau. K hiu v c
Ura
P I2
+
tuyn vng h ca mch c v
VH
U
A
U
trn hnh 5.46.
p
N I
1
ch tuyn tnh, b khuch

i vi h s khuch i vng h
A>0 s cho in p u ra:
UN
U ra A.U A(Up U N )
Ura
-U0
U0
VL
Hnh 5.46
(5.86)
trong U=UP UN l in p vo vi sai. Nu UN = 0 th Ura = A.Up ngha l in

p ra ng pha vi in p vo, do u vo (+) c gi l u vo khng o pha
(P). Nu Up = 0 th Ura = -A.UN, ngha l in p ra ngc pha vi in p vo, do
u vo (-) c gi l u vo o pha (N).
Trong min tuyn tnh, linh kin ny c th c m hnh ha thng qua cc phn t
c bn l in tr vo Rv v in tr ra Rra (hoc tng qut hn l tr khng vo Zv ,
tr khng ra Zra) v mt ngun p c iu khin bng p c gi tr sc in ng eng
=A.U nh hnh 5.47. Cng cn ch rng, b KTT khng thc s cha ngun ph
thuc, nhng s hot ng ca n th ging nh mt ngun p c iu khin bng
p.
134
Rra
Rv
UP
Ura
A.U
UN
UP
Ura
A.U
UN
Hnh 5.47: M hnh ca b KTT
+
-
Hnh 5.48: M hnh n gin (l

tng) ca b KTT
min tn s thp, h s khuch i vng h ca b KTT thng nm trong khong

103 n 106. Tr khng vo thng c gi tr rt ln t 105 n 1015, cn tr khng
ra thng c gi tr nh ln t 1 n 103, do trong cc phn tch l thuyt, l
tng thng coi nh Zv bng v cng,
tc u vo P v N l h mch; cn Zra
bng khng, v hnh 5.48 l mt m hnh
l tng ca loi linh kin tch cc ny.
PT
IT
Trong th gii thc, mt b KTT c

Hnh 5.49: Chip LM741 v s b tr
xy dng t khong mt chc in tr v
chn ca IC.
vi chc transistor di dng mch tch
hp. Hnh 5.49 l mt minh ha v cch
ng gi ca loi vi mch KTT ny. Mt s thit k c th cha vi b KTT trong
cng mt chip.
Trong thc t h s khuch i ca b KTT b suy gim ng k min tn s cao.
p ng tn s ca A(p) c th coi nh c dng gn ng nh hnh 5.50.
A( p)
A0
p
1
(5.87)
Mch khuch i thut ton c rt nhiu cc ng dng

trong thc t c ch tuyn tnh v phi tuyn nh
cc b so snh, khuch i cc thut ton x l, lc
tch cc, dao ng...
20lgA,dB
A
Nu coi mch KTT l l tng, th min lm vic

Hnh 5.50
tuyn tnh, ta khng cn phi m x m hnh thng s
ca mch khi phn tch; m c th coi gn ng in
p vo (U) c ghim xp x bng khng, sao cho in p ra khng vt qua ngng
bo ha dng VH hoc bo ha m VL. iu ny c th thc hin c nh cc vng
hi tip m trong mch.
Th d 5-9: Hy xt chc nng ca mch in hnh 5.51
Gii:
135
Nu coi KTT l l tng v lm vic trong min tuyn tnh th ta c: U 0

v khi im N c gi l im t o.
Z1
Dng in vo:
U
U
I 1 V ra
Z1
Z2
T ta rt ra:
U ra
Uv
Z1
Z2
UV ;
Z1
K (p)
Ur
+
Hnh 5.51
Z2
Z1
R2
-Nu Z1, Z2 l thun tr th chc nng ca

mch l khuch i o pha (hnh 5.52) .
Uv
R1
Nu thay Z1 l thun tr, Z2 l thun dung khi

mch thc hin chc nng ca mch tch
phn, ng vai tr l b lc thng thp tch
cc bc 1.
Ur
+
Hnh 5.52
PT
IT
Nu thay Z1 l thun dung, Z2 l thun tr th mch thc hin chc nng ca mch vi
phn ng vai tr l b lc thng cao tch cc bc 1.
5.4.3 Mng c phn hi
Mng bn cc c phn hi l mt dng kt cu ph bin ca cc h thng mch. Trong

mt phn tn hiu ra s c a quay v khng ch u vo. M hnh tng qut
ca mng bn cc c phn hi nh hnh v 5.53:
X
Xv
Mng bn cc
K
Xht
Khu h.tip
Hnh 5.53
Gi thit: M4C ban u c h s truyn t h:
Y
K
XV
(5.88)
Khu phn hi c h s hi tip:
X ht

Y
(5.89)
Nh vy, h thng kn (c phn hi) s c h s truyn t mi:

136
Y
K
K ht

X 1 K .
(5.90)
Trong trng hp hi tip m (tn hiu hi tip lm suy yu tn hiu vo), khi
1 K 1 , tr s hm truyn t ca h kn s nh hn so vi h h.
Trong trng hp hi tip dng (tn hiu hi tip lm tng cng tn hiu vo), khi
1 K 1 , tr s hm truyn t ca h kn s ln hn so vi h h.
Nu K 1 , khi tr s hm truyn t ca h kn s tin n v cng. l trng

hp hi tip dng gy ra hin tng t kch, mch ri vo trng thi khng n nh.
Nu ct b tn hiu vo trong trng hp ny, th h c th t dao ng cho ra tn hiu
m khng cn tn hiu vo.
Nu K 1 , khi tr s hm truyn t ca h kn s ch ph thuc vo khu hi

tip. thng l trng hp hi tip m su.
PT
IT
Nu xt ti kt cu v cc thng s tham gia, ngi ta chia hi tip thnh cc loi sau:

+Hi tip ni tip in p: tn hiu hi tip ni tip vi tn hiu vo v t l vi in p
u ra. M hnh ca n c minh ha nh hnh 5.54.
+Hi tip ni tip dng in: tn hiu hi tip ni tip vi tn hiu vo v t l vi dng
in u ra. M hnh ca n c minh ha nh hnh 5.55.
I1
U1
U1
I2
I1
U2
I2
Iht
Uht
I1
I2
U1
U2
U1
U2
I2
I1
Uht
Hnh 5.54
U2
I2
Iht
I2
U2
U2
Hnh 5.55
+Hi tip song song in p: tn hiu hi tip song song vi tn hiu vo v t l vi

in p u ra. M hnh ca n c minh ha nh hnh 5.56.
I1
U1
U1
U2
I2
Iht
Uht
I2
I1
U2
U1
U2
U1
Hnh 5.57
137
I2
U2
I2
Iht
Uht
Hnh 5.56
I2
I1
I2
I1
U2
U2
+Hi tip song song dng in: tn hiu hi tip song song vi tn hiu vo v t l vi
dng in u ra. M hnh ca n c minh ha nh hnh 5.57.
5.5 MT S NG DNG MNG BN CC
Ni dung chnh phn ny l nhng ng dng da trn l thuyt ca mng bn cc,
trc ht i su vo cc ng dng ca mng bn cc th ng v tng h.
5.5.1 Mng bn cc suy gim
Mng bn cc suy gim c th nh ngha mt cch tng qut l cc mch chia in p
chnh xc m khng lm thay i ni tr trong Ri ca ngun. Mch suy gim phi tho
mn cc yu cu sau:
-Mch suy gim phi l bn cc i xng vi tr khng c tnh bng in tr trong
ca ngun.
PT
IT
-Kt cu n gin v tnh ton d dng, ng thi khng yu cu dch pha gia tc
ng vo v p ra, ngha l truyn t c tnh:
g = a >0
(5.91)
p ng c yu cu ny th cc phn t ca b suy gim phi l cc thun tr.

Cc phn t ca b suy gim c tnh ton theo cc s chun ca bn cc nh
sau:
a. S hnh T (hnh 5.58):
I1
R1
R2
I2
R3
U2
R3
U1
R1 R 2
Ri
sha
(5.92)
Ri
R
i
tha sha
(5.93)
1
R i sha
(5.94)
1
1
R i tha R i sha
(5.95)
Hnh 5.58
b. S hnh (hnh 5.59):

I1
U1
G3
G1
I2
G2
G3
U2
G1 G 2
Hnh 5.59
Th d 5-10: Hy tnh mch suy gim lm vic vi ngun c in tr trong l

Ri=600, suy gim c tnh l 2,75 Npe.
Gii: Theo cc iu kin ca bi ton:
138
Ri = 600
a = 2,75Npe.
Vy cc phn t ca mch suy gim theo s hnh T l:

R3
Ri
600
77 ;
sha sh 2 ,75
R1 R 2
Ri
R
600
600
i
522
tha sha th 2 ,75 sh2 ,75
Tng t bn c th tnh cc phn t ca mch suy gim theo s hnh .

5.5.2 Mng bn cc phi hp tr khng
Khc vi bn cc suy gim, nhim v ca bn cc phi hp tr khng l kt hp vi
ngun lm thay i ni tr trong (Ri1) ca ngun thnh gi tr mi (Ri2), hoc ngc
li, bin i tr khng ti thnh tr khng ngun. Do c im ch yu ca bn cc
phi hp tr khng l tnh khng i xng. Ngoi ra, yu cu khi kt hp vi ngun
th truyn t c tnh ca n l thun o:
(5.96)
PT
IT
g = jb
Vi cc yu cu ny, cc phn t ca b phi hp tr khng c tnh ton theo cc s

chun ca bn cc nh sau:
a. S hnh T (hnh 5.60):
I1
Z1
Z2
U2
Z3
U1
Z3 j
I2
Z1 j(
Hnh 5.60
Z 2 j(
R i1 . R i 2
(5.97)
sin b
R i1 R i 2
sin b
R i1 R i 2
sin b
R i1
)
tgb
(5.98)
R i2
)
tgb
(5.99)
b. S hnh (hnh 5.61):

Y3 j
I1
U1
Y3
Y1
I2
Y2
U2
Y1 j(
Y2 j(
Hnh 5.61
(5.100)
R i1 R i 2 sin b
1
R i1 R i 2 sin b
1
R i1 R i 2 sin b
1
)
R i1 tgb
(5.101)
1
)
R i 2 tgb
(5.102)
Th d 5-11: Hy tnh mch phi hp tr khng gia ngun c in tr trong l

5000 v ti 75. Gi s in p in p ra chm pha hn in p vo 450.
Gii: Theo cc iu kin ca bi ton ta c:
139
Ri1 =5000;
Ri2 =75;
b = /4 [rad/s].
Vy cc phn t ca mch phi hp tr khng theo s hnh T l:

Z3 j
Z1 j(
Z 2 j(
R i1 . R i 2
sin b
R i1 R i 2
sin b
R i1 R i 2
sin b
5000.75
2/2
j866
R i1
5000.75 5000
) j(
) j4134
tgb
1
2 /2
R i2
5000.75 75
) j(
) j791
tgb
1
2 /2
Tng t bn c th tnh cc phn t ca mch phi hp theo s hnh .

5.5.3 Mch lc th ng LC loi k
a. Khi nim chung
PT
IT
Mi mch c cha cc phn t in khng sao cho tr khng ca n ph thuc vo tn

s u c th coi nh c tnh cht chn lc i vi tn s. Mt cch nh tnh c th
nh ngha mch lc tn s l nhng mch cho nhng dao ng c tn s nm trong
mt hay mt s khong nht nh (gi l di thng) i qua v chn cc dao ng c tn
s nm trong nhng khong cn li (gi l di chn). V mt kt cu, mch lc tn s
l tng l mt bn cc c suy gim c tnh tho mn:
0
a( )
trong dai thong

trong dai chan
(5.103)
Hay ni mt cch khc, h s truyn t in p ca mch lc tn s tho mn:

K ( )
/K()/
1
U 2 1
U1 0
trong dai thong

trong dai chan
(5.104)
c tnh tn s K( ) ca mch lc l tng biu
th trong hnh 5.62. Vi mch lc th ng, tnh

cht chn lc l tng ch c thc hin khi cc
phn t xy dng nn mch l thun khng, ng
Hnh 5.62
thi ti phi hp trong di thng l thun tr.
Chng ta s xt cc mch lc m s ca n c dng hnh ci thang nh hnh 5.63,
kt cu ny gip cho mch lc lm
Za
Za
Za
vic n nh do n c s dng
rt rng ri trong thc t.
Z
Z
1 di thng 2
Zb
Zb
phn tch mt mch lc phc tp,

thng dng phng php ct thnh
nhng on nh n gin theo cc s
Hnh 5.63
140
hnh T hoc hnh , hnh thun hoc hnh ngc (hnh 5.64) kt ni vi nhau
theo kiu dy chuyn.
Za/2
Za/2
Za/2
Za
2Zb
Zb
2Zb
2Zb
Za/2
2Zb
Hnh 5.64
Cc s hnh T v hnh thng c s dng nghin cu v mt l thuyt mch

lc. Cc thng s c tnh ca hai loi s ny c tnh theo cc cng thc:
Z d (T )
Za
4Z
1 b
2
Za
Z d ( ) 2Z b
(5.105)
(5.106)
4Z
1 b
Za
4Z b
Za
2Z
1 b
Za
PT
IT
th g T ,
(5.107)
b. iu kin di thng ca mch lc
Vi kt cu cc phn t to thnh Za, Zb cho, cn xc nh iu kin v di thng

(hay di chn) ca mch lc. Trong di thng ta phi c:
a 0
g jb
Rt ra hai iu kin trong di thng:

Th nht:
Cc phn t Za, Zb l thun khng.
Th hai:
Z d (T ) v Z d ( ) phi thun tr.
v iu kin ny s tng ng vi:

1 4
Zb
Za
hay
Za
0
4Z b
(5.108)
y l iu kin di thng ca mch lc c kt cu hnh ci thang.

Ti tn s c ca mch lc, ta s c:
Z b ( c )
1
Z a ( c )
(5.109)
c. Mch lc loi k
Mch lc loi k l loi mch lc thun khng ni trn c cc phn t tho mn iu
kin:
141
Za.Zb = k2
(5.110)
(trong k l mt hng s thc)

tho mn iu kin trn, n gin nht l chn cc nhnh Za, Zb l cc phn t
thun khng c tnh cht ngc nhau. Sau y ta xt c th loi mch lc ny.
d. Cu trc ca mch lc loi k
- Mch lc thng thp:
Za = jLa ;
La/2
Zb
1
jC b
(5.111)
La
La/2
Cb/2
Cb
Cb/2
Hnh 5.65
Hnh 5.65 m t mt mt lc hnh T v hnh ca mch lc thng thp.
PT
IT
Tn s ct ca mch lc c xc nh theo cng thc:

4
Z b ( c )
4
1
Z a ( c ) 2 La C b
Rt ra
(5.112)
La Cb
- Mch lc thng cao:
Za
1
;
j C a
Zb = jLb
(5.113)
Hnh 5.66 m t mt lc hnh T v hnh ca mch lc.

2Ca
2Ca
Lb
2Lb
Ca
2Lb
Hnh 5.66

4
Z b ( c )
4 2 Lb C a 1
Z a ( c )
Rt ra
1
2 Lb Ca
- Mch lc thng di:

142
(5.114)
Z a j (La
1
);
C a
Zb
(5.115)
1
j (Cb
)
Lb
tho mn iu kin ca mch lc loi k, cn c:

1
La Ca
Lb Cb
(5.116)
Hnh 5.67 m t s mch lc.

Ca
Lb
La
Ca
Lb
Cb
Cb
La
Lb
Cb
Hnh 5.67
t
Rt ra
Z b ( )
Z a ( )
4
La Cb 0
Lb C a 0
PT
IT
Lb C a
La C b
c1, 2 0 ( p 1
(5.117)
(5.118)
Di thng ca mch lc thng di: c1 c2

V ta c quan h sau:
c1 c 2 02
2

2 0 p
c1
c2
La C b
(5.119)
- Mch lc chn di:

Za
1
1
j (C a
)
La
Z b j (Lb
1
)
C b
(5.120)
Tng t tho mn iu kin ca mch lc loi k, cn c thm iu kin:

1
La C a
1
Lb Cb
(5.121)
Hnh 5.68 m t s mch lc chn di.

143
La
La
Ca
Ca
Cb
Cb
Cb
Lb
Lb
Lb
Hnh 5.68
Z ( )
L C 0
4 b
4 b a
Z a ( )
La Cb 0
Cng t
Lb C a
;
La C b
p'
1
16 p
(5.122)
c1, 2 0 ( p ' 1 p '
Rt ra
(5.123)
Di thng ca mch lc thng di c hai khong: c1 ;
c2
V ta cng c quan h:
PT
IT
c1 c 2 02
1

2 0 p '
c
2
c
1
2 Lb C a
(5.124)
e. Tnh cht ca mch lc loi k
Ta s xt tr khng c tnh v truyn t c tnh ca tng loi mch lc.

- i vi mch lc thng thp
La/2
* Xt tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh T (hnh 5.69):

Z d (T )
La/2
Cb
Za
4Z
L
2
1 b j a 1 c2
2
Za
2
Hnh 5.69
-Trong di chn ( > c): Z(T) mang tnh in cm.

-Trong di thng ( < c): Z(T) mang tnh in
tr v c tnh theo cng thc:
Z(T)
La
Cb
La
Z d (T )
. 1 2 R( )
Cb
c
R()
S ph thuc ca Z(T) theo tn s c biu th

trong hnh 5.70.
* Xt tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh (hnh 5.71):
144
c
Hnh 5.70
Z d ( ) 2Z b
1
1
4Z b
Za
2
jCb
1
1
La
2
c
2
Cb/2
-Trong di chn ( > c): Z() mang tnh in

dung.
Cb/2
Hnh 5.71
-Trong di thng ( < c): Z() mang tnh in tr v c tnh theo cng thc:
Z d ( )
La
.
Cb
1
1
Z()
R( )
c2
La
Cb
S ph thuc ca Z() theo tn s c biu th

trong hnh 5.72.
R()
* By gi ta xt sang truyn t c tnh:

Hnh 5.72
PT
IT
-Trong di thng ( < c): suy gim c tnh a

=0, khi :
c2
2
j.tgb
2
1 c2
2
c2
1
2
tgb
2
1 c2
2
th g T ,
hay
-Trong di chn ( > c): in p trn ca ra gim nh mt cch ng k sao cho lc

khng cn ti s dch pha gia n vi in p vo. Ngi ta quy c l b gi
nguyn gi tr ca n ti c, sao cho sang
aTT, bTT
di chn tgb =0 v thg = tha. Khi :
(a)
c2
2
a arth
2
1 c2
2
1
(b)
Hnh 5.73 biu din s ph thuc ca a v

b theo tn s trong cc di khc nhau.
- i vi mch lc thng cao
Za
4Z
1
2
1 b
1 2
2
Za
2 jC a
c
-Trong di chn ( < c): Z(T) mang tnh in dung.

Hnh 5.73
2Ca
* Xt tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh T

(hnh 5.74):
Z d (T )
145
2Ca
Lb
Hnh 5.74
-Trong di thng ( > c): Z(T) mang tnh in tr v c tnh theo cng thc:
Z d (T )
Lb
2
. 1 c2 R( )
Ca
Z(T)
Lb
Ca
S ph thuc ca Zd(T) theo tn s c biu

th trong hnh 5.75.
R()
* Xt tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh

(hnh 5.76):
Z d ( ) 2Z b
1
4Z
1 b
Za
Hnh 5.75
2 jLb
2
Ca
c2
-Trong di chn ( < c): Z() mang tnh in

cm.
2Lb
Hnh 5.76
PT
IT
-Trong di thng ( > c): Z() mang tnh

in tr v c tnh theo cng thc:
Z d ( )
Lb
.
Ca
Z()
2Lb
c2
2
R ( )
R()
Lb
Ca
S ph thuc ca Zd() theo tn s c biu

th trong hnh 5.77.
c
Hnh 5.77
* By gi ta xt sang truyn t c tnh:
-Trong di thng ( > c): suy gim c tnh a =0, khi :

2
c2
,
j.tgb
2
1
2 c2
1
th g T ,
aTC, bTC
hay
(a)
c
1
c2
tgb
2
1
2 c2
(b)
-
Hnh 5.78
-Trong di chn ( < c): ngi ta cng quy c b gi nguyn gi tr ca n ti c,

sao cho sang di chn tgb =0 v thg = tha. Khi :
146
c2
2
a arth
1
2 c2
Hnh 5.78 biu din s ph thuc ca a v b theo tn s trong cc di khc nhau.

- i vi mch lc thng di
Xt mt lc hnh T v hnh ca mch lc thng di (hnh 5.79):
2Ca
La/2
2Ca
Lb
Cb
La
Ca
La/2
2Lb
2Lb
Cb/2
Cb/2
PT
IT
Hnh 5.79
Do vic tnh ton kh phc tp, nn y khng thc hin tnh ton trc tip m ch
da vo tnh cht tng ng ca n i vi cc mch lc thng thp v thng cao
trn cc on tn s khc nhau. C th l:
-Trn on > 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in cm, cn Zb mang tnh cht in dung,
do mch lc thng di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng thp.
Z()
Z(T)
R()
La
Cb
R()
La
Cb
c1
thng
cao
c2
thng
thp
c1
thng cao
c2
thng thp
Hnh 5.80
-Trn on < 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in dung, cn Zb mang tnh cht in cm,
do mch lc thng di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng cao. Hnh v 5.80
v 5.81 biu din s ph thuc ca cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc thng di theo
cc di tn s khc nhau.
147
aTD, bTD
(a)
(b)
c1
c2
-
Thng cao
Thng thp
Hnh 5.81
- i vi mch lc chn di
Xt mt lc hnh T v hnh ca mch lc chn di (hnh 5.82):
La/2
La
La/2
2Ca
Ca
2Ca
Cb/2
Cb/2
Lb
2Lb
2Lb
PT
IT
Cb
Hnh 5.82
Tng t nh mch lc thng di, da vo tnh cht tng ng ca mch lc chn

di i vi cc mch lc thng thp v thng cao trn cc on tn s khc nhau. C
th l:
Z()
Z(T)
La
Cb
R()
La
Cb
R()
c1
Thng
thp
c2
Thng
cao
R()
R()
c1
Thng
thp
c2
Thng
cao
Hnh 5.83
-Trn on > 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in dung, cn Zb mang tnh cht in cm,
do mch lc chn di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng cao.
-Trn on < 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in cm, cn Zb mang tnh cht in dung,
do mch lc chn di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng thp.
148
Hnh v 5.83 v 5.84 biu din s ph thuc ca cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc

chn di theo cc di tn s khc nhau.
aCD, bCD
(a)
(a)
(b)
c2
0
c1
(b)
-
Thng thp
Thng cao
Hnh 5.84
PT
IT
Trn y ta xt cc tnh cht ca b lc loi k, trong cc thng s c tnh c

nh ngha da vo iu kin phi hp tr khng c hai ca. Nhng iu kin ny li
rt kh thc hin, bi v thng thng tr khng ti v ni khng ca ngun c gi tr
l thun tr c nh, hay nu c ph thuc tn s th cng theo quy lut ring ca n.
Trong khi tr khng c tnh ca mch lc loi K cho d c tnh cht thun tr
trong di thng nhng vn b ph thuc kh nhiu vo tn s. V vy nhc im ca
loi b lc ny l tr khng c tnh v s truyn t tn hiu b nh hng nhiu bi
tn s.
Th d 5-12: Tnh cc phn t ca mch lc thng thp loi k c di thng t 0 n
1000Hz, tr khng c tnh u di thng l 600. V khu T v ca mch lc.
Gii: Theo cc gi thit ta c:
La/2
1000
f c
L
C
a b
Z (0) L a 600
d
Cb
La/2
9,5mH
9,5mH
Cb=53nF
La=19mH
C b .6.10 6 53nF
Rt ra
2
L 6.10 19 mH
a
Cb/2
26,5nF
Cc s mt lc thng thp c v
hnh 5.85
Cb/2
26,5nF
Hnh 5.85
5.5.4 Mch lc th ng LC loi m

khc phc nhc im ca b lc loi k, ngi ta ci tin mt bc v mt kt
cu t c cht lng cao hn. Cc mch lc c gi l mch lc m.
149
a. Cc phng php xy dng b lc loi m

xy dng b lc m, ngi ta dng cc phng php chuyn t b lc loi k.
- Chuyn ni tip: Bao gm cc bc nh sau:
+Chn khu c bn hnh T v tnh ton da vo tr khng ca nhnh.
+Gi li mt phn trn nhnh ni tip, sao cho tr khng ca n tr thnh:
Z a' m.Z a
(vi m <1)
(5.125)
+Chuyn mt phn ca Za xung nhnh song song sao cho to thnh Z 'b .
+Xc nh Z 'b da vo iu kin cn bng cc tr khng c tnh ca cc khu loi k
v loi m:
(5.126)
Z d (TK ) Z d (TM )
By gi ta tnh Z 'b , iu kin trn c vit thnh:

mZ a
4Z b'
Za
4Z
1 b
1
2
mZ a
2
Za
PT
IT
(5.127)
Z b'
Rt ra
Za/2
Zb
Z
1 m2
Za b
4m
m
Za/2
Za/2 = mZa/2
Z d ( T K ) Z d ( TM )
(5.128)
Za/2 = mZa/2
Zb
Hnh 5.86
Khu lc m c xy dng bng cch ny gi l khu lc m ni tip. N cng c kt

cu hnh T. Hnh 5.86 m t qu trnh chuyn ni tip va trnh by trn.
- Chuyn song song: Bao gm cc bc nh sau:
+Chn khu c bn hnh v tnh ton da vo dn np ca nhnh.
+Gi li mt phn trn nhnh song song, sao cho dn np ca n tr thnh:
Yb' m.Yb
(vi m <1)
(5.129)
+Chuyn mt phn ca Yb ln nhnh ni tip sao cho to thnh Ya' .

+Xc nh Ya' da vo iu kin cn bng cc tr khng c tnh ca cc khu loi K
v loi M:
Z d ( K ) Z d ( M )
By gi ta tnh Ya' , iu kin trn c vit thnh:
150
(5.130)
2
Yb
1
2
1
mYb
4Y
4Y '
1 a
1 a
Yb
mYb
Ya'
Rt ra
(5.131)
Y
1 m2
Yb a
4m
m
(5.132)
Ya
Ya
Z d ( K ) Z d ( M )
Yb/2 Yb/2
Yb/2
Yb/2
Hnh 5.87
Khu lc M c xy dng bng cch ny gi l khu lc M song song. N cng c

kt cu hnh . Hnh 5.87 m t qu trnh chuyn song song va trnh by trn.
PT
IT
b. Cc tnh cht ca mch lc loi m
Trong phn trn ta xt cch xy dng mch lc loi M t mch lc loi K, trong
cn ch rng iu kin cn bng tr khng c tnh ca cc khu loi K v loi M s
lm cho hai loi mch lc s c cng di thng. Tuy nhin iu cha th hin
nhng ci thin ca mch lc loi M so vi mch lc loi K mt cch thuyt phc. By
gi ta hy xt ti cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc M theo mt cnh nhn khc, trc
ht l tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh trong cch chuyn ni tip (hnh 5.88).
Za
Zb
Za
Za=mZa
Za
Zb
Zb
Zb
Zb
Zb
Zb
Zb
Hnh 5.88
Zd
'
( M )
2Z b'
1
1
'
b
4Z
Z a'
Z
1 m2
2(
Z a b ).
4m
m
1
1
4Z b'
Z a'
trong nu ch n iu kin cn bng tr khng c tnh ta s c:

Zd
'
( M )
Z
1 m2
2(
Z a b ).
4m
m
m
1
4Z b
Za
151
1 m2 Z a
1
4 Z b
4Z b
1
Za
2Z b
hay
Zd
'
( M )
1 m2 Za
Z d ( K ) 1
4 Z b
(5.133)
Kt qu trn ni ln rng, tr khng c tnh ca b lc loi M trong cch chuyn ni

tip cn ph thuc h s m. iu ny ch ra kh nng, nu chn m thch hp c th
lm cho Zd(M) t ph thuc vo tn s nht.
i vi tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh T trong cch chuyn song song (hnh 5.89)
ta cng c:
Ya
Ya
Yb
Yb
Yb
Ya
Ya
Yb
Yb
Ya
Yb
Yb
Zd
hay
Zd
'
PT
IT
Hnh 5.89
(TM )
'
(TM )
Z a'
4Z b'
4Ya'
1
1 '
1 '
2
Za
2Ya'
Yb
2(
Y
1 m
Yb a )
4m
m
'
tc l
4Ya
Yb
Z d (TM ) Z d (TK ) .
Y
1 m2
2(
Yb a )
4m
m
1
4Ya
Yb
2Ya
4Ya'
. 1 '
Yb
1
1 m 2 Yb
1
.
4 Ya
1
1 m 2 Yb
1
.
4 Ya
(5.134)
Kt qu trn cng ni ln rng, tr khng c tnh ca b lc loi M trong cch chuyn

song song ph thuc h s m.
C th ta xt b lc thng thp, c cc tr khng xut pht t loi K:
Za = jLa;
Zb
1
j C b
Z()
m=1(loi K)
m=0,6
-Theo cch chuyn ni tip s c b lc

loi M, tng ng:
'
a
Z jmLa
'
1 m2
1
Z
La
b
4m
jmCb
La
Cb
R()
m=0,4
c
Hnh 5.90
152
Zd ' ( M )
La
.
Cb
1
1
.[1 (1 m 2 ).
2
c2
c2
Hnh 5.90 l th biu din s ph thuc ca tr khng c tnh mt lc hnh mch

lc thng thp ni tip theo gi tr ca m.
-Theo cch chuyn song song s c b
lc loi M, tng ng:
m=0,6
La
Cb
'
1 m
1
Cb
Ya j
4m
jmLa
Y ' jmC
b
b
2
Zd
'
(TM )
La
. 1 2 .
Cb
c
m=0,4
Z(T)
R()
m=1
[1 (1 m 2 ). 2 ]
c
Hnh 5.91
PT
IT
Hnh 5.91 l th biu din s ph thuc ca tr khng c tnh mt lc hnh T mch

lc thng thp song song theo m.
Nh vy, nu chn m=0,6 th s cc khng c tnh ca cc mt lc nu trn s t ph
thc vo tn s nht. i vi mch lc thng cao cng c kt qu tng t.
By gi ta xt ti truyn t c tnh (g) ca mch lc loi M, trong ch yu xt
n suy gim c tnh (a). Khu lc M phc tp hn khu lc K, do trn cc nhnh
ni tip v song song ca mch lc c th xy ra cng hng lm h mch Ya hoc
ngn mch Zb. Khi suy gim c tnh s ln v cng, v vy cc tn s cng hng
ny c gi . Chng l nghim ca cc phng trnh:
aTT
aTC
aCD
aTD
c2
c1
0
Hnh 5.92
153
c1 1
0 2 c2
hoc
Ya'
Y
1 m2
Yb a 0
4m
m
Z b'
Z
1 m2
Za b 0
4m
m
Hay l
4Z b
1 m2 1
Za
(5.135)
R rng cc tn s nm trong di chn (v biu thc trn khng tho mn iu kin

di thng) cc tn s ny ph thuc vo gi tr ca m. Hnh 5.92 minh ho s tn ti
ca cc tn s v suy gim c tnh ca cc mch lc loi M. Ch rng cc thng
s c tnh ca mch lc thng di v chn di loi M u c th suy ra t mch lc
thng thp v thng cao cng loi.
Nhn xt:
PT
IT
Trong khong tn s gia c v , suy gim c tnh tng t 0 n . Do dc

ca c tuyn ph thuc vo b rng ca khong (c, ), m b rng ny li ph
thuc vo m, t ta c th chn dc ca c tuyn mt cch tu theo m. y l
mt u im ln ca mch lc M so vi mch lc K. Tuy nhin khi i su vo di
chn th suy gim c tnh li gim kh nh. y l nhc im ca b lc M so vi
b lc loi K.
5.5.5 B lc th ng LC y
a. Nguyn tc thit k chung
Nguyn tc tnh ton mt b lc l phi m bo cc yu cu k thut, sao cho cht

lng ca n cng t ti l tng cng tt. Ni mt cch c th:
Ri
1/2 khu
M, PHTK
Khu M
Khu K
1/2 khu
M, PHTK
m
m=0,6
E
Zd(T,)
Z a/Z b/
Za/Zb/ c
Za / Zb
Zd(,T)
Rt
m=0,6
Zd(T,)
Za / Zb
Zd(T,)
Zd(,T)
Hnh 5.93
-Suy gim c tnh (a) phi hon ton trit tiu trong di thng v rt ln trong ton b
di chn.
-B lc phi c phi hp tr khng tt vi ngun v ti.
154
Trong thc t, p ng y cc yu cu k thut, thng phi xy dng cc b

lc phc tp gm nhiu khu khc nhau v c cc tnh cht b xung cho nhau. Nhn
chung mt b lc nh vy phi c hai khu khng i xng hai u lm nhim v
phi hp tr khng vi ngun v ti, v mt s khu lc i xng loi M hoc K (hnh
T hoc hnh ) ni vi nhau theo kiu dy chuyn (hnh 5.93). Sau y ta i su vo
cc khu trong b lc:
Khu lc M (i xng) c a vo m bo ra khi di thng suy gim c tnh
tng rt nhanh. Do c tnh cng i su vo di chn th suy gim c tnh ca n cng
tng, do Khu lc K (i xng) c a vo trc khu lc M khc phc
nhc im v s gim ca suy gim c tnh khi i su vo di chn ca khu lc M.
Nh vy m bo cc khu ny c cng di thng v s phi hp tr khng th
khu M s c thc hin bng cch chuyn t khu K theo cch chuyn tng ng.
H s m do tn s suy gim v cng quyt nh.
Z a"
2
Z a'
2
PT
IT
Ri
Z a'
2
Za
2
Za
2
2Z b"
Z()
Zb
Z b'
Z(T)
Z(T)
Z a"
2
2 Z b"
Rt
Z()
Z(T)
Hnh 5.94
Hai khu 1/2 M (khng i xng): c t hai u b lc phi hp tr khng

gia b lc vi ngun v ti. Do bn thn nhim v phi hp tr khng dn n n
phi c tnh khng i xng. Mt khc va m bo phi hp vi ngun v ti,
ng thi va m bo phi hp u ni n vi cc khu K v khu M pha trong b
lc mt cch bnh thng, ngi ta to ra cc khu ny bng cch: to ra khu M t
khu lc K theo cch chuyn tng ng, vi h s m=0,6, sau b i khu M va
to trn ch gi li mt na. Vi h s m=0,6 th tr khng c tnh ca vo v
ca ra ca b lc s m bo thun tr v n nh, m bo s phi hp tr khng vi
ngun v ti.
2Ya
Ya
2Ya
Ya
Ri
Yb/2
Yb/2
Yb/2
Yb/2
Yb/2
Yb/2
E
Z(T)
Z()
Z()
Hnh 5.95
155
Z()
Z(T)
Rt
Vic ghp ni cc khu trong b lc sao cho nhn t ngoi vo c tr khng c tnh
Z()=Ri=Rt trong trng hp chuyn ni tip (hnh 5.94) v Z(T)=Ri=Rt trong trng
hp chuyn song song (hnh 5.95).
b. Cch tnh ton b lc y
Thng thng cc s liu sau y s c cho trc: Di thng (tn s ct), tr khng
c tnh trong di thng, in tr trong ca ngun v in tr ti, tn s suy gim v
cng, cc yu cu v suy gim c tnh v phi hp tr khng ... u tin vic tnh
ton khu K s c thc hin trc, sau mi chuyn sang tnh ton cc khu M.
Sau y l cc cng vic tnh ton cn thit trn cc loi b lc:
1. B lc thng thp:
La
R i Rt R
Cb
- Khu lc K:
2

c
La C b
2c
2
PT
IT
2R
L a
C 2
b R c
-Cc khu lc M:
1 m2
m = 1-
(Vi khu 1/2M th
m = 0,6)
Hnh 5.96 v 5.97 l cu trc ca cc khu (K, M v 1/2M) ca b lc thng thp y

trong cc trng hp chuyn ni tip v chuyn song song.
Nu chuyn ni tip:
La/2
L'a mLa
2
' 1 m
La
Lb
4m
Cb' mC b
La/2
La/2
Cb
Lb
Cb
Hnh 5.96
Nu chuyn song song:
La/2
Cb' mCb
'
La mLa
2
C a' 1 m Cb
4m
156
La/2
Cb/2
2Lb
La/2
La
La
2Ca
Ca
Cb/2
Cb/2
Cb/2
Cb/2
Cb/2
Hnh 5.97
2. B lc thng cao:
Lb
Ri R t R
Ca
- Khu lc K:
1

c
2 Lb C a
L b 2
C 1
a 2 R c
c 1 m2
-Cc khu lc M:
m = 1-
2
(Vi khu 1/2M th
2c
m = 0,6).
PT
IT
Hnh 5.98 v 5.99 l cu trc ca cc khu (K, M v 1/2M) ca b lc thng cao y

trong trng hp chuyn ni tip v chuyn song song.
Lb
4m
'
'
Lb m ; C b 1 m 2 C a
C ' C a
a
m
Nu chuyn ni tip:
2Ca
2Ca
2Ca
2Ca
2Ca
Cb/2
2Lb
Cb
Lb
Lb
Hnh 5.98
4m
' Lb '
L ;L
L
b m a 1 m 2 b
C ' Ca
a
m
Nu chuyn song song:
La/2
La
Ca
Ca
2Lb
2Lb
2Lb
Hnh 5.99
3. B lc thng di:
- Khu lc K:
02 c1 . c 2
1
1
La C a Lb C b
157
2Lb
2Ca
2Lb
c 2 c1
Rt ra
La
2R
c 2 c1
Lb
R ( c 2 c1 )
2 c1 c 2
2 1
-Cc khu lc M:
La
Lb
Ri Rt R
Cb
Ca
2
;
La Cb
Ca
Cb
2
La Cb
rt ra m 1 (
1
1 m
c 2 c1
2 R c1 c 2
2
R ( c 2 c1 )
c 2 c1
1 m2
c 2 c1 2
) (Vi khu 1/2M th m = 0,6).
2 1
Nu chuyn ni tip:
Ca
L
; L'b1 b ; C'b1 mCb ;
m
m
L'a mLa ; C 'a
L'b 2
1 m2
4m
La ; C 'b2
Ca
4m
1 m2
PT
IT
Trong hnh 5-73a minh ho cch chuyn ni tip khu lc thng di.
La/2
2Ca
2Ca
2Ca
La/2
La/2
Lb1
Lb
Cb
La/2
Cb1
Cb2
Lb2
Hnh 5-73a
Nu chuyn song song:

L'a1 mLa ; C 'a1
2Ca
Ca
L
1 m2
4m
; L'b b ; C'b mCb ; C a' 2
Cb ; L'a2
Lb
4m
1 m2
m
m
Trong hnh 5-73b minh ho cch chuyn song song khu lc thng di.
Ca
La2
La
Ca2
2Lb
Cb/2
2Lb
Ca1
Cb/2
2Lb
2Lb
Hnh 5-73b
4. B lc chn di:
- Khu lc K:
Cb/2
La1
02 c1 . c 2
1
1
1
; c 2 c1
La C a Lb C b
2 LbCa
158
Cb/2
La
Lb
Ri Rt R
Cb
Ca
Rt ra
Lb
La
R
2( c 2 c1 )
2 R ( c 2 c1 )
Ca
c1 c 2
2 1
-Cc khu lc M:
Cb
2( c 2 c1 )
R c1 c 2
1
2 R ( c 2 c1 )
1
1 m 2 ( c 2 c1 ) 1 m 2
2 Lb Ca
rt ra m 1 (
2 1 2
) (Vi khu 1/2M th m = 0,6).
c 2 c1
Nu chuyn ni tip:
Ca'
Ca
L
4m
1 m2
'
C
;
L
La
; L'a mLa ; Cb' 1 mCb ; L'b1 b ; Cb' 2
a
b2
1 m2
4m
m
m
PT
IT
Trong hnh 5-74a minh ho cch chuyn ni tip khu lc chn di.
La/2
La/2
La/2
La/2
2Ca
2Ca
2Ca
2Ca
Cb1
Lb1
Cb
Lb
Lb2
Cb2
Hnh 5-74a
Nu chuyn song song:

Ca' 1
Ca
;
m
L'a 2
4m
1 m2
'
L
;
C
Cb
b
a2
1 m2
4m
L'a1 mLa ; Cb' mCb ; L'b
Lb
;
m
Trong hnh 5-74b minh ho cch chuyn song song khu lc chn di.
La1
La
Ca
Ca1
Cb/2
Cb/2
2Lb
2Lb
Cb/2
Ca2
L 2Lb
Hnh 5-74b
159
Cb/2
La2
a
2Lb
5.5.6 Mch lc tch cc

vng tn s thp, loi mch lc th ng LC thng khng thch hp cho cc ng
dng thc t v s cng knh ca cc phn t trong mch v phm cht ca mch b
suy gim kh nhiu, thay vo l cc loi mch lc tch cc RC dng KTT.
a. Khi nim chung:
Hm truyn t tng qut ca mch lc tch cc RC c dng:
K ( p)
b0 b1 p ... b m-1p m-1 + b m p m

,
a0 a1 p ... + a n-1p n-1 p n
(n m)
(5.136)
Bc ca mch lc l bc ln nht ca mu s (n). Thng thng n c quyt nh

bi s lng in dung C trong cc vng hi tip ca mch. Ty vo dng v gy
m ngi ta cn chia c tuyn mch lc thnh cc loi Chebyshev, Butterworth v
Bessel. Khi hm mch c bc cng cao th nhy ca cc i lng c trng ca
mch i vi phn t tch cc cng tng mnh, sc ca c tuyn tn s cng tin
dn n l tng.
PT
IT
Trong l thuyt tng hp mch, phng php thng dng xy dng mch lc tch
cc RC l phng php phn tch a thc v mc dy chuyn cc khu bc mt v bc
hai. Gi s t hm mch K(p) l phn thc hu t, khi c th phn tch ra thnh tch:
K ( p)
N ( p)
k0 . p r
D( p)
( p ). ( p
.
( p ). ( p
bi p ci )
bj p c j )
F ( p).K 1 ( p)
(5.137)
-u tin tch ra hm F(p) c th thc hin bng mch th ng RC. Trong cc

im cc ca F(p) phi l thc:
F( p)
P ( p)
Q( p)
P ( p)
(p j )
j
Trong Q(p) cha cc nghim thc l im cc thc ca K(p). Cn P(p) cha mt

phn cc nghim ca N(p), v bc ca P(p) nh hn hoc bng bc ca Q(p). Khi
F(p) c th c thc hin bng cc phng php tng hp mch th ng. Nu P(p)
ch cha cc im khng thc th c th thc hin bng mch hnh ci thang.
-Cn li K1(p) l t hp cc hm truyn bc hai v s c thc hin bng cc khu
bc hai (cha cc phn t tch cc) vi u im c in tr ra rt nh.
b. Khu lc tch cc RC bc 2:
Khu lc bc hai c mt ngha c bit quan trng v l khu c bn tng hp
cc hm bc cao bt k. Tng qut, khu lc bc hai tng ng hm truyn in p:
160
K u ( p)
b0 b1 p b 2 p 2
a0 a1 p p 2
(5.138)
Hm mch ny hon ton c th thc hin c bng mch KTT vi cc vng phn
hi v mch RC. Mch phn hi ca KTT c th l mt vng hoc nhiu vng.
I1b
I2a
Mch
phn hi
(b)
M4C
(a)
U1
U2
Hnh 5-75
-Khu dng phn hi mt vng: Hnh 5-75 m t mt khu tch cc RC c mt vng

phn hi m dng KTT, (a) l mch th ng RC, (b) l mch phn hi. Vit li hm
truyn di dng:
N ( p)
D( p)
PT
IT
K u ( p) k
(5.139)
Trong h s ca s hng bc cao nht N(p) v D(p) bng 1; D(p) l a thc

Hurwitz c cc nghim na mt phng tri; N(p) khng c nghim trn trc dng
c th thc hin mch in c dy t chung. d dng thc hin hm mch bng
khu mch bc hai, ngi ta thng chn mt a thc ph P(p) c cc nghim thc,
khng dng v bc i (tng qut, i = max bc N, bc D) -1; C th chn bc i cao
hn, nhng khi s linh kin s tng ln), sao cho:
N ( p)
N ( p)
P( p)
K u ( p) k
D( p)
D( p )
k2
P( p)
k1
(1)
Theo h phng trnh dn np ca mch a ta c:

I2a= y21aU1 + y22aUC = y21aU1
(do C l im t o, UC =0 )
Theo h phng trnh dn np ca mch b ta c:

I1b = y11bUC + y12bU2 = y12bU2
Ch rng I1b = -I2a; v i vi mch th ng tuyn tnh y12b=y21b, nn:
K u (p )
U2
y
21a
U1
y 21b
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta rt ra:

y 21a k 1 .
N ( p)
;
P( p )
y 21b k 2
D( p)
;
P( p )
161
k1
k
k2
(5.140)
Nh vy mch a l s thc hin y21a. Mch b l s thc hin y21b. Cn k1 v k2 l

cc hng s s c tm ra khi thc hin mch RC. Cn y21a v y21b phi l cc hm
cho php ca mch th ng RC. R rng tu thuc vo vic la chn a thc P(p) ta
c th c rt nhiu mch RC thc hin hm truyn t trn. Vic chn mch no l ti
u c da theo mt quan im thit k no .
-Khu c phn hi nhiu vng: S hnh 5-76 l mt th d khu bc hai c thc
hin vi nhiu vng phn hi.
Tu theo vic la chn cc phn t Y1, Y2,...,Y5
ta c th thc hin c hm mch K(p) c cc
chc nng mch khc nhau nh lc thng thp,
thng cao, thng di, chn di ... Tuy nhin cu
trc ny khng thc hin c hm phn thc
hu t bt k.
Y4
Y5
_
U1
Y3
Y1
Y2
U2
Hnh 5-76
Th d 5-13:
C
Gii:
PT
IT
Xc nh chc nng ca mch in hnh 5-77a.

Gi thit vi mch l l tng v lm vic ch
tuyn tnh.
R
U1
Tnh hm truyn t: Lp phng trnh trng thi

ti cc nt theo nh lut Kirchhoff I, t rt ra:
+
- E
+
-E
U2
Hnh 5-77a
+ Trong min p:
T ( p)
T ( j )
U 2 ( p)
RCp
2 2 2
U 1 ( p)
R C p 2 RCp 2
1/2
+ Trong min :
jRC
T ( j )
2 2 2
2 R C 2 jRC
0
Hnh 5-77b
Gi tr bin :
RC
T ( j )
2 2
(2 R C ) 4 R C
, ti 0
1
2
th T ( j ) max .
2
RC
th nh tnh c dng nh hnh 5-77b. y l khu lc tch cc thng di bc 2.

CU HI V BI TP CHNG V
5.1 Mng bn cc c cha diode l loi M4C g?
5.2 Mng bn cc c cha transistor l loi M4C g?
5.3 Ti sao Transistor l loi M4C khng tng h, tch cc?
162
5.4 Mt mng bn cc tuyn tnh, bt bin, tng h c tnh cht g?

5.5 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng c th khai trin thnh nhng s
tng ng no?
5.6 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng v i xng c th khai trin thnh
nhng s tng ng no?
5.7 Cc tr khng sng ca M4C c tnh cht g?
5.8 Hy nu nhn xt nu mt ngun pht c ni tr thun Zng=R0 ni ti mt ti thun
tr Zt= R0 .
5.9 V mt kt cu, mng in c hi tip ni tip dng in ph hp vi kiu ghp
no?
5.10 Cho mng bn cc nh hnh v 5-78. Hy xc nh cc thng s hn hp Hij ca
mng bn cc
I1
R1
R1
U1
R2
U2
R2
PT
IT
U1
I2
L1
U2
L2
Hnh 5-79
Hnh 5-78
5.11 Hy xc nh s tng ng hnh T ca mng bn cc nh hnh v 5-79.

5.12 Cho mng bn cc nh hnh v 5-80. Xc nh iu kin ca Zng v Zt c s
phi hp tr khng trn c hai ca ca M4C.
Z1
U1
Z2
U1
U2
2R
U2
Hnh 5-81
Hnh 5-80
5.13 Cho bn cc nh hnh 5-81:

a. Xc nh cc thng s yij ca M4C.
b. V nh tnh c tuyn bin v c tuyn pha ca hm truyn t in p khi u
ra M4C c Zt=2R.
R
c. Nhn xt tnh cht ca mch (i vi tn s).

U1
5.14 Cho mng bn cc nh hnh 5-82:

a. Xc nh cc thng s aij ca M4C.
L
2R
U2
Hnh 5-82
b. V nh tnh c tuyn bin v c tuyn pha ca hm truyn t in p khi

u ra M4C c Zt=2R.
163

5.15 Cho bn cc nh hnh 5-83:
2R
U1
U2
a. Xc nh cc thng s yij ca M4C.

Hnh 5-83
b. V nh tnh c tuyn bin v c tuyn pha

U ( j )
ca hm truyn t in p T ( j ) 2
khi u ra M4C c Zt=2R.
U 1 ( j )
5.16 Thit k mch lc thng di loi k bit tr khng c tnh ti tn s trung tm

bng 10k, di thng ca mch nm trong khong (10 - 12)kHz.
5.17 Tnh cc phn t ca mch lc thng di M vi cc s liu: Z(0)=600,
fc1=10kHz, fc2=12kHz, f1=9,5kHz, f2=12,8kHz.
5.18 Cho M4C nh hnh 5.84, cho bit R=1n v chun, C = 1 n v chun.
-Xc nh cc thng s sng ca M4C.
R
2C
PT
IT
-Tnh ma trn Y ca M4C.
-V c tuyn hm truyn t in p h ti.
U1
-V T ( j ) vi R=1M, C=1F
5.19 Cho mng bn cc (M4C) hnh 5.85:
U2
R/2
Hnh 5.84
-Tnh ma trn tham s [Y] ca M4C.
-Tnh v v nh tnh th T ( j )
U2
.
khi u ra
U1
a. Xc nh ma trn thng s truyn t

[A] ca M4C.
Hnh 5.85
R
U2
b. V nh tnh c tuyn tn s ca hm
truyn t
U2
M4C h mch v khi Zt=R.
5.20 Mng bn cc (M4C) nh hnh 5.86:
U1
Hnh 5.86
5.21 Cho M4C hnh 5.87.

R
-Tnh ma trn A.
-V c tuyn bin ca T ( j ) ca hm
U1
2R
truyn t in p khi Zt h mch.

-V ng cong T ( j ) ng vi R=1, C=1F.
5.22 Cho mch in nh hnh 5.88.
164
Hnh 5.87
U2
a. Tnh
nu KTT c cc thng s l
Rs
10K
tng.
b. Tnh
khi KTT c in tr vo 100K,
Rt
Us
Ut
in tr ra 1K, h s khuch i vng h 104.

5.23 Cho khu lc tuyn tnh nh hnh 5.89.
Hnh 5.88
a. Xc nh tnh cht ca khu lc.

b. vng tn s no th mch ng vai tr nh mt mch khuch i o pha. vng
tn s no th mch ng vai tr nh mt mch vi phn?
c. Nu R1 tin n khng (ngn mch) th mch ng vai tr l mch g? Nhng khi
iu g s xy ra cho vi mch vng tn s cao?
C
R2
R
Uv
R1
R
+
Ura
U1
Hnh 5.89
PT
IT
Hnh 5.90
5.24 Cho khu lc tuyn tnh bc 2 Sallen-Key nh hnh 5.90. Tnh hm truyn t
in p v v c tuyn bin ca khu lc.
R
5.25. Chng minh rng mch hnh 5.91 l khu lc
C1
thng thp bc mt.
5.26 Cho khu lc tuyn tnh nh hnh 5.92.
Vo
+-
Vi
R2
R3
Hnh 5.91
a. Xc nh loi hi tip, hm truyn t, bc, v tnh

cht chn lc tn s ca khu lc.
b. vng tn s no th mch ng vai tr nh mt

mch khuch i o pha. vng tn s no th mch
ng vai tr nh mt mch tch phn?
R2
C
R1
U1
U2
c. Nhn xt v tnh cht ca khu lc khi R2 =.

5.27 Cho h hai khu lc tuyn tnh nh hnh 5.93.
Hnh 5.92
a. Tnh hm truyn t ca cc khu.

b. Tnh hm truyn t ca
ton h.
c. iu kin h thc hin
chc nng lc thng di.
vi C1
R1
R4
Khu 1
165
vo
R5
+
Hnh 5.93
+
-
R3
C2
R2
Khu 2
CHNG VI
TNG HP MCH TUYN TNH
H thng mch lm nhim v thc hin mt ton t no , nhm to v bin i tn
hiu. H thng phi phn nh chnh xc c cc hin tng vt l xy ra, ng
thi c th tnh ton & thit k k thut cc h thng . Chng ny nhm gii thiu
tm tt mt s vn c bn trong tng hp mch tuyn tnh, bao gm:
Tng hp mng hai cc tuyn tnh th ng
Tng hp hm truyn t ca bn cc
Tng hp mng tch cc RC
tm hiu chi tit v cc phng php ny sinh vin c th nghin cu thm trong
cc ti liu tham kho.
6.1 KHI NIM CHUNG
PT
IT
Ni dung l thuyt mch ch yu i su vo cc phng php phn tch v tng hp

cc h thng to v bin i tn hiu da trn cc cc thng s & cc phn t hp
thnh in hnh. Phn tch mch c th hiu hai gc , vi mt kt cu h thng
sn c th: Cc qu trnh nng lng trong mch, quan h in p & dng in trn
cc phn t xy ra nh th no. ng vi mi tc ng u vo, chng ta cn phi
xc nh p ng ra ca h thng trong min thi gian cng nh trong min tn s l
g, qu trnh bin i tn hiu khi i qua mch ra sao.
x(t)
y(t)
Ngc li vi qu trnh trn, tng hp mch phi
?
xc nh kt cu h thng sao cho ng vi mi tc
ng x(t) u vo s tng ng vi mt p ng
Hnh 6-1
mong mun y(t) u ra (hnh 6-1). Ni mt cch
khc, vic tm cc s v cc thng s ca mch tho mn cc iu kin cho l
bi ton tng hp mch.
Khc vi kt qu duy nht ca bi ton phn tch mch, i vi bi ton tng hp

mch c th tm ra nhiu s tho mn yu cu t ra. Cc qu trnh truyn t
trong mch tuyn tnh thng b ph thuc vo tnh cht tn s ca mch, do bi
ton tng hp thng quy v vic tm cc thng s ca mch theo c tuyn tn s
cho.
6.1.1 Tnh cht ca bi ton tng hp mch
Bi ton tng hp mch thng c bn vn cn phi xt n, bao gm:
1.Vn tm hm cho php: cn phi xt hm mch no c th thc hin c vi
cc phn t mch yu cu. Cc hm mch gi l cc hm cho php.
166
2. Vn xp x: cn phi tm hm mch F(p) l hm cho php sao cho n gn ng

nht vi tnh cht ca hm cho trc, bi ton ny l bi ton xp x.
3. Vn thc hin mch theo hm mch cho php: l cng vic thit lp s
mch in theo hm F(p).
4. Vn chn s ti u: sau khi tm c cc kiu s tng ng nhau v
mt tho mn hm mch, cn phi xem xt cc yu t ca n, cng thm cc iu
kin ph (nh iu kin sn xut, tiu chun kinh t...) la chn ly phng n ti
u a vo thc thi.
Trong cc vn nu trn, xp x l vn kh khn hn c, cn vn thc hin
mch theo hm mch cho php ch l s thc hin mt cch my mc theo cc
phng php bit trc. Cc c tuyn ca tr khng, dn np hoc cc hm truyn
t c cho di dng graph, th... cn hm cho php c vit di dng phn
thc hu t, do bi ton xp x s tm ra c cc hm cho php gn ng vi cc
tiu chun cho trc thc hin c di dng mch mt ca hoc hai ca.
PT
IT
6.1.2 im cc v im khng c trng cho mch in

Ta bit cc phng php biu din cc hm c trng ca mch in, bao gm:
-Trong min thi gian f(t) vi cng c chnh l phng trnh vi phn.
-Trong min tn s F() vi cng c ch yu l cp bin i Fourier.
-Trong min tn s phc F(p) s dng cng c l cp bin i Laplace.
Trong vic biu din min tn s phc p l d dng nht cho cc qu trnh tnh
ton v thit k mch in, hn na t min tn s phc ny ta hon ton c th
chuyn mt cch n gin sang cc min khc bng bin i Laplace ngc hay bng
s thay th p=j. Do ngui ta thng chn cch c trng cho mch in bng
hm mch F(p). Hm ny c th l tr khng hoc dn np nu l mch hai cc, c
th l hm truyn t gia i lng u ra v i lng u vo nu l mch bn
cc. Mt cch tng qut F(p) l mt phn thc hu t v c th biu din di nhiu
dng khc nhau theo cc im cc v im khng:
ar p r
F ( p)
r 0
m
b
q 0
( p pi )
K1
i 1
m
K2
(p p
j 1
(1 p
i 1
m
p
(1
)
pj
j 1
(6-1)
Trong im khng ca hm mch l cc im pi m ti t s bng khng v

F(pi)=0. im cc ca hm mch l cc im pj lm cho mu s bng khng v ti
F(pj)=. Cc im cc v im khng c hon ton xc nh i vi mi hm
mch, cho nn chng c trng cho mch in. Da vo chng c th v c c
tuyn tn s ca mch in. Trong phn tip theo ca chng ny ch nu ln mt
167
cch tm tt c h thng cc phng php tng hp mch tuyn tnh, v chi tit hc
sinh c th c thm trong cc ti liu v gio trnh tham kho.
6.2 TNG HP MNG HAI CC TUYN TNH TH NG
6.2.1 iu kin tr khng Z(p) ca mng hai cc
Mng hai cc c trng bi thng s duy nht l tr khng. Z(p) phi tho mn hai
iu kin sau y:
- Hm Z(p) phi l phn thc hu t:
n
n
A( p) a 0 a1 p ... + a n p
F ( p)
B( p)
b0 b1 p ... + b m p m
pr
r 0
m
(6-2)
q
q 0
- Z(p) phi l hm thc dng

y l hai iu kin cn v ca mch hai cc tuyn tnh, th ng, bt bin.
PT
IT
Khi nim hm thc dng:
Hm F(p) l hm thc dng khi:
- Nu p= th Im[F()]=0.
-Nu 0 th Re[F(p)] 0.
xt mt hm s c phi l hm thc dng hay khng, c cc iu kin sau y:

1. Cc h s ca hm (6-2) phi l thc.
2. Hiu gia bc ln nht ca t v mu, hiu gia bc nh nht ca t v mu

ch c th ln nht bng 1.
3.Khng c im cc v im khng nm bn na mt phng phi.
4.Gi tr thng d (Res) i vi cc im cc trn trc o phi l thc v
dng.
5. Re[F(j)] 0 vi .
Th d 6.1: Xt tiu chun hm thc dng i vi cc hm sau y:
a. F ( p)
5 p2 2 p 4
, iu kin 2 khng tho mn.
p4 3
b. Z ( p)
1,2 p 2 6
, c cc iu kin 1, 2, 3 l tho mn, nhng iu kin 4 khng
p ( p 2 4)
tho mn v: Z ( p)
1,5 0,15 0,15
c gi tr thng d ti cc im cc j2
p p j2 p j2
168
trn trc o < 0:
Re s[ Z ( p )] p j 2 lim p j 2 [ Z ( p ).( p j 2)] 0 , nn iu kin 4 khng
tho mn.
c. F ( p)
2p2 p 2
, cc iu kin 1, 2, 3, 4 u tho mn, nhng iu kin 5 khng
p 1
tho mn v: Re[ F ( j )] Re[
2 2 j 2
2 2
] Re[
]0
1 j
1 2
> 2
6.2.2 Tng hp mch hai cc LC, RC theo phng php Foster

- Tnh cht ca mch hai cc LC:
Tr khng ca mch LC ch gm c phn o:
ZLC()=jX()
Mun thc hin c mch hai cc LC th ZLC(p) phi l hm thc dng, do n

phi c cc tnh cht sau:
+Dng ca Z(p):
( p 2 12 )...( p 2 m2 )
2
(6-3)
( p 2 '1 )...( p 2 ' n )
PT
IT
Z LC ( p ) k
+Cc im cc v im khng phi nm xen k nhau trn trc o, ti gc to

phi l im khng hoc im cc.
- Tnh cht ca mch hai cc RC:
Mun thc hin c mch hai cc RC th ZRC(p) phi l hm thc dng, do n

phi c cc tnh cht sau:
+Dng ca Z(p):
Z RC ( p ) k
( p 1 )...( p m )
(6-4)
( p '1 )...( p ' n )
+Cc im cc v im khng phi nm xen k nhau trn trc -.

1. Phng php Foster I: Thc hin cc im cc ca Z(p) bng cc mch song song
(LC hay RC) c mc ni tip nh hnh 6-2.
-Vi mch hai cc LC:
L lim p [
C1
Z ( p)
]
p
R1
C0
C 01 lim p0 [ Z ( p). p]
C i1 lim p ji [ Z ( p ).
L1
C0
C1
p 2 i2
1
] ; Li 2
p
i Ci
-Vi mch hai cc RC:

R lim p [ Z ( p)] ;
C 01 lim p0 [ p.Z ( p)]
169
L2
L
C2
R2
C2
Hnh 6-2
C i1 lim p i [( p i ).Z ( p)] ;
Ri
1
i Ci
2. Phng php Foster II: Thc hin cc im khng ca Z(p) bng cc mch ni
tip (LC hay RC) c mc song song nh hnh 6-3.
-Vi mch hai cc LC:
L01 lim p0 [
p
]
Z ( p)
C1
1
C lim p [
]
Z ( p). p
C
L1
2
2
1 p i
Li 1 lim p ji [
]
Z ( p)
p
Ci
Ci
L0
R0
Li
C1
Ci
R1
Ri
1
i2 Li
Hnh 6-3
PT
IT
-Vi mch hai cc RC:

R01 lim p0 [
1
];
Z ( p)
Ri1 lim p i [Y ( p).
C lim p [
p i
];
p
1
]
Z ( p). p
Ci
1
i Ri
Th d 6.2: Thc hin hm tr khng sau y theo phng php Foster I, II:
Z ( p)
4 p 5 40 p 3 36 p
36 p 4 153 p 2 36
Gii: Ta nhn thy Z(p) c dng thun tu chn/ l, c th vit li di dng:

Z ( p)
4 p 5 40 p 3 36 p 1 p ( p 2 1)( p 2 9)
1
36 p 4 153 p 2 36 9
( p 2 )( p 2 4)
4
1
0
1/2
3
1
4
3
Hnh 6-4
Theo ta c th v th c tnh ca mch theo hnh 6-4 vi cc gi tr tn s

chun ho ca im khng v im cc.
a. Thc hin hm tr khng theo phng php Foster I:
S thc hin i vi cc im cc ca Z(p) bng cc mch song song (L//C) c
mc ni tip (hnh 6-5). Trong s khng c mt ca C0, cc gi tr cn li u di
dng chun ho:
170
Z ( p) 1
L lim p [
] ; C11 lim 1 [ Z ( p).
p j
p
9
2
C 31 lim p j 2 [ Z ( p ).
p2 4 4
] ;
p
9
1
1/2
L3
3
1
1
C3 9
2
3
4
2
L3
L1
C1
1
4] 7 ; L 1 7
1
p
36
12 C1 9
p2
C3
Hnh 6-5
b. Thc hin hm tr khng theo phng php Foster II:

2
PT
IT
1
0
1/2
C2
C4
L2
L4
L0
Hnh 6-6
S thc hin i vi cc im khng ca Z(p) bng cc mch ni tip (LntC) c

mc song song (hnh 6-6). Trong s khng c mt ca C.
L01 lim p 0 [
2
2
p
1
81
1 p 1
81
] 1 ; L21 lim p j [
; C2 2
]
Z ( p)
Z ( p)
p
32
2 L2 32
2
2
1
175
1 p 3
175
; C4 2
L lim p j 3 [
]
Z ( p)
p
32
4 L4 288
1
4
6.2.3 Tng hp mch hai cc LC, RC theo phng php Cauer

Trong phng php ny ngi ta phn tch Z(p) theo hnh ci thang nh hnh 6-7,
trn cc nhnh ni tip l cc phn t Zi cn trn cc nhnh song song l cc phn t
Yj . Ta ch xt cc phn t cng loi trn cc nhnh ni tip v cc phn t cng loi
trn cc nhnh song song.
Theo s ny Z(p) s c dng:
171
Z6
Z ( p) Z 6
Z4
Z2
Y5
Y3
Y5
Z4
Y1
Y3
Z2
1
Y1
Hnh 6-7
Tng hp mch hai cc LC, RC theo phng php Cauer tm tt nh sau:

1. Phng php Cauer I: Thc hin cc im cc ca Z(p) hoc Y(p) ti tn s =
nh hnh 6-8. L
L
Li
C1
Ri
Ci
C2
Ci
Hnh 6-8
2. Phng php Cauer II: Thc hin cc im cc ca Z(p) hoc Y(p) ti tn s =0

nh hnh 6-9.
C2
Ci
Ci
PT
IT
C1
L1
L2
Ri
Li
Hnh 6-9
Th d 6.3: Thc hin tr khng mch RC sau y theo phng php Cauer I, II:
Z ( p)
Gii:
p3
( p 1)( p 5)
a. Phng php Cauer I: Thc hin cc im cc ca Z(p) hoc Y(p) ti tn s =.

V th c tnh c 4 on nn c 4 phn t mch. Mt khc do Z(p) c im khng
v cng nn cc tnh ton s bt u bng dn np, u tin l t in trn nhnh
song song, tip theo l in tr trn nhnh ni tip... nh hnh 6-10.
(Y)
( p 2 6 p 5) /( p 3) p
C1 1
p2 3p
3p + 5
(Z)
1
( p 3) /(3 p 5)
3
5
p
3
4
3
R2
1
R2
3
C1
R4
C3
Hnh 6-10
172
(Y)
4
4
15
(3 p 5) /( ) p
3
9
4
9
4
C3 ; R 4
4
15
b. Phng php Cauer II: Thc hin cc im cc ca Z(p) hoc Y(p) ti tn s =0.
Do Z(p) khng c im cc =0 nn cc tnh ton s bt u bng dn np, u
tin l in tr trn nhnh song song, tip theo l t in trn nhnh ni tip... nh
hnh 6-11.
(Y)
(5 6 p p 2 ) /(3 p)
5
3
R1
3
5
C2
5
5 p
3
13
p p2
3
(Z)
C4
R3
R1
Hnh 6-11
13
9
(3 p) /( p p 2 )
3
13 p
13
C2
9
9
p
13
4
p
13
(Y)
PT
IT
13
4
169 13
p p 2 ) /( p)
p
3
13
12 4
R3
12
13
; C4
169
4
6.2.4 Tng hp mch hai cc LRC theo phng php Brune

Trn ta xt cc phng php tng hp cc im cc v im khng phn b c
quy lut trn cc trc thc hoc trc o i vi cc mch RL, RC. Trong trng hp
tng qut hn trn cc mch RLC, cc im cc v im khng c th nm ti cc v
tr khc nhau trn na tri mt phng phc (k c trn trc o).
1. Khi nim tr khng ti thiu:
-Nu thnh phn tr khng ZMR(p) khng c im cc trn trc o th n c gi l

tr khng c in khng ti thiu. Ngi ta c th tch cp im cc (p= j0) trn
trc o ra khi Z(p) bng mch LC song song trn nhnh ni tip nh hnh 6-12. Khi
:
Z MR ( p) Z ( p)
pC 1
p 2 02
ZMR(p)
Z(p)
Hnh 6-12
-Nu thnh phn tr khng ZMS(p) khng c im khng trn trc o, ngha l YMS(p)
khng c im cc trn trc o, th n c gi l dn np c in np ti thiu.
Ngi ta c th tch cp im cc (p= ji) trn trc o ra khi Y(p) bng mch LC
ni tip trn nhnh song song nh hnh 6-13. Khi :
173
YMS ( p) Y ( p)
pL1
p 2 i2
YMs(p)
Y(p)
Hnh 6-13
-Nu thnh phn ZMRS(p) ca mch hai cc khng c im khng v im cc trn

trc o th n c gi l tr khng c in khng v in np ti thiu (hnh 6-14).
-Nu ZMRS(p) c bc ca t v ca mu s bng nhau, ngi ta thng tch khi n
phn in tr ln nht R:
R=min[Re[ZMRS(j)]]=Re[ZM(j)]=2
ZMRS(p)
Z(p)
Khi ZM=ZMRS - R
sao cho vn m bo:
Hnh 6-14
Re[ZM(j)] 0 vi mi
PT
IT
ZM c gi l tr khng c in tr ti thiu, v phn thc ca n ti 2 l bng

khng (hnh 6-15).
-Tr khng ca mch hai cc c in
khng, in np v in tr ti thiu gi
l tr khng ti thiu.
ZMRS(p)
2.Cc bc trong phng php Brune:
ZM(p)
Hnh 6-15
+ Bin i Z(p) thnh tr khng ti thiu, tc l ly i cc im cc v cc im

khng trn trc o v in tr ln nht c th. Trn hnh 6-16 m t qu trnh bin i
Z(p) thnh tr khng ti thiu Z1(p).
+Vit li Z1 ti j2, v Z1 ti j2 ch c
phn o nn c th vit:
Z 1 ( j 2 ) j 2 L1
L1
Z(p)
Z 1 ( j 2 )
j 2
Z1(p)
Hnh 6-16
Rt ra Z2 = Z1 - pL1
Z2 c im khng ti j2 (v phn thc v phn o u bng khng).
+Thc hin im cc ca Y2 ti j2 bng mch LC ni tip nhnh song song.
pL21
Y3 Y2 2
p 22
L21 Y2
p 2 22
p
v
p j 2
C2
1
L2
2
2
Bc Y3 < bc Y1 v ( p 2 22 ) c gin c.
174
Phng php Brune c th lp li nhiu ln, bc Z(p) tip tc gim cho n khi Z(p)
c thc hin hon ton. Cng cn lu rng tu vo cc c im ca Z(p) trong
cc bi ton c th m vic p dng phng php ny c th bin th mt cch linh
hot.
Th d 6.4: Thc hin tr khng mch th ng sau y:
Z ( p)
p2 2p 2
p 2 2 p 1
Gii: S phn b cc im cc v im khng c v trn hnh 6-17. Mch in

khng c im cc hoc im khng trn trc j, vy trong cc phng php tng
hp mch cn phi chn phng php Brune.
J
a. Tch ra in tr ln nht c th c (ni tip):

Z ( j )
2 2 j 2
1 2 j 2
-1
-J
2 x x2
1 2x x 2
PT
IT
2 2 4
Re[ Z ( j )]
1 2 2 4
2 x
(X2)
Hnh 6-17
tm v tr cc tiu, ta tm cc tr ca hm s:
2 x x2
2 x x2
]
[
]
1 2 x x 2 . x 1 2 x x 2 .2 0
x
Re[Z ( j )]
(1)
2 x x2
]
2
2
1 2 x x 2 (1 2 x)(1 2 x x ) (2 x x )(2 2 x) 0
x
(1 2 x x 2 ) 2
rt ra
x1 = 3;
x2 = - 1;
Nh vy (1) c cc im cc tiu ti cc tn s: = [0;
x=
3; ] .
Cc gi tr ti thiu:
Re[ Z ( j 0)] 2 ;
Vy R1 = min[Re[Z(j)]]=
Tr khng cn li:
Re[ Z ( j 3 )]
7
;
8
Re[ Z ( j)] 1
7
8
Z (1) Z R1
p2 2 p 9
8 p 2 16 p 8
b. Thc hin phn o ca tr khng tn s 0= 3 bng cun cm (v phn thc ca

Z(1) ti 0 l bng khng).
175
Z (1) ( j 3 )
3 j2 3 9
8(3 j 2 3 1)
rt ra
L1
1
8
Z ( 2 ) Z (1) pL1
Tr khng cn li:
3
( j 3 ).L1
8
p3 2 p 2 3 p 9
8( p 2 2 p 1)
Ti tn s 0= 3 , Z(1) khng cn phn thc, cng khng cn phn o, tc l n phi

bng khng. Ni cch khc n phi cha tha s (p2 + 3) trn t s. Tht vy:
Z ( 2 ) Z (1) pL1
p 3 2 p 2 3 p 9 ( p 2 3)( p 3)
8( p 2 2 p 1)
8( p 2 2 p 1)
c. Tr khng Z(2) c im khng ti p j 3 . im khng ny c thc hin bng

mch LC ni tip trn nhnh song song:
8( p 2 2 p 1) ( p 2 3) 16
;
3
2
p 3
( p 3)( p 3)
C2
PT
IT
L21 lim p j
1
16
3.L2
9
pL21
1
1
8 p 2 24
Z ( 3) Z ( 2) p 2 02 3( p 2 3)( p 3)
Tr khng cn li:
Tha s (p2 + 3) cn phi c gin c, khi :
Z ( 3)
3( p 3)
8
d. kt thc phn tng hp theo phng php Brune, cn phi kh im cc tn

s v cng ca Z(3):
L3
3
8
Tr khng cn li: Z ( 4) Z (3) pL3
9
8
pL3 Z (3)
3
p
8
R1
L1
L3
L2
R4
C2
(4)
e. Cui cng l thc hin Z . ng

Z
9
nhin l in tr: R4
8
Z(1)
Z(2) Z(3)
Z(4)
Hnh 6-18
Kt qu thc hin biu th trn hnh 6-18.

V c ba cun cm mc hnh T, ta c th bin i
thnh bin p theo cc cng thc:
L11
1
L12 L2 ; L11 L1 L2 ;
16
9
L 22 L3 L2
16
k=1
R1
L22
C2
Hnh 6-19
176
R4
H s ghp: k
L12
L11 .L22
Dng gn nht ca mch tng hp biu din trn hnh 6-19.

6.3 TNG HP HM TRUYN T BN CC TH NG
Cc bc chnh ca qu trnh tng hp bn cc th ng bao gm:
1. Xp x cc ch tiu cho trc bng hm truyn t cho php ca bn cc
theo cc loi phn t c yu cu.
2. Thc hin hm mch tm c, tc l xc nh cu trc v gi tr cc
phn t trong cu trc .
3. Do c th c nhiu mch tng ng khc nhau tho mn hm mch c
thc hin, nn cn phi chn ly mt mch thch hp da trn quan im ti
u v mt thit k (cng ngh, nhy, dung sai...).
PT
IT
Sau y s cp ti mt s vn lin quan c th ti cc bc nu trn.

6.3.1 Cc hm truyn t cho php trong tng hp bn cc th ng
Xt cc hm truyn t cho php ca bn cc tuyn tnh, th ng, tng h, c
thng s tp trung vi cc kiu mc ti khc nhau:
*Trng hp I-A (hnh 6-20a): Hm cho php c dng phn thc hu t vi cc tnh
cht:
U
A( p)
ZT 2
I 1 Q( p )
I1
U2
-Cc h s l thc.
Hnh 6-20a
-Cc im khng nm tu .
-Cc im cc nm na mt phng tri v trn trc o, do mu s c gi l a

thc ta Hurwitz v c k hiu l Q(p).
* Trng hp I-B (hnh 6-20b): Hm cho php c
dng phn thc hu t:
K
U1
U 2 A( p )
U 1 Q( p)
Hnh 6-20b
-Bc t s khng ln hn bc ca mu s.
Vi cc tnh cht ni chung ging trng hp trn,
nhng cc im cc khng th nm tn s =0
v =, ngha l a thc ta Hurwitz Q(p)
U2
177
I1
U2
Hnh 6-21a
R2
khng c im khng ti =0.

* Trng hp II-A v II-B (hnh 6-21a,b): Hm tr khng truyn t hay dn np
truyn t cho php c dng phn thc hu t vi cc tnh cht:
ZT
U2
A( p )
; hay
I1
H ( p)
YT
U 2 A( p )
U 1 H ( p)
U1
U2
R2
Hnh 6-21b
-Cc h s l thc.
-Cc im khng nm tu .
-Cc im cc ch c th nm na mt phng tri, khng nm trn trc o.

Cc a thc c h s thc, nghim nm na mt phng tri, khng nm trn trc o
gi l a thc Hurwitz v c k hiu l H(p).
PT
IT
* Trng hp III (hnh 6-22): Hm cho php c dng phn thc hu t vi cc tnh
cht:
K
U2
A( p)
E
H ( p)
U2
R2
-Cc h s l thc.
Hnh 6-22
-Cc im khng nm tu .
-Cc im cc ch c th nm na mt phng tri, khng nm trn trc o.

-Phi c thm mt iu kin na i vi bnh phng gi tr tuyt i ca hm truyn
t, bi v mch th ng th cng sut ca ra khng th ln hn cng sut tc dng
ca bn cc nhn c ngun, do :
U2
R2
4R1
T K ( p )
U2
E
R2
4 R1
6.3.2 Vn xp x trong tng hp mch

Xp x vt l l s la chn m hnh ton hc cho mt hin tng vt l. Nu s xp
x ny l hp l th m hnh ton hc m t ng hin tng. Ni chung khng c
biu thc chnh xc nh gi sai s ca s xp x vt l.
Cn phn bit gia xp x vt l v xp x ton hc. Xp x ton hc l s thc hin
gn ng cc qu trnh tnh ton trong ton hc, sai s ca n ni chung c th nh
gi c. thc hin xp x ton hc, ngi ta thng dng chui Taylor v chui
Fourier.
178
Trong tng hp mch, xut pht t cc ch tiu cho trc di dng th trong min
thi gian hoc trong min tn s, cng vic u tin phi tin hnh l xp x bng cc
hm mch cho php. Nu hm xp x gn ng cc ch tiu (vi sai s yu cu) m
tho mn l mt hm mch cho php F(p) th mch in thuc hm F(p) c th
thc hin c. Nu xp x khng c phng php th s dn n kt qu l mt
mch in khng t cc ch tiu ra. Do vn xp x l mt vn quan trng
nht nhng cng kh khn nht.
Cc phng php xp x c th chia lm hai nhm: Xp x theo cch th v xp x
bng con ng trc tip.
*Nhm xp x theo cch th, thng c cc phng php sau y:
-Thit k trn c s phn tch: Trong trng hp ny mch nguyn l xp x cc ch
tiu cho trc c bit do kinh nghim. Tin hnh phn tch tm ra mi lin h
gia cc phn t mch v cc ch tiu cho trc. T xc nh c hm mch v
mch in c th.
PT
IT
-Xp x bng th Bode.

-Xp x ni suy: Trong phng php ny, gi s hm xp x c ly di dng:
a 0 a1 p ... a n p n
F ( p)
b0 b1 p ... bm p m
Begin
th hm xp x phi trng vi gi tr Fi ca hm cho trc

ti (n+m+1) im i t chn. Khi ta s vit c
(n+m+1) phng trnh gii cc h s ai, bi.
i, Fi
Sau kim tra F(p) c phi l hm cho php khng.

Xc nh sai s so vi hm cho trc.
ai, bi
Nu khng tho mn iu kin hm cho php, hoc sai s

qu ln th cn phi quay li ly cc gi tr ca hm cho
trc trn cc im i khc (nh lu hnh 6-23).
F(p)
Khng
Hm cho php
*Nhm xp x theo con ng trc tip:

Vic xp x hm mch cho trc F( j ) bng hm mch
F(p) c th theo cc phng php trc tip sau y:
-Xp x vi bng phng cc i (cn gi l xp x
Butterworth).
-Xp x u (xp x Chebyshev).
cho php
End.
Hnh 6-23
-Xp x liptic (Cauer)

-Xp x Chebyshev ngc.
Khng
179
Tu theo tnh cht ca tng loi mch cn phi tng hp m cc phng php ny s
cho cc biu thc tnh ton khc nhau.
6.3.3 Xc nh cc thng s ca bn cc:
Sau khi gii xong bi ton xp x, chng ta nhn c hm F(p) mt mt tho mn
cc ch tiu cho trc, mt khc tho mn iu kin hm cho php. Bc tip theo s
l thc hin hm mch tm c, tc l xc nh cu trc v gi tr cc phn t
trong cu trc . Hm mch thng c biu din qua cc thng s bn cc bit
nh cc thng s tr khng, dn np ... Vy xc nh mch in, trc ht cn phi
xc nh cc thng s ca bn cc. Cc cng vic bao gm:
- Xc nh iu kin rng buc i vi cc thng s ca bn cc:
xc nh cc thng s ca bn cc, thng thng l cc zij trong ma trn Z, cn
ch ti iu kin ma trn Z thc dng. iu ny c a v xt iu kin thng
d v iu kin phn thc ca bn cc, tng t nh vic xt hm thc dng i vi
mch hai cc.
PT
IT
- Xc nh cc thng s zij ca bn cc:
Vic xc nh cc thng s zij ca bn cc c th thc hin mt cch d dng da vo

cc kiu mc ti khc nhau xt mc trc.
6.3.4 Thc hin hm mch:
C nhiu phng php thc hin hm cho php ca cc thng s zij v yij, tu vo
tng loi bn cc cn phi thc hin.
1.Cc phng php thc hin bn cc th ng LC, RC:
- Phng php Cauer .
- Phng php kh im cc hoc y im khng tng hp bn cc LC, RC theo

hnh ci thang.
2. Cc phng php thc hin bn cc th ng RC trong trng hp tng qut: Cc
im khng ca hm truyn t l cc cp gi tr phc lin hp:
i vi trng hp ny, c nhiu phng php tng hp c a ra:
-Phng php Guillemin: Tng hp hm truyn t c cc cp im khng phc lin
hip bng nhiu mch hnh ci thang mc song song vi nhau. Phng php ny da
trn cc thng s dn np. Mi thng s y22 (hay y11) ca mch ci thang ph thuc
vo tn s ging nhau, s phn tch ch yu ch thc hin i vi y21: nhm cc
thnh phn t s thnh hai nhm v ta c cc thng s y21 ca cc mch ci thang
thnh phn. Bit cc hng s t mch c thc hin cui cng ta phi iu chnh
dn np ca cc mch hnh ci thang nhn tr li y21.
180
-Phng php Fialkov-Gerst: Tng hp hm truyn t c cc cp im khng phc

lin hip bng mch c cu trc phc tp hn nhng c s phn t t hn. Phng
php ny lp i lp li mt chu trnh hai bc v cui cng gin n bi ton tr v
vic thc hin cc thng s bc mt. Bc th nht l phn tch bn cc cn thc
hin thnh hai nhnh song song (ngc li vi phng php trn, y chng ta
dng c thng s y22 v y21). Sang bc th hai, cc thng s s c gin n bng
cch ly ra t in mt cch ni tip trn mt trong hai nhnh, cn nhnh kia th ly
ra mt in tr mt cch ni tip. Trn mi nhnh, chu trnh ny c lp cho n khi
cc thng s c dng a thc bc mt.
hai phng php trn c s dng vi iu kin l t s ca y21 ch cha cc h s
khng m.
-Phng php Lin-Siskind: u im ca phng php ny l s phn t t, suy gim
tn hiu b. Phng php ny cn i hi cc h s trn khng c ln hn cc h
s tng ng trong t s cu y22.
PT
IT
Th d 6.5: Thc hin bn cc c hm truyn t in p h mch di y:

U2
k (1 p 2 )
A( p )
2
U1 1 4 p p
B( p)
Gii: Mu s c nghim thc m, cn t s c cp nghim phc lin hp trn trc j.

Vy y s l mch RC. Ta s xt hai phng php tng hp hm truyn t ny.
1. Dng phng php Giullemin:
Chn hm C(p)=2(1 + p) cu to cc thng s dn np t hm truyn t trn, ta

c:
y 22
1 4p p2
;
2(1 p )
y 21
k (1 p 2 )
2(1 p )
T y21 ta phn tch thnh hai nhnh song song c hai mch hnh thang c cc
thng s:
(1)
y 21
k
;
2(1 p)
( 2)
y 21
kp 2
;
2(1 p )
(1)
( 2)
y 22
y 22
y 22
1 4p p2
2(1 p )
-Mch hnh thang (1) c im 0 truyn t v cng, do y (221) c thc hin bi

phng php Cauer I. Trc ht l thc hin bi t in trong nhnh song song u
tin (hnh 6-24a):
(Y)
( p 2 4 p 1) /( 2 p 2) p / 2
C1
p2 p
3p + 1
181
1
2
(Z)
(2 p 2) /(3 p 1)
2p
(Y)
2
3
R1
2
3
R1
R2
2
3
C2
4
3
4
9
3
(3 p 1) /( ) p
3
4
4
C1
Hnh 6-24a
C2
9
4
; R2
4
3
-Mch hnh thang (2) c im 0 truyn t bi hai, do y (222) c thc hin bi

phng php Cauer II. Cc im 0 truyn t ch c th thc hin bi t in trong
nhnh ni tip, do ta thc hin php chia bt u t dn np (hnh 6-24b):
(Y)
(1 4 p p 2 ) /( 2 2 p )
1
2
R1 2
1 p
3p p2
3
C1
2
PT
IT
(Z)
2
(2 2 p) /(3 p p )
3p
2
2
2 p
3
4
p
3
(Y)
4
9 3
(3 p p 2 ) /( p ) p
3
4 4
4
3
R 2 ; C2
9
4
(1)
C1
R2
R1
Hnh 6-24b
8/3
4/3
9/8
(2)
Hng s k(1) c tnh bng 1 trn c

(1)
s xt y 22
ti =0, cn k(2) cng cho
C2
1/4
3/8
3/4
8/9
Hnh 6-25
( 2)
gi tr 1 khi xt y 22
ti =.
-Khi cng chng ta khng ch ti cc thng s y22, v vy cn phi gim mc

dn np ca bn cc tng hp. Cc gi tr t gim i mt na, cc gi tr in tr tng
gp i (hnh 6-25).
2. Nu dng phng php Fialkov-Gerst: Ta
thy cc a thc u bc hai, vy ch cn lm
mt chu trnh duy nht. u tin ta tch bn
cc lm hai nhnh. Sau phi phn tch a
thc B(p) thnh tng ca hai a thc c cc
nghim thc m nm xen k nhau. Hnh 6-26
l mt kt qu thc hin c bng phng
php ny.
182
1
(1)
R=1
2
1
(2)
C0=1
1/2
Hnh 6-26
Nh vy so vi s thc hin c bng phng php Guillemin th s thc

hin c bng phng php Fialkov-Gerst c s phn t t hn.
Nhn chung mi mt phng php c mt u th nht nh, tu theo tnh cht ca
hm mch m p dng sao cho ph hp nht. Cng cn ch rng trong tng hp
mch, s lng phn t trong mch cng l mt yu t quan trng nh gi kt
qu, do ti u mch vi s phn t t nht l mt trong nhng vn cn nghin
cu trong tng hp v thit k mch.
6.4 TNG HP MCH TCH CC RC
6.4.1 Cc bc chnh ca qu trnh tng hp mch tch cc
PT
IT
Cc bc chnh ca qu trnh tng hp mch tch cc v c bn cng ging nh tng

hp bn cc th ng. Ngoi ba bc nu, trong trng hp mch tch cc do
thng dng cc phn t tch cc, v vy cn phi iu chnh mt chiu mch va
tng hp. Lu hnh 6-27 m t cc
bc tng qut tng hp mch tuyn
Cc hm
Cc ch tiu
cho php
tnh, y l mt trong cc cng on ch
cho trc
yu trong ton qu trnh thit k mch.
6.4.2 Phng php tng qut tng
hp mch tch cc RC
Xp x
i vi mch tch cc, cn phi ch

n m hnh ca n. Thng thng cc
phn t tch cc l tng thng c
thc hin thch hp vi m hnh ca n
trong mt di nht nh cng vi mt s
phn t th ng. Vi phng php tng
hp mch tch cc RC, ta c th thc
hin c hm mch c dng phn thc
hu t bng mch in gm cc phn t:
in dung, in tr, ngun iu khin,
NIC, girat, mch khuch i thut ton.
Thng thng ngi ta ly mt hoc
nhiu phn t tch cc v mc chng vi
cc mch n ca RC th ng, sau t
K(p) xc nh gi tr cc phn t tch
cc v cc hm cho php ca cc mch
n ca RC v thc hin c th hm ny.
K(p)
Thc hin
mch
Kho st nhy, dung

sai, Cc quan im
cng ngh
Cc s tng ng
- chn ti u
iu chnh mt chiu
S
mch in
Hnh 6-27
Thng c cc phng php sau y trong tng hp mch tch cc RC:

+ Tch a thc.
183
+ Thc hin hm mch bc cao vi cch dy chuyn cc khu bc hai v bc mt.

a. Tch a thc:
1. Nu a thc N(p) c h s thc, th c th tch thnh hiu hai a thc c nghim
thc, khng dng:
N(p) = N1(p) - N2(p)
(6-5)
Cch thc hin nh sau:
+Chn mt a thc ph P(p) sao cho c bc n bng hoc ln hn bc ca N(p) 1 n
v, c nghim thc khng dng:
n
P( p) ( p )
vi l thc, khng m. Khi :
+Lp biu thc F1(p), v phn tch n thnh tng cc phn thc vi cc gi tr thng
d u thc:
F1 ( p )
kj
ki
N ( p)
k
P( p)
i p i
j p j
+Tch ring cc phn c gi tr thng d dng v m, v vit li di dng:

kj
ki
P
P
N ( p)
(k
)
1 3
P( p)
P2 P4
i p i
j p j
PT
IT
F1 ( p )
P1
P2
P3
P4
trong nghim ca cc Pi trn u l thc v khng dng.

N 1 ( p ) P1 .P4
N 2 ( p ) P2 P3
+Khi ta s c:
Th d 6.6: Tch a thc sau thnh hiu cc a thc cha nghim thc, khng
dng:
N ( p) p 2 p 1
Gii: Chn mt a thc ph P(p) sao cho c bc n bng hoc ln hn bc ca N(p) 1

n v, cc nghim ca P(p) c th ly bt k, v d:
P(p) = (p+1)(p+2)
F1 ( p )
N ( p)
p2 p 1
1
3
P( p ) ( p 1)( p 2)
p 1 p 2
p2
1
3
3
)
p 1
p 2 p 1 p 2
Hay
F1 ( p ) (1
vy
N ( p) N 1 ( p) N 2 ( p) ( p 2)( p 2) 3( p 1) ( p 2) 2 3( p 1)
2. Nu a thc N(p) c cha cc nghim thc v cp nghim phc lin hp, th c th

tch thnh tng cc a thc c nghim thc, khng dng:
184
N(p) = N1(p) + N2(p)
(6-6)
+Trc ht a thc N(p) c cc nghim thc v cc cp nghim phc lin hp, th c

th tch thnh tch hai a thc:
N(p) = NV(p) . NC(p)
Trong nghim ca NV l thc, cc nghim ca NC l cc cp nghim phc lin
hp.
+Mt khc NC c th phn tch thnh tng:
NC = NC1 + NC2
Vy
N(p) = NV(p) . NC(p) = NV(p).[ NC1 + NC2 ]

N 1 N V .N C1
N 2 N V .N C 2
Khi ta c
PT
IT
Th d 6.7: Tch a thc sau thnh tng cc a thc cha nghim thc, khng
dng:
N ( p) p 2 p 1
Gii: Trong trng hp ny khng c nghim thc nn N(p) = NC.

NC c dng bc hai v c th phn tch thnh:
N C ( p) ( p 1 ) 2 0 p 2 p 1
Rt ra
Cui cng ta c:
1 = 0,5;
0 = 0,75.
N(p) = NC(p) = (p+0,5)2 + 0,75.
b. Mc dy chuyn cc khu bc hai:
Trc ht cn phi nm chc vic tng hp hm bc hai ca bn cc th ng RC c

dy dn chung v khu ny c lin quan cht ch n khu bc hai ca mch tch cc.
Trong tng hp bn cc RC, khu bc hai c mt ngha c bit quan trng v l
khu c bn tng hp cc hm bc cao bt k (cng vi cc khu c bn bc mt).
i vi mch tch cc RC, thng khi hm mch c bc cng cao th nhy ca cc
i lng c trng ca mch i vi phn t tch cc cng tng mnh. Bi vy trong
thc t ngi ta thng phn tch hm mch ra thnh tch cc tha s l cc hm bc
hai, v thc hin tng hm thnh phn bng khu bc hai.
Nh cp chng trc, gi s t hm mch K(p) l phn thc hu t, khi
c th phn tch ra thnh:
185
N ( p)
K ( p)
k0 .p r
D( p)
( p ). ( p
.
( p ). ( p
bi p ci )
bj p c j )
u tin tch ra hm F(p) c th thc hin bng mch th ng RC:

K(p) = F(p).K1(p)
Trong cc im cc ca F(p) phi l thc:
F ( p)
P( p)
P( p)
Q( p ) ( p j )
j
Q(p) cha cc nghim thc l im cc ca K(p), bc ca P(p) nh hn hoc bng

bc ca Q(p). F(p) c th c thc hin bng cc phng php bit trong mch
th ng. P(p) cha mt phn cc nghim ca N(p). Nu P(p) ch cha cc im 0
thc th c th thc hin bng mch hnh ci thang.
PT
IT
Cn li K1(p) l t hp cc hm truyn bc hai v thc hin bng cc khu tch cc

bc hai dng KTT vi u im c in tr ra nh. Phn ny ngi c c th tham
kho li chng trc.
6.4.3 ng dng php bin i RC-CR
Phn tch v tng hp mch l hai qu trnh khng th tch ri trong thit k mch
in t. Nu trong phn tch mch nhiu khi ta li dng cc nguyn tc v tnh i
ngu, th trong tng hp v thit k mch th ng RC, nhiu khi ta cn phi dng
n php bin i RC-CR, php bin i ny rt tin dng. Nu xut pht t mch
RC ban u c ZRC l tr khng, YRC l dn np, KRC l hm truyn t, th sau khi
bin i:
+Thay in tr Ri bng t in c gi tr
1
Ri
+Thay t in Cj bng in tr c gi tr
1
Cj
Ta s c mch mi vi ZRC, YRC, ZRC . Quan h gia cc i lng ny nh sau:

1
1
Z RC ( )
p
p
(6-7)
1
'
YRC
( p ) p.YRC ( )
P
(6-8)
1
'
K RC
( p ) K RC ( )
p
(6-9)
'
Z RC
( p)
186
(6-9) c gi l nh l bin i thng thp - thng cao. nh l ny cn c dng

i vi mch in c in tr m v in dung m. Sau y l mt th d v ng dng
ca php bin i ny:
Th d 6.8: Cho hm truyn ca khu lc thng thp:
K U ( p)
U2
k
2
U 1 ap bp c
Mch in thc hin hm ny c dng nh hnh 6-28. Nu s dng nh l bin i

thng thp- thng cao (6-12) ta s c:
K U' ( p ) K U ( p )
1
p
p
kp 2
cp 2 bp a
R rng y l hm truyn ca b lc thng cao. Mch in thc hin hm ny da

trn php bin i RC-CR nh hnh 6-29.
C1
1/C1
1/R2
PT
IT
1/R1
U1
R1
R2
U2
C2
Ua
Ub
1/C2
Hnh 6-29
Hnh 6-28
CU HI V BI TP CHNG VI
6.1. Tnh cht ca bi ton tng hp mch. Cc c s phn loi v nh gi kt qu

ca bi ton tng hp mch.
6.2. Cc phng php tng hp mch tuyn tnh, nu c im ca tng phng
php.
6.3. a. Chng minh rng hm truyn t in p ca khu bc hai hnh 6-30a c dng:
K( p )
U2
Y1 . Y2
U 1 Y5 (Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 ) Y3 . Y4
Y4
a, dB
Y5
40dB/D
_
U1
Y1
Y3
Y2
3
+
f,kHz
U2
0
Hnh 6-30b
Hnh 6-30a
f1
187
b. Tm tnh cht ca cc phn t Yi khu bc hai ny thc hin lc thng thp,

thng cao, thng di, chn di.
c. Da vo cc kt qu trn thit k b lc thng thp vi bng phng cc
i, c tuyn suy gim c dc 40dB/D, ti tn s f1=1,59kHz c gi tr suy gim
3dB (hnh 6-30b).
Z ( p)
2( p 2 1)( p 2 9)
p ( p 2 4)
6.5 Tng hp mng hai cc RC theo hm:
Z ( p)
3( p 2)( p 4)
p ( p 3)
6.6 Tng hp mng hai cc RL theo hm:
Y ( p)
3( p 2)( p 4)
p( p 3)
PT
IT
6.4. Tng hp mng hai cc LC theo hm:
188
PH LC 1
MCH IN I NGU
-Cc yu t i ngu:
Hai phn t Za v Zb c gi l i ngu nu:
Za.Zb = k2
(vi k l mt hng s)
(7-1)
T suy ra cc thng s sau y to nn tnh i ngu:

L C
r g
E ng I ng
ZY
u i
ng thi cc yu t hnh hc sau y cng to nn tnh i ngu:

Nt
Vng
Ni tip Song song

-Mch in i ngu:
PT
IT
+ Hai mch c gi l i ngu nu chng tha mn hai iu kin sau y:

1. Phng trnh theo nh lut Kirchhoff I cc nt ca mch ny cng chnh l
phng trnh theo nh lut Kirchhoff II cc vng ca mch kia sau khi thay
in p nt bng dng in vng.
2. Quan h gia dng in nhnh v in p trn nhnh ca mch ny sau khi i ln
chng cho nhau s cho quan h gia in p trn nhnh vi dng in nhnh ca
mch kia.
+ Sau y l th d c th v s i ngu ca hai mch in hnh PL1.1:
L
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(4)
ing
eng
(2)
(3)
(4)
Hnh PL1.1b
Hnh PL1.1a
Vit phng trnh c trng cho tng mch:

di 1
idt
dt C
du 1
g. u C
udt
dt L
e ng r. i L
(a)
I ng
(b)
R rng phng trnh (b) l phng trnh i ngu ca (a) v ngc li.
189
PH LC 2
CC THNG S CA MCH DAO NG N CH XC LP IU
HA
a. Vi mch dao ng n ni tip:
Khi mch chuyn sang ch xc lp, ta hy xt cc thng s v quan h trong
mch di dng phc (bn c th xem li th d nu trong chng II v chng
III):
+ Tr khng ca mch:
1
X
Z r j( o L
) r (1 j ) r (1 j )
C
r
o
X
(7-2)
PT
IT
trong
X o L C
o
X=0 khi o L
oC
LC
ch
v X 0 khi lch cng hng. V vy gi l lch cng hng tng qut.

Z r 1 2
arg Z arctg
+ in tr c tnh: X Lch X Cch

+ Dn np ca mch: Y G jB
(7-3)
L
C
(7-4)
1
1
Z r (1 j )
(7-5)
Y
Ych
-argY
1
ng cng hng vn nng
0,7
-1
2
Hnh PL2.1
190
1
Y
Y 1 j
ch
v i Y 1
ch
1
1
Y Z
r 1 2
arg Y arg Z arctg
Y
1
Ych
1 2
arg( Y ) arctg
ch
(7-6)
Ta c th v th biu din cc biu thc (7-6) hnh PL2.1.

+ Di thng (2d): Ngoi khi nim di thng (2d) nu chng I, ta cn c
cch nh ngha khc: di thng (2d) l di tn s m
1
1 2d
Y
1
, ngha l:
Ych
2
d 1
(7-7)
+ lch cng hng tng i (): Ngoi khi nim lch cng hng tuyt i
() v lch cng hng tng qut (), ta cn c lch cng hng tng i:
o ch 2.
ch o
ch
PT
IT
(7-8)
+ Phm cht ca mch (Q): l t s gia cng sut phn khng lun chuyn gia L v
C vi cng sut tiu hao trn mch ti tn s cng hng:
Q
X c ( ch )
X L ( ch )
Px
L 1 L
1
ch .
PT
r
r
ch Cr
r
r C
(7-9)
Ta c th suy ra cc mi quan h:
2
ch
(7-10)
r ch
L
Q
(7-11)
Q Q.
2 d
T (7-11) ta thy khi phm cht ca mch cng cao th di thng cng gim, ngha l
chn lc tn s tng ln.
+ Dng in trong mch:
E
E
E
I
. e jarctg
Z Z . e j.arg Z r 1 2
(7-12)
+ in p trn r:
Ur I. r
E
1
. e jarctg
(7-13)
+ in p trn C:
191
Uc I
j ( arctg )
1
E
1
2
.
.e
j o C r 1 2 o C
Uc
Q. E
nhn c t v mu vi ch
ch j( arctg 2 )
.e
o
(7-14)
j ( arctg )
E o L
o j( arctg 2 )
Q
.
E
2
U L I . j o L
.e
.
.e
r 1 2
1 2 ch
(7-15)
1 2
+ in p trn L:
-Ch : ti o=ch, th lch cng hng tng qut =0, khi :
E
I
r
Ur E
dng in trong mch t gi tr max v cng pha vi E.
(7-16)
in p trn r bng E (c v bin v pha).
(7-17)
in p trn C chm pha /2 so vi E.
PT
IT
U c QE. e 2 jQE
U L QE. e 2 jQE
in p trn L nhanh pha /2 so vi E.
(7-18)
(7-19)
Do ti tn s cng hng th in p trn C v trn L u gp Q ln sc in ng E

(ch khc nhau v pha) nn ngi ta gi cng hng mch dao ng n ni tip l
cng hng in p.
b. Vi mch dao ng n song song
Mch dao ng n song song l mch i ngu ca mch dao ng n ni tip. do

ta c th p dng tnh cht i ngu suy ra kt qu. Sau y l cc hm c trng
ca n ( ch xc lp):
+ Tn s cng hng: ch
+ Dn np: Y g j( o C
vi
LC
1
B
) g (1 j ) g (1 j )
oL
g
B oC
+ lch cng hng tng qut:
B
2
Q Q
g
ch
1
1
Z r jX Y g (1 j )
+ Tr khng:
1
1
Z
&
Y
g 1 2
192
(7-21)
(7-22)
oL
(7-20)
(7-23)
(7-24)
argZ = -argY = -arctg
+ Phng trnh ng cng hng vn nng:

Z
1
Z ch
1 2
arg( Z ) arctg
ch
+ in dn c tnh:
(v i Zch r )
(7-25)
C
1
1
ch C
L
ch L
+ lch cng hng tng i:
+ Phm cht ti fch:
o ch 2
ch o
ch
r
C
r ch C
r
g
ch L
L
g ch
2 d
C
Q
1
d
+ in p trn mch:
Ing . r jarctg
Ing
u
e
Y
1 2
+ Dng in trn in dn:
Ig ug
Ing
(7-27)
(7-28)
(7-29)
PT
IT
+ Di thng:
(7-26)
e jarctg
(7-30)
(7-31)
+ Dng in trn C:
QIng o j( arctg )
2
Ic
e
1 2 ch
(7-32)
+ Dng in trn L:
QIng ch j( arctg )
2
IL
e
1 2 o
(7-33)
+ Ti o=ch:
Ing
U
g

Ig Ing ;
in p t max, cng pha vi Ing
IL jQIng ;
Ic jQIng
(7-34)
(7-35)
Do ti tn s cng hng th dng in trn C v trn L u gp Q ln dng in

ngun (ch khc nhau v pha) nn ngi ta gi cng hng mch dao ng n song
song l cng hng dng in.
c. in tr tng ng cu mch dao ng n song song
Trn ta xt ti mch dao ng n song song l tng gm ba phn t r,L,C. Trong
thc t thng gp dng mch m t nh hnh PL2.2a, nh vy khng th p dng cc
193
cng thc nu trn mt cch my mc c m trc ht phi chuyn tng ng

v dng l tng nh hnh PL2.2b.
rL
rc
Rt
Hnh PL2.2a
i vi mch a:
Yb
Hnh PL2.2b
1
1
j( o C td
)
R td
o L td
Ya
rL j o L
(1)
1
rc
1
j o C
PT
IT
rL o L
vi iu kin
1
r
oC
Ya
Lt
i vi mch b:
Ct
ta s c:
rL rc
L
1
rC
1
j( o
)
j( o C
)
L
L
L
L
oL
oC
C
C
C
(2)
Hai mch trn tng ng nhau khi YaYb, t (1) v (2) ta suy ra:
L L
td
( trong
C td C
2
R td L Q Q 2 r
rC
r
r = r L + rc )
(7-36)
Rtd l in tr tng ng ca mch cng hng hnh 7-3a.

nghin cu m hnh cc mch dao ng khc (nh mch ba im in cm, mch
ba im in dung...) hc sinh c th tham kho trong cc ti liu.
Th d: Mt ngun sc in ng iu ho, bin 1V t ln mch dao ng n
ni tip c r = 20, in dung C = 60pF, tn s cng hng fch = 3MHz. Gi thit
mch c lch cng hng f = f0 - fch = 6kHz. Khi :
-Phm cht ca mch:
Q
1
1
1
44 ,25
6
ch . C. r 2fch C. r 2.310
. .6010
. 12 .20
194
- lch cng hng tng qut:
Q.2 f 44 ,25.2.610
. 3
0,177
fch
310
. 6
-Bin dng in trong mch:

Im
r. 1 2
1
20 1 ( 0,177 ) 2
49 mA
-in khng ca mch:

X . r 0,177.20 3,54
-Bin in p ra trn t:
UC
Q. E
1
ch
44 ,25
1 ( 0,177 ) 2
43V
-Cc lch pha:
PT
IT
e i arg Z arctg arctg 0,177 100

e U C arctg
100 900 1000

2
Dng in trong mch chm pha so vi sc in ng nn mch mang tnh cht in

cm (in khng X=3,54 > 0).
195
PH LC 3
MATLAB -CNG C H TR
MATLAB, phn mm ni ting ca cng ty MathWorks, l mt ngn ng hiu nng
cao cho tnh ton k thut. N tch hp tnh ton, hin th v lp trnh trong mt mi
trng d s dng. Cc ng dng tiu biu ca MATLAB bao gm: H tr ton hc
v tnh ton, Pht trin thut ton, M hnh, m phng, Phn tch, kho st v hin th
s liu, ha khoa hc v k thut, Pht trin ng dng vi cc giao din ha.
Tn ca phn mm MATLAB bt ngun t thut ng Matrix Laboratory. u tin
n c vit bng FORTRAN cung cp truy nhp d dng ti phn mm ma trn
c pht trin bi cc d n LINPACK v EISPACK. Sau n c vit bng ngn
ng C trn c s cc th vin nu trn v pht trin thm nhiu lnh vc ca tnh ton
khoa hc v cc ng dng k thut.
PT
IT
Ngoi MATLAB c bn vi cc kh nng rt phong ph c bit, phn mm

MATLAB cn c trang b thm cc ToolBox, cc gi chng trnh (th vin) cho
cc lnh vc ng dng rt a dng nh x l tn hiu, nhn dng h thng, x l nh,
mng n ron, logic m, ti chnh, ti u ha, phng trnh o hm ring, sinh tin
hc,... y l cc tp hp m ngun vit bng chnh MATLAB da theo cc thut ton
mi, hu hiu m ngi dng c th chnh sa hoc b sung thm cc hm mi..
i vi vic hc tp v nghin cu mn hc L thuyt mch ni ring v cc mn hc
k thut ni chung th MATLAB l mt mi trng l tng v n n gin, d s
dng, h tr nhiu hm ci t sn v rt nhiu hm di dng m ngun (ca
MATLAB c bn v cc ToolBox Optimization, Statistics, Spline, Wavelet, Curve
Fitting) cng nh h tr ha phong ph. i vi cng vic pht trin cc phn mm
ng dng ton hc th MATLAB cng l mi trng l tng v n cng cung cp
cng c xy dng giao din thn thin mt cch nhanh chng. Khng ch nh vy,
MATLAB cn l mi trng v cng thun li cho vic hc tp, nghin cu v pht
trin cc ng dng a dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau ca khoa hc v cng ngh
t vin thng, iu khin, tr tu nhn to
Chnh v th, MATLAB c ng o cc nh khoa hc v cng ngh s dng rng
ri v c ging dy, ph bin trn ton th gii. Sau y l mt vi minh ha s ng
dng phn mm ny trong vic
h tr gii cc bi ton mch
c bn.
Th d 1:
Cho mch in nh hnh v
PL3.1. Xc nh bin v
pha ca cc dng I1, I2
Hnh PL3.1
196
Li gii
Phng trnh dng in vng cho 2 mch vng nh hnh v
1 j I1 jI 2 1000
jI1 2 j 2 I 2 0
Theo cng thc Cramer:
1
2
I2
I1
Vi:
j
5
(2 j 2)
1000
0
j
20 1 j
(2 j 2)
1 j
1000
j10
0
PT
IT
1 j
Do : I1
I2
20 1 j
5
4 1 j 4 2 450 A
j10
j 2 2900 A
5
C th s dng Matlab gii mch in trn

Z=[1+j -j;-j 2-2j];
V=[10 0];
I=V/Z;
fprintf('biendoI1=%5.2f A\t',abs(I(1)));
fprintf('phaI1=%5.2f do',angle(I(1))*180/pi);
fprintf('\n');
fprintf('biendoI2=%5.2f A\t',abs(I(2)));
fprintf('phaI2=%5.2f do',angle(I(2))*180/pi);
fprintf('\n')
Kt qu thu c:
biendoI1= 5.66 A
phaI1=-45.00 do
biendoI2= 2.00 A
phaI2=90.00 do
Th d 2:
197
Cho mch in nh hnh v PL3.2.
Hnh PL3.2
Gi s ti thi im ban u dng in qua cun cm bng 0. Ti t=0, kha K chuyn
t v tr a sang v tr b v 1s. Sau khong thi gian 1s, kha K chuyn t v tr b
sang v tr c. Hy xc nh v v dng in qua cun cm L
Li gii
Ta bit dng nghim tng qut ca dng in trong mch RL l:
VS
R
1 e Rt L
PT
IT
i (t )
Do trong khong 0<t<1s, xc nh c dng in:

t
i (t ) 0, 4(1 e
200
Vi 1 L R
2s
ab
100
i (t ) 0, 4(1 e 0,5t )( A)
Ti t=1s
i (t ) 0, 4(1 e 0,5 ) I max
Vi t>1s, dng in trong mch l

i (t ) I max e
t 1
200
Vi 1 L R
1s
bc
200
Mch trn c th phn tch bng Matlab nh sau:

%h1 la hang so thoi gian khi chuyen mach o vi tri b
%h2 la hang so thoi gian khi chuyen mach o vi tri c
h1=200/100;
for k=1:20
t(k)=k/20;
198
i(k)=0.4*(1-exp(-t(k)/h1));
end
imax=i(20);
h2=200/200;
for k=21:120
t(k)=k/20;
i(k)=imax*exp(-t(k-20)/h2);
end
%Ve dong dien
plot(t,i,'LineWidth',2)
axis([0 6 0 0.18])
title('Dong dien trong mach RL')
xlabel('Thoi gian,s')
PT
IT
ylabel('Dong dien, A')
Kt qu thu c th biu din dng in qua cun cm L

Dong dien trong mach RL
0.18
0.16
0.14
Dong dien, A
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
3
Thoi gian,s
Th d 3:
a. Tm hm truyn t H ( p )
VO ( p )
VS ( p )
b. Tm cc im cc v im khng ca H(p)
c. Nu VS (t ) 10e 3t cos(2t+400 ) , hy tm VO(t)
199
Hnh PL3.3
Li gii:
Chuyn mch sang min tn s nh hnh v di y
PT
IT
Thit lp phng trnh ti 2 nt 1,2:

1 1 1
1 VS
V1
V2
6 3p
2 6 3p
1 1
1
V1 V2
0
6
6 4p
trong V2(p)=Vo(p)
Do :
VO ( p )
4 p2 6 p
3
VS ( p ) 6 p 25 p 2 30 p 9
C in p VS 10 400 ; p=-3+j2
Xc nh c:
V0 ( p ) (10400 ) H ( p )
p 3 j 2
C th dng Matlab phn tch mch in trn nh sau:

num=[4 6 0];
den=[6 25 30 9];
disp('diem khong la')
z=roots(num)
disp('diem cuc la')
p=roots(den)
%tim ham truyen dat va xac dinh dien ap ra
s1=-3+2*j;
200
n1=polyval(num,s1);
d1=polyval(den,s1);
vo=10.0*exp(j*pi*(40/180))*n1/d1;
vo_abs=abs(vo);
vo_ang=angle(vo)*180/pi;
fprintf('bien do:%f\n dien ap ra vo, goc pha:%f',vo_abs, vo_ang)
Kt qu thu c:
diem khong la
z=
0
-1.5000
diem cuc la
p=
PT
IT
-2.2153
-1.5000
-0.4514
dien ap ra vo
bien do:3.453492
goc pha:-66.990823
Do biu thc in p ra l:
v(t ) 3, 45e 3t cos(2t-66,990 )
Th d 4:
a. Xc nh hm truyn t ca mch
b. V p tuyn tn s vi L=5H, C=1,12F, R=10000
Hnh PL3.4
Li gii:
201
Hm truyn t ca mch c th c xc nh
R
p
VO ( p )
R
L
H ( p)
R
Vi ( p ) pL 1
2
R p p 1
pC
L LC
C th s dng Malab phn tch mch trn

l=5;
c=1.25e-6;
r1=10000;
r2=100;
num1=[r1/l 0];
den1=[1 r1/l 1/(l*c)];
w=logspace(1,4);
h1=freqs(num1,den1,w);
PT
IT
f=w/(2*pi);
mag1=abs(h1);
phase1=angle(h1)*180/pi;
num2=[r2/l 0];
den2=[1 r2/l 1/(l*c)];
h2=freqs(num2,den2,w);
mag2=abs(h2);
phase2=angle(h2)*180/pi;
%Ve dap tuyen
subplot(221), loglog(f,mag1,'.')
title('dap tuyen bien do voi R=10K')

ylabel('biendo')
subplot(222), loglog(f,mag2,'.')
title('dap tuyen bien do voi R=1K')
ylabel('biendo')
subplot(223), semilogx(f,phase1,'.')
title('dap tuyen pha voi R=10K')
xlabel('Tan so, Hz')
ylabel('goc pha')
subplot(224), semilogx(f,phase2,'.')
title('dap tuyen pha voi R=1K')
202

ylabel('goc pha')
Kt qu thu c:
dap tuyen bien do voi R=10K
dap tuyen bien do voi R=1K
10
-0.1
10
biendo
biendo
-1
-0.5
10
-0.9
10
10
-2
10
-3
10
10
10
10
10
100
50
50
0
-50
0
-50
-100
0
10
PT
IT
-100
0
10
Th d 5:
10
dap tuyen pha voi R=1K
100
goc pha
goc pha
dap tuyen pha voi R=10K
10
10
Tan so, Hz
10
10
Tan so, Hz
10

a. Xc nh hm truyn t
b. Xc nh cc im cc v im khng
c. V p tuyn bin v pha, gi s c C1=0,1F; C2=1000 F; R1=10K;

R2=10
Hnh PL3.5
Li gii:
Biu din mch min tn s, xy dng cc phng trnh ti cc nt mch
1
V1
pC1
( p)
Vin
R1 1
pC1
203
1 pC2 R2
V0
( p)
Vin
1 pC1 R1
1
C2 R2 p
C2 R2
V0
( p)
Vin
1
C1R1 p
C1 R1
Do :
C th s dng Matlab phn tch mch in trn nh sau:
PT
IT
%Xac dinh diem khong, diem cuc, dap tuyen tan so

c1=1e-7;
c2=1e-3;
r1=10e3;
r2=10;
%cac diem khong va diem cuc
b1=c2*r2;
a1=c1*r1;
num=[b1 1];
den=[a1 1];
disp('diem khong la')
z=roots(num)
disp('diem cuc la')
p=roots(den)
%Dap tuyen tan so
w=logspace(-2,6);
h=freqs(num,den,w);
gain=20*log10(abs(h));
f=w/(2*pi);
phase=angle(h)*180/pi;
subplot(211),semilogx(f,gain,'LineWidth',2)
xlabel('Tan so,Hz')
ylabel('do khuech dai,dB')
axis([1.0e-2,1.0e6,0,22])
text(2.0e-2,15,'Dap tuyen bien do')
subplot(212)
semilogx(f,phase,'LineWidth',2)
ylabel('Pha')
axis([1.0e-2,1.0e6,0,75])
text(2.9e-2,60,'Dap tuyen pha')
Kt qu thu c:
diem khong la
z=
-100
diem cuc la
p=
-1000
204
do khuech dai,dB
20
15
Dap tuyen bien do
10
5
0
-2
10
10
Tan so,Hz
10
10
Dap tuyen pha
40
20
0
-2
10
10
10
Tan so, Hz
10
PT
IT
Pha
60
10
205
10
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Phm Th C, Mch in (tp 1, 2), NXB KHKT, 1996.

2. Phm Minh H, K thut mch in t, NXB KHKT, 2002.
3. Phng Xun Nhn, Tn hiu - Mch v h thng v tuyn in, NXBH-THCN,
1972.
4. Xun th, K thut in t, NXB Gio dc, 1997.
5. H Anh Tu, L thuyt Mch (tp 1, 2), NXB KHKT, 1997.
6. Brogan,W.L., Modern control Theory, Prentice Hall, 1991.
7. Brigham,E.O., Transforms and applications, Prentice Hall, 1988.
PT
IT
8. Rugh,W.J., Linear systems theory, Prentice Hall, 1996.

9. Franklin F.Kuo, Network analysis and synthesis, John Wiley & Sons,Inc, 1966.
10. Steven T. Karris, Circuit Analysis I & II with MATLAB Applications, Orchard
Publications, 2002.
11. A.V. Oppenheim, A.S. Willsky and S.H. Nawab, Signals and Systems, Prentice
Hall, 1997, 2nd Edition.
12. E.W. Kamen and B.S.Heck, Fundamental of Signals & Systems Using the Web
and MatLab, Prentice Hall., 2nd Edition, 2000.
13. Robert T. Paynter, Introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits, Prentice Hall,
2006, 7th Edition.
206

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

NGUYN QUC DINH BI TH DN

NGUYN QUC DINH

L thuyt mch l mt trong s cc mn c s ca k thut in t, vin thng, t ng ho,

Hc liu ny gm c su chng. Chng I cp n cc khi nim, cc thng s c bn

Nguyn Quc Dinh

1.1. Mch in trong min thi gian

1.1.1 Tn hiu lin tc

1.1.2 M hnh mch in

1.1.3 Thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch

1.2. Mch in trong min tn s

1.2.1 Cc dng biu din ca s phc

1.2.2 Phc ha dao ng iu ha

1.3. Cu trc hnh hc ca mch

1.4. Tnh cht tuyn tnh, bt bin, nhn qu v tng h ca mch

1.4.1 Tnh tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu

1.4.2 Tnh tng h ca mch

1.5. Cng sut

1.5.1 Cc thnh phn cng sut

1.5.2 iu kin cng sut ti t cc i

1.6. Cc nh lut Kirchhoff

1.6.1 nh lut Kirchhoff 1

1.6.2 nh lut Kirchhoff 2

1.7. K thut tnh ton trong l thuyt mch

Chng II: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch

2.1. Phng php dng in nhnh

2.2. Phng php dng in vng

2.3. Phng php in p nt

2.4. nh l ngun tng ng

2.5. Nguyn l xp chng

Chng III: p ng qu trong cc mch RLC

1.7.2 Cc i lng logarit

3.1. Cc phng php phn tch mch qu

3.2. Bin i Laplace

3.2.1 Bin i Laplace thun

3.2.2 Cc tnh cht ca bin i Laplace

3.2.3 Bin i Laplace ca mt s hm thng dng

3.2.4 Bin i Laplace ngc, phng php Heaviside

3.2.5 Mi quan h gia v tr cc im cc v tnh xc lp ca hm gc

3.3. ng dng bin i Laplace gii mch qu

3.3.1 Cc bc c bn gii mch in qu

3.3.2 Laplace ha cc phn t th ng

3.3.3 ng dng gii mch qu RL

3.3.4 ng dng gii mch qu RC

3.3.5 ng dng gii mch qu RLC

Chng IV: p ng tn s ca mch

4.1.1 Cc c trng ca h thng

4.1.2 Cc phng php v p ng tn s ca h thng mch

4.2.1 Nguyn tc th Bode

4.2.2 th ca thnh phn h s K

4.2.3 th ca thnh phn ng vi im khng gc ta

4.2.4 th ca thnh phn ng vi im khng nm trn trc

4.2.5 th ca thnh phn ng vi cp im khng phc lin hip

4.2.6 th ca thnh phn ng vi im khng nm trn trc o

4.1. H thng v p ng tn s ca h thng mch

4.2.7 th ca thnh phn ng vi cc im cc

4.3. ng dng th Bode kho st mch in

5.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh v s tng ng mng bn cc tng h

5.1.1 Cc h phng trnh c tnh

5.1.2 iu kin tng h ca bn cc

5.1.3 S tng ng ca bn cc tuyn tnh, th ng, tng h

5.1.4 Cc phng php ghp ni bn cc

5.2. Mng bn cc i xng

5.2.1 Khi nim bn cc i xng