CHNG 1

MI LIN H GIA KIU LIN KT, TRNG THI TP HP

V TNH CHT VT L CA CC CHT
PHN 1: BI TP C LI GII
1. S phn chia cc kiu cu trc ca tinh th da trn c s no. Yu t cu trc c quan
h nh th no n cc tnh cht vt l ca cht.
C s phn chia cc kiu cu trc:
Vic phn chia tinh th thnh 4 kiu cu trc cn c vo khong cch gia cc nt mng
vi nhau v khong cch gia cc nt mng so vi khong cch cc nguyn t trong mt
nt mng.
nh hng ca cc yu t cu trc n tnh cht vt l ca cht:
+ Cu trc o: s ph v lin kt gia cc nt mng l d dng hn rt nhiu s ph v
lin kt trong mt nt mng,
+ Cu trc mch: Nu lin kt gia cc mch l lc Van der Waals th tinh th c cu trc
mch c tnh d tc si. Nu c lin kt khng nh ch trong mt mch th tinh th c
tnh dn in tt theo chiu ca mch. Tinh th cu trc mch c tnh khng trong sut,
cng khng cao, t trng khng cao.
+ Cu trc lp: Nu lin kt gia cc lp l lc Van de Waals th tinh th cu trc lp c
tnh d bc tch, mm. Nu c lin kt khng nh ch trong lp th tinh th c tnh dn
in tt. Tinh th cu trc lp c tnh khng trong sut, cng khng cao, t trng
khng cao.
+ Cu trc phi tr: Nt mng l nguyn t kh tr hay ion n lin kt vi nhau bng cc
lc lin kt mnh: lin kt cng ha tr, lin kt ion, lin kt kim loi. Thuc vo cu trc
phi tr l cc tinh th c kiu mng nguyn t, kiu mng ion v kiu mng kim loi.
Tnh cht vt l ca chng ph thuc vo bn cht lin kt:
Cu trc phi tr c lin kt cng ha tr: Cch sp xp tun theo c im nh hng v
bo ho ca kiu lin kt ny: Ph thuc vo tnh i xng sp xp trong mng tinh th
v vo mnh ca lin kt, tinh th c cng khc bit nhau r rt, t rt cng n
cng tng i thp. c: t trong sut n hon ton khng cho nh sng xuyn qua.
Nhit nng chy cng khc bit nhau rt nhiu: t rt cao n tng i thp (in
hnh so snh: kim cng v phosphor ). Cc tinh th ny khng dn in hay bn dn.
T trng trung bnh.
Cu trc phi tr c lin kt ion: Cch sp xp tun theo c im khng nh hng v
khng bo ha, tuy nhin b chi phi v kch thc ion v t s ion dng/ ion m. Do ,
a s tinh th cho nh sng i qua mt mc nht nh. Dn, khng dn in, dn
nhit km. T trng khng cao. Nhit nng chy khng qu cao nhng khng thp.
Cu trc phi tr c lin kt kim loi: Cch sp xp tun theo s c kht nht. Lin kt
kim loi ph thuc nhiu vo mt m my e nn tnh cht vt l ca loi tinh th ny
cng khc nhau kh r rt. Chng c nhng c im vt l chung: c nh kim, dn in,
dn in nghch bin vi nhit , do, d dt mng, dn nhit tt. Nhng c im
vt l khc nhau: nhit nng chy, cng, in tr ring, khi lng ring khc nhau
kh nhiu. Tinh th khng trong sut.

2. Nhit ti hn, th tch ti hn l g? Tm gian pha ca CO2. Da trn gian v

s chuyn pha ca CO2 giai thch s chuyn pha ca CO2 trn gian ny. im ba
(triple point) trn gian c ngha nh th no? Nu ng dng ca CO2 siu ti hn.
p sut thng, cht kh ha lng mt nhit xc nh. Nhit gi l nhit ha
lng. Ngc li, nhit cht lng cng ha hi, v vy nhit cng l nhit si
ca cht lng.
Tuy nhin, vic nng cao nhit ha lng (hay nhit si) nh p sut cng c mt gii
hn nht nh, qua nhit cht lng khng th tn ti d di p sut no.
Nhit cc i c gi l nhit ti hn (Tth) v p sut cn thit cht kh ha lng
nhit gi l p sut ti hn (Pth). Th tch mt mol kh nhit ti hn v p sut ti
hn gi l th tch ti hn. iu kin ti hn, th tch ca cht kh v cht lng bng nhau
nn ti cht kh v cht lng c t khi nh nhau.
(1)
- Khi tng p sut theo ng (1) CO2
D
(3)
chuyn t th kh sang th rn.
- Khi tng p sut theo ng (2) CO2
chuyn t th kh sang th lng
- Tng p sut theo ng (3) CO2 chuyn t
(2)
th lng sang th rn.
B
C
- Tng t, khi tng nhit , CO2 s chuyn
t th rn sang lng, lng sang kh (phn
A
nay SV t lam vi c)
Cc SV t gii thch ging theo cc ng cn bng, ch khu vc mu xm l khu vc
supercritical.
im ba (triple point) trn gin pha l im giao nhau ca cc ng cong bin i trang
thi ca CO2. Ti tn ti ng thi ba th rn, lng, kh.
CO2 siu ti hn (CO2 super critical) l cht lng tn ti iu kin bng hay cao hn nhit
ti hn v p sut ti hn.
CO2 siu ti hn thng c dng lm dung mi trch ly cc hp cht hu c cn tinh
khit cao v dung mi c loi b d dng sau qu trnh trch ly.
3. Tt ca cc kim loi c nhit nng chay v nhit si cao? Nhn xt trn ng hay
sai? Giai thch.
Tt c cc kim loi c nhit nng chy v nhit si cao l mt nhn xt khng chnh
xc.
V:
Lin kt kim loi l loi lin kt mnh nhng ph thuc rt nhiu vo mt m my
electron. Mt m my electron li ph thuc vo s electron ha tr ca kim loi. S
electron ha tr cng nhiu th kim loi c mt m my electron cng ln. V vy, cc
kim loi c nhit nng chy v nhit si khc bit nhiu, s chnh lch ca gia nhit
nng chy v nhit si ln.
Cht

Cu hnh electron ha tr

Nhit nng chy (0C) Nhit si (0C)

Hg

6s2

-38,89

356,66

5d46s2

3420

5680

Pb

6s26p2

327,4

1745

4s1

63,55

761

Tl

6s26p1

304

1475

4. Graphit v kim cng l 2 dng th hnh khc nhau ca carbon, giai thch s khc bit
v cu trc tinh th dn n s khc bit v tnh cht vt l ca graphit v kim cng.
Than ch c tnh dn in, c th s dng lm in cc, c nht cao, tuy nhin khng bn
c hc v khng c tnh trong sut.
Kim cng bn c hc, trong sut (c chit sut cao), khng dn in.

cu trc tinh th kim cng

Cu trc lp v mng tinh th than ch.

Than ch: C hai dng ca graphit bit, l alpha (lc gic) v beta (rhombohedral),
c hai c cc thuc tnh vt l ging nhau, ngoi tr v cu trc tinh th. Cc loi graphit c
ngun gc t nhin c th cha ti 30% dng beta, trong khi graphit tng hp ch c dng
alpha. Dng alpha c th chuyn thnh dng beta thng qua x l c hc v dng beta chuyn
ngc thnh dng alpha khi b nung nng trn 1000C.
Trong cu trc tinh th ca graphit, mi nguyn t cacbon trng thi lai ha sp2, lin kt
cng ha tr vi ba nguyn t cacbon bao quanh nm trong mt lp hnh thanh vng su
cnh, nhng vng nay lin kt vi nhau to thanh mt lp v tn.
Sau khi to thanh lin kt, mi nguyn t cacbon cn mt e trn orbitan nguyn t p khng
lai ha s to lin kt vi mt trong 3 nguyn t cacbon bao quanh, lin kt trong than
ch la lin kt khng nh ch trong toan b tinh th. (phn nay SV t giai thch)

- Cc SV da trn chng 4 Ha i cng c hc, vi hnh dng tinh th nh trn ca

than ch, t l p lu n v trng thi lai ha v lin kt trong ton b mng.
Than ch c mu xm, nh kim, dn nhit, dn in.
Mi nguyn t cacbon ca lp trn khng ng trn mt nguyn t cacbon thuc lp di,
m ng trn mt nguyn t cacbon ca lp di na. Cc lp trong tinh th than ch lin kt
vi nhau bng Van Der Waals nn cc lp than ch c th chuyn ng tng i vi nhau v
than ch c kh nng chu lc rt km.
Do tnh cht lp ca than ch nn mt s tnh cht ca than ch ph thuc vo phng trong
mng tinh th.
Kim cng: Cc orbital nguyn t ca carbon lai ha sp3, 4 nguyn t carbon to
thnh mt mng tinh th hnh t din u, c tnh i xng cao.
Kim cng la vt liu c cng cao nht do cu trc tinh th dng t din u, khi chu tc
ng, lc phn b u trong cu trc mng tinh th.
Kim cng khng c electron t do va khng c orbital trng v toan b cc orbital ha tr
va electron ha tr ca nguyn t Carbon u tham gia vao cc lin kt cng ha tr nh ch
sp3-sp3, tinh th kim cng c mng li nguyn t in hnh, toan b tinh th c kin trc
iu n cho nn thc t tinh th la mt phn t khng l.
- Cc SV da trn chng 4 Ha i cng c hc, vi hnh dng tinh th nh trn ca
kim cng, t l p lu n v trnh thi lai ha v lin kt trong ton b mng.
Kim cng l mt cht truyn nhit tt bi v cc nguyn t c lin kt cht ch vi nhau
vi khong cch nh.

5. Giai thch s tng dn ca nhit si, nhit nng chay ca dy cc hp cht H2X
vi X l cc nguyn t thuc nhm VI (A).
H2O c nhit si v nhit nng chy cao hn cc hp cht H2X nhm VIA, do cc phn
t nc lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt Hidro, cc phn t nc th lng trng hp vi nhau
to thnh nhng tp hp phn t ln hn, ngoi ra cc phn t nc cn lin kt vi nhau
bng lin kt Van Der Waals nn nhit si v nhit nng chy ca H2O cao hn hn cc
hp cht khc trong dy H2X (X l nguyn t nhm VIA).
Xt dy H2X t H2S n H2Te, cc phn t lin kt vi nhau bng lc Van Der Waals, yu
hn rt nhiu so vi lin kt Hidro nn cc hp cht ny ch yu tn ti trng thi kh.
Nhit si va nhit nng chay tng dn do s tng dn ca khi lng nguyn t va
tng phn cc ca lin kt do tng dn dai lin kt X-H. SV t gii thch ti sao t H2S
n H2Te nhi t si tng dn.
M r ng: SV nh n xt xem cc dy H3X (nhm VA), H2X (nhm VIA), HX (nhm VIIA) th
c phi hp cht u tin lun c ts, cao nht khng? V sao?
6. *revise* Cho bit cc cht no di y c th chuyn t dng n phn t thnh i
phn t (polimer ha) khi chuyn n t trng thi kh sang trng thi lng (rn):
CCl4, FeCl3, BF3, B2H6,SO3, SO2, NH3, H2O.
C s l lun cu 7.
CCl4, B2H6, NH3, H2O: khng c kh nng polimer ha v hp cht bo ha phi tr.
FeCl3, BF3 ?: C kh nng plimer ha do cha bo ha phi tr.

SO3: Hp cht bo ha phi tr nhng c cc lin kt . Khi ngng kt, cc

phn t tin n gn nhau, lin kt c th t ra cho S 1 orbital trng, cp e
thuc oxy, kt qu c kh nng to polimer.
SO2: Hp cht bo ha phi tr. Khng c to polimer mc d c lin kt ,
c th l do S c 1 cp e khng phn chia, mt e nguyn t S cao khng
thun li cho vic hnh thnh lin kt cho nhn vi cht nhn l S.
7. Giai thch s bin i nhit si, nhit nng chay ca cc hp cht H3X vi X l
hp cht nhm VA.
Hp
Nhit nng chy(oC)
Nhit si
cht
(OC)
NH3
-77.8
-33
PH3
-133.8
-87.7
AsH3
-116
-62
SbH3
-88
-18
BiH3
Rt km bn, phn hy ngay khi to
thnh
Theo chiu t NH3 n SbH3 gc ha tr gim dn t 1070 n gn 90o (do mc lai
ha gim dn- SV p dung kin thc c bit Ha i cng giai thch ti sao mc
lai ha giam dn) ko theo c cc phn t gim dn. S tng dn kch thc cc orbitan
nguyn t t N n Bi dn n di ca lin kt X-H tng dn trong dy t N n Bi.
Trong dy PH3 n BiH3, nhit nng chy v nhit si tng dn do s tng khi
lng phn t tng b phn cc ca lin kt X-H do s tng di lin kt. Do di lin
kt gim dn m cc phn t XH3 c bn gim dn t NH3 n BiH3, BiH3 l hp cht km
bn nht v phn hy ngay khi va to thnh.
NH3 l hp cht c nhit nng chy v nhit si cao nht do cc phn t ca
NH3 lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt Hidro. Do s lai ha sp3 ca nguyn t N m cc cp e
ho tr t do phn b trn 1 AO sp3 c nh hng r rt trong khng gian v vy NH3 d
dng cho cp e to thnh lin kt cho nhn vi cc phn t khc v lin kt c phn cc
ln. Cp e ha tr t do v tnh phn cc trong lin kt N-H to nn lin kt Hidro gia cc
phn t NH3 nn NH3 c nhit bay hi v nhit si cao hn hn cc cht trong dy
XH3.
8. Giai thch s bin i nhit si, nhit nng chay v tan ca cc hp cht sau
y
Hp cht
LiF
LiCl
LiBr
LiI
-

Nhit nng chy

(oC)
845
605
552
459

Nhit si
(oC)
1676
1382
1265
1171

tan
(/100g H2O 20oC)
0.27
8.32
166.7
151

Xt trong dy cc hp cht LiX vi X l cc halogen, theo chiu tng dn t F n I:

Nng lng mng li gim dn, lm tan ca cc mui ny tng ln:
S gim nng lng mng tinh th do:
+ bn knh X- tng t F n I

+ Tnh ion gim do hiu ng phn cc ion (hoc c th gii thch do s chnh lch m
in gim)
Dn n nhit nng chy v nhit si gim dn t LiF n LiI v tan tng dn t LF
n LiBr
Trng hp LiI c tan nh hn LiBr do s chnh lch nng lng hydrat ha gia Br- v Iln hn s chnh lch nng lng mng tinh th gia LiBr v LiI.
Hht = Hmtt + Hhyd
Gi tr nng lng hydrat ha (kJ/mol): F- (-334) ; Cl- (-234); Br- (-167) ; I- (-58)
Cu ny SV phi hiu r hi n tng phn cc ion trong lin kt ion.
9. Hy cho bit c tnh ca lin kt ha hc trong cc hp cht sau y v cho bit phn
cng ha tr ca lin kt thay i nh th no trong mi dy hp cht, giai thch.
a) CrO, Cr2O3, CrO3
b) X2O3 vi X l cc nguyn t nhm IIIA t trn xung.
Trong dy Cr+2, Cr+3, Cr+6 in tch ion tng dn, bn knh ion gim dn tc dng phn ca
ca cation tng tnh ion gim, tnh cng ha tr tng. Vy CrO c lin kt ion, Cr2O3 c
tnh lng tnh, CrO3 c tnh cng ha tr.
m in ca Cr = 1,66, ca O = 3,44, hiu m in O - Cr = 1,78 > 1,7
Do CrO c c tnh lin kt tri ion, do trong Cr2O3, Cr c trng thi ha tr 3, lin kt ion
c phn tnh cng ha tr r rt, CrO3 lin kt mang tnh cng ha tr in hnh do Cr trng
thi ha tr 6.
b) Trong dy X = B3+, Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, Tl3+ , m in ca X gim dn tnh ion trong
dy X2O3 tng dn. Hoc c th gii thch do trong dy ny bn knh X3+
tng dn tc dng phn cc ca cation gim dn tnh cng ha tr
gim dn, tnh ion tng dn
m in ca Al = 1,61, Cl = 3,16
+Mc d O - Al = 3,44 - 1,61= 1,83 > 1,7, nhng trong Al2O3 Al c trng thi ha tr 3 nn
lin kt ion c c phn tnh cng ha tr r rt.
+V Cl - Al = 3,16 - 1,61= 1,55 < 1,7 v Al c ha tr 3 nn trong lin kt trong AlCl3 c
phn cng ha tr ln (lin kt cng ha tr - ion)
+ Ion NO3- c kch thc ln, t b phn cc nn l base cng, Al3+ l cation kch thc nh t
b phn cc nn l acid cng, v vy lin kt trong Al(NO3)3 ch yu mang tnh ion.
(Vi cation cc khi nim s oxy ha va ha tr c ngha ging nhau)
a)

10. Cho bit mt s hp cht (n cht) c kha nng polimer ha, mt s khc khng c
kha nng ny, v d:
a) Cc hp cht di y ch tn ti dng phn t n gian ca 3 trng thi kh, lng v
rn: CO2, HBr
b) Cc hp cht di y c kha nng polimer ha: BeCl2, FeI2
Giai thch nguyn nhn v sao nh vy.
iu kin cho s polimer ha ng phn t: phn t phi c kh nng to t nht 2 lin kt
cng ha tr theo c ch cho nhn, trong : 1 lin kt ng vai tr cht cho (c 1 ct e khng
phn chia), 1 lin kt ng vai tr cht nhn (c orbital ha tr trng).

a) HBr: Hp cht bo ha phi tr. CO2: hp cht bo ha phi tr, tuy trong phn t c lin kt
nhng do ln kt km bn (348 kJ/mol) hn nhiu so vi lin kt i + (614kJ/mol)
nn qu trnh polimer ha khng c li.
b) BeCl2: Hp cht cha bo ha phi tr: Be cn 2 orbital 2p trng, Cl c 3 cp e ha tr khng
phn chia.
FeI2: Hp cht cha bo ha phi tr: Fe cn cc orbital ha tr trng (4s, 4p), I c 3 cp e ha
tr khng phn chia.
11. Cho bit cc loi cht v c no tinh th c cu trc ao. Cho mt v d (khc trong bi
giang)
Cu trc ao: cc cht v c thuc loi cu trc ny c mng phn t v cc ion phc tp.
Trong cu trc ny, ti cc nt mng l cc nhm nguyn t (nguyn t kh tr phn t
hay ion phc tp) lin kt vi tiu phn xung quanh bng lc tn d ( lc Van der waals ),
lc lin kt hidro hay lc ht tnh in.
- V d: NH3, Na3[Fe(CN)6],
12. Hy tnh nng lng mng ion ca Na2CO3 v KCN bng cng thc Kapustinskii.

Elat

(1071,5) n | z || z |
r r

kJ / mol

Vi Na2CO3:
n = 3; r+ = 1,02, r- = 1,85
1071,5.3.1.2.
E
3105,80kJ / mol
1,02 1,85

- Vi KCN:
n = 1; r+ = 1,38; r- = 1,82
1071,5.2.1.1.
E
667,60kJ / mol
1,38 1,82

13. *revise*Tnh s phi tr ca phn t iod. Cho bit iod rn c h tinh th trc giao tm
din.
S phi tr ca Iod trong tinh th n cht:
Ta thy mi tiu phn I2 trung tm c bao bc xung quanh s phn
t I2 gn nht: xung quanh 4, pha trn 4 v pha di 4, vy s phi
tr ca I2 l 12.

14.

V sao t trng ca cc cht c mng nguyn t thng nh hn cc cht c mng kim

loi?
Do cc c im ca lin kt kim loi khc cc c im ca lin kt cng ha tr cch sp
xp ca cc tiu phn trong 2 loi mng kim loi v mng nguyn t khc nhau:
Tinh th mng kim loi: Nt mng gm cc ion cng loi xp theo cch kht nht.
Tinh th mng nguyn t: Sp xp theo bn cht bo ha phi tr v nh hng ca lin kt
CHT nn s sp xp khng cht kht nht.
15. Hy xut mt phng php n gian phn bit gia tinh th mng ion v mng
nguyn t. Cho v d.
Cho vo nc, o dn in ca dung dch: ngay cc cht tinh th c mng ion t tan
cng lm thay i dn in ca nc r rt. Cc cht mng nguyn t khng lm thay
i dn in ca nc.
p n ny dng sinh vin t xem li phn bi tp lm, gip hiu vn su hn
nn kh chi tit v c nhiu vn mang tnh gi m.
PHN 2: BI TP KHNG LI GII
16. Gii thch s tng dn ca nhit si, nhit nng chy v bn lin kt ca dy cc
hp cht HX vi X l cc nguyn t thuc nhm VII (A).
17. Tm hiu v cc dng th hnh ca lu huynh: Hnh thi cu trc (dng tinh th), im
chuyn a hnh cho tng loi? Gii thch ti sao khi t nng lu huynh th nht gim sau
tng v cui cng li gim?
18. Tm m t s v d v cc h tinh th c cu trc o, cu trc phi tr. Nu nhng khc bi t
v tnh cht v t l gia nhng h ny.
19. So snh s khc nhau v tnh cht v t l gia cu trc tinh th mch v cu trc tinh th phi
tr. Tm m t s v d chng minh.
20. Cc h tinh th c tnh cht c ng ha tr ca kiu phn t v nguyn t c nhng im g
ging v khc nhau (cu trc, tnh cht v t l...)? Tm v d minh ha.
21. So snh v gii thch s bin i nhi t nng chy v kh nng ha tan ca dy hp cht
XSO4 vi X l cc nguyn t trong nhm II A t trn xung.
22. So snh v gii thch s bin i kh nng ha tan v base ca ca dy hp cht X(OH)2
vi X l cc nguyn t trong nhm II A t trn xung.
23. So snh tan trong cn, tan trong nc v nhi t nng chy (gii thch) ca dy hp
cht XCl, vi X l ion ca cc nguyn t nhm IA t trn xung.
24. Tm tt c cc trc i xng (b c my?) ca h tinh th dng l p phng? Ly m t s v d
cc cht c mng tinh th l p phng, l p phng di n tm, l p phng th tm.
25. Da vo cc gi tr bn knh ion di y tnh ton nng lng mng tinh th ca K2[TiCl6]
v bicromat natri theo cng thc Kaputinski.
26. Tnh ton gi tr nng lng mng tinh th theo cng thc Kaputinski ca cc phc cht sau:
K2CrO4, KMnO4 v K2MoO4, so snh nhi t nng chy cc hp cht trn.
27. So snh s thay i tnh ion, tnh c ng ha tr trong cc hp cht sau: AlCl3, BCl3, KCl v
MgCl2. Da vo c th so snh nhi t nng chy v kh nng ha tan trong nc ca
chng khng, ti sao?
28. p dng cc phng trnh Born Mayer v Kaputinski. Hy tnh v so snh gi tr nng
lng mng tinh th theotng nhm hp cht sau.
a) Tinh th XCl
b) Tinh th XBr

c) Tinh th XI
Trong , X+ l cc ion ca nguyn t kim loi nhm IA.
29. p dng cc phng trnh Born Mayer v Kaputinski. Hy tnh v so snh gi tr nng
lng mng tinh th theo tng nhm hp cht sau.
a) Tinh th XCl2
b) Tinh th XBr2
c) Tinh th XI2
Trong , X+2 l cc ion ca nguyn t kim loi nhm IIA.
30. p dng cc phng trnh Born Mayer v Kaputinski. Hy tnh v so snh gi tr nng
lng mng tinh th theo tng nhm hp cht sau.
a) Tinh th XCl3
b) Tinh th XBr3
c) Tinh th XI3
Trong , X+3 l cc ion ca nguyn t kim loi nhm IIIA.

PHN III: BI TP TRC NGHIM C LI GII

Bit tnh cht vt l (Tnc,s) cu trc, mng tinh th
Cu 1: Cho bit titan (IV) bromide c nhit nng chy v nhit si ln lt bng: 38oC
v 231oC. Chn cu ng:
a) Titan (IV) bromide rn c mng tinh th nguyn t v c cu trc tinh th kiu phi tr.
b) Titan (IV) bromide rn c mng tinh th phn t v c cu trc tinh th kiu mch.
c) Titan (IV) bromide rn c mng tinh th ion v c cu trc tinh th kiu phi tr.
d) Titan (IV) bromide rn c mng tinh th phn t v c cu trc tinh th kiu o.
Cu 8: Talc l mt loi khong vt c cng thc Mg3(OH)2Si4O10. Talc rt mm, d b nghin
thnh bt mn, bt mn rt trn, c t trng nh (2,58 2,83). Nhn xt no di y v
khong vt ny l ph hp:
a) Talc c cu trc tinh th kiu phi tr. Talc l cht cch in.
b) Talc c cu trc tinh th kiu o. Nhit nng chy thp.
c) Talc c cu trc tinh th kiu mch. Nhit nng chy cao.
d) Talc c cu trc tinh th kiu lp. Khi nung nng Talc b phn hy nhit gii phng
hi nc.
Cu 26: Graphite c cu trc tinh th lp. Graphite mm v dn in kh tt. Cho bit
graphite c loi mng tinh th no?
a) Mng nguyn t
b) Mng ion
c) Mng kim loi
d) C a, b v c u khng ng.
Cu 70:Chn phng n ng.
C v Si cng l nguyn t nhm IVA nhng CO2 l cht kh, d thng hoa, trong khi SiO2 l
cht rn, rt cng, kh nng chy. iu ny c th gii thch l do:
a) CO2 c mng li phn t, cn SiO2 c mng li nguyn t.
b) SiO2 c khi lng phn t ln hn CO2.
c) CO2 l phn t khng cc, cn SiO2 l phn t phn cc.
d) CO2 l hp cht cng ha tr, cn SiO2 l hp cht ion.
Cu 73:Chn phng nng.
Cho nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc EX4
GeF4
GeCl4 GeBr4 GeI4
SnF4
SnCl4 SnBr4 SnI4
PbF4
PbCl4
Tnc,
-37
-50
26
140
200
-33
30
145
600
-15
o
C
Ts, oC -15
80
186
377
~700
113
203
344
T cc s liu trn c th d on v mng li tinh th ca cc cht trng thi rn nh sau:
a) Tt c cc EX4 u c mng li phn t v Tnc, Ts thp v tng dn do khi lng
phn t tng.
b) SnF4 v PbF4 c nhit nng chy, nhit si cao bt thng chng t chng c
cu trc polymer, cn cc EX4 cn li u c cu trc o, mng phn t v Tcn,Ts thp
v tng dn theo chiu tng khi lng phn t.
c) Ch EF4 v ECl4 c cu trc o v l cht kh nhit thng, cc cht cn li phi
c cu trc polymer.
d) trng thi rn, Ge, Sn, Pb u c s phi tr 4, nm tm cc t dinEX4.
Xc nh cu trc, mng tinh th, trng thi tp hp ca 1 cht
Cu 2. Chn nhn xt ng.
a) OF2 l cht lng nhit thng.
b) OF2 l cht rn nhit thng.
c) OF2 l cht kh nhit thng.
d) Khng th khng nh OF2 l cht lng hay cht kh nhit thng.

Cu 5: Nhng cht no sau y trng thi rn c mng phn t: COCl2, NO, Al2S3, BaO
a) COCl2, NO
b) COCl2, NO, Al2S3
c) COCl2, BaO
d) NO, As2S3
Cu 9. Phosphin (PH3) trng thi rn c mng tinh th kiu g?
a) Mng ion
b) Mng nguyn t
c) Mng phn t
d) Mng kim loi
Cu 10: Nhng cht no sau y trng thi rn c mng tinh th ion:
K3[Fe(CN)6], Fe(CO)5, As2O3, BaO
a) K3[Fe(CN)6], Fe(CO)5
b) As2O3, BaO
c) As2O3, BaO, K3[Fe(CN)6]
d) BaO, K3[Fe(CN)6]
Cu 11: Theo th t cc cht Na2O, CCl4, C(kim cng ), Po trng thi rn nm di dng
mng tinh th no?
a) Mng kim loi, phn t, nguyn t, ion
b) Mng ion, kim loi, nguyn t, phn t
c) Mng ion, phn t, nguyn t, kim loi
d) Mng kim loi, phn t, ion, nguyn t
Cu 13:Cc cht no sau y c mng tinh th ion:
1. K2O,
2. ZnS,
3.CCl4,
4.K2[TiCl6]
a) 1,2,4 b) 1,4.
c) 1,3
d) Tt c
Cu 25:Sp xp cc cht sau theo cu trc mng ph hp: Na2O, ZnS, CCl4, K2[TiCl6]
a) Mng phn t, mng ion thng,mng phn t, mng ion phc.
b) Mng ion, mng nguyn t, mng phn t, mng ion phc.
c) Mng ion, mng nguyn t, mng phn t, mng kim loi.
d) Mng nguyn t, mng ion, mng phn t, mng nguyn t phc.
Cu 42: Cc cht sau y cht no nm di dng mng phn t?
Na2O, H2O, KNO3, SO3, CCl4, Po, H3BO3, BeCl2, K[Fe(CN)6], C(kim cng)
a. Na2O, H2O, KNO3, SO3, H3BO3
b. H2O, H3BO3, CCl4, BeCl2, K[Fe(CN)6]
c. H2O, KNO3, SO3, H3BO3, C(kim cng)
d. H2O, SO3, CCl4, H3BO3, BeCl2
So snh cc trng thi tp hp rn, lng, kh
Cu 3: C s khc bit gia cht lng v cht v nh hnh v:
a) Cu trc
b) Hnh dng
c) Tnh ng hng
d) a v b
Cu 6: Chn cu sai.
a) Cht tinh th c cu trc v hnh dng xc nh.
b) Cht v nh hnh c tnh bt ng hng.
c) S sp xp ca cc tiu phn trong cht tinh th tun theo mt quy lut cht ch.
d) Cht v nh hnh khng c nhit nng chy xc nh.
Cu 12: Trng thi tinh th ca m t cht c cc tiu phn sp xp trt t theo nhng quy lut
lp i lp li nghim ngt trong ton b tinh th. Do cht tinh th c:
1)
Cu trc v hnh dng xc nh
2)
C trt t xa
3)
C tnh d hng
4)
C nhit nng chy xc nh
5)
Trng thi v nh hnh lun bn hn trng thi tinh th
a)1,3,5
b)2,3,4
c)1,2,3,4
d)1,2,3,4,5
Cu 21: c im chung ca trng thi tinh th v trng thi v nh hnh l g?
a. C hnh dng xc nh v khng chu nn.
b. C tnh d hng, trt t gn.

c. C tnh ng hng, trt t gn.

d. C hnh dng xc nh v cu trc xc nh.
Cu 76: Chn pht biu ng:
1. Trng thi lng chim v tr trung gian gia trng thi kh v trng thi rn tinh th.
2. Cc cht trng thi lng khng c hnh dng xc nh, c tnh khuch tn v tnh
chy v c th tch xc nh.
3. Lc tng tc gia cc cht kh ln ngn cn s chuyn ng hn lon v
ngng hn s chuyn ng tng i ca cc tiu phn vi nhau.
4. Cc cht lng c nht cao hn cht kh.
a. 1, 2, 4 ng
b. 2, 3, 4 ng
c. 1, 3 ng
d. Tt c cng ng.
Cu 77: Chn pht biu ng:
1. Trong trng thi plasma, cc phn t b ion ha v trng thi ny l s tn ti ca cc
nguyn t, ion v electron.
2. Cht kh c th tch ph thuc mnh vo nhit v p sut.
3. Entropy ca kh thc thay i khng ng k khi thay i th tch.
4. Ni nng ca kh l tng ph thuc rt ln vo th tch.
a. 2 ng
b. 2, 3 ng
c. 3, 4 ng
d. 1, 4 ng.
Cu 78: Chn pht biu ng:
1. a s cc cht rn c cu trc tinh th.
2. C tnh khng ging nhau theo nhng hng khc nhau l tnh d hng v tnh cht
ny ch tn ti trong cc cht lng v cht v nh hnh.
3. Cc cht rn khi b t nng s mm dn cho n trng thi chy ri bin hon ton
thnh lng.
4. Cc cht a tinh th c to thnh t v s tinh th rt nh c nh hng khc nhau.
a. 1, 2, 4 ng
b. 3, 4 ng
c. 1, 2, 3 ng
d. 1, 4 ng.
Cu 36: Chn cu sai
a) to dung dch rn thay th cc loi tiu phn phi c kch thc bng nhau.
b) to dung dch rn thay th cc loi tiu phn phi c tnh cht ha hc v kch
thc gn ging nhau.
c) Dung dch rn xm nhp l cc tiu phn xm nhp vo gia cc nt mng.
d) to thnh dung dch rn xm nhp th kch thc tiu phn xm nhp rt nh so
vi kch thc cc tiu phn trong mng tinh th.
Cu 60: iu kin hnh thnh dung dch rn thay th:
a)Cc tiu phn thay th phi c kch thc ln hn nhiu so vi cc tiu phn b thay
th.
b) Cc tiu phn thay th phi tng ng v bn knh v c cng tnh cht ha hc vi
tiu phn b thay th.
c) Cc tiu phn thay th phi c kch thc nh chen vo l trng ca mng tinh
th.
d) Tt c cc trn u sai.
Cu 57: Khuyt tt im l dng khuyt t t:
a) Gm 2 loi l khuyt tt l trng v khuyt tt xen k.
b) Gm 3 loi l khuyt tt l trng, khuyt tt xen k,khuyt tt lch.

c) Tiu phn phn b cc nt mng hay tiu phn l thay th tiu phn nt mng
d) Gm 2 loi l khuyt tt l trng, khuyt tt lch.

Bit cu trc, mng tinh th tnh cht vt l

Cu 4:Molibden(IV) sulfide c cu trc tinh th kiu lp. MoS2 iu kin thng l:
a) Cht rn, d nng chy.
b) Cht rn, kh nng chy.
c) Cht rn, dn in tt.
d) Cht lng, c mi kh chu.
Cu 14: Tnh cht vt l ca cc cht c mng tinh th phn t l:
a. Bn, cng, nhit nng chy cao, kh bay hi
b. Nhit nng chy thp, kh bay hi, hu nh khng tan trong bt c loi dung
mi no
c. Nhit nng chy thp, cng thp, d bay hi
d. Nhit nng chy cao, c nh kim, dn in v nhit tt
Cu 27: Tnh cht vt l ca cc cht c mng tinh th phn t l:
a)
Bn, cng, nhit nng chy cao, kh bay hi
b)
Nhit nng chy thp, kh bay hi, hu nh khng tan trong bt c loi
dung mi no
c)
Nhit nng chy thp, cng thp, d bay hi
d)
Nhit nng chy cao,c nh kim, dn in v nhit tt
Cu 28: Cht c mng phn t thng c
a) cng cao, nhit nng chy cao, mt s tan t trong dung mi khng cc, tan
nhiu trong dung mi c cc.
b) cng thp, nhit nng chy thp, mt s tan nhiu trong dung mi khng cc,
tan t trong dung mi c cc.
c) cng thp, nhit nng chy cao, mt s tan nhiu trong dung mi c cc ln
dung mi khng cc.
d) cng cao, nhit nng chy cao, mt s tan t trong dung mi khng cc ln dung
mi c cc.
Cu 34: Chn cu sai: Mng nguyn t
a) To thnh t nhng nguyn t ni vi nhau bng lin kt CHT.
b) Rt bn, hu nh khng tan trong bt c dung mi no.
c) Nhit nng chy cao, kh bay hi.
d) S phi tr l s tiu phn bao quanh.
Cu 37:Chn cu sai
a. iu kin bnh thng, nhit thng cc hp cht ion bao gi cng l cht rn.
b. Cc cht cng ha tr c mng phn t c nhit nng chy cao.
c. Cc cht cng ha tr mng tinh th nguyn t c nhit nng chy cao.
d. Nhit nng chy ca kim loi ph thuc vo mt electron ha tr ca kim loi.
Cu 43: Chn cu tr li ng nht, SiO2 c kiu mng nguyn t nn c cc tnh cht sau:
a/ Nhit nng chy cao, kh bay hi, hu nh khng tan trong bt c dung mi no.
b/ Nhit nng chy cao, kh bay hi, tan d trong dung mi phn cc to thnh ion b
solvate ha.
c/ Nhit nng chy cao, kh bay hi, l mt cht dn in.
d/ Rt bn, cng, kh bay hi, l cht dn in

Cu 47: Chn p n sai:

a) Cht c mng phn t c cng thp, tan nhiu trong dung mi phn cc
b) Cht c cu to mng ion c nhit nng chy cao, kh bay hi, kh cng
c) Cht c mng kim loi c nh kim, kh cng
d) Cht tinh th c cu trc v hnh dng xc nh
Cu 55: Chn p n ng
a) Cc cht c mng tinh th phn t c tnh mm d nng chy, d bay hi.
b) Cc cht c mng tinh th ion d tan trong nc.
c) Cc cht c cu trc tinh th c nhit nng chy xc nh.
d) Cc pht biu trn u ng.
Cu 74: Chn phng nng.
So snh nhit si ca SO2 v SO3:
a) Ts(SO3) > Ts(SO2) v khi lng phn t SO3 ln hn SO2.
b) Ts(SO3) >> Ts(SO2) v SO3 c cu trc mch, cn SO2 c cu trc o.
c) Ts(SO3) Ts(SO2) v cng l hp cht ca S v O.
d) Ts(SO3) < Ts(SO2) SO3 l phn t khng cc, cn SO2 l phn t phn cc.

Nhm cu hi v dy HnX
Cu 48: Tnh cht ca cc hp cht HX (X:halogen t F n I) trong cc pht biu sau, pht
biu no sai:
a. Nhi t to thnh tiu chun ngy cng tng.
b. Nng lng lin kt ngy cng gim.
c. Nhi t si tng dn.
d. i n ly trong dung dch 0.1 N 25oC tng dn.
Cu 49: Chn pht biu ng v cc hp cht HX (X l halogen):
a. C tnh acid.
b. C tnh c ng ha tr.
c. C tnh oxy ha v gimdn.
d. Cu a v b ng.
Cu 50: Trong dy cc hp cht HClO3, HBrO3, HIO3 pht biu no sau y l sai:
a. C tnh oxy ha v gim dn.
b. C tnh acid v tng dn.
c. bn tng dn.
d. S phn cc lin kt X-H gim dn.
Cu 51:Phn t ca hydro halogenide no c momen lng cc ln nht?
a) HF
b) HCl
c) HBr
d) HI
Cu 64:Chn phng n ng.
Trong dy HF, HCl, HBr, HI:
a) Tnh axit tng dn.
b) bn lin kt tng dn.
c) Nhit si tng dn.
d) Nhit nng chy tng u.
Cu 72:Chn phng nsai.
Trong dy HX: HF, HCl, HBr, HI:
a) bn nhit gim do nng lng lin kt H X gim v di lin kt tng.

b) Nhit si tng do khi lng phn t tng.

c) Tnh axit tng do nng lng lin kt gim.
d) phn cc ca lin kt tng do m in ca X gim
Cc h tinh th, tnh i xng
Cu 7: Chn cu ng. H tam t (triclinic):
a) C mt trc i xng bc 3. mng c bn: a b c ; = = 90o; 90o.
b) C mt trc i xng bc 2. mng c bn: a b c ; = = 90o; 90o.
c) Khng c trc i xng. mng c bn: a b c ; 90o
d) Khng c trc i xng. mng c bn: a b c ; = = 90o ; 90o
Cu 20: C bao nhiu mng li tnh tin Bravails
a) 12
b) 13
c) 14
d) 15
Cu 22: Nhng h no sau y ch c 1 yu t i xng:
a. monoclinic,triclinic,cubic
b. tetragonal,cubic,hexagonal
c. orthorhombic,triclinic,hexagonal
d, trigonal,hexagonal,triclinic
Cu 30:Chn cu ng:
a. H tam t c cu trc i xng v mt i xng, khng c tm i xng.
b. H trc giao lun c mt trc i xng bc 2.
c. H lp phng c hai trc i xng bc 4.
d. H n t c mt trc i xng bc 2 v mt mt phng i xng hoc ch c mt trong
hai yu t i xng ny.
Cu 79: H t phng l h:
a. C t nht mt trc i xng bc 4.
b. Chiu di ca cc cnh trong mng tinh th bng nhau.
c. Cc gc trong h t phng bng nhau v bng 90o.
d. a, b, c ng.
Cu 33: Chn cu ng: H t phng
a) C 1 trc i xng bc 3. mng c s a = b = c, 900.
b) C t nht 1 trc i xng bc 4. mng c s a = b c, = = 900.
c) C 1 trc i xng bc 4. mng c s a = b c, = = = 900.
d) C t nht 1 trc i xng bc 4. mng c s a = b = c, = = = 900.
Cu 45: Nguyn tc chung chn c s:
a. Tnh i xng ca c s phi l tnh i xng tinh th.
b. C th tch nh nht hoc cnh ngn nht.
c. S cnh bng nhau v s gc bng nhau phi nhiu nht.
d. Tt c cc trn.
Cu 46: Cho bit thng s mng c s sau ph hp vi nhng h mng no?
a=b=c;==
a) H tam phng
b) H t phng
c) H lp phng
d) a v c ng

c im ca cc mng tinh th
Cu 17: Chn pht biu ng v mng tinh th:
a. S phn cc tng h gia cc ion lm tng cng ha tr ca lin kt, lm gim
in tch hiu dng v dn n tng nhit phn ly, nhit nng chy trong tinh
th ion.
b. Trong tinh th thc c khuyt tt im, khuyt tt mt v khuyt tt ng, trong
khuyt tt ng v khuyt tt mt c quan h mt thit vi nhau.
c. Hin tng a hnh l hin tng cc cht khc nhau c cng h tinh th v cng
cu trc tinh th.
d. Cc pht biu trn u ng.
Cu 32: Chn cu sai
a) Mng ion c s phi tr cao v lin kt ion khng nh hng v khng bo ha.
b) Mng phn t c cc tiu phn cu trc l nhng phn t hay nguyn t.
c) Mng nguyn t c cc tiu phn lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ha tr.
d) Mng nguyn t c tnh cht dn nhit tt, d ko di, dt mng

Cu 38: Chn pht biu sai:

a. Tinh th kim loi c nh kim, c tnh do, c kh nng dn in v nhit
b. Tinh th phn t mm, xp, c nhit nng chy thp v d bay hi
c. Lin kt trong tinh th nguyn t l tng tc vt l km bn
d. Lin kt trong tinh th ion l lin kt ion bn
Cu 40: Trong tinh th kim cng mi nguyn t C lin kt vi cc nguyn t C bng:
a. Cc orbital lai ho sp
b. Cc orbital lai ho sp2
c. Cc orbital lai ho sp3
d. Cc orbital lai ho sp3 d2
Cu 39: Mng nguyn t c to thnh t nhng nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng lc lin
kt g? Chn cu ng nht:
a. Lc lin kt cng ho tr
b. Lc lin kt ion
c. Lc lin kt hidro
d. Lc lin kt Van Der Waals
Cu 41: Trong mng tinh th c cu trc lp.Cc lp lin kt vi nhau bng lc no?
a. Vanderwaals
b. ion
c. hydro
d. C 3 p n trn.

c im ca cc loi cu trc tinh th

Cu 19:Trong du .. l kiu tinh th thuc cu trc no?
.. c c trng l ti nt mng c nhm nguyn t ( phn t hay ion phc tp) lin
kt vi cc tiu phn xung quanh bng lc Van der Waals, lc lin kt hydro hay lc
ht tnh in. Thuc loi cu trc ny c mng phn t v mng ion phc tp.
a. Cu trc mch
b. Cu trc o

c. Cu trc lp
d. Cu trc phi tr
Cu 29:Chn nhn xt ng: Cu trc mch c c trng no sau y:
a. To lin kt cng ha tr theo 2 chiu trong khng gian.
b. To lin kt cng ha tr theo 1 hng trong khng gian.
c. Mi tiu phn c bao quanh bi s tiu phn n gin bng lin kt mnh.
d. Ti nt mng c nhm nguyn t lin kt vi cc tiu phn xung quanh
Cu 35: Chn cu sai
a) Cu trc o c c trng l ti nt mng c nhm nguyn t (phn t hay ion phc
tp) lin kt vi cc tiu phn xung quanh bng lc Van Der Waals, lc lin kt Hidro
v lc lin kt tnh in.
b) Cu trc mch c c trng to lin kt cng ha tr theo hai chiu trong khng gian.
Cc mch ny lin kt vi nhau bng lc Van Der Waals, ion, hydro.
c) Cu trc phi tr c c trng l mi tiu phn c bao quanh bi s tiu phn n
(nguyn t, ion n) bng lin kt mnh.
d) Cu trc lp c c trng l cng ha tr theo hai chiu trong khng gian. Cc lp lin
kt vi nhau bng lc Van Der Waals, ion, hydro.
Cu 44: Cu trc o c nhng c trng no
1.Ti nt mng c nhm nguyn t, phn t hay ion phc lin kt vi cc tiu phn xung
quanh bng lc Van der waals, lin kt hydro hay lc ht tnh in.
2.Ti nt mng c nhm nguyn t, phn t hay ion phc lin kt vi cc tiu phn xung
quanh bng lc lin kt van der waals hay lc ht tnh in.
3. Cu trc c mng phn t v mng ion c ion phc tp.
4. Cu trc c mng phn t v mng nguyn t.
5.Cu trc c mng kim loi v mng nguyn t.
a.1,2,3 ng
b.1,3 ng
c.2,3,4 ng d.2,3,5 ng
L thuyt v lin kt
Cu 15: Chn cu ng.
a. Lin kt hydro ch c to thnh trong cc hp cht cha lin kt H O, H N,
v H F.
b. Lin kt hydro ch c to thnh trong cc hp cht cha F,O,N v H.
c. Trong dy cc hp cht HnX trong cng m t phn nhm chnh (V, VI, VII), cht
u tin trong dy v c cha lin kt Hidro nn lun c nhi t si cao nht.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u sai.
Cu 16: Chn pht biu chnh xc nht.
a. Nng lng mng tinh th l nng lng cn thit to thnh 1 mol tinh th t cc
cu phn ion trng thi kh 0K.
b. Trn thc t, nng lng mng tinh th l nng lng cn ph v 1 mol tinh th
thnh cc n cht.
c. Trong cng m t phn nhm vi cu trc tinh th ging nhau, khi tng bn knh ion
s tng nng lng mng tinh th.
d. Pht biu a v b ng.
Cu 84:Chn cu ng trong cc cu sau:

a.

Cc phn t cng ha tr c lin kt Van der Waals nu phn t lng cng ln th

nhit si cng cao. Trong trng hp c thm lin kt Hydro th nhit si v
nhit nng chy cng cao hn.
b.
Lin kt Hydro mnh hn lc Van der Waals, yu hn cc lin kt cn li. c bit
l nh hng ca lin kt Hydro ni phn t lm nhit si v nhit nng chy
cng cao.
c.
Lc Van der Waals l lc lin kt yu nn cc cht c lin kt Van der Waals l
ch yu lun dng kh.
d.
Lin kt kim loi c mnh ph thuc vo cu trc mng tinh th, m khng ph
thuc vo mt electron t do.

Cu 18: Khuyt tt no l h qu ca khuyt tt im v khuyt tt ng:

a) Khuyt tt l trng.
b) Khuyt tt xen k.
c) Khuyt tt mt.
d) Tt c cc khuyt t t trn.
Cu 23: Chn cu ng
a. in tch ion cng ln lin kt ion cng mnh
b. Nng lng lin kt trong phn t cng cao kh nng hot ng ha hc cng cao
c. Khuyt tt mt l h qu ca khuyt tt l trng
d. H lc phng: a = b c, = = 90o, = 60o
Cu 24: Tnh cht no sau y l ca lin kt ion:
a) khng nh ch cao
b) tnh bo ha
c) tnh khng bo ha
d) tnh nh hng
Cu 80: Chn pht biu sai. Theo thuyt min nng lng ca kim loi:
a Cc kim loi dn in tt v chng c min ha tr tip xc hoc che ph ln min ha
tr.
b Cc hp cht bn dn l nhng hp cht c chnh lch nng lng gia min dn v
min ha tr nm trong khong t 0.1 n 3 eV.
c Tt c cc hp cht ca carbon u khng dn in do chng c cu trc mng tinh
th cng ha tr v c chnh lch nng lng gia min dn v min ha tr ln hn
3eV.
d Min ha tr l min c nng lng thp nht theo thang nng lng.
Cu 58: Chn pht biu ng:
a) Cht c lin kt Van der Waals c nhit nng chy, nhit si cng cao khi phn
t lng nh.
b) Trong tinh th thc c khuyt tt im, khuyt tt mt, khuyt tt ng, cc khuyt
tt ny khng c quan h mt thit vi nhau.
c) S phn cc tng h gia cc ion lm tng cng ha tr ca lin kt, gim in
tch hiu dng, gim nhit phn li, gim nhit nng chy.

d) Hin tng a hnh l hin tng cc cht khc nhau c cng h tinh th v cu trc
tinh th.
Cu 31:
Chn pht biu sai:
1. S phi tr l s tiu phn bao quanh tiu phn trung tm.
2. Hin tng a hnh (th hnh) l hin tng mt hp cht (n cht) c th tn ti di
nhiu dng tinh th khc nhau.
3. Mng kim loi c to thnh t nhng nguyn t cng loi sp xp cht kht nht.
a) 1 v 2 sai
b) 1, 2, 3 u sai
c) 2 v 3 sai
d) 1 v 3 sai
Cu 52: Trong cc hp cht ca oxygen c th c nhng loi lin kt no?
1) Cng ha tr khng phn cc
2) Cng ha tr phn cc
3) Ion
4) Hydro
a) 2
b) 1, 2, 3 & 4
c) 1, 2 & 3
d) 2 & 3
Cu 56: Chn pht biu chnh xc
a) Nng lng mng tinh th bng ng nng lng cn thit ph hy tinh th.
b) Vi cc cht c mng tinh thh ion cng loi, kch thc ion tng s lm gim nng
lng mng tinh thh .
c) Khi tng in tch ca ion vi ion cng bn knh th nng lng mng gim.
d) Tt c cc pht biu trn u ng.
Mng tinh th kim loi
Cu 62:Chn phng n ng.
Nng lng mng tinh th ca kim loi A s cng ln khi:
a) S electron ha tr ca A cng nhiu.
b) Bn knh ca A cng ln.
c) m in ca A cng nh.
d) Tnh kim loi ca A cng nh.
Cu 69:Chn phng n sai.
a) Nng lng mng li kim loi s cng ln khi s electron ha tr cng ln v bn
knh nguyn t cng nh.
b) Trong phn nhm IA khi i t trn xung, cng ca kim loi gim v bn knh
nguyn t tng.
c) So vi cc kim loi cng chu ky, kim loi kim c nng lng mng li ln nht v
c mt electron ha tr ln nht.
d) Cc kim loi nhm VIB (Cr, Mo, W) c nhit nng chy cao nht do c nhiu
electron c thn d nht.

Mng tinh th ion

Cu 63: Chn phng n ng.
Cho bn knh ca cc ion: Na+ = 0,98, Mg2+ = 0,74, O2- = 1,36, F- = 1,33. trng thi
rn, MgO v NaF c cng kiu cu trc tinh th. C th d on:
1) cng ca MgO ln hn ca NaF.
2) Nhit nng chy ca MgO ln hn ca NaF.
3) Nng lng mng li ca MgO ln hn ca NaF.
4) Tnh ion trong lin kt ca MgO ln hn ca NaF.
a) Ch 1,2,3 ng
b) Tt c cng ng
c) Ch 4 ng

d) Ch 2,3 ng
Cu 65:Chn phng n sai.
Nhit nng chy l thc o lc tng tc gia cc ht trong cht rn. Trong cc hp cht
ion, nhit nng chy s tng khi:
a) S phn cc ion trong lin kt tng.
b) Tnh ion ca lin kt tng.
c) in tch ca cc ion tng.
d) Bn knh ca cc ion gim.
Cu 75:Chn phng nng.
So snh tan trong nc ca cc cht:
a) NaF < NaCl < NaBr < NaI do nng lng mng li tinh th gim.
b) AgF < AgCl < AgBr < AgI do nng lng mng li tinh th gim.
c) HgF < AgCl < AgBr < AgI do phn cc ca lin kt gim dn n nng lng
hydrat ha gim
d) MgF2< MgCl2< MgBr2< MgI2 do nng lng hydrat ha tng.
Cu 67:Chn phng n sai.
a) Nng lng mng li ca cc clorua kim loi kim gim dn do kh nng phn cc
anion ca cc cation gim dn t Li n Cs.
b) tan ca KX tng dn t F n I do nng lng mng li gim.
c) Nhit nng chy, nhit si ca NaX cao v gim dn t F n I do kh nng b
phn cc ca X- tng dn.
d) LiBr tan nhiu trong nc do n c nng lng mng li nh v Li+ c tc dng phn
cc nc cao
Cu 68: Chn phng n sai.
Nhit nng chy trong dy LiX gim dn t F n I. iu ny c th gin thch l do t F
n I:
a) Kh nng b phn cc ca X- gim dn .
b) Chnh lch m in gia Li v X gim dn nn tnh ion ca lin kt gim.
c) Bn knh ca X- tng dn lm cho nng lng mng li tinh th gim dn.
d) Tnh phn cc trong lin kt Li X gim dn.
Tnh nng lng mng tinh th ion
Cu 61:Da vo cng thc Kaputinski hy c lng bn knh (pm) ca ion NO3-, bit nng
lng tinh th ca NaNO3 l -707,33 kJ/mol v bn knh ca K+ l 152 pm.
a) 200
b) 195
c) 189
d) Khng c p n no ng
Cu 82: c lng bn knh ca ion NO3- (Ao). Bit tinh th NaNO3 c nng lng mng
tinh th l -702.623 kJ/mol.
a. 2.34
b. 1.67
c. 3.05
d. 1.89
Cu 81: Tnh nng lng mng tinh th ca cc mui CsCl v RbI theo cng thc
Kaputinski. p s ln lt l (kJ/mol):
a. 615.8; 927.5
b. -576.2; -787.87;
c. -615.8; -787.87
d. Khng c p n no ng
Phn tch tnh cht vt l ca cc cht
Cu 59: Hy sp xp cc cht sau y theo trt t nhit nng chy tng dn: H2O, SiCl4,
O2, BaO
a) H2O < SiCl4< O2< BaO

b) H2O < SiCl4< BaO < O2

c) O2< SiCl4< H2O < BaO
d) O2< H2O < SiCl4< BaO
Cu 66:Chn phng n ng.
Cho nhit nng chy, nhit si v tan trong nc 250C ca cc thy ngn (II)
halogenua
HgF2
HgCl2 HgBr2 HgI2
Nhit nng chy, 0C
645
280
238
257
0
Nhit si, C
650
303
318
351
tan 250C,
Thy phn 6,59
0,55
0,004
g/100gH2O
T cc s liu trn c th d on:
1) Nhit nng chy, nhit si ca HgF2 ln hn hn so vi cc hp cht cn li
chng t HgF2 l hp cht ion, cn cc hp cht cn li l hp cht cng ha tr.
2) HgF2 thy phn trong nc chng t c l hp cht ion, to thnh t mt axit yu v
baz rt yu. T HgCl2 n HgI2, tan gim chng t chng l hp cht cng ha tr.
3) Cc thy ngn(II) halogenua l cht rn nhit bnh thng chng t chng khng
th c cu trc o, mng tinh th phn t.
a) Ch 1 ng
b) Ch 1, 2 ng
c) Ch 3 ng
d) Tt c cng ng
Bit s phi tr cu trc mng tinh th tnh cht vt l
Cu 71:Chn phng n ng.
trng thi tinh th SnCl2 v SnCl4 u c s phi tr 4. So snh nhit nng chy ca
chng:
1) SnCl2 c nhit nng chy cao hn v SnCl2 c cu trc mch gm cc t din dng
chung hai cnh, cn SnCl4 c cu trc o.
2) Bng nhau v cng l hp cht ca Sn v Cl v c s phi tr bng nhau.
3) SnCl2 c nhit nng chy thp hn v SnCl2 c khi lng phn t nh hn.
4) SnCl2 c nhit nng chy cao hn v lin kt trong SnCl2 mang nhiu tnh ion hn,
cn trong SnCl4 mang nhiu tnh cng ha tr hn.
a) Ch 1 ng
b) 1,4 ng
c) 2 ng
d) 3 ng
c im ca mt phn t
Cu 53: Chn pht biu ng v ozon:
a) Oxy trung tm lai ha sp3.
b) Nghch t do khng c electron c thn.
c) Bn hn oxy do b c lin kt ln hn.
d) Cu a v b ng.
Cu 54: Chn pht biu sai trong cc pht biu sau y:
a) SO2 bn nhi t do trng thi lai ha sp3 ca lu huynh.
b) SO2 c c tnh oxy ha v tnh kh.
c) SO2 c cu to ging ozon.
d) Trong phn t SO2 c c p electron t do.