Bi 1.

Trong cc tiu phn sau y, tiu phn no l acid, base, lng tnh theo cc
thuyt:
a) Bronsted
b) Lewis
HSe-, O2- , K+.aq , HF, H2S, Mg2+ , BF3, Cl- , CH3COOH
Gii thch r l do d on. Nu l acid base Bronsted hy cho bit dng acid
v base lin hp ca chng.
Gii:
a) Theo thuyt Bronsted-Lawry, ta c: (cp acid base trong ngoc)
Ch c tnh acid: K+aq (K+/KOH)
Ch c tnh base: Cl- (HCl/Cl-), O2- (OH-/O2-)
Lng tnh: HSe- (H2Se/HSe-; HSe-/Se2-), HF(HF/F-) , H2S(H2S/HS-), CH3COOH
(CH3COOH/CH3COO-)
Mg2+ v BF3 khng c tnh acid-base Bronsted-Lawry
Theo thuyt Bronsted:
Acid l cht cho cht khc ion H+, base l cht nhn ion H+ t cht khc.
Cc anion Cl- v O2- khng cha proton nn ch c th nhn proton.
Cation kali hydrat ha c th cho proton t phn t nc, khng c kh nng nhn proton nn
ch mang tnh acid.
Cc cht c kh nng cho v nhn proton nn mang tnh lng tnh:
HF (l) + HF (l) H2F+ + F
H2S (l) + H2S(l) HS- + H3S+
CH3COOH(l) + CH3COOH(l) CH3COOH2+ + CH3OOHS- + H2O H2S + OH- (HS- l base)
HS- + H2O S2- + H3O+ (HS- l acid)
b) Theo thuyt Lewis
Acid l cht c orbital ha tr trng c th nhn cp electron. Base l cht c cp electron ha
tr khng phn chia.
Nh vy, cc cht va c cp electron khng phn chia va c orbital cn trng s l cht
lng tnh.
V l thuyt:
Ch c tnh acid: Mg2+; K+.aq
Ch c tnh base: Cl-, O2Lng tnh: Cc cht cn li.
Tuy nhin trong thc t nhiu cht ch th hin mt tnh cht vt tri, tnh cht cn li th
hin rt yu, thng khng c nhc n.
V d: BF3 thc t ch nhc n tnh acid Lewis do trn nguyn t B c orbital trng. Tuy
nhin trn nguyn t fluor c cp electron khng phn chia nn c th th hin tnh base
Lewis. V vy, c th hiu c phn ng thy phn ca BF3:
4BF3 + 3H2O = 3H[BF4] + B(OH)3
Trong trng hp ny BF3 va ng vai tr acid Lewis khi lin kt vi ion F- to phc
tetrafluoridoborat, va ng vai tr base Lewis khi cung cp ion fluoride. Nc cng l
lng tnh khi va cho OH- va cho H+.
i vi cc cht cha proton nh HF, CH3COOH, HSe- th th hin tnh acid Lewis trong
phn ng cho proton (H+). Tuy nhin trong thc t thun tin, ngi ta tch ra loi phn
ng cho nhn H+ l phn ng Bronsted v cc phn ng cho nhn cp electron cn li l
phn ng acid base Lewis. Cc cht va nu nu tc dng bng anion th ng vai tr base
Lewis trong phn ng.
HF(b. lewis) + BF3 = H[BF4]

4CH3COOH(b. lewis) + TiCl3 + 4NaHCO3 = Na[Ti(CH3COO)4] + 4NaCl + 4CO2 + 4H2O

Bi 2. Hy cho bit cht no c tnh acid mnh hn gia cc cp cht sau y? Ti
sao ?
a) Tl+aq v Pb2+aq
b) BCl3 v BBr3
c) Mg2+aq v Fe2+aq
d) Fe3+.aq v Al3+.aq
Gii:
a) Tl+aq < Pb2+aq v Pb2+ c mt in tch dng ln hn Tl+ v c cu hnh electron trung
gian
q
Z 2
1
2
( Tl
0,74 ; Pb
1,59)
0
rTl 1,36 A
rPb2 1,26
b) BBr3 > BCl3 do hiu ng cng hng trong bor chloride mnh hn trong brom chloride.
c) Fe2+aq > Mg2+aq v tuy Fe2+ v Mg2+ c cng in tch v c bn knh xp x nhau
0

( rFe2 0,80 A ; rAl3 0,74 A)

nhng Fe2+ c lp v electron trung gian (3d6) trong khi Mg2+

c lp v ca kh him (2s 2p ).
d) Fe3+aq > Al3+aq v tuy Fe3+ v Al3+ c cng in tch v c bn knh xp x nhau
2

( rFe3 0,67 A ; rAl3 0,57 A)

nhng Fe3+ c lp v electron trung gian (3d5) trong khi Al3+c

lp v electron ca kh him (2s22p6).
Bi 3. Ti sao tn ti cc hp cht: HF.BF3 , HF.SbF5 nhng khng tn ti cc hp cht
H2.BF3 , F2BF3 , H2.SbF5, F2SBF5.
Cc hp cht HF.BF3 v HF.SbF5 l cc phc. Cng thc dng phc nh sau: H[BF4] v
H[SbF6]. Trong B trng thi lai ha sp3 v Sb trng thi sp3d2. H+ nm cu ngoi. Phn
ng gia HF v BF3 ; HF v SbF5 l phn ng acid-base Lewis, trong HF l base lewis v
cc cht cn li l acid lewis. HF l phn t phn cc mnh nn trn F c mt electron
cao, thun tin cho vic cho i cp ectron, B cn 1 orbital 2p trng v Sb cn orbital 5d trng
nhn cp electron.
Trng hp H2 lin kt khng c cc, cp electron duy nht nh ch gia 2 ht nhn hydro
nn khng th c tnh base lewis. Trng hp F2 lin kt F F khng c cc v rt bn, do
vy, mc d nguyn t fluor cn cp electron khng phn chia, lin kt cho nhn F B v F
Sb khng mnh b gy lin kt F F thnh F- v F+.
Bi 4: Hy vit cc cp acid base lin hp t nhng cht sau: H3PO4, HCl. Nhng
acid, base ny thay i tnh cht nh th no trong cc dung dich nc, CH3COOH,
HCl (s dung cc hng s acid, base trong bng cho).
Gii:
Cc cp acid base lin hp: H3PO4/H2PO4- ; H4PO4+ /H3PO4 ; HCl/Cl- ; H2Cl+/HCl
Da vo mnh acid trong dung dch nc
HCl
: 107
H3PO4 : 10-2,21(I)

CH3COOH : 10-4,76
C th nhn xt:
a) H3PO4 l acid c mnh trung bnh trong nc. L acid yu trong CH3COOH lng.
L base trong HCl lng.
b) HCl l acid mnh trong nc, l acid yu trong CH3COOH lng.
Bi 5. Hy xc inh acid - base Lewis trong cc phn ng sau:
a) HF + SbF5 = H[SbF6]
b) AgCl + 2NH3 = [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
c) PtCl2 + 2NaCl = Na2[PtCl4]
d) Al(OH)3 + NaOH = Na[Al(OH)]4
Gii:
a)
b)
c)
d)

HF (b.l) + SbF5(a.l.) = H[SbF6]

AgCl (a.l) + 2NH3(b.l) = [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
PtCl2 (a.l) + 2NaCl(b.l) = Na2[PtCl4]
Al(OH)3 (a.l) + NaOH(b.l) = Na[Al(OH)]4

Bi 6. Hy xc inh acid - base Usanovich trong cc phn ng sau:

a) CaO + SiO2 = CaSiO3
b) Al2O3 + SiO2 = Al2SiO5
c) Al(OH)3 + NaOH = NaAlO2 + 2H2O
d) 2Al(OH)3 + P2O5 = 2AlPO4 + 3H2O
e) 2NaH + B2H6 = 2Na[BH4]
Gii:
Xc nh acid-base theo thuyt acid-base Usanovich:
a) CaO + SiO2 = CaSiO3
base

acid

b) Al2O3 + SiO2 = Al2SiO5

base

acid

c) Al(OH)3 + NaOH = NaAlO2 + 2H2O

acid
base
d) 2Al(OH)3 + P2O5 = 2AlPO4 + 3H2O
base
acid
e) 2NaH + B2H6 = 2Na[BH4]
base
acid
Bi 7. Hy cho bit nhng cht sau y, cht no l acid hoc base trong HF lng: BF 3;
SbF5; H2O.
Gii:
H2O l base Bronsted-Lawry trong HF lng:
HF + H2O H3O+ + F
BF3 v SbF5 l acid Lewis trong HF lng:
BF3 + HF H[BF4]
SbF5 + HF H[BF6]
Bi 8. Hy sp xp cc oxide v acid-oxy trong mi dy theo trt t tnh acid tng dn,
gii thch?

a) H5IO6, HIO3, HIO

b) H2SO4, H2TeO4, H2CrO4
c) MnO, MnO2, Mn2O7, Mn2O3
a) HIO < H5IO6 < HIO3
Gii thch: Theo quy tc Paoling vi acid-oxy n phn t c cng thc tng qut
XOn(OH)m , n cng ln tnh acid nc phn ly th nht cng mnh
b) H2CrO4 < H2TeO4 < H2SO4
Gii thch: Cc acid ny c cng gi tr n nn mnh acid ph thuc vo m in ca
nguyn t to acid. Nguyn t to acid c m in cng cao th acid-oxy cng mnh.
c) MnO < Mn2O3 < MnO2 < Mn2O7
Gii thch: Tnh acid tng theo dy trn l do t s q/r tng (cation c s oxy ha cng cao th
bn knh cng nh)
Ion
Mn2+ Mn3+ Mn4+ Mn7+
r() 0,91
0,70
0,52
0,46
q/r
2,20
4,29
7,69
15,22
Bai 9: Trong cc hp cht ca Mn+2 v Mn+4 thi hp cht no tan c nhiu hn trong
HCl, hp cht no tan c nhiu hn trong NaOH? Gii thch? T kt qu ny kt
lun th no v tnh acid base ca nhng hp cht khc s oxy ha ca cung nguyn
t?
Mn+4 c s oxi ha cao hn Mn+2, bn knh nh hn (Mn4+ (0,52) , Mn2+ (0,91)) nn mt
in tch dng cao hn, v vy hp cht ca Mn(4+) c tnh acid cao hn v tnh base thp
hn hp cht ca Mn(2+). Do , hp cht Mn(2+) d dng tc dng hn hp cht Mn(4+)
vi dung dch c tnh acid nh HCl, cn hp cht Mn(4+) d tc dng hn hp cht Mn(2+)
vi dung dch c tnh base nh NaOH.
Kt lun: i vi cc hp cht khc s oxi ha ca cng mt nguyn t, tnh acid tng khi s
oxi ha tng.
Bi 10. Tnh Got,298 ca cc phn ng di y:
a) HNO3 (dd) + Ag(OH)(dd)
b) H3BO3 (dd) + NH4OH (dd)
c) H3PO4(dd) + KOH (dd)
d) CH3COOH (dd) + LiOH (dd)
Nhn xt phn ng no xy ra hon ton, phn ng no xy ra khng hon
ton. Rt ra nhn xt tng qut v kh nng phn ng gia cc acid v base.
a/ Xt phn ng gia acid nitric v bc hydroxide
Ag(OH) + HNO3 = AgNO3 + H2O
Phng trnh ion-phn t c dng:
K cb

K Ag ( OH )
K H 2O

Ag(OH) (dd) + H+ (dd) = Ag+ (dd) + H2O(l)

0
7 ,8
G pu
1014 ) 35,9kJ
, 298 RT ln K cb 8,314 298 ln( 10
M:
Vy phn ng ny xy ra hon ton
b/ Xt mc phn ng nc th nht ca H3BO3 vi ammoniac:
Acid boric trong nc ch phn li mt nc v theo phng trnh:

H3BO3 + H2O H+ + [B(OH)4]

V vy phn ng gia acid boric v ammoniac xy ra:
H3BO3 + NH4OH NH4[B(OH)4]
Phng trnh ion-phn t c dng:
H3BO3(dd) + NH4OH(dd) NH4+ (dd)+ [B(OH)4] (dd)
K1,H 3BO3 K NH 3 . H 2O
[ NH 4 ][ B (OH ) 4 ] [ H ][ B (OH ) 4 ] [ NH 4 ][OH ]
1
K cb

100, 005

[ H 3 BO3 ][ NH 4OH ]
[ H 3 BO3 ]
[ NH 4OH ]
[ H ][OH ]
K H 2O
0
0, 005
G pu
12,4 J / mol
, 298 8,314 298 ln 10

M:
Phn ng thun nghch.
c/ Vi H3PO4 v KOH , tnh ln lt cho tng nc phn li ca acid phosphoric:
*Phn ng vi nc phn li th nht ca acid phosphoric:
K1,H 3PO4
K cb
K H 2O

H3PO4(dd)+ OH (dd) H2PO4 (dd) + H2O(l)

G 0pu,298 8,314 298 ln( 10 2 ,12 1014 ) 67,785kJ
Vy:
Phn ng ny xy ra hon ton.
**Phn ng vi nc phn li th 2 ca acid phosphoric:
K 2,H 3PO4
K cb
K H 2O

2H2PO4 (dd) + OH(dd) HPO4 (dd) + H2O(l)

G 0pu,298 8,314 298 ln( 10 7 ,21 1014 ) 38,743kJ
Vy:
-40kJ
Phn ng ny cng c coi l xy ra hon ton.
*** Phn ng vi nc phn li th 3 ca acid phosphoric:
K 3,H 3PO4
K cb
K H 2O
23HPO4 (dd) + OH(dd) PO4 (dd) + H2O(l)
0
12, 38
G pu
1014 ) 9,243kJ
, 298 8,314 298 ln( 10
Vy:
Phn ng ny xy ra khng n cng.
Kt lun: khi cho KOH tc dng vi acid phosphoric trong nc th khng th iu ch n
ch c mui K3PO4 (m cn c ln K2HPO4)
d/ Xt phn ng gia acid acetic v liti hydroxide
CH3COOH + LiOH LiCH3COO + H2O
Phng trnh ion-phn t c dng:
K CH 3COOH K LiOH
K cb
K H 2O
+
CH3COOH(dd) +LiOH(dd) Li (dd)+CH3COO(dd) + H2O(l)
0
4 , 76
G pu
10 0,17 1014 ) 51,752kJ
, 298 8,314 298 ln( 10
Vy:
Vy phn ng ny xy ra hon ton.

Nhn xt. Cc v d trn cho thy:

Phn ng xy ra hon ton:
+ gia acid mnh v base khng qu yu
+ gia acid khng qu yu v base mnh
Phn ng xy ra mt phn gia acid mnh v base qu yu (v ngc li)
Phn ng khng xy ra gia acid rt yu base c mnh trung bnh yu (v ngc li)
Ghi ch: Khi xt kh nng xy ra phn ng ny cn tnh cho tng nc phn li ca acid
v base a chc.
Bi 11. Khi pha dung dich nc cc mui: AlCl3, SnCl2, Fe2(SO4)3, CrCl3 ngi ta
thng dung dung dich HCl long (hoc dung dich H2SO4 long) ch khng
dung nc nguyn cht. Gii thch ti sao?
Gii:
Cc mui AlCl3, SnCl2, Fe2(SO4)3, CrCl3 u l mui ca acid mnh v base yu nn trong
dung dch s thy phn thnh hydroxide kim loi v acid.
Do khi trc khi ha tan cc mui vi nc ngi ta dng dung dch HCl long (hoc
dung dch H2SO4 long) tng nng [H+] lm ngn cn qu trnh thu phn
V d: AlCl3
AlCl3 = Al3+ + 3ClAl3+ + 3H20 Al(OH)3 + 3H+ (*)
Ghi ch: Vi cc kt ta hydroxide rt kh tan trong acid long nn nu s thy phn
xy ri ra thi cn lng acid ha tan tr li nhiu hn lng acid ngn nga s thy
phn xy ra.
Bi 12. C dung dich cung nng mol ca cc cht sau y:
a) Na2S
b) NaCH3COO
c) Na3PO4
Dung dich no c pH ln nht? Nh nht? Tnh pH ca cc dung dich nng
0,1M
Gii:
V Na+ l acid lin hp ca base rt mnh l NaOH nn pH dung dch thay i ty thuc vo
mnh cc base l anion. Tnh mnh ca cc base theo cp acid- base lin hp:
HS/S2- ; CH3COOH/CH3COO; HPO42-/PO43K H 2O
10 14
K b,S 2
12,89 10 1,11
K a ,HS 10
K b,CH COO
3

K b,PO3
4

K H 2O
K a ,CH 3COOH

K H 2O
K a ,HPO2
4

10 14
10 9, 24
10 4,76

10 14
10 1,62
10 12,38

So snh mnh 3 base tng theo dy: CH3COO < PO43- < S2- , t y c th nhn xt l vi
dung dch cng nng , dung dch Na2S c pH ln nht v dung dch NaCH3COO c pH
nh nht.
Tnh pH cc dung dch mui trn nng 0,1M
a)
S2- + H2O
HS- + OH-

Ban u:

0,1M

Lc cn bng: (0,1- )
[OH ][ HS ] K H 2O
2
K cb

10 1,11 0,0575
[ S 2 ]
K a ,HS (0,1 )
pOH 1,24 pH 12,76

b)
Ban u:
Lc cn bng:
K cb

CH3COO- + H2O
0,1M

(0,1- )

CH3COOH + OH0
0

K H 2O
[OH ][CH 3COOH ]
2
2

10 9, 24 10 5,12

[CH 3COO ]
K a ,CH 3COOH (0,1 ) 0,1

pOH 5,12 pH 8,88

c)
Ban u:
Lc cn bng:

K cb

PO43- + H2O HPO42- + OH0,1M

0
0

(0,1- )

K H 2O
[OH ][ HPO 42 ]
2

10 1,62 0,0384
[ PO43 ]
K a ,HPO2 (0,1 )
4

pOH = 1,415 pH = 12,585

Bi 13. Sp xp s thy phn ca AlCl3 tng dn khi cho vo cc cht di y:
a) Nc
b) Dung dich FeCl2
c) Dung dich NaCH3COO
d) Dung dich Na2HPO4
e) Dung dich NaF
Gii:
Mc thy phn ca nhm chloride tng dn theo dy sau:
NaF < FeCl2 < H2O < NaCH3COO < Na2HPO4
Gii thch:
AlCl3 l mt hp cht mang tnh acid, v khi ha tan vo dung mi c cha nc th AlCl3 s
sinh ra H+:
Al3+ + H2O Al(OH)2- + H+
Al(OH)2- + H2O Al(OH)2- + H+
Al(OH)2- + H2O Al(OH)3 + H+
Do vy khi mi trng cng c tnh base mnh OH s kt hp vi ion H+ cng nhiu ngha l
cc cn bng trn s dch chuyn chiu thun theo nguyn l Le Chartelier, do vy AlCl3 s
thy phn cng nhiu.
V vy ta s xt dung dch no c tnh base cng cao th AlCl3 trong dung dch thy
phn cng mnh.
a) H2O l dd trung tnh.

b) Dung dch FeCl2 c s thy phn:

Fe2+ + H2O Fe(OH)+ + H+

Kn
1014
3.89 1010.11
K b 2 10
Ka=
, dung dch mang tnh acid
c) Dung dch NaCH3COO c s thy phn:
CH3COO- + H2O CH3COOH +OH-

K n 1014
4.76 109.24
K a 10
Kb=
, dung dch mang tnh base yu.
d) Dung dch Na2HPO4 c s thy phn:
HPO42- + H2O PO43- + H3O+
Ka3= 10-12.38
HPO42- + H2O H2PO4- + OH-

Kn
1014
7.21 106.79
K a 2 10
Kb=
So snh thy Ka3<<Kb nn dung dch mang tnh base trung bnh.
e) Dung dch NaF c s thy phn:
F- +H2O HF- +OH-

K n 1014
3.18 1010.82
K a 10
Kb=
Dung dch mang tnh base rt yu.
Tuy nhin ion F- l 1 base cng nn to phc rt bn vi ion Al3+ l 1 acid cng. Hng s
khng bn ca phc [AlF6]3- bng: 10-20,67 nn phn ln ion Al3+ to phc vi F-. Mc thy
phn ca Al3+ khi c mt ion F- yu hn mc thy phn ca n trong nc 1011,13 ln (xem
bi ging)
Bi 14. Vit phng trinh phn ng thy phn ca cc hp cht cng ha tri sau nay:
a) SiCl4
b) PI3
c) TiOSO4
d) BCl3
e) MnF7
f) SO2Cl2
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Gii:
SiCl4 + 2H2O = SiO2 + 4HCl
PI3 + 3H2O =
H3PO3
+ 3HI
TiOSO4 + H2O = TiO2 + H2SO4
BCl3 + 3H2O = H3BO3 + 3HCl
MnF7 + 4H2O = HMnO4 + 7HF
SO2Cl2 + 2H2O = H2SO4 + 2HCl

Bi 15. Hng s thy phn nc th nht ca mt s cation c cho di y:

ion
Na+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Al3+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Ag+
o
rion (A )
0,98 0,74 1,04 1,38 0,57 0,80 0,67 1,13
Ktp
10-15 10-11,2 10-12,6 10-13,2 10-5,1 10-9,5 10-2,2 10-6,2
a) C nhn xt gi v s phu thuc gia in tch v kch thc ca cation vi
kh nng thy phn ca n?

b) Vi sao Fe2+ thy phn mnh hn Mg2+ mc du c hai ion c cung in tch +2
v Fe2+ c bn knh ion ln hn Mg2+?
c) Gii thch tng t cho trng hp so snh hng s thy phn nc th nht
gia Al3+ v Fe3+ v gia Na+ v Ag+.
Tnh q/r:
Ion
q/r

Na+
1,02

Mg2+
2,70

Ca2+
1,92

Ba2+
1,45

Al3+
5,26

Fe2+
2,5

Fe3+
4,48

Ag+
0,88

a) V quy lut, in tch (s oxy ha) ion cng ln, bn knh cng nh th kh nng thy phn
cng tng. C th xt cc dy Na+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+, Ba2+ hay so snh gia Fe2+ v Fe3+ thy r quy
lut ny. Gi tr q/r (q-l s oxy ha) c nh hng ln nht n s thy phn ni ring v s
phn cc ion ni chung.
b) Fe2+ thy phn mnh hn Mg2+ do c 2 u c cng in tch v Fe2+ c bn knh ion hi
ln hn Mg2+ v Fe2+ c cu hnh ion trung gian cn Mg2+c cu hnh ion 8e- nn Fe2+c
thy phn mnh hn.
c) Tng t vy ta c: Al3+ c cu hnh ion 18e-, Fe3+ c cu hnh ion trung gian nn mc d
bn knh ca Fe3+ hi ln hn ca Al3+ vn c: Ktp,Fe > Ktp,Al. Na+ c cu hnh ion 8e-, cn Ag+
c cu hnh 18e- nn mc d bn knh Ag+ ln hn Na+ vn c: Ktp,Ag >> Ktp,Na
Bi 16: Cho mt hn hp acid HCl v H3PO4, c th dung phng php chun xc
inh nng tng acid trong hn hp khng? Nu nguyn tc v gii thch qu trinh
chun ?
Gii:
xc nh nng tng acid HCl v H3PO4 trong hn hp, c th dng phng php
chun th tch acid- base vi cht chun l dung dch NaOH 0,1N
Nguyn tc ca phng php chun acid base:
VN
N2 1 1
V2
Khi chun acid bng base c nng (N1) bit trc, ly mt lng chnh xc
acid (V2) bng pipet, nu xc nh c chnh xc th tch cn dng ca dung dch base (V1)
trung ha ht lng acid ny th c th tnh nng dung dch acid (N2) theo cng thc:

Vic xc nh th tch chnh xc ca dung dch base chun cn dng nh c s chuyn mu

ca cht ch th im tng ng (im trung ha ht acid). pH gn im tng ng,
ch cn thm vo mt lng nh dung dch NaOH, pH thay i nhy vt. Khong pH c s
thay i nhy vt l bc nhy ca php chun . Cht ch th acid base l mt acid (base)
yu c mu ca phn t trung ha v mu ca ion khc bit r rt. Khi cht ch th c khong
chuyn mu trong khong bc nhy, chng ta bit c chnh xc th tch NaOH cn dng.
xc nh th tch chnh xc ca dung dch base chun cn ly cho php phn tch HCl,
s dng ch th metyl cam hay phenolphthalein u c v bc nhy ca php chun
cha c hai khong pH i mu ca 2 ch th ny.
S dng metyl cam c th xc nh chnh xc th tch ca dung dch base cn ly cho php
phn tch nc th nht H3PO4. im tng ng ca php chun l pH = 4,665.
S dng ch th phenolphthalein c th xc nh chnh xc th tch ca dung dch base cn
ly cho php phn tch nc th hai H3PO4. im tng ng ca php chun l pH = 9,795.
Qu trnh chun :

Bc 1: Ly 10 ml dung dch acid cn chun bng pipet bu 10ml cho vo erlen 100ml. Cho
vo vi git ch th metyl cam. Cho NaOH vo erlen n khi dung dch i mu t sang
vng. Dng li, ghi th tch V1 NaOH tiu tn. Trong bc chun ny ton b acid
hydroclohydric v nc 1 ca acid phosphoric c trung ha:
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
H3PO4 + NaOH = NaH2PO4 + H2O
Bc 2: Ly 10 ml dung dch acid cn chun bng pipet bu 10ml cho vo erlen 100ml. Cho
vo erlen vi git ch th phenolphtalein. Cho NaOH vo erlen n khi dung dch chuyn qua
mu tm. Dng li ghi th tch V2 NaOH tiu tn. Trong bc chun ny ton b acid
hydroclohydric v n nc 2 ca acid phosphoric c trung ha:
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
H3PO4 + 2NaOH = Na2HPO4 + 2H2O
V3 = V2 V1 l lng NaOH tiu tn cho chun acid phosphoric t nc 1 n nc 2:
NaH2PO4 + NaOH = Na2HPO4 + H2O
Vy nng acid phosphoric tnh bng ng thc:
0,1V3
N H 3PO4
10
V4 = V1 V3 l lng NaOH dng chun HCl, nng HCl tnh theo ng thc:
0,1V4
N HCl
10
Ch th metyl cam (pKa = 3,75): dng phn t acid c mu , dng ion base lin hp c mu
vng. Khong chuyn mu ca metyl cam l 3,1 4,4 pH

Ch th phenolphthalein (pK = 9,1): dng phn t acid khng mu, dng ion base lin hp
mu tm. Khong chuyn mu 8,2 10 pH.

Bi 17: Hy d on pKa ca cc proton c mu trong cc hp cht sau y:

a. CH3CH2CH2CO2H (butyric acid) b. CH3OH2+ (oxonium ion).
Cho bit thm (H3O+) c pKa -1.74.

a) Acid butyric CH3CH2CH2COOH

So snh mnh acid butyric vi acid acetic. Nhm CH3CH2CH2 y electron mnh hn
CH3 nn lin kt O-H trong acid butyric km phn cc hn lin kt O-H trong acid axetic, v
vy acid butyric yu hn acid acetic. Suy ra acid buteric c pK > 4,76
b) Oxonium ion CH3OH2+
CH3 l gc y electron, nn lm tng mt electron trn O, tuy nhin CH3OH2+ c pKa <
-1,74 nh vy khng ch s tng mt electron trn O m c cc ln ca phn t nc
v trng thi lai ha sp3 mnh ca nguyn t O trong phn t nc ng vai tr quan trng
trong vic gi ion H +.
Bi 18: Xc inh chiu u th ca phn ng thun nghich sau y:
Cho thm NH4+ (ammonium
ion, pKa 9.24).
Tnh th ng p chun ca phn ng:
K cb

K NH 3 . K1,H 2CO3 10 4,76.10 6,35

[ NH 4 ][ HCO3 ]

10 2,89
[ NH 3 . H 2O ][ H 2 CO3 ]
K H 2O
10 14

G0298,p = -298x8,314lnKcb = -16,49 kJ/mol

Phn ng thun nghch vi u th v chiu thun.
Khi cho thm cht lm tng ion NH4+, th theo nguyn l Le Chaterlier cn bng s chuyn
dch v pha phn ng nghch.
(C th l lun khc nh sau: V Kcb l hng s nn khi nng NH4+ tng, Kcb khng i
th nng HCO3- phi gim xung, suy ra cn bng chuyn dch sang chiu nghch)
Bi 19: c tnh pKa ca cc vng hydrogen sau y:

Bit CH3CH2OH (ethanol) c pKa = 15.9 v phenol c pKa = 9.95.

a) So snh vi H2N H, v nhm CH3 y electron +I cn H c +I = 0, suy ra pKa ca
CH3NH2 nh hn pKa ca NH3. V phn ly kiu acid ca NH3 trong dung dch nc khng th
o c nn c th so snh gin tip qua tnh base ca hai cht ny. CH3NH2 c tnh base ln
hn NH3 nn c pKb < 4,76.
b) C ethanol v (CH3)3COH u c H linh ng ca nhm OH, tuy nhin (CH3)3COH c
n 3 nhm CH3 gy hiu ng y electron (+I) so vi ethanol ch c 1 nhm CH3, lm mt
electron trn nguyn t C ni vi nhm OH tng ln, dn n cp electron ca lin kt C
O lch thm v pha nguyn t O, lm gim linh ng ca H trong nhm OH, do tnh
axit ca (CH3)3COH km hn CH3CH2OH

pKa (CH3)3COH > pKa CH3CH2OH = 15,9

c) V hp cht c nhm OCH3 gy hiu ng +C (O cn cp e cha ghp i), y
electron qua cc h lin hp ca vng thm; kt qu l O lin kt vi hidro linh ng c
tng cng mt in tch m, lm gim kh nng ht cp e gp chung vi H linh ng. Do
tnh acid gim so vi phenol.
pKa p-CH3OC6H4OH > pKa C6H5OH = 9,95
Bi 20: Xc inh chiu u th ca cc phn ng thun nghich sau:
a/

b/
Bit pKa ca C6H5CO2H (benzoic acid) l 4.19. H3O+ (hydronium ion, pKa = -1.74).
a) Tnh th ng p ca phn ng:
K1, H 3 PO4
[C6 H 5COOH ][ H 2 PO4 ]
10 2,12
K cb

4,19 10 2,07

[C6 H 5COO ][ H 3 PO4 ] K C 6 H 5 COOH 10

G0298,p = -298x8,314lnKcb = -11,81kJ/mol

Phn ng thun nghch vi u th theo chiu thun.
b) CH3CH2OH2+ c mnh acid tng ng H3O+ nn phn ng khng c chiu u
th. y nhm y electron C2H5 lm tng mt electron trn O n mc s gi
H+ ca C2H5OH tng ng H2O
Bi 21. iu ch kh Carbonic trong phng th nghim, ngi ta thng cho vi
(thnh phn chnh l Canxi Carbonat) tc dng vi mt acid v c mnh. y l loi phn
ng g? Vit phng trnh ion phn t cho phn ng ny. Trong thc t, trong s cc
acid v c mnh sau: acid Sulfuric, acid Clohydric, acid Nitric, acid no c s dng
iu ch kh Carbonic? V sao?
Li gii:
Phn ng iu ch kh CO2 ny l phn ng trao i ion, acid mnh y acid yu ra khi
mui ca n: i vi HCl v HNO3:
2H+ + CaCO3 = CO2 + H2O + Ca2+
i vi H2SO4 :
H+ + H SO4- + CaCO3 = CaSO4 (r) + CO2 + H2O
(C th vit cch khc:
2H+ + SO42- + CaCO3 = CaSO4 (r) + CO2 + H2O)
Trong thc t ngi ta s dng acid clohydric.
i vi H2SO4 sn phm canxi sulfat t tan che ph b mt vi lm phn ng sm dng
li.
i vi HNO3 c thm s phn hy theo phn ng:
4HNO3 = O2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O

to ra kh Nit Dioxyt lm bn kh CO2. Thm vo Acid Nitric t hn nhiu so vi Acid

Clohydric.
Bi 22. Trong s cc hp cht ny, nhng hp cht no kh tan trong acid. V sao nhn xt
nh vy: NiOOH, AlOOH, CoO, MnO2, Cu2O
NiOOH, AlOOH v MnO2 l cc hp cht kh tan trong acid. Chng c tnh baz rt yu v
kim loi s oxy ha cao (+3 v +4).
Trong s cc hp cht ny, nhng hp cht no d tan trong acid. V sao nhn xt nh vy:
Ti2O3, FeOOH, CoO, TiO(OH)2, VO
Li gii: CoO v VO d tan trong acid vi hu ht cc hp cht bc hai ca kim loi s
oxy ha II u c tnh baz tri hn hn tnh acid.
Bi 23:
C th iu ch FeS bng cch cho mui Fe 2+ vo dung dch Na2S c khng? Ti sao? Hy
xut phng n thu c FeS tinh khit. Cho bit: tch s tan ca Fe(OH)2 l
1,610-14 v ca FeS l 10-17,2; hng s in ly ca H2S: K1 = 10-7, K2 = 10-12,89.
Gii:
Khng c!
Khi cho mui Fe2+ vo dung dch Na2S s xy ra cc phn ng:
Fe2+ + S2- FeS
S2- + H2O HS- + OHFe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2
C th iu ch FeS tinh khit bng cch sc kh H2S vo dung dch Fe2+
Fe2+ + H2S FeS + H2
Tnh hng s cn bng:
K a1 K a2 H S 10 7 10 12,89
2
K

10 2,69
17, 2
TFeS
10

Hng s phn ly acid ca mt s hp cht:

Acid
H2SO4

K
103 (1)
10-1,94 (2)

Acid
H5IO6

H2SeO3

H2CrO4

HMnO4

10-2,62 (1)
10-8,32 (2)
103 (1)
10-1,88 (2)
102,3

HNO3

101,64

H3PO4

HClO

10-7,3

HClO2

10-1,97

H2SeO4

K
10-1,55 (1)
10-8,27 (2)
10-14,98 (3)
10-0,98 (1)
10-6,5 (2)
10-8,95 (2)
10-14,4 (3)
10-9,24 (1)

Acid
HF

K
10-3,18

H3PO3

10-1,8 (1)
10-6,7 (2)
1011

H2S

CH3COOH

10-2,12 (1)
10-7,21 (2)
10-12,38 (3)
10-4,76

HCl

107

H3PO2

H3VO4
H3BO3

HI
H4SiO4

H2CO3

10-9,9 (1)
10-11,8 (2)
10-13,7 (3)
10-6,99 (1)
10-12,89 (2)
10-6,35 (1)
10-10,32 (2)
10-1,23 (1)

HAlO2

10-12,4

H2CrO4

Acetic Acid
Benzoic Acid
Boric Acid
Carbonic Acid

101 (1)
3,16.10-7 (2)

1.7 x 10-5
6.3 x 10-5
5.9 x 10-10
4.3 x 10-7
4.8 x 10-11
4.9 x 10-10
1.7 x 10-4
4.9 x 10-10
6.8 x 10-4
1.1 x 10-2
8.9 x 10-8
1.2 x 10-13
3.5 x 10-8
4.5 x 10-4
5.6 x 10-2
5.1 x 10-5
6.9 x 10-3
6.2 x 10-8
4.8 x 10-13
1.6 x 10-2
7.0 x 10-7
1.3 x 10-5
1.4 x 10-4
1.3 x 10-2
6.3 x 10-8

HC2H3O2
HC7H5O2
H3BO3
H2CO3
HCO3HCNO
HCHO2
HCN
HF
HSO4H2S
HSHClO
HNO2
H2C2O4
HC2O4H3PO4
H2PO4HPO42H2PHO3
HPHO3
HC3H5O2
HC3H3O3
H2SO3
HSO3

Cyanic Acid
Formic Acid
Hydrocyanic Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrogen Sufate ion
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hypochlorous Acid
Nitrous Acid
Oxalic Acid
Phosphoric Acid

Phosphorus Acid
Propionic Acid
Pyruvic Acid
Sulfurous Acid

Hng s phn ly base ca mt s hp cht:

Base
NH3.H2O
AgOH

K
10-4,755
10-2,3

Base
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3

Ca(OH)2
Ba(OH)2

10-1,4 (2)
10-0,64 (2)

Al(OH)3
Mg(OH)2

K
10-3,89 (2)
10-10,74 (2)
10-11,87 (3)
10-8,86 (3)
10-2,6 (2)

Base
LiOH
V(OH)3

K
10-0,17
10-11,08 (3)

Mn(OH)2

10-3,3 (2)

Ammonia
Aniline
Dimethylamine
Ethylamine
Hydrazine
Hydroxylamine
Methylamine
Pyridine
Urea

NH3
C6H5NH2
(CH3)2NH
C2H5NH2
N2H4
NH2OH
CH3NH2
C 5H 5N
NH2CONH2

1.8 x 10-5
4.2 x 10-10
5.1 x 10-4
4.7 x 10-4
1.7 x 10-6
1.1 x 10-8
4.4 x 10-4
1.4 x 10-9
1.5 x 10-14

Tch s tan ca mt s cht:

Cht
Fe(OH)3
Fe(OH)2
Cr(OH)3

[Fe3+][OH-]3
[FeOH2+][OH-]2
[Fe(OH)2+][OH-]
[Fe2+][OH-]2
[Fe(OH)+][OH-]
[Cr3+][OH-]3
[CrOH2+][OH-]2

T
10-37,3
10-25,7
10-16,4
10-15
10-9,3
10-30,2
10-20,2

Cht
Al(OH)3
Sn(OH)2
Ag2O

[Al3+][OH-]3
[AlOH2+][OH-]2
[H+][AlO2-]
[Sn2+][OH-]2
[SnOH+][OH-]
[Ag+][OH-]

T
10-32
10-23
10-12,8
10-26,2
10-17,1
10-7,8

Hng s khng bn ca mt s phc cht:

Phc
[AlF6]3[Al(OH)4]-

K
1020,67
10-33

Phc
[Fe(SCN)6]3[Ag(S2O3)2]3-

K
10-3,23
10-13,46

Phc
[Co(SCN)6]3[CuCl2]-

K
10-2,2
10-5,35

L thuyt chung v cc thuyt acid - base

Cu 15 : Chn cu sai
a. Theo thuyt Usanovich mi phn ng ha hc u c th xem l phn ng acid base
b. Cc thuyt acid base c quan nim hon ton khc nhau nhau nn c phm vi s dng
khc nhau
c. Thuyt acid base Lewis c dng gii thch cho nhng phn ng to phc
d. Theo thuyt Bronsted th mnh ca acid/base ph thuc vo mnh ca dung
mi
Cu 13: Thuyt acid-base no c ni dung nh sau: Acid l nhng cht c kh nng cho i
cation, kt hp vi anion, hoc e, base l nhng cht c kh nng cho anion hoc e, kt hp
vi cation.
a) Thuyt Arhenius
b) Thuyt Lewis
c) Thuyt Lux
d) Khng c thuyt no trn y.
Cu 17: Cc phn ng no sau y l phn ng acid-base (theo cc thuytt acid base)?

1) HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

2) CaCl2 + Na2SO4 2NaCl +CaSO4
3) F- (k) +HCl(k) HF + Cl-(k)
4) BF3 +KF K+ +BF45) SiO2 +CaO CaSiO3
a) 1,2,3,4,
b)2,3,4,5,
c) 1,2,3,4,5

d)1,3,4,5

Cu 18: Pht biu no sau y l cha chnh xc:

a) Thuyt acid-base ca Arrhenius khng gii thch c tnh base ca NH3 trong
mi trng nc.
b) Thuyt acid-base ca Bronsted Lowry khng gii thch c tnh base ca
NH3 trong mi trng nc.
c) Thuyt acid-base ca Bronsted Lowry c th dng gii thch s thy phn
d) Thuyt acid-base ca Lewis c th dng gii thch phn ng to phc
Cu 15
Chn pht biu ng:
1. Trong tt c cc thuyt acid-base th thuyt acid-base ca Usanovich l tng qut nht.
2. Theo thuyt Usanovich, mi tng tc u c th xem l phn ng acid-base, k
c phn ng c s trao i electron (phn ng oxi-ha kh).
3. so snh cng acid-base, thuyt Lewis ch xt ring cho tng nhm cht, khng
c thc o chung nh thuyt Bronsted-Lawry.
a) Ch 1, 2 ng
b) Ch 2, 3 ng
c) Ch 1, 3 ng
d) Tt c cng ng
a. Cu 16
b. Chn pht biu ng
a. Xt phn ng NH3(k) +HCl(k) NH4Cl(r) , theo thuyt Acid Base Arrhenius th base l
NH3 cn HCl l axit.
b. Trong mt dung dch vi dung mi l nc, khng c mt acid no mnh hn H+ v
khng c mt base no mnh hn OH- c th tn ti
c. Xt dy BBr3, BCl3, BF3 t Br n F m in tng dn do in tch dng trn
B tng dn, theo thuyt acid base ca Lewis tnh acid tng dn.
d. Hng s bn ca mt phc cht cng th nng ion kim loi to phc trong dung
dch cng nh
c. Cu 17
d. Chn cu ng
a Theo Lewis, acid cng l nhng cation hoc phn t c kch thc ln, mt in
tch dng cao, khng c kh nng cho e
b Cc base yu hn nc khng b thy phn
c Theo Lewis, Cc hiu ng cm ng, cng hng c tc dng rt e lm gim tnh
acid v tng tnh base
d mnh acid base khng ph thuc mi trng xy ra phn ng
e. Cu 18

1
2
3
4
5
g.

f.
Chn nhng pht biu sai
Cc dung mi proton ha l nhng cht lng tnh theo quan nim acid base Lewis
Usanovich khng cho php gii thch phn ng ca cc cht trng thi nng chy
Mn2O3 l oxit c tnh axit Bronsed mnh.
H+, Cd2+, Al3+ l cc acid Lewis cng
Tnh base Lewis gim dn theo Li3N > NF3 > NH3

a. 1,2,3,4
h. Cu 52

b. 1, 2, 5

c. 3, 4

d. 3, 4, 5.

i. Chn p n ng nht:
a) Trong phn ng S2O72- + NO3- NO2+ + 2SO42- , th NO3- ng vai tr l acid v
S2O72- l base
b) AlCl3 th hin tnh base trong nc
c) Cc thuyt acid-base Bronsted, Lewis, Usanovich, Lux, nh ngha acid-base theo cc
hng khc nhau nn cc thuyt ny kh mu thun vi nhau
d) ClO2(OH) th hin tnh base yu hn so vi NO(OH) trong nc
j.
k. Cu 15
l. Trong cc nhn xt sau y, nhn xt no chnh xc:
m. 1) Quy tc Karlectch gii thch c s thay i tnh acid ca mt acid m khng cn
n cu trc.
n. 2) Thuyt acid base Lux l trng hp ring ca thuyt Usanovich v gii thch c
cc phn ng pha nng chy.
o. 3) Tnh acid tng theo th t HF<HCl<HBr do trong phn nhm VIIA, khi i t trn
xung, bn lin kt H-X gim nhanh hn i lc electron ca X.
p. 4) Acid cng l cation hoc phn t c kch thc nh, mt in tch dng cao.
a) 1, 2, 3, 4
b) 1, 2, 3
c) 2, 3, 4
d) 1, 3, 4
q. Cu 37: Chn cu sai
r. a. Trong phn ng to phc hng s bn cng ln khi ion trung tm l acid mnh v
cc ligand l base mnh.
s. b. i vi acid ca HnX, trong mt chu k khi i t tri sang phi tnh acid tng dn.
t. c. Sn phm s khng bn khi phn ng xy ra gia acid rt yu v base c mnh
trung bnh yu.
u. d. i vi cc oxide, tnh axit nh khi s oxy ha ca nguyn t khc Oxy cng
cao.
v. Cu 46: Chn pht biu khng chnh xc v cc thuyt acid base:
1. Cc thuyt acid base ch p dng c trong mt phm vi hp v khng c
tnh cht b sung h tr cho nhau.
2. Theo thuyt acid base Usanovich v thuyt Lux, tt c cc phn ng u l
phn ng acid base.
3. Cng ca cc acid base theo thuyt Bronsted v thuyt Lewis c th so
snh da vo hng s Ka hoc Kb ca cc acid base .
4. Khi nim acid base cng mm ch tn ti trong thuyt acid - base Usanovich.
a. 1, 3
b. 2, 4

c. 1, 3, 4
d. 2, 3

a)
b)
c)
d)

w.
x.
y. Thuyt acid base Usanovich
z. Cu 12: Hy cho bit cc acid v base Usanovich trong cc phn ng sau (phn ng
nhit cao):
1) Na2B4O7 + CoO = 2NaBO2.Co(BO2)2
2) Na2CO3 + CaCO3 + 6SiO2 = Na2Ca[Si6O15] + 2CO2
aa. a) Acid: Na2B4O7 , SiO2 ; Base: CoO , Na2CO3
ab. b) Acid: Na2B4O7 , SiO2 ; Base: CoO , Na2CO3 , CaCO3
ac. c) Acid: CoO , SiO2 ; Base: Na2B4O7 , Na2CO3 , CaCO3
ad. d) Acid: Na2CO3 , CaCO3, SiO2 ; Base: CoO , Na2B4O7
ae. Cu 20
af. Hy xc nh acid - base Usanovich trong cc phn ng sau:
ag. (1) CaO + SiO2 = CaSiO3
ah. (2) 2Al(OH)3 + P2O5 = 2AlPO4 + 3H2O
ai. (3) 2NaH + B2H6 = 2Na[BH4]
Acid: CaO, NaH, B2H6; Base: SiO2,
P2O5, Al(OH)3
Acid: SiO2, P2O5, B2H6; Base: CaO,
Al(OH)3, NaH
Acid: CaO, Al(OH)3, NaH; Base:
SiO2, P2O5, B2H6
Acid: SiO2, P2O5, Al(OH)3; Base:
CaO, NaH, B2H6
aj.
ak. THUYT ACID BASE LEWIS
al. Nhn bit acid base Lewis
am.Cu 14: Chn phng n chnh xc nht. Hy cho bit cc acid v base Lewis trong
cc phn ng sau (phn ng xy ra trong nc):
1) KF + BeF2 = K2[BeF4]
2) KNCS + Co(NCS)2 = K2[Co(NCS)4]
an. a) Acid: Be2+, Co2+ ; Base: F-, NCSao. b) Acid: BeF2, Co(NCS)2 ; Base: F- , NCSap. c) Acid: BeF2, Co(NCS)2 ; Base: KF , KNCS
aq.
d) Acid: BeF2, Co2+ , K+; Base: KF , NCSar. Cu 31: Cho cc phn ng:
as.
1) MgCl2 + 6H2O = MgCl2.6H2O
at.
2) BH3 + NaH = Na[BH4]
au.
3) Ni2+ + 4NH3 = [Ni(NH3)4]2+
av. Cc cht axit v baz trong cc phn ng trn theo thuyt electron (thuyt Lewis)
l:
aw. a) axit: H2O , BH3 v NiCl2 ; baz : MgCl2 , NaH v NH3
ax. b) axit: MgCl2 , BH3 v NiCl2 ; baz : H2O, NaH v NH3
ay. c) axit: MgCl2, NaH v NiCl2 ; baz: H2O, BH3 v NH3
az. d) axit: MgCl2, BH3 v NH3 ; baz H2O, NaH v NiCl2
ba.
bb. Cu 1: Cho cc phn ng sau:

NaF + AlF3
KI + HgI2
Cc acid, base v sn phm trong cc phn ng trn ln lt l:
a. Acid: KI, AlF3; base: NaF, HgI2; sn phm: Na[AlF4], K[HgI3]
b. Acid: HgI2, AlF3; base: NaF, KI; sn phm: Na[AlF4], K2[HgI4]
c. Acid: HgI2, AlF3; base: NaF, KI; sn phm: Na3[AlF6], K[HgI3]
d. Khng c cu no ng.
bf. Cu 11: C phn ng no di y khng phi l phn ng acid base?
bg.
1) CuCl + HCl = H[CuCl2]
bh.
2) Fe(OH)3 + 3KOH = K3[Fe(OH)6]
bi.
3) FeCl2 + K3[Fe(CN)6] = KFe[Fe(CN)6] + 2KCl
bj. a) phn ng 2
bk. b) phn ng 3
bl. d) Phn ng 1
bm.
d) Khng c phn ng
no.
bn. Cng ca acid base Lewis: hiu ng cm ng, cng hng, lp th
bo. Cu 14
bp. Tnh acid tng dn trong dy BF3, BCl3, BBr3 do hiu ng g :
a) Hiu ng cm ng
b) Hiu ng cng hng
c) Hiu ng lp th
d) Hiu ng cng ha tr
bq. Cu 47
br. Cho cc cht sau : Li3N, NH3, NF3. Tnh base tng dn theo thuyt Lewis
NF3 < NH3 < Li3N
NH3 < NF3 < Li3N
Li3N < NF3 < NH3
Li3N < NH3 < NF3
bs. Cu 60
bt. Chn p n ng:
bu. 1) Theo thuyt Lewis, ketone (v d CH3-O-CH3, C2H5-O-C2H5) c coi l lng
tnh.
bv. 2) Trong mt phn nhm ca h thng tun hon, khi i t trn xung, bn lin kt
gim nhanh hn i lc electron, nn tnh acid tng dn.
bw.3) Trong dung mi nc, tnh base tng dn t: anilin < 3,5dinitro anilin < 2,6 dinitro
anilin.
bx. 4) Cc hiu ng cm ng, cng hng, khng gian c tc dng rt e lm tnh baz
tng,tnh acid gim
a) 1,3,4
b) 1,2,3,4
c) Khng c cu no ng
d) 2,3,4
by.
bz. Cng acid, base phu thuc vo bn cht (kim loi, phi kim) ca nguyn t
to acid, base
ca. Cu 49: Pht biu no l ng trong cc pht biu di y:
cb.
a. Cc halogenua ion c tnh base v t b thy phn trong mi trng axit.
cc.
b. Cc halogenua cng ha tr c tnh acid v khng b thy phn
cd.
c. Cc halogenua ca cng mt nguyn t c cng ha tr tng khi s oxy
ha tng.
ce.
d. C 3 cu trn u ng.
bc.
bd.
be.

a)
b)
c)
d)

cf.
cg. Cu 64: Chn pht biu ng v axit sulfuric trong dung dch nc:
ch.
a) H2SO4 l mt axit mnh.
ci.
b) Khi pha long tnh axit yu i.
cj.
c) C tnh oxy ha mnh.
ck.
d) C 3 cu trn u sai.
cl.
cm.
cn. Cng acid, base phu thuc vo s oxy ha ca nguyn t to acid, base
co. Cu 10: Crom cn nm mc oxy ha no hydrate oxide c tnh base mnh nht;
cp.
a) +2
b) +3
c) +6
d) +4
cq. Cu 22: Cho bit nhng oxide no d tc dng vi acid HCl trong s cc oxide sau:
Tl2O, La2O3, ReO2, MgO, MnO2, Cr2O3
cr.
b) Tl2O , MgO
cs. a) Tl2O , La2O3, MgO
ct.
cu. c) Tl2O , La2O3 , MnO2
cv. d) Tl2O , La2O3, MgO ,
ReO2
cw. Cu 28: Cho bit nhng oxide no d tc dng vi acid HCl trong s cc oxide sau:
cx.
Cu2O, Ga2O3, ZrO2, SrO, Al2O3
cy. a) Cu2O , Al2O3, SrO
cz. b) Cu2O , SrO
da. c) Cu2O , Ga2O3
db. d) Cu2O , Ga2O3, SrO ,
ZrO2
dc. Cu 23. Nhng oxide no ca Crom tc dng c vi acid hydrocloric theo phn ng
acid-base?
a) CrO
b) Cr2O3
c) CrO3
d) CrO2
dd.
de. Cu 11. Nhng oxyt no ca mangan: c tnh lng tnh?
df. a) MnO ,Mn2O3
dg. b) Mn2O3 , Mn2O7
dh. c) MnO2, MnO3
di. d) Mn2O3 , MnO2
dj.
dk.
dl. Acid base cng mm
dm.
Cu 10:
dn. Cho cc phn ng sau. Chn pht biu ng v hng s cn bng v trng thi cng,
mm ca cc axit, baz trong phn ng
i. CdI2(r) + CaF2(r) CdF2(r) + CaI2(r)
ii. [CuI ]2-(dd) + [CuCl ]3-(dd) [CuCl ]2-(dd) + [CuI ]3-(dd)
4

NH
iii.

(dd) + H2O(l)

NH3(dd) + OH-(dd)

1. Hng s cn bng ca phn ng (i), (iii) ln hn 1, v phn ng (ii) nh hn 1.

2. Trong cc phn ng ny, CdS2(r), [CuCl4]3-, H2O l cc axit mm,CaF2, [CuCl4]2- v
NH2- l baz cng.
3. Hng s cn bng ca phn ng (ii), (iii) ln hn 1, v phn ng (i) nh hn 1.
4. Thuyt v axit, baz cng mm xut pht t thuyt Lewis so snh tng i cc
acid-base vi nhau.
a. 1, 2 ng
b. 2, 4 ng
c. 1, 4 ng
d. 3, 4 ng

do. Cu 32
dp. Trong cc dy sau, dy no l dy cc acid cng:
a) Li+, Na+, Cr3+, Cr6+, H+.
b) H+, Pt2+, Pd2+, Na+, K+.
c) Ti4+, Ag+, Cr6+, Ca2+, Pt2+.
d) H+, Li+, Au+, BH3, BF3.
dq. Cu 13
dr. Chn pht biu ng. Dy ion no di y c xp theo chiu cng tng dn,:
a. H+ < Li+ < Na+ < Ag+
b. Mn2+ < Hg2+ < Mn7+ < Ca2+
c. Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < Al3+
d.
Be2+ < Mg2+ < Fe3+ <Al3+
e.

f. Cu 18: Cho bit cc acid v base sau y:

g. Acid
h. Li+ ; Mg2+
cng
:
i. Base
j. OHcng
:
l.
k. Acid
Ag+ , Cd2+
mm
:
m. Base
n. CNmm
:
o. Cho bit hydroxide ca nhng kim loi no d tan trong dung dch natri cyanide.
p.
a) LiOH, Mg(OH)2
b) LiOH, AgOH
c) Mg(OH)2, Cd(OH)2,
d) AgOH, Cd(OH)2
q.
r. THUYT ACID BASE BONSTED
1. Thuyt acid base Bronsted: L thuyt
s. Cu 10: Theo thuyt acid-base Bronsted Lowry, dung mi proton ha l:

y.

t. a) Dung mi trng thi lng khi b kch thch to H+ .

u. b) Dung mi c th t ion ha hon ton khi trng thi lng to H+.
v. c) Dung mi c th t ion ha 1 phn khi trng thi lng to H+.
w. d) Cc cu trn u sai.
x. Cu 32: Chn cc pht biu ng.
1) Theo thuyt Bronsted, cc hng s in ly ca axit, baz c cng
bn cht vi hng s thy phn.
z.
2) tan v in li c cng bn cht.
aa.
3) Theo thuyt proton, in ly v thy phn c cng bn cht.

ab.

4) Hng s in li ca axit, hng s in li baz v tch s tan u l hng s cn bng

tun theo nh lut Guldberg Waage.

ac.

5) Hng s axit v base khng ph thuc vo bn cht dung mi.

ad.

6) Trong cc dung mi, cp axit/ bazo lin hp lun c KaxKb=Ks.

ae. a) 3 , 4, 5

af. b) 1 , 2 , 4

ag. c) 1, 3 , 4, 6

ah. d) Tt c u
ng

ai. Cu 53
aj. Chn pht biu ng:
ak. 1) Hiu ng san bng ch ng cho dung mi nc, khng chnh xc trong trng hp
ca m t dung mi HSol tng qut.
al. 2) mnh ca acid HA ph thuc bn cht ca dung mi, dung mi c tnh base
cng mnh th HA th hin tnh acid cng mnh.
am.3) Trong dung mi nc, Ka.Kb = 10-14 22oC, Ka v Kb l acid v base mnh.
an. 4) Theo hiu ng san bng, trong dung dch H3O+ l acid mnh nht, OH- l base
mnh nht.
a) 1 & 2
b) 1, 3, 4
c) 2
d) 1 & 4
ao. Cu 58
ap. Chn cu ng:
aq. 1) HClO4 khng phi l acid rt mnh trong mi dung mi.
ar. 2) Cho Mn2+ (pKtp = 10,7) v Hg2+ (pKtp = 3,7) th Mn2+ d b thy phn hn.
as. 3) Trong acid cha oxi c cu trc HaXOn(OH)m th n quyt nh cng acid.
at.
4) Theo Lewis th base l cht nhn proton (H+), acid l cht cho proton.
a) 2, 3
b) 1, 2, 4
c) 2, 3, 4
d) 1, 3
au. Cu 33: Chn cu ng
av.
a. Theo quy tc Pauling HaXOn(OH)m , gi tr m quyt nh cng acid.
aw.
b. Theo quy tc Kartletch th t s gia in tch v bn knh ion trung tm
cng ln th tnh acid cng gim.
ax.
c. Cc cation c pKtp cng nh th tnh acid cng gim.
ay.
d. Tt c u sai.
az. Cu 36: Chn pht biu ng
a. HClO l mt axit mnh theo thuyt Axit-Baz Bronsted
b. H3O+ v OH- l dng axit-baz mnh nht trong dung dch nc
c. Cc axit v baz u c th tn ti c 2 dng anion hoc cation
d. Axit v baz cng cng cng kh phn ng vi nhau to ra sn phm bn
ba.
bb. Cu 13:
bc. Chn pht biu ng nht vi thuyt acid- base Bronsted-Lowry:
bd. 1) Acid cng yu th pKb ca base lin hp ca n cng b.
be. 2) Dung dch mt base yu trong nc c pH cng nh khi pKb ca n cng ln.

bf. 3) Trong dung mi c hng s t proton ha cng ln th mt acid s c pKa cng ln.
bg. 4) Gia pKa ca acid lin hp v pKb ca base lin hp ca H2PO4- c quan h pKa +
pKb = -lgKn.
bh. a) 1, 3, 4
bi. b) 2,3
bj. c) 1, 2, 4
bk. d) 1, 2, 3
bl. Cu 1
bm.
Chn pht biu ng. Theo thuyt Bronsted Lowry:
1. Ch c th xc nh c mnh yu ca cc acid v base trng thi lng thng
qua cc hng s acid base tng ng.
2. mnh ca acid cn ph thuc vo bn cht dung mi, dung mi c tnh base cng
mnh th HA th hin tnh acid cng mnh.
3. Trong mt chu k, i t tri qua phi, i lc e tng dn, bn knh nguyn t gim dn
nn bn lin kt tng do vy tnh acid ca HnX tng dn.
a. 1, 2 sai
b. 1, 3 sai
c. 2, 3 sai
d. Tt c u sai.
bn. Cu 30: Chn cu tr li ng. Cu no trong s cc cu di y sai:
bo.
1) Baz lin hp ca mt axit mnh l mt baz yu v ngc li.
bp.
2) i vi cp axit-baz lin hp NH4+ / NH3 trong dung dch nc ta c :
KNH4+ . KNH3 =10-14 tt c cc nhit .
bq.
3) Hng s in li ca NH3 trong nc l 1,8 x 10-5, suy ra KNH4+ = 5,62 x 10-10.
br. a) 1
bs. b) 2
bt. c) 3
bu. d) Khng c
cu sai
bv. Cu 11
bw.Chn nhng pht biu ng trong cc pht biu sau (dung mi l nc):
1. CH3NH2, CO32-, CH3COO-, Cl- l nhng base theo Bronsted.
2. Tnh acid Lewis gim dn t BF3, BCl3, BBr3 do tc dng rt electron tng dn t Br
n F.
3. HCN, H3O+, Na+, C6H5OH, N2H5+ l nhng acid theo Bronsted.
4. Tnh base Lewis tng dn t: anilin < 3,5 dinitro anilin < 2,6 dinitro anilin.
5. pKa cng ln th tnh base ca base lin hp cng ln.
bx.
a. 1, 2, 3, 5
b. 1, 5
c. 2, 3, 4
d. 3, 5
by.
bz.
2. D on acid, base
ca. Nhn bit acid, base Bronsted
cb. Cu 16: Trong cc tiu phn sau y, tiu phn no l lng tnh theo thuyt acid
base Bronsted (chn p n ng trong cc p n sau)
cc. a. HS- ,Ag+aq ,Fe2+aq , H2O, HCl, NH3
cd.
b. HS-, H2O, HCl, SO42ce. c. HS-, H2O, HCl, HCO3cf.
d. F- , S2-, HS-, H2O, HCl, NH3
cg. Cu 2: Trong cc tiu phn sau y tiu phn no l lng tnh theo thuyt acid base
Bronsted (chn p n ng trong cc p n sau)
ch. a.
ci.
b.
cj. c.
ck.
d.

HS- ,Fe2+aq , H2O, HCl, NH3

HS-, H2O, HCl, CO32HS-, H2O, HCl, H2PO4-, HCO3F- , HS-, H2O, HCl, NH3

a)
b)
c)
d)

cl. Cu 35: Trong cc tiu phn sau y tiu phn no l lng tnh theo thuyt acid base
Bronsted (chn p n ng trong cc p n sau)
cm.a. HS- ,Ag+aq ,Fe2+aq , H2O, HCl, NH3
cn.
b. HS-, H2O, HCl, SO42co. c. HS-, H2O, HCl, HCO3cp.
d. F- , S2-, HS-, H2O, HCl, NH3
cq.
cr. Cu 20: Chn phng n chnh xc nht. Hy cho bit acid v base Bronsted Lawry
trong phn ng sau (phn ng xy ra trong nc):
cs. 4H3BO3 + 2NaOH = Na2B4O7 + 7H2O
ct.
a) Acid: H3BO3, H2O; Base: NaOH, Na2B4O7
cu.
b) Acid: H3BO3, H2O; Base: OH-, NaB4O7cv. c) Acid: H+, H2O Base: OH-, B4O72-,
cw. d) Acid: H3BO3, H2O; Base: OH-, B4O72cx. Cu 30:
cy. Cht no khi thm vo dung dch ammoniac lm cn bng:
cz.
NH3 + H2O NH3.H2O NH4+ + OHda. chuyn dch sang phi:
db. a)
dc. b) MgCl2
dd. c) NaOH
de. d) NaCN
Ca(OH)2
df. Cp acid base lin hp
dg. Cu 46
dh. Cho cc cht CH3COOH, H2SO4, HClO4, Al3+. Theo thuyt acid base ca Bronsted,
cc cp acid-base lin hp xut pht t chng l:
CH3COOH/CH3COO-; H3SO4+/H2SO4;
di. HClO4/ClO4-; [Al(H2O)6]3+/[Al(H2O)5OH]2+.
CH3COOH32+/CH3COOH; H2SO4/HSO4-;
dj. H2ClO4+/HClO4; [Al(H2O)3]3+/[Al(H2O)2OH]2+.
CH3COOH/CH3COO-; H3SO4+/HSO4-;
dk. HClO4/ClO4-; [Al(H2O)3]3+/[Al(H2O)2OH]2+.
CH3COOH2+/CH3COOH; H2SO4/HSO4-;
dl. H2ClO4+/HClO4; [Al(H2O)6]3+/[Al(H2O)4(OH)2]+.
dm.

Cu 10

dn. Cho cc cht CH3COOH, H2SO4, HClO4, Al3+. Theo thuyt acid base ca Bronsted,
cc cp acid base lin hp xut pht t chng l:
a CH3COOH2+/CH3COOH; H2SO4/HSO4-, H2ClO4+/HClO4; [Al(H2O)3]3+/
[Al(H2O)2OH]2+.
b CH3COOH/CH3COO-; H3SO4+/H2 SO4; HClO4/ClO4-; [Al(H2O)3]3+/[Al(H2O)2OH]2+.
c CH3COOH/CH3COO-; H3SO4+/H2SO4; HClO4/ClO4-; [Al(H2O)6]3+/[Al(H2O)5OH]2+.
d Khng c p n no ng v khng nu ra dung mi.
do.
dp. Lm kh cht kh
dq. Cu 13. C th dng nhng cht no di y lm kh kh ammoniac?
dr.
CaO ; P2O5 ; H2SO4 ; NaOH
ds. a) CaO &
dt. b) P2O5 &
dv. d) CaO , P2O5 &
du. c) CaO
NaOH
H2SO4
& P2O5
NaOH
dw.Cu 27: C th dng nhng cht no di y lm kh kh ammoniac?
dx.
K2O; CaO ; P2O5 ; H2SO4 ; NaOH

dy. a) CaO &

dz. b) P2O5 &
eb. d) CaO , P2O5 &
ea. c) CaO, K2O &
NaOH
H2SO4
NaOH
NaOH
ec.
ed. Cu 60. C th dng nhng cht no di y lm kh kh hydro sulfide?
ee.
1) CaCl2
2) NaOH
3) H2SO4
4) P2O5
ef.
a) 3 & 4
b) 1 & 2
c) 1 & 4
d) 1 , 3 & 4
eg. Cu 1. C th dng cht no di y lm kh kh CO2?
eh. ei. a)
b)BaO2
ek. c)
el. d) CaO
ej.
H2SO4
NaOH
em.
3. Cng acid, base
a. Cng acid, base trong pha kh
en. Cu 2
eo. Cho phn ng sau: NH2-(k) + HBr(k) = NH3(k) + Br-(k)
ep. Bit i lc proton Q ca NH2-(k) v Br-(k) ln lt l 1689 v 1354(KJ/ mol)
eq. Chn pht biu sai:
1. Br- c tnh base mnh hn NH2-, v Q nh hn.
2. NH2- c tnh base mnh hn Br-, v Q ln hn.
3. Khi phn ng vi H+ th H ca NH2- ln hn H ca Br4. Acid lin hp ca NH2- c tnh acid yu hn acid lin hp ca Bra. 1,3
b. 2,3
c. 2,3,4
d. 2,4
er.
b. Cng acid, base trong dung dich nc
es. Cu 12: Chn cu ng
et.
a) Cc acid HX (vi X l cc halogen) c mnh acid gim dn t HF n
HI.
eu.
b) Theo quy tc Kartletch th t s tr tuyt i gia in tch q v bn knh ion
trung tm cng ln th tnh acid cng gim.
ev.
c) Cc cation c pKtp cng nh th tnh acid cng gim.
ew.
d) Tt c cc pht biu trn u sai.
ex. Cu 14: Theo quan im ca thuyt axit - base Bronsted Lowry, trong dung

dch nc, dng axt mnh nht l:

ey.
ez.
a)
b)
c)
d)

a) H2SO4 c nng
c) HClO4

fa. Cu 54
fb. V tnh cht ha l, H2O2 khc vi H2O nh th no?
Tnh acid ca H2O2 mnh hn H2O, bn hn H2O
Tnh acid ca H2O2 mnh hn H2O, km bn hn H2O
Tnh acid ca H2O2 yu hn H2O, km bn hn H2O
Tnh acid ca H2O2 yu hn H2O, bn hn H2O

b) H3O+
d) HI

fc. Cu 8:
fd. NH3 s th hin tnh base mnh trong dung dch vi dung mi l nc no sau y:
a)
b)
c)
d)

HI, HNO3, CH3COOH

HI, HF, HCN
H2SO4, HMnO4, HNO3
H2O, NH3, HCl.

fe. Cu 35: Cho bit nhng oxide no di y d tc dng vi nc:

ff.
PbO, SO3, BaO, V2O3
fg. a) BaO
fh. b) SO3, BaO
c)
SO
,
V
O
fj. d) PbO, SO3, BaO
fi.
3
2 3
fk. Cu 9:
fl. Chn cc dng acid tn ti trong nc tng ng vi cc acid sau (c th p dng quy
tc thc nghim Pauling xt nu khng bit Ka):
a) H3O+, CH3COOH ng vi acid HI v CH3COOH
b) H3O+, HBr ng vi HNO3 v HBr.
c) H3O+, H3O+ ng vi HI, HBr.
d) HF, CH3COOH ng vi HF, CH3COOH
fm.
-

Xt cng acid, base theo i lc proton

fn. Cu 3
fo. Cho cc cation : (1) NH4+, (2) CH3NH3+, (3) (CH3)2NH2+, (4) CH3COOH2+.
fp. Sp xp theo th t tnh acid Bronsted tng dn:
fq.
a. (4) < (3) < (2) < (1)
b. (3) < (4) < (1) < (2)
c. (4) < (3) < (2) < (1)
d. Khng c p n ng
fr.
-

Xt cng acid, base theo Ka, Kb.

fs. Cu 7:
ft. Trong cc pht biu sau y, nhng pht biu no l sai:
fu. 1) Base lin hp ca mt acid c Ka ln th s c Kb nh.
NH 4 / NH 3
fv. 2) i vi cp axit-baz lin hp
trong dung dch nc ta
K a K bNH3 K n
NH4

c :

, trong Kn l tch s ion ca nc.

K NH
4

-5

fw. 3) Hng s in li ca NH3 trong nc l 1,8 10 , suy ra

=
-10
5,62 10 .
fx. 4) Cc acid mnh a bc th Ka ca cc bc in ly l tng ng
nhau
fy. a) 1, 4
fz. b) 2, 3
ga. c) 3
gb. d) 4
gc. Cu 34: Cu no trong s cc cu di y l sai:
gd. 1) Base lin hp ca mt axit mnh l mt base yu v ngc li.
NH 4 / NH 3
ge. 2) i vi cp axit-base lin hp
trong dung dch nc ta
14
K a K bNH3 10
NH4

c :
tt c cc nhit .
gf. 3) iu kin bnh thng, hng s in li ca NH3 trong nc l 1,8
K NH
4

10-5, suy ra
= 5,62 10-10.
gg. a) 1
gh. b) 2
gi. c) 3

gj. d) Khng c
cu sai

gk.
-

Cng ca cc HnX

gl. 14. Chn phng n sai:

gm.
Tnh acid tng dn trong dy HX: HF < HCl < HBr < HI l do:
a) m in ca X gim dn.
b) bn lin kt H X gim dn.
c) Kch thc ca X tng dn.
d) Mc xen ph ca orbital 1s ca H vi orbital np ca X gim dn.
gn.
-

Cng ca cc HaXOn(OH)m.

go. Cu 11: Trong axit oxy HaXOn (OH)m, yu t chnh quyt nh cng axit l:
gp.
gq.
gr.
gs.
gt.

a) S nguyn t H lin kt trc tip vi X.

b) S nguyn t O lin kt trc tip vi X.
c) S nhm OH lin kt vi X.
d) m in ca X.

n cng ln -> acid cng mnh

gu. 13. Chn phng n sai:
gv. Tnh acid tng dn trong dy:
a) HI < HBr < HCl
b) HClO < HClO3 < HClO4
c) HClO3 < HBrO3 < HIO3
d) HClO4 < HBrO4 < HIO4
gw.
gx. Cu 6:

gy. Trong cc acid sau: CH3COOH, HF, H4SiO4, H2SO4, HClO4, H2SO3, HNO2, HNO3,
HClO, H3BO3, HMnO4
gz. Axit no l axit mnh theo nguyn tc Pauling:
ha.

a) H2SO4, H3PO4, H2SO3, HClO

hb. b) H2SO4, HClO4, HMnO4, HNO3

hc. c) HClO4, H3PO4, H4SiO4, H3BO3
d) HClO4, HMnO4, H3PO4, HNO2
he. Cu 23: Trong cc axit sau:
H3PO4,H4SiO4,H2SO4,HClO4,H2SO3,H5IO6,HNO2,HClO,H3BO3,HMnO4
hf. Axit no l axit mnh theo nguyn tc pauling:
hg.
a)H2SO4,HClO4,HMnO4
hh.
b)H2SO4,H3PO4, H2SO3, HClO
hi.
c)HClO4,H3PO4, H4SiO4, H3BO3
d)HClO4,HMnO4,H3PO4, HNO2
hj.
hk. Cu 8. Cht no di y l acid mnh nht:
hl. hm. a)
hn. b)
ho. c)
hp. d)
H3PO3
H3PO4
HNO2
HNO3
X c m in cng ln -> acid cng mnh
hq. Cu 30: Acid no trong cc acid di y l mnh nht?
hr.
a) HClO
b) HBrO
c) HIO
d) HAtO
hs. 12. Chn phng n ng:
ht. Tnh acid tng dn trong dy:
a) HF < HCl < HBr < HI
b) HClO < HBrO < HIO
c) HClO3 < HBrO3 < HIO3
d) HClO4 < HBrO4 < HIO4
hu. Cu 3. mnh ca cc acid cha oxy trong dy B, C, N thay i nh th no?
hv. a) khng thay
hw.b) mnh
hx. c) yu
hy. d) khng c
i
dn
dn
quy lut
hz.
hd.

ia.
ib.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Quy tc thc nghim ca Paulinh tnh pKa ca acid

Cu 49
Theo quy tc thc nghim Pauling th pKa ca HClO4 l:
-6
-8
-9
-7
ic.
-

Quy tc Kartletch

id. Cu 17. Hp cht no c tnh acid mnh nht:

ie. a) Cu(OH)2
if. b) [CuOH]
ig. c) [AgOH]
ii. Cu 31: Hydrat oxide no di y c tnh acid mnh nht?
ij.
a)
il. b)
ik.
im. c)
Ti(OH)4
Hf(OH)4
Zr(OH)4

ih.

in.

d) Au(OH)3

Rf(OH)4

io. Cu 19. Ni(OH)2 l mt base c mnh nh th no trong nc?

ip. a)
iq. b) trung
ir. c)
d) khng c tnh
is.
mnh
bnh
yu
base
it. Cu 26. Cd(OH)2 l mt base c mnh nh th no trong nc?
iu.
a) mnh
b) trung bnh
c) yu
d) rt mnh
iv.
-

Cng ca cc acid Mn+(aq)

iw. Cu 12
ix. Chn phng n ng:
iy. So snh tnh acid ca cc cation kim loi b hydrat ha
iz. 1) Na+.aq > Mg2+.aq
ja. 2) Al3+.aq > Mg2+.aq
jb. 3) Fe2+.aq > Ca2+.aq
jc. 4) Zn2+.aq > Co2+.aq
a)
b)
c)
d)

Ch 2,3 ng
Khng c s so snh
Ch 2,3,4 ng
Tt c cng ng
jd.
4. Phn ng thy phn
c. S thy phn ca cc hp cht cng ha tri
d. S thy phn ca cc mui
je. Cu 38: Chn ng.
jf. Khi pha dung dch nc cc mui: AlCl3, SnCl2, Fe2(SO4)3, CrCl3 ngi ta
thng dng dung dch HCl long (hay dung dch H2SO4 long) ch khng dng
nc nguyn cht v:
jg. a. Cc mui ny khng tan trong nc.
jh. b. Cc mui ny b thy phn khi pH cao, v v y trong nc (pH=7) chng
khng bn.
ji. c. Cc mui ny s tng tc vi axit thnh phc bn.
jj. d. Cc cu trn u sai.
jk.
jl.
jm. Cu 24. Mui no di y thy phn mnh nht trong nc?
jn.
a) Cr2(SO4)3
b) MnCl3
c) NaAlO2
d)
Fe(NO3)3
jo. Cu 3:
jp. Trong nhng dung dch m c sau y, nhng dung dch no khi pha long
bng nc ct c th to kt ta:
jq.
jr.

1/ AlCl3
5/Cr2(SO4)3.
a)1, 2, 3

2/ NH4Cl
b) 1, 3, 5

3/ FeSO4

4/ BaSO4

c) 2, 3,4

d) Tt c.

js.
jt. Cu 5:
ju. Mui FeCl2 thy phn trong dung dch CN- s tng hay gim bao nhiu ln nu so vi
khi thy phn trong nc ct?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Gim, 106.5 ln
Tng, 106.6 ln
Gim, khng bit s ln v cha bit chnh xc cc d liu.
Tng, khng bit s ln v cha bit chnh xc cc d liu.
jv.
-

Mi trng ca cc mui

jw. Cu 29: Dung dch nc ca K2SiO3 c mi trng g?

jx. jy. a) acid
jz. b) Trung tnh
ka. c) acid yu
kc.
-

kb. d) base

S thc y, c ch thy phn

kd.
Cu 24: Chn pht biu ng trong cc pht biu sau y: Cc cht no sau
y lm tng s thy phn ca mui Na2SO4 trong nc?
ke.

a. HCl, H2SO4

b. NaOH, Ba(OH)2

kf.

c. NH4NO3, CH3COONa

c. Khng c cht no.

kg. Cu 28: Qu trnh thy phn AlCl3 s tng cng khi thm vo dung dch thuc th
no sau y:
a.NH4Cl
b.Na2CO3
c.K2SO4 d.HNO3
kh.
ki. Cu 65. Cn thm cht no vo dung dch Na2SO3 lm tng s thy phn?
1) H2SO4
2) NaOH
3) Na2SO4
4) NaHSO4
kj.
kk.
a) 1 & 4
b) 1
c) 1 , 3 & 4
d) 2
kl. Cu 6. Nn thm cht no di y vo dung dch nhm cloride lm tng s thy
phn ca mui ny?
km. kn. a) HCl
kp. c) NH4Cl
ko. b) NaCl
kq. d) Na2CO3
kr. Cu 13. Nhng cht no di y khi thm vo dung dch CrCl3 lm gim s thy
phn ca mui ny?
ks. 1) NH4Cl ; 2) CH3COOH ; 3) Na2S ; 4) NaHCO3
kt. a) 1 , 2 &
ku. b) 2
kv. c) 3 & 4
kw. d) 1 & 2
4
kx. Cu 25
ky. Nhng cht no di y khi thm vo dung dch FeCl3 lm gim s thy phn ca
mui ny:
kz. (1) NH4Cl; (2) CH3COONa; (3) Na2S; (4) NaHCO3; (5) Cu(NO3)2
a) 1, 5
b) 1, 2
c) 3, 4, 5
d) 2

la.
lb.
-

Tnh pH ca dung dich mui

lc. Cu 19
ld. Tnh pH ca dung dch cha 0.1 M CH3COONH4 bit
pK aCH 3COOH 4.75, pK b NH 4OH 4.75
a. 6

b. 7

c. 8

d. 9

le.
5. Hng s cn bng ca phn ng trao i ion
lf. Cu 1:
lg. Cho phn ng sau:
lh. 2NaH2PO4(dd) + 3Ca(CH3COO)2(dd)
Ca3(PO4)2(r) + 2NaCH3COO(dd) +
4CH3COOH(dd)
li. Bit hng s cn bng ca phn ng l 10-9.98, pT ca Ca3(PO4)2 bng 29, pK2 ca
H3PO4 bng 7.21 v Kn bng 10-14. Tnh pK3 ca H3PO4.
lj. a) 10.28
lk. b) 12.28
ll. c) 8.35
lm. d) 6.60
ln. Cu 2
lo. Cho phn ng trao i ion:
lp.
Na2[Ni(CN)4](dd) + H2S(dd)
NiS(r) + 2HCN(dd) + 2NaCN
lq. Hng s cn bng ca phn ng trn bng 10-14.78, tch s tan ca NiS bng 10-19, Ka
ca HCN bng 10-9.21 Ka1 v Ka2 ca H2S ln lt bng 10-7.2 v 10-14. Tnh hng s bn
ca ion phc [Ni(CN)4]2-.
ls.
lt.
lu.
lr. a) 10-31.
b) 1015
c) 1018
d) 1020

lv. Cu 12:
lw. Tnh hng s thy phn nc th 2, KT2 ca mui Na3PO4, s dng quy tc Pauling
c lng cc hng s acid cc bc ca H3PO4. Kn=10-14.
lx. a) 1.5x10-22
b) 2.27x10-16
c) 3.71x10-31
d) Khng p n
no ng
ly. MaCau 1
lz. 270-39-4-0-1-1
ma.

NoiDung 1

mb.
Chon phng an ung:
mc.
Cho phan ng trao oi ion:
md.
Na2[Ni(CN)4](dd) + H2S(dd) NiS(r) + 2HCN(dd) + 2NaCN
me.
Cho hang so khong ben cua ion phc [Ni(CN)4]2- bang
-31
1.10 , tch so tan cua NiS bang 1.10-19 , hang so ien li axit
cua HCN bang 1.10-9,21 va cac hang so ien li axit cua H2S
lan lt bang 1.10-7,2 va 1.10-14.
mf.
Hang so can bang cua phan ng tren bang:

mg.

PhuongAn 1

1.10-14,78
b)
1.1014,78
c)
1.10-0,78
d) 1.100,78
a)

mh.

MaCau 2

mi.

351-39-4-0-1-1

mj.NoiDung 2
mk.
Chon phng an ung:
ml.
Cho phan ng trao oi ion:
mm.
NH4Cl(dd) + Na2S(dd) + H2O = NH4OH(dd) + NaHS(dd) +
NaCl(dd)
mn.
(Cho biet hang so ien ly th hai cua H2S KA2 = 1.1012,89
, hang so ien ly cua NH4OH KB = 1.10-4,76 va tch so ion
cua nc Kn = 1.10-14)
mo.
Hang so can bang cua phan ng tren bang:
mp.

PhuongAn 2

a) 1.103,65
b) 1.10-3.65
c) 1.1022,13
d) ap so khac
mq.

MaCau 3

mr.

384-39-4-0-1-1

ms.NoiDung 3
mt.
Chon phng an ung:
mu.
Cho phan ng trao oi ion:
mv.
Na2[Cd(CN)4](dd) + H2S(dd) CdS(r) + 2HCN(dd) +
2NaCN(dd)
K a1( H 2S)
K a 2 ( H 2S)
-7.04
mw.
(Cho
= 1.10
,
= 1.10-12,89, Ka(HCN) = 1.10-9,35,
K kb[ Cd ( CN ) ]2
4

= 1.10-18,85 , TCdS = 1.10-26,1) Hang so can bang cua

phan ng tren bang:
mx.

PhuongAn 3

1.106,02
b) 1.10-6,02
c) 1.10-3,33
d) 1.103,33
my.
a)

mz.

na.

THUYT

1291
nb.
nc.
nd.

1291
ne.
nf.
ng. Cu 4: Cng thc Kaputinski tnh kh chnh xc nng lng mng tinh th, c dng nh
sau:
nh. Ett = -1071,5nz+z-/(r++r-). Trong r l bn knh ion. Tnh nng lng tinh th (kJ/mol)
ca LiOH nu bit r(Li+) = 90 pm, r(OH-) = 140 pm.
ni. a) 1000,35
no ng

b) -931,74

c) -673,2

d) Khng c p n

nj.
nk. Cu 32: Hp cht no di y lin kt c tnh cng ha tr ln nht?
nl. a) Co(OH)3
nm.
b)
nn. c) VO2Cl
no. d)
FeCl3
NiSO4
np. Cu 5. Kim lai kim no di y lin kt c tnh cng ha tr ln nht trong hp cht:
nq. nr. a) Li
c) K
ns. b) Na
nt.
nu. d) Rb
nv. Cu 12. Hp cht no di y lin kt c tnh cng ha tr ln nht?
nw.a)
ny. c)
nx. b) FeCl3
nz. d)
Co(OH)3
Mn2O7
Ni(OH)2
oa.
ob.