TRNG I HC BCH KHOA TP.

H CH MINH

KHOA K THUT HA HC

MN HOC

HA V C
GING VIN: ThS. TRN MINH HNG

HA V C
Chng I:
MI LIN H GiA KiU LIN KT, TRNG TH
I TP HP V TNH CHT VT L CA CC CH
T
Chng II. PHN NG AXIT BAZ
Chng III. PHN NG OXY HA KH
Chng IV. PHC CHT
Chng V. NGUYN T CHUYN TiP
Chng VI. NGUYN T KHNG CHUYN TiP

Chng I. MI

LIN H GIA KIU LIN

KT, TRNG THI TP HP V TNH
CHT VT L CA CC CHT

I.

CC TRNG THI TP HP CA VT CHT

II.

H TINH TH

III.

CC DNG CU TRC C BN

IV.

BN CHT LIN KT, CC LOI MNG LI TINH TH

V TNH CHT VT L CA CC CHT

V.

TINH TH THC V KHUYT TT CU TRC

VI.

CC HiN TNG A HNH, TH HNH, NG HNH V

DUNG DCH RN

I. CAC TRANG THAI TAP HP CUA VAT CHAT

Nhan xet chung

Cac chat co 4 trang thai ton tai chnh:

Trang
Trang
Trang
Trang

thai
thai
thai
thai

plasma
kh
long
ran tinh the

3 trang thai gia ben: (t oc)

Trang thai ran vo nh hnh

Trang thai long cham ong
Trang thai long cham soi
Mot so chat co trang thai trung gian gia
chat ran va chat long: Trang thai tinh the
long (t oc)

1. Trang thai Plasma:

Plasma la mot trang thai vat chat trong
o cac chat b ion hoa manh. Phan ln
phan t, nguyen t ch con lai hat
nhan; cac electron chuyen ong tng
oi t do gia cac hat nhan.

2. Trang thai kh
trang thai kh, cac phan t (nguyen
t) cach nhau rat xa. ap suat
thng, phan t ch chiem khoang
1/1000 the tch kh. V vay chat kh co
the nen va chiem the tch bnh ng.

 ap suat thap, nhiet o cao, cac

phan t kh rat t va hau nh
khong tng tac vi nhau. Kh c
coi la ly tng, tuan theo phng
trnh:
PV = nRT
Trong o:
P la ap suat phan t kh gay ra tren
thanh bnh ng.
V la the tch cua bnh ng kh.
n la so mol kh co trong bnh ng.
R la hang so kh
T la nhiet o tuyet oi

 ap suat cao, nhiet o thap, mt o

cac hat kh cao, s tng tac gia cac
hat ang ke, kh nay la kh thc, tuan
theo phng trnh:

a
(P 2 )(V b) RT
V
a
Trong o 2
V

phan anh lc hut gia

cac phan t
b la the tch rieng cua cac phan t

S hoa long chat kh

ap suat thng, chat kh hoa lng
mot nhiet o xac nh. Nhiet o
o goi la nhiet o hoa long. Ngc
lai, nhiet o o chat long cung
hoa hi, v vay nhiet o o cung la
nhiet o soi cua chat long.
Tuy nhien, viec nang cao nhiet o
hoa long (hay nhiet o soi) nh ap
suat cung co mot gii han nhat
nh, qua nhiet o o chat long
khong the ton tai du di ap suat
nao.

 Nhiet o cc ai o c goi la
nhiet o ti han (Tth) va ap suat
can thiet e chat kh hoa long
nhiet o o goi la ap suat
ti han (Pth). The tch mot mol kh
nhiet o ti han va ap suat
ti han goi la the tch ti han.
ieu kien ti han, the tch cua
chat kh va chat long bang nhau
nen tai o chat kh va chat long
co ty khoi nh nhau.

3. Trng thai long:

La trang thai trung gian gia chat
ran va chat kh. nhiet o thng
kien truc cua chat long gan vi
kien truc cua chat ran tinh the
Khac vi chat ran trong kien truc
cua chat long co lo trong, do o
cac phan t chat long di chuyen
de dang. Chat long co hnh dang
cua vat ng va co ang hng
ve cac tnh chat t, quang va ien
va o cng. Chat long nhiet o
thng hau nh khong b nen.

4. Trang thai tinh the va trang thai

vo nh hnh
Chat tinh the:
Chat tinh the co cac tieu phan
sap xep trat t theo nhng quy
luat lap i lap lai nghiem ngat
trong toan bo tinh the.
Do o chat tinh the co:
Cau truc va hnh dang xac nh.
Co trat t xa.
Co tnh d hng.
Co nhiet o nong chay xac nh.

V du

Tinh th SiO2
(Cristobalite)

 Chat vo nh hnh:
Chat vo nh hnh co cau truc gan
nh cau truc chat long
Do o chat vo nh hnh co:
Cau truc va hnh dang khong xac
nh.
Co trat t gan
Co tnh ang hng
Co nhiet o nong chay khong xac
nh.

Ket luan: Trang thai tinh the luon

ben hn trang thai vo nh hnh.

II. H TINH TH
1. Cc yu t i xng ca tinh th
2. Cu to bn trong tinh th
3. Cc h tinh th v mng c s ca chng

1. Cac yeu to oi xng cua

tinh the
a) Tam oi xng
la iem gia cua
tat ca cac oan
thang noi t bat
ky iem nao
tren be mat nay
sang be mat kia
cua tinh the va i
qua no.

 Mat
phang oi
xng la
mat phang
phan chia
tinh the ra
lam hai
phan ma
phan nay
la anh cua
phan kia
trong gng.

 Truc oi
xng la
ng thang
ma khi quay
tinh the xung
quanh no 360o
th tinh the
trung vi
hnh n lan, n
c goi la
bac cua truc.
Hnh ben co
truc oi xng
bac 4 (L4)

2. Cau tao ben trong tinh

the
Mang tinh the c tao thanh t
cac mat mang. iem giao nhau cua
cac mat mang la cac nut mang.

Mat mang (a) va mang tinh the vi

o mng c bn(b)

 O mng c s la
hnh khoi nho nhat
tao nen mang tinh
the.
Moi o mng c s
c ac trng
bang gia tr 3 canh
(a0,b0,c0) theo cac
truc a, b, c va 3 goc
(, , ) c quy nh
thong nhat nh hnh
ben, goi la cac
thong so ca o
mng c s cua
mang tinh the.

 Cac tieu phan (ion, nguyen t,

phan t) phan bo tai nut mang.

CsCl

Ar

CO2

3. Cac he tinh the va o mang c

s cua chung
Mang tinh the co toi
thieu mot yeu to oi
xng. Can c vao
cac yeu to oi xng
co 7 he tinh the. o
la:
1.He tam ta (triclinic)
co tam oi xng.
Khong co truc va mat
oi xng.
Thong so o mang c s:
a0 b0 c0 ; 90o

K2Cr2O7; CuSO4.5H2O ...

 He n ta
(monoclinic) co 1 truc
oi xng bac 2 va
1 mat phang oi
xng hoac ch co
mot trong hai yeu to
oi xng nay.
Thong so o mang c
s:
a0 b0 c0; = = 90o;
90o &1200
Lu huynh n ta (S),
thach cao (CaSO4.2H2O)

 He trc giao
(orthorhombic; h ta
phng) co vai truc
oi xng bac 2 va
vai mat phang
oi xng hoac
mot trong hai yeu
to oi xng nay.
Thong so o mang
c s:
a0 b0 c0 ; = = =
90o
Lu huynh trc giao
(S), baritin (BaSO4)

 H tam phng (rhombohedral He

mat thoi; trigonal;) co t nhat mot
truc oi xng bac 3.
Thong so o mang c s:
a0 = b0 = c0 ; = = 90o
Canxit (CaCO3), NaIO4.3H2O

 He t
phng
(tetragonal) co
mot truc oi
xng bac
bon.
Thong so o
mang c s:
a0 = b0 c0 ; =
= = 90o
SnO2, CaWO4 ...

 He luc
phng
(hexagonal) co
mot truc oi
xng bac 6.
Thong so o
mang c s:
a 0 = b 0 c0 ; =
= 90o , = 120o
Thach anh (SiO2),
nephelin
(NaAlSiO4)

 He lap
phng (cubic)
co 3 truc oi
xng bac bon.
Thong so o
mang c s:
a0 = b0 = c0 ; =
= = 90o
NaCl, CaF2 ...
14 mng li
Bravais

III. CAC DNG CAU TRUC TINH

THE C BN CA CAC CHT V
C
1. Cu trc o
2. Cu trc mch
3. Cu trc lp
4. Cu trc phi tr

1. Cau truc ao
mi tiu phn to thnh mt o ring bit
nm trn mt nt mng.
Lin kt gia cc tiu phn: lk VDW, lk H lc
ht tnh in Uml nh Tnc Ts nh l
cht kh hoc lng
Lk cht: trong ni b mt nt mng.
Mi nt mng: pt hu hn, ion phc, ngt kh
tr.
Mng phn t v mng ion c ion phc tp
thuc cu trc o

V du: H2, O2, N2, Ar, CO2, X2, HCHC, H2O,

K2[TiCl6]

2. Cau truc mach

Cau truc mach co ac trng tao
lien ket cong hoa tr theo mot
hng trong khong gian. Cac mach
nay lien ket vi nhau bang cac
lc Van Der Waals, ion, hydro.
Mach thng co n v cau truc
bat dien (AB6), t dien hay vuong
(AB2) vi cac thanh phan hp thc
AB5, AB4, AB3, AB2 noi nhau qua cau B.

 Mach co n v cau truc t

dien AB4 vi thanh phan hp
thc AB2 (v du: BeCl2)
BeCl2

AB2

 Mach co n v cau truc vuong

AB4 vi thanh phan hp thc
AB2 (v du: PdCl2)
PdCl2

AB2

 Mach co n v cau truc bat dien AB6

vi thanh phan hp thc AB4 (V du:
MgCl2.2H2O)

MgCl2.2H2O

AB4

 Mach co n v cau truc bat dien

AB6 vi thanh phan hp thc AB5
(v du CrF5- trong hp chat CaCrF6)

CaCrF6

AB5

3. Cau truc lp
Cau truc lp co ac trng la
tao lien ket cong hoa tr theo hai
chieu trong khong gian. Cac lp
lien ket vi nhau bang cac lc
Van Der Waals, ion, hydro.
Lp thng co n v cau truc
bat dien (AB6) vi cac thanh
phan hp thc AB5, AB4, AB3, AB2 noi
nhau qua cau B.

 Lp co n v cau truc bat dien AB 6

vi thanh phan hp thc AB 3, v du:
Al(OH)3

Al(OH)3

AB3

 Lp co n v cau truc bat dien AB 6

vi thanh phan hp thc AB 2 (v du: CdI2)

AB2

4. Cau truc phoi tr

Trong cu trc phi tr, mi tiu phn (trn
mt nt mng) c bao quanh bi mt s xc
nh tiu phn n bn cnh (nguyn t, ion
n), nm nhng khong cch bng nhau v
c lin kt bng cng mt kiu lin kt
mnh (ion, cng ha tr hay kim loi)

 Thuc loi cu trc phi tr c mng ng t,

mng ion v mng KL.
Lk ion v lk KL c tnh khng bo ho, khng
nh hng tt phi tr ion v KL c SPT cao.
Chng c xy dng theo nguyn l sp xp
c kht nht.
Cu trc cc tt phi tr cht c quyt nh bi
tnh cht lai ha ca cc nguyn t tt cht c
SPT nh (= 4)

 Cu truc phi tr co thanh phn hp

thc A va co cac n v cu truc khac
nhau:

Kim cng
AA4

W AA8

 Cu truc phi tr co thanh phn hp thc AB

va co cac n v cau truc khac nhau:

NaCl (AB6)

CsCl (AB8)

ZnS (AB4)

 Cau truc phoi tr co thanh phan hp

thc AB2 va co cac n v cau truc
khac nhau:

TiO2 (AB6)

SiO2 (AB4)

 Cau truc
phoi tr
co thanh
phn hp
thc AB3
va n v
cau truc
bat din
AB6
ReO3 (AB6)

IV. MI LIN H GIA BN CHT LIN

KT, CC LOI MNG LI TINH TH V
TNH CHT VT L CA CC CHT
1. Cc cht vi lin kt kim loi v mng
tinh th kim loi.
2. Cc cht vi lin kt ion v mng tinh th
ion.
3. Cc cht cng ha tr v mng tinh th
nguyn t, phn t.
4. Nhn xt v tnh cht vt l ca cc cht

1. Cc cht vi lin kt kim loi v

mng tinh th kim loi
a. Cu trc mng tinh th
b. Nng lng mng li
c. Tnh cht vt l

a. Cu trc mng tinh th

Trong tt KL nt mng l cc Mn+ lin kt vi nhau
bi lk KL v c sp xp theo quy tc c kht
nht, cn cc e ha tr chuyn ng t do trong ton
b tt KL to thnh loi lk khng nh ch. Mng tt
KL l mt h i phn t. Ton b khi KL c coi
l mt i phn t.
Cc kim loi v hp kim c loi mng ny.

So phoi tr tnh bang so nguyen t KL bao

quanh

W
(SPT = 8)

Cu
(SPT = 12)

Mg
(SPT = 12)

b. Nng lng mng li

c quyt nh bi mt e ha tr
Nng lng mng li tinh th kim loi s
cng ln khi bn knh nguyn t cng nh v
s e ha tr cng ln.

c. Tnh cht vt l
KL c nhng tnh cht rt c trng nh c nh
kim, dn in, dn nhit tt, do, d ko di, d
dt mng

KL c Uml khng nh lm (tr Hg) tt c cc

KL u l cht rn T phng. Do mt kh e
trong cc KL l rt khc nhau KL c Tnc Ts
rt khc nhau

Chat

Ca

Sc

Ti

63

850

1539

1668

Nhiet o soi, 0C

766

1490

2700

3330

Ban knh,

2,36

1,97

1,64

1,46

4s1

4s2

Nhiet o nong
chay, 0C

Electron hoa tr

3d14s 3d24s
2

Chat

Li

Na

Rb

Nhiet o nong
chay, 0C

180

98

63

39

Nhiet o soi, 0C

133
0

900

766

700

Ban knh,

1,55

1,89

2,36

2,48

Electron hoa tr

ns1

2. Cc cht vi lin kt ion v mng

tinh th ion
a. Cu trc mng tinh th
b. Nng lng mng tinh th ion
c. Tnh cht vt l

a. Cu trc mng tinh th

Tinh th ion c to thnh t nhng ion
ngc du lun phin nm ti cc nt mng
v lin kt vi nhau theo lc ht tnh in
v khng th tch ring tng phn t t tinh
th nn tinh th ion c coi l mt i
phn t.

 So phoi tr la so tieu phan

bao quanh tieu phan trung tam

NaCl: Na va Cl co so
phoi tr 6
CsCl: Cs va Cl co so

 K co so phoi tr 4 (tieu phan phoi

tr la ion phc hexaclorotitanat(IV)).
Ion [TiCl6]2-co so phoi tr 8

NANG LNG MANG TINH THE

ION
nh ngha: Nng lng mng tinh th l nng lng
cn thit to thnh 1 mol tinh th t cc cu phn
ion trng thi kh 0K.
Trn thc t, nng lng mng tinh th c xem l
nng lng cn thit ph hy tinh th.
Trn thc t, nng lng mng tinh th khng th tnh
trc tip, nn thng dng cc phng php tnh gin
tip.

MOT SO GIA TR NANG LNG

MANG TINH THE THAM KHAO

Tnh toan nang lng

mang tinh the
Tnh toan ly thuyet (0K)
Thc nghiem
Phng trnh Born-Mayer
Chu trnh Born-Haber
Phng trnh Born-Lande
Phng trnh Kapustinskii

ng dung nh luat 1
Da tren lc
nhiet ong hoc
tnh ien cua
nh luat Hess
tinh the ion tinh khiet

KHUYNH HNG THAY I

NNG LNG TINH TH

nh hng kch thc ion

Tng kch thc ion s gim nng lng mng
(vi ion cng in tch), do lc ht gia cc
cation v anion trong nhm gim t trn
xung.
nh hng ca in tch ion
Tng in tch ca ion s tng nng lng
mng tinh th (vi ion cng bn knh).

CHU TRNH BORN - HABER

Nang lng mang tinh the cua
NaCl(r) c tnh t phan ng sau:
Na(s) + Cl2(g) NaCl(s)

Chu

trnh Born
Haber ng dung
nh luat Hess
(nhiet
ong
hoc) e tnh

Na+(g)
INa

ECl

Na(g)

Cl(g)

HthNa

Na(s)

Cl-(g)
Nang
lng tinh
the (U)

Epl

Htt
Cl2(g)

NaCl(s)

Trong
HthNaCl: Nhit thng hoa Na = 108 kI/mol
INa: Nng lng ion ha = 496 kJ/mol
Epl: nng lng phn ly Cl2(k) = 224 kJ/mol
Htt: Nhit to thnh NaCl (r) = 411 kJ/mol
ECl: i lc electron ca Cl = 349 kJ/mol
p dng nh lut Hess:
Htt = HthNa + INa + Epl + ECl + U
U
= Htt HthNa INa Epl ECl
= 411 108 496 224/2 + 349
= 788 kJ/mol

LC COULOMB PHNG TRNH BORN

Coulomb a ra phng
trnh tnh lc tng tc tnh
in trong phn t ion nh
sau:
2
F

e z z
40 r

Da trn lc tng tc ny,

Born a ra phng trnh
tnh nng lng cho 1 mol
tinh th ion:
E ml

MN A e 2 z z
40 r

Vi:
e: in tch ca 1 electron
= 1.6022x10-19 C
r: Khong cch gia 2 ion (m).
z+, z-: ln in tch cc ion.
0: Hng s in mi chn khng.
40=1.11265x10-10 C2/(J.m)
NA: Hng s Avogadro
= 6.0221415 1023
M: Hng s Madelung

M - h s Madelung, c trng cho nh hng ca cc

ion cng v ngc du bao quanh i vi mi ion
trong tt( M ph thuc vo dng cu trc)
Cng
thc

MX

MX2

S phi
tr

Dng cu trc

T s gii hn v
bn knh
x = r+/R-

H s
Mandelung M

CsCl

x > 0,723

1,763

NaCl

0,414 < x < 0,732

1,7475

ZnS (Sphaqlerit)

0,225 < x < 0,414

1,638

CaF2 (Fluorit)

x > 0,732

2,40

CdI2

2,36

TiO2 (Rutil)

2,408

Vuazit
Florit

x < 0,732

1,641
2,520

SAI S KHI TNH BNG CHU TRNH BORN-HABER

SO VI PHNG TRNH BORN

PHNG TRNH BORN - MAYER

E ml

N A Z Z e2
4o d o

d
1 M
do

vi
d o = r+ + rd : hng s (bng 34.5 pm nu r tnh bng pm, 10-12m)
thay cc hng s bit, ta c:
E ml

1390 Z Z
d

1 M (kJ / mol)

do
do

PHNG TRNH BORN - LANDE

vic tnh ton hng s Madelung tng i kh khn, nn
Lande m rng phng trnh Born theo dng:
E ml

MN A Z Z e 2
1

(1 )
40 r0
n

r0 l khong cch gia 2 ion (r0 = r+ + r-)

ch y nu dng tr tuyt i cho z th phi thm du
pha trc cng thc.
n l h s ch s lin h gia anion v cation (cn
gi l h s born).
r0 tnh bng met, e tnh bng j/mol.

Xc nh n
Da vo cu hnh electron ca ion (tng ng vi
kh tr) nh sau:
Cu hnh ion tng ng: He Ne Ar Kr Xe
Gi tr n
: 5
7
9
10 12
Nu 2 ion dng v m c cu hnh khc nhau th
gn ng n l gi tr trung bnh ca 2 ion .
Mt s gi tr n cho cc hp cht v ion khc:
LiF LiCl LiBr NaCl NaBr Cu+ Ag+ Au+
5.9 8.0 8.7
9.1
9.5
9
10 12

V d:
Tnh nng lng tinh th ca NaCl.

MN A Z Z e 2
1
E ml
(1 )
40 r0
n
19 2

1.75x 6.023x10 (1)(1)(1.602 x10 )

1

(1 )
12
12
4x 3.142 x8.854 x10 x 282 x10
9.1
766376 J / mol 766.376 kJ / mol
23

PHNG TRNH
KAPUSTINSKII
(1071.5) n | z || z |
E ml
kJ / mol
r r
y c du tr tuyt i nn phi c du -.
r tnh bng (10-10m).
V du: Vi NaCl
E = -(1071.5x2x1x1)/(2.83) = -757.24 kJ.mol
Phng trnh ny kh chnh xc v c s dng rng ri.
Phng trnh ny cn c s dng c lng bn
knh ca nhng ion phc tp, nh trong bng di y.

c. bn v tnh cht vt l ca tinh th ion

S phan cc tng ho gia cac ion lam tang
o cong hoa tr cua lien ket, lam giam
ien tch hieu dung va dan en giam nhiet
o phan ly, nhiet o nong chay trong tinh
the ion.
V du: CaF2 rat ben, 10000C van cha b
phan huy, trong khi CuI2 khong ton tai
nhiet o thng.
Giai thch: r[Cu2+] = 0.72 < r[Ca2+] = 0.99.
Trong khi r[I-] >> r[F-], v vay Cu2+ se hut e ve pha
no, lam giam o ion, Cu2+ de chuyen thanh Cu+,
con I- chuyen thanh I2.
Phan t CaF2 rat t b phan cc, nen tnh ion rat
cao.

 V du:
Xet nhiet o nong chay cua 2 day
sau e thay ro anh hng cua s
phan cc ion.
Hp chat: LiF
tnc (0C) : 848

LiCl
607

LiBr
550

LiI
469

Hp chat: MgCO3 CaCO3 SrCO3 BaCO3

tnc (0C) :
600
897
1100
1400

O TAN
Kha nang hoa tan cua hp chat ion phu
thuoc 2 yeu to: Nang lng mang tinh the
Eml va nang lng hydrat hoa Eh.
Neu Eml >>Eh th muoi kho tan, ngc lai. Khi Eml
tang, Eh giam th tnh tan giam, ngc lai.
Eh phu thuoc vao kha nang phan cc nc
cua Cation, Eh ln khi kha nang phan cc manh.
Nhan xet bang sau:

Muoi

CaSO4

SrSO4

BaSO4

o tan
(mol/l)

8x10-3

5x10-4

1x10-5

Eml (kJ/mol)

2347

2339

2262

Eh (kJ/mol)

1703

1598

1444

3. Cc cht cng ha tr v mng tinh

th nguyn t, phn t
a. Lin kt cng ha tr
b. Hnh dng v s n nh ca cc phn
t cng ha tr
c. S to thnh cu trc mch, vng hoc
lp ca cc cht cng ha tr
d. Mng tinh th nguyn t
e. Mng tinh th phn t

a. Lin kt cng ha tr: iu kin hnh

thnh v tnh cht.
Nguyn nhn hnh thnh: l do s tng mt
electron trn ng ni cc ht nhn nguyn
t.
Tnh cht: bo ha, nh hng, phn cc .

b. Hnh dng v s n nh ca cc phn t cng

ha tr.
Thuyt lai ha cc AO.
Thuyt VSEPR
S n nh ca cc phn t cng ha tr.
Khi no dng chung nh, khi no dng chung cnh?
Cch tnh s phi tr ca mt nguyn t khi bit s phi
tr ca nguyn t kia trong mng tinh th.

D on trng thi lai ha ca A

trong phn t ABn

x
y n
2

y = 2 A trng thi LH sp gc LH 1800

y = 3 A trng thi LH sp2 gc LH 1200
y = 4 A trng thi LH sp3 gc LH
109028

Cch tnh bc lin kt theo phng php VB

Bc lin kt

S lk = s oxy ha - s lk = s OXHA n

S n nh ca cc phn t cng ha tr
Cc pt cht l cha n nh nu trong pt c:
AO ha tr cn trng.
t do.
Lin kt 2p 3p km bn
AO nd trng

Nu phn t khng n nh, khi h nhit nguyn

t trung tm s tng trng thi lai ha bng cch
dng chung cc phi t ca nhau

V d 1: AlCl3

TT kh, Al lai ho sp2, SPT = 3. S lk = 3 - 3 = 0

3s1

3p2

3d0

sp2

TT lng Al: sp2 sp3, SPT=4 dng chung 1 cnh

TT rn:sp3 sp3d2: SPT 6: to thnh lp gm cc bt

din c 3 cnh chung.

V d 2: SO3
TT kh: S lai ha sp2, SPT 3, c 3 lk (1lk 3p 2p v 2lk 3d 2p)

O
O
O

lng, rn: sp2 sp3 to cu trc mch gm cc t din dng chung

2 nh
TT

Khi no dng chung nh, khi no dng

chung cnh?
Nu phi t l cc nguyn t c kch thc nh:
C, N, O, F th dng chung nh (cu n)
Nu phi t c kch thc ln hn th dng
chung cnh (cu kp)

V d 1: SiO2

TT kh: Si lai ha sp. S lk = 4 2 = 2

O
O

TT lng, rn: lai ha sp sp3

V d 2: SeO2
TT kh: Se lai ha sp2. S lk = 4 2 = 2

O
O

TT rn: Se lai ha sp2 sp3 gm cc t din dng

chung 2 nh to cu trc mch

Cch tnh s phi tr ca mt nguyn t khi bit s

phi tr ca nguyn t kia trong mng tinh th.

Phn t AxBy

SPT A y

SPTB x

V d: CdI2: SPTCd = 6
SPTI = 3

V d CdI2
TT rn: SPTCd = 6
Cd lai ha sp3d2
to thnh lp bao
gm cc bt din
dng chung 6 cnh.

c. S to thnh cu trc mch, vng

hoc lp ca cc cht cng ha tr.
Nguyn nhn: H chuyn v trng thi to lin
kt bn vng hn.
Xt s n nh ca cc phn t trng thi kh:

ABn
Phn t cha n nh
SPTA > n
Tng SPT: dng chung B

Phn t n nh
SPTA = n

B = c kch thc ln
dng chung cnh
to cu kp

2 cnh

>2 cnh

Chung 2
nh

B = C, N, O, F
dng chung nh
to cu n
2 < Chung
< tt c

Mng
nguyn t

Mng phn t

Cu trc o

Chung tt c
(4) cc nh

Cu trc mch

Cu trc lp

Cu trc
phi tr

MA
M kim loi
A kim loi

M kim loi
A phi kim
A - M > 1,7

Lin kt Kim loi

Mng kim loi

Cu trc
phi tr

Lin kt Ion

Mng ion

M phi kim
A phi kim
A - M < 1,7
Lin kt Cng ha tr
Mng
nguyn t

Cu trc
lp

Cu trc
mch

Mng
phn t
Cu trc
o

d. Mng tinh th nguyn t (cu

trc khng gian, cu trc phi tr)
c to thnh t cc ngt nm trn cc nt
mng tt. Lk gia cc ngt: cht. Quy lut phn
b cc ngt trong mng tt ngt c quyt nh
bi trng thi lai ha ca cc ngt.
Cht c mng ngt rt bn, cng, Tnc cao, kh
bay hi v hu nh khng tan trong mi dung
mi. L cht cch in, cht bn dn.

 SPT ca 1 nguyn t bng s lk cht c c

vi cc ngt xung quanh.
ZnS : Zn v S u c SPT = 4 (sp3)
SiO2: Si c SPT = 4(sp3), O c SPT = 2(sp)
Kim cng. C c SPT = 4(sp3)

SiO2

Kim cng

ZnS

e. Mng tinh th phn t (cu trc o)

c to thnh t cc ngt kh tr, phn t hay
ion phc tp nm trn cc nt mng, lin kt
gia cc nt mng l lk VDW
Cht c mng phn t thng c cng thp,
Tnc thp, mt s tan nhiu trong dung mi khng
cc, tan t trong dung mi c cc.

XeF2
(Xe c SPT = 8)

XeF4

Argon (Ar)
(SPT = 12)

Trong mng phn t ngoi lk VDV, c th c lk H

(cc hp cht cha cc gc F H, O H, N H)

H2O

H3BO3

4. Nhn xt v tnh cht vt l ca cc

cht
Lin kt cng mnh th nhit nng chy v
nhit si cng cao
Hp cht c lin kt Van der Waals c phn t
cng ln th nhit nng chy v nhit si
cng cao. Trong trng hp c thm lin kt
hydro th nhit si v nhit nng chy
cao thm r rt

 Lien ket cang manh th nhiet o

nong chay va nhiet o soi cang cao.
Chat

Al

NaCl

H2S

H2O

Nhiet
o
nong
chay, 0C

2076

660

601

-85,6

Nhiet
o soi,
0
C

3927

2270
2519

1465

-60,4

100

Ban
Cong Kim loi
chat
hoa
lien ket
tr
Trang
thai

Mt
thoi

Lp
phng

Ion

Lp
phng

Van der Van der

Waals Waals +
hydro
Kh

Lng

Halogen
Nhiet o nong
chay, 0C
Nhiet o soi, 0C
Ban knh,

F2

Cl2

Br2

I2

-219,6

-100,1

-7,2

113,
5

-187

-34,15

58,7
5

184,
5

0.64

0,99

1,14

1,33

Ban chat lien

ket

Van der Waals

Hydro halogenide

HF

HCl

Nhiet o nong
chay, 0C

-83,4

-114,2

-86,9 -50,8

Nhiet o soi, 0C

19,5

-85,1

-66,8 -35,4

Ban knh,

1,33

1,81

1,96

Ban chat lien

ket

Van der Waals

+ hydro

HBr

HI

2,2

Van der Waals

Chat

Ca

Sc

Ti

63

850

1539

1668

Nhiet o soi, 0C

766

1490

2700

3330

Ban knh,

2,36

1,97

1,64

1,46

4s1

4s2

Nhiet o nong
chay, 0C

Electron hoa tr

3d14s 3d24s
2

Chat

Li

Na

Rb

Nhiet o nong
chay, 0C

180

98

63

39

Nhiet o soi, 0C

133
0

900

766

700

Ban knh,

1,55

1,89

2,36

2,48

Electron hoa tr

ns1

TINH THE THC VA

KHUYET TAT CAU TRUC

Tinh the ly tng

Tinh the ly tng la tinh the:
S sap xep cac tieu phan co tnh
tuan hoan khong gian nghiem ngat.
Khong co khuyet tat cau truc.

Cac n tinh the co the c coi

la tinh the ly tng.

Tinh the thc

Tinh the thc la tinh the:
Tnh tuan hoan khong gian cua s
sap xep cac tieu phan luon b vi
pham.
Co khuyet tat cau truc.

Cac a tinh the la cac tinh the

thc.

Cac kieu khuyet tat cau truc

Khuyet tat iem gom hai loai:
Khuyet tat lo trong. Nut mang trong
Khuyet tat xen ke. Tieu phan phan bo
gia cac nut mang hay tieu phan la
thay the tieu phan cua nut mang.

Khuyet tat ng (lech): au bien

cua mot mat mang b t cut trong
tinh the (V du: ng AB)
Khuyet tat be mat: La he qua
cua khuyet tat iem va khuyet tat
ng, the hien tren mat tinh the
hay tren bien gii gia hai tinh the.

HIEN TNG A HNH, THU

HNH
Hien tng a hnh (thu hnh)
la hien tng mot hp chat (n
chat) co the ton tai di nhieu
dang tinh the khac nhau.
V du: Carbon co thu hnh: Kim cng,
graphit
Oxyhydroxyt sat(III) co 3 a hnh: FeOOH,
- FeOOH va - FeOOH.

Kim cng

Graphit

 Nhiet o chuyen hoa a hnh (thu

hnh): La nhiet o co s chuyen t
a hnh nay sang a hnh khac.
S chuyen hoa ho bien: La s
chuyen hoa thuan nghch gia hai
a hnh (thu hnh). (co nhiet o
chuyen hoa xac nh, so bac t
do F = 0 khi p = const)
V du Strc giao Sn ta to = 95,5oC

S chuyen hoa n bien: La s

chuyen hoa bat thuan nghch gia
hai a hnh (thu hnh). (khong co
nhiet o chuyen hoa xac nh, so
bat t do F = 1 khi p = const)
V du: Kim cng graphit

HIEN TNG ONG HNH

VA DUNG DCH RAN
Hien tng ong hnh: Cac chat
khac nhau co cung loai tinh the co
the ong thi ket tinh tao thanh
mot loai tinh the trong o cac tieu
phan cua chung thay the lan cho
nhau. San pham thu c la mot
dung dch ran thay the.
V du: Olivin la dung dch ran thay the
gia Fe2SiO4 va Mg2SiO4

S o mang tinh the dung dch ran

FeMgSiO4 cua Olivin trong o vong
tron o la Fe2+, vong xanh nhat la
Mg2+, vong xanh ln la O2-, con Si+4
nam trong tam t dien cua 4 ion O2

 Dung dch ran: La chat ran co

mang tinh the c tao thanh bi
tieu phan cua hai hay nhieu chat,
ma cac tieu phan nay sap xep vo
trat t oi vi nhau.
Dung dch ran thay the: Tieu phan
thay the nhau nut mang.
ieu kien tao dung dch ran thay the:
Cac loai tieu phan phai co kch thc
gan bang nhau.
Co tnh chat hoa hoc gan giong nhau.
V du: dung dch ran Zn Cu, Dung dch
ran KCl KBr

 Dung dch ran xam nhap:

Tieu phan xam nhap vao
gia cac nut mang.
ieu kien tao thanh dung
dch ran xam nhap:
Kch thc tieu phan xam
nhap rat nho so vi kch thc
cac tieu phan trong mang tinh
the.
V du: cac dung dch ran xam
nhap gia hydro va cac kim
loai quy (Pt, Pd)