HOA VO C

CAC THUYET
ACID - BASE

Cac loai phan ng khong thay

oi so oxy hoaPhan chia theo quan
iem acid - base

1. Phan ng acid base

La phan ng hnh thanh lien ket
cong hoa tr t 1 cap electron cua
mot chat va 1 orbital trong cua mot
chat khac.

V du:
H+(k) + Cl- (k) = H Cl (k)
NH3(k) + BF3(k) = H3N BF3 (r) (NH3.BF3)

NH4+ + OH- = NH3 + HO H (NH3.H2O)

NaOH (r) + CO2 (k) = NaHO-CO2 (r) (NaHCO3)

H+(aq) + OH- (aq) = H OH (l)

Cu2+ (aq) + NH3(aq) = [Cu NH3]+(aq)
CaO(r) + SiO2 (k) = Ca2+[-O SiO2-](r)
(CaSiO3)
Chat cho cap electron la base, chat
nhan cap electron la acid.

2. Phan ng phan huy

La phan ng pha huy chat phc tap

tao thanh chat n gian hn.

V du:

CaCO3(r) = CaO (r) + CO2(r)

3. Phan ng ket tua t cac ion

La phan ng lien ket cua cac ion tao

thanh chat ran co lien ket ion.

V du:
Ag+(aq) + Cl- (aq) AgCl(r) + aq
Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) BaSO4(r) + aq
Cac phan ng loai nay eu co tnh
thuan nghch.

4. Phan ng goc
La phan ng tao thanh mot lien ket
n cong hoa tr t 2 goc t do.
V du:
H + H = H H

5 Phan ng polimer hoa

La phan ng tao thanh ai phan t
t rat nhieu phan t cung loai.
V du:
nSO3 (k) (-OSO2-OSO2-OSO2-)n/3 (r)

Cac thuyet acid base va lnh

vc ap dung cua no
I . THUYT ACID BASE ARRHENIUS
(1887)

nh ngha: acid la chat phan li

trong nc cho ion H+, base la chat
phan li trong nc cho ion OH-.
V du:
HCl (k) H2O H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
NaOH (r)

H O
2

Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Thuyet nay ch ung trong dung

dch nc

II. THUYET ACID BASE

BRONSTED-LOWRY
Johannes Nicolaus Brnsted

Thomas Martin Lowry

Da tren tnh chat proton, H+: khong

co lp vo electron, ch la hat nhan

nen kch thc rat nho, H+ co the
xam nhap sau vao lp vo cua cac
ion, phan t khac e thc hien phan
ng trao oi ion.
1. NH NGHA:

Acid la tieu phan cho proton (H+), con base

la tieu phan nhan proton trong phan ng.

V du:

HCl H+ + ClH2SO4 H+ + HSO4V acid la chat nhng H+ va base

nhan H+, nen trong 2 v du tren ta

co cac cap acid, base:
HCl/Cl- va H2SO4/HSO4Nhng cap acid/base nh vay goi la
cap acid/base lien hp.
Cac acid, base Bronsted co the la
phan t trung hoa, cation hoac
anion.

D on axit baz Bronsted

Axit l cc cht phi c cha H+.
Cation: NH4+
Cc cation kim loi b hydrat ha trong nc
V d: Al3+ + 6H2O [Al(H2O)6]3+

[Al(H2O)6]3+ [Al(H2O)5OH]2+ + H+
Anion: HSO4-, H2PO4-
Phn t trung ha in: HCl, H2SO4, H2O

Baz cht c d mt in tch m:

C in tch m (anion): Cl-, SO42-
C phn cc m (phn t phn cc - bt i xng

trong khng gian): NH3, HCl

ACID
BASE
TRUNG HCl H+ + ClNH3 + H+ NH4+
HOA
H2O H+ + OH- H2O + H+ H3O+
ANION

HSO4- H+ +
SO42-

CH3COO+H+CH3COOH

HCO3- H+ +
CO32-

Cl- + H+ HCl

CATION NH4+ H+ +
NH3
H3O+ H+ +
H2O

Lng tnh: va c KN cho, va c KN nhn H+

Cc hp cht c cha H+ thng l cc cht lng tnh
V d: H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-

HF + HF H2F+ + F-

Kcb = KS

H2SO4 + H2SO4 H3SO4+ + HSO4 Khi phn ng vi axit mnh hn: lng tnh = baz

Khi phn ng vi baz mnh hn: lng tnh = axit

V d:
H2PO4- + HCl H3PO4 + ClH2PO4- + HCO3- HPO42- + H2CO3
pKa2 7.21

10.33

Trung tnh: va khng c kh nng nhng, va

khng c kh nng nhn H+
Cation kim loi khan: Na+, Ca2+
Phn t khng phn cc: CO2, B2Cl6

 Do H+ khong ton tai c dang t

do, nen cac acid ch cho proton khi co
base nhan va ngc lai.
Phan

ng trao oi proton xay ra

tong quat gia hai cap acid-base lien
hp nh sau:
A1 + B 2 A 2 + B 1

Trong dung dch, cac phan t va ion

do dung moi ien ly ra cung ong
vai tro cua cap acid-base lien hp.
H3O+/H2O; H2O/OH Cac hp chat co cha H+ luon
la chat lng tnh, phu thuoc vao
chat phan ng vi no co kha
nang cho, nhan H+ manh hay yeu
hn no.

2. CNG ACID-BASE BRONSTED

TRNG THI KH:

Ta co the anh gia kha nang nhan H +

cua mot base thong qua hieu ng nhiet

cua qua trnh trong pha kh.
B (k) + H+(k) = BH+(k), H = -Q
ay Q la nang lng giai phong ra
cua qua trnh.
Q cang ln th H cang am, qua trnh ket
hp cang manh.
Base B cang manh th acid lien hp BH+
cang yeu.

Bang cac gia tr Q (kJ/mol)

(trang 7 tai lieu T2 NTTNga)
Ion

Phan t

Ion

Phan t

H-

1674

H2

423

F-

1554

F2

399

PH2-

1541

PH3

789

Cl-

1398

HCl

564

AsH2-

1501

AsH3

Br-

1354

HBr

589

CH3-

1743

CH4

552

I-

1315

HI

628

N3-

3084

O2-

2318

NH2-

2565

OH-

1635

H 2O

679

NH2-

1689

H 2S

712

H2 Se

717

NH3

85

S2-

2300

NCl3

795

SH-

1478

NF3

556

Se2-

2200

SeH-

1420

e xac nh cng o cua cac acid,

ngi ta da tren cac gia tr Q cua

cac base lien hp cua chung.
V du:
F-(k) + HCl(k) = HF(k) + Cl-(k)
Q (kJ/mol) 1554
1398
Ta thay F- la base manh hn Cl- (Q ln
hn), nen F- lay c H+ cua HCl.
Bang gia tr Q cua cac base lien

hp cua acid trang 9 T2 NTTNga (Q

cang ln acid cang yeu).

3. CNG O ACID-BASE BRONSTED

TRONG DUNG MOI PROTON HOA
DUNG MOI PROTON HOA:
La cac dung moi co the b t ion hoa

mot phan khi trang thai long tao H+.

Do H+ khong co lp vo electron, nen ch
la mot ien tch iem vi mat o ien
tch dng rat cao. Do o, khi trang thai
long (khoang cach cac phan t rat gan
nhau), H+ khong ton tai t do ma luon b
solvat hoa bi cac tieu phan dung moi
quanh no.

V du: H2O(l), NH3(l), H2SO4(l), HCl(l)

Vi nc: H2O + H2O = H3O+ + OHTong quat, vi dung moi proton

hoa HSol, ta co:

HSol + HSol H2Sol+ + Sol- , KS
Hang so can bang cua qua trnh

nay goi la Hang so t proton hoa KS:

KS = [H2Sol+][Sol-], do [HSol] xem la
hang so.
Vi nc KS = [H3O+][OH- ] = 10-14
0

 Cac dung moi proton hoa la nhng

chat lng tnh theo quan iem acidbase Bronsted.
Trong cac dung moi proton hoa co mat 2
cap acid/base lien hp:
Sol- + H+ HSol
(HSOl/Sol-)
HSol + H+ H2Sol+
(H2Sol+/HSOl)

Cng o acid-base cung c xet da

tren ai lc proton cua chung, tc la Hs =

-Qs cua qua trnh (Qs Q pha kh).

V du trong pha kh:

H+(k) + OH-(k) = H2O(k), H= -Q = -1635kJ/mol

Trong pha long:

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) = H2O(l), H= -Qs = -1188kJ/mol

H+(aq) + H2O(l) = H3O+(aq), H= -Qs = -1130kJ/mol
Khi hoa tan 1 chat, Qs phu thuoc vao dung
moi, Qs ln th tnh base manh.

Vi acid HA trong H2O:

HA + H2O H3O+ + ANeu HA manh hn H3O+ th can bang theo

chieu thuan Trong nc khong co

acid manh hn H3O+.

Vi base B trong H2O:

B + H2O BH + OHNeu B la base manh hn H2O th can

bang theo chieu thuan Trong nc

khong co base manh hn OH-.

HIEU NG CAN BANG:

Trong dung dch nc khong the co
mot acid manh hn H3O+ va mot base
manh hn OH- (m rong cho ca cac
dung moi HSol khac).

CNG O CUA ACID BRONSTED

Cng o cua acid proton HA hoa tan

trong dung moi proton hoa c anh

gia bi hang so can bang:
+
HA
+
HSol
H2Sol + A
[H 2Sol ][A ]
[H 2Sol ][A ]
K
K[HSol] K a
[HA][HSol]
[HA]

[H 3O ][A ]
K aco:

Trong H2O, tng t ta

[HA]

Ka cang ln th tnh acid cang manh.

Ka phu thuoc ban chat acid, dung moi

va nhiet o.
o manh cua acid con phu thuoc vao
dung moi, dung moi co tnh base cang
manh th HA the hien tnh acid cang
manh.
VD: HClO4 la acid rat manh trong dung dch

nc (Ka=1010), nhng trong CH3COOH lai la

acid yeu (Ka=10-6)

CNG O CUA BASE

BRONSTED
Tng t nh acid:

B + HSol HB+ + Sol-

[HB ][Sol ]
Kb
[B]

Kb cang ln th base cang manh.

LIEN HE GIA Ka VA Kb
Trong mot cap acid/base lien hp, ta

co lien he:
HA + HSol H2Sol+ + AA- + HSol HA + SolVi

[ H 3O ][ A ]
Ka
[ HA]

va

[ HB ][ Sol ]
Kb
[ B]

Ka Kb = [HSol+][Sol-] = Ks
Trong dung dch nc ta co:

KaKb = Kn = 10-14 220C.

Mot so acid/base lien hp

Acid

Ka

pKa

Base lien
hp

Kb

pKb

HI

3 x 109

-9.5

I-

3 x 10-24

23.5

HCl

1 x 106

-6

Cl-

1 x 10-20

20

H2SO4

1 x 103

-3

HSO4-

1 x 10-17

17

H3 O+

55

-1.7

H2 O

1.8 x 10-16

15.7

HNO3

28

-1.4

NO3-

3.6 x 10-16

15.4

H3PO4

7.1 x 10-3

2.1

H2PO4-

1.4 x 10-12

11.9

CH3CO2H

1.8 x 10-5

4.7

CH3CO2-

5.6 x 10-10

9.3

H2 S

1.0 x 10-7

7.0

HS-

1 x 10-7

7.0

H2 O

1.8 x 10-16

15.7

OH-

55

-1.7

CH3OH

1 x 10-18

18

CH3O-

1 x 104

-4

HCCH

1 x 10-25

25

HCC-

1 x 1011

-11

NH3

1 x 10-33

33

NH2-

1 x 1019

-19

H2

1 x 10-35

35

H-

1 x 1021

-21

CH2=CH2

1 x 10-44

44

CH2=CH-

1 x 1030

-30

NHAN XET VE TNH ACID CUA

HnX
Trong mot chu ky, i t trai qua phai,

ai lc e tang dan, o ben lien ket

tuy tang nhng khong nhieu do ban knh
nguyen t giam t. V vay tnh acid tang
dan.
VD: Tnh acid HF > H2O

Trong mot phan nhom, khi i t tren

xuong, o ben lien ket giam nhanh

hn ai lc e giam, nen tnh axit tang.
VD: Tnh acid HF < HCl < HBr

Cac acid cha Oxy, H hoac nhom OH

th phu thuoc vao o am ien

nguyen t trung tam lam o phan
cc lien ket O-H hay X-H thay oi dan
H
en thay oi cng o acid.
H

Cac hydroxyt lng tnh: Nguyen t

trung tam la kim loai kem hoat ong

hay phi kim co o am ien nho, hai
lien ket MOH va OH co o phan
cc gan nhau. V vay tnh acid/base phu

Quy luat bien oi cng o cua acid-oxy

(Quy tac Pauling)
Acid-oxy c chia thanh cau truc

HaXOn(OH)m (X: nguyen t trung tam).

a: So nguyen t H lien ket trc tiep vi

X.
n: So nguyen t O lien ket vi X nhng
khong lien ket vi H.
m: So nhom OH lien ket vi X.
So n quyet nh cng o acid.

N = 0 acid rat yeu.

VD: Te(OH)6, Cl(OH)

N = 1 acid yeu.

VD: NO(OH), PO(OH)3, SO(OH)2

N = 2 acid manh.

VD: SO2(OH)2, ClO2(OH), NO2(OH)

N = 3 acid rat manh.

VD: ClO3(OH)

Nhan xet:
OH, H lien ket vi X khong anh hng
nhieu en cng o acid (do O lien ket trc
tiep X hut e manh X cang dng, nen lien
ket O-H cang b phan cc de H+).
Cac acid co cung cau truc (a,m,n), neu X
tang o am ien se lam tnh acid tang
(nhng khong ro ret).

Quy tac thc nghiem Pauling tnh K a:

Cho acid HaXOn(OH)m. pKa = 7 5n
Quy tac nay tnh pKa1 gan ung khi biet cau truc.
VD: HClO (n = 0) co pK a = 7; H2SO4 (n = 2) co pKa = -3.

Vi cac bac tiep theo: pKa(n+1) = pKa(n) + 5

Quy tac Kartletch (tham khao):

q
r

Vi q va r : ien tch va ban knh ion trung

tam (tnh bang coulomb va ).

< 2.2 :Base.

2.2 < < 3.2 : Lng tnh.

> 3.2 :Acid.

Quy tac nay giai thch c s thay oi
tnh acid cua acid n ma khong can en
cau truc (khong ung vi acid a chc).
VD: KOH
base
1 manh.
K

0,86

1,33
6
H2SO4 acid manh.
S 6
4,47
0,3

4. PHAN NG THUY PHAN THEO

BRONSTED-LOWRY

1. Thuy phan cac muoi trong dung

dch nc
Thc chat la cac phan ng trao oi
proton gia cac ion do muoi phan ly
va cac phan t nc.
a. THUY PHAN CATION
Qua trnh thuy phan cation xay ra khi
cation la axit manh hn nc, no
nhng H+ cho nc (M+ dang dung
dch)

HSCB chnh la Ka cua acid [M(H2O)m]+n

hay con goi la hang so thuy phan

Ktp.
Mc o thuy phan cation se tang

dan theo o manh acid, tc la cation

co pKtp nho hn th tnh acid manh hn
de thuy phan hn.
S thuy phan cua Cation s cng mnh

khi tc dng phn cc nc ca cation (phu

thuoc vao ien tch (so oxy hoa),
ban knh va cau hnh electron ca
ion) cng mnh

b. S THUY PHAN CUA ANION

Anion

cua muoi la base, neu no

manh hn H2O th no se lay H+ cua
H2O nng OH- trong dung dch tang.
A- + H2O AH + OH-

o manh cua base da vao acid lien

hp cua no.
Cac anion la base qua manh (O2-, N3-)
b thuy phan hoan toan khong
ton tai ion nay trong dung dch.
O2- + H2O 2OH-

Cac base qua yeu (yeu hn nc)

khong b thuy phan.

VD: SO42- (Kb = 10-11) hau nh khong b
thuy phan.
Muoi gom cation va anion: Neu ch co

cation b thuy phan moi trng acid,

neu ch co anion b thuy phan

moi trng base. Neu ca hai b thuy
phan th pH dung dch do ion b thuy
phan manh hn quyet nh.

2. Thuy phan cac hp chat cong

hoa tr
Cac hp chat cong hoa tr khong b

thuy phan trong nc ma trc tiep

chu s phan huy bt thun nghch cua
nc. Phan ng thuy phan tao thanh
2 acid: Acid-oxy va hydraxit (hydro-acid).
BCl3 + 3H2O H3BO3 + 3HCl
SiCl4 + 4H2O H4SiO4 + 4HCl

VD:

SO2Cl2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HCl

III. THUYET ACID BASE LEWIS

1. NH NGHA:
Base la chat cho cap electron va
acid la chat nhan cap electron
e tao thanh lien ket hoa hoc.
Khai niem nay lien quan en
lien ket cong hoa tr cho nhan.

Gilbert Newton
Lewis

Acid Lewis:
La nhng tieu phan co d mat
o ien tch dng, trong phan t
(ion) co cac orbital trong co the
tiep nhan cap e chuyen en t
base.
V du: a so cac cation la acid
Lewis (Ag+, Co3+, Cr3+), hay cac
halogen, hydrua cua B, Al

Base Lewis:
La nhng tieu phan co kha
nang cho i cap e.
V du: Cac anion (Cl-, Br-, OH-), cac
phan t trung hoa hoac ion trong
thanh phan co cac nguyen t
con cap e cha lien ket nh N, O
(NH3, ru, cetone).
Acid
Base
Ag+ + NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+
BF3 + F- [BF4]HCl + NH3 NH4Cl

2. Cng o acid-base Lewis

Rat kho so sanh cng o acid-base

Lewis v con phu thuoc vao lien ket

CHT gia cac chat.
Co the xac nh da tren: S phan
ly trong pha kh, so sanh o ben cua
san pham tao thanh gia cac acid
Hp chat
Tnh chat san
H phan ng
va base V du tnh base cua
day
sau
pham
p/
vi
vi
giam :
HCl
B(methyl)3(kJ/mol)

(Methyl)3N

-74

(Methyl)3P

-67

(Methyl)3As

Phan ng di

Thang hoa
2500C
Thang hoa
1250C
Khong ben (to

Cac hieu ng cam ng, cong hng, khong

gianco tac dung rut e lam tnh acid tang va

tnh base giam.

Khi ch xet lien ket gia acid (nguyen t

trung tam nhan cap e) va base (phoi t co

cap e) th tnh acid tang t le vi mat o
ien tch dng tren nguyen t trung tam va
tnh base tang t le vi mat o ien tch am
tren phoi t.
VD: Tnh base tang dan trong day:

I-<Br-<Cl-<F- , do ra -.

Hieu ng cam ng
V du:

Tnh base giam dan trong day Li3N,

NH3 , NF3 do tac dung rut electron tang
dan t Li en F

Hieu ng lap the (khong gian)

V du:
Tnh base giam theo day 3-metylpyridin
(CH3C5H5N)(b), pyridin (C5H5N)(a), 2-metylpyridin (c)
trong phan ng vi B(CH3)3 (trimetylbor) mac
du nhom metyl co hieu ng cam ng ay
electron, nguyen nhan la do s can tr
khong gian cua nhom metyl ti N. Ho298 cua
cac phan ng tren lan lt

(a) -71kJ
(b) -74kJ c) -42kJ
Ngoai ra con phu thuoc vao kha nang tao lien
ket cua tieu phan acid va base (Th du se neu
trong phan phc chat)

Hieu ng cong hng

V du:

Tnh acid tang dan trong day BF3, BCl3, BBr3 do

co hieu ng chuyen electron t halogenide

sang Bor tao lien ket theo c che cho
nhan . Hieu ng nay yeu dan t F en
Br, dan en mat o ien tch dng tren B
tang dan t BF3 en BBr3.

Ket luan:
Ch co the tnh o manh acid base

Lewis cho tng nhom chat. Khong

co thc o chung nh trng hp
acid base Bronsted Lawry.
o manh cua acid base Lewis tnh

theo nang lng lien ket (J/mol) tao

gia acid va base Lewis hay theo
hang so ben cua phc (trong dung
dch)

3. Phan ng tao phc

Do cation kim loai Mn+ con co AO trong

(do mat e hoa tr) nen co kha nang

nhan cap e cua cac phan t co tnh
base Lewis tao lien ket cong hoa tr.
Mn+
+
L
Mn+L
Ion trung tam
Phoi t
Phc
chat
[ ML n ]
K
[ M n ][ L]
Hang so
ac trng cho o
ben cua
phc chat
ML+n.

Neu Mn+ co the phan ng nhieu bac

e tao phc vi L MLmn+ th ng vi

tng bac phan ng ta se co he so
ben tng bac:
Mn+
+
mL
MLmn+

[ MLnm
m m n
[ L] [ M ]
Hang so ben tong m=K1K2Kn
Neu Mn+ la acid cang manh va L la base
cang manh th phc cang ben hay mva
K cang ln.

e so sanh cng o base, co the so

sanh hang so ben cua phc chat

gia base o va 1 kim loai nao o c
chon lam chuan.
VD: [FeF-4] = 1015, con [FeCl-4] = 0.85
FeF-4 ben hn FeCl-4 nhieu F- la base manh

hn Cl- nhieu.
Ngc lai cung co the chon 1 base lam

chuan e so sanh cng o cac acid

Mn+. Nhng ket qua khong chnh xac khi
chon cac base khac nhau lam chuan.

Giai thch:
Do Mn+ co kch thc nho, nen yeu to

khong gian anh hng en lien ket, hay

do Mn+ tao lien ket vi cac phan t
khac nhau nen anh hng en o ben
phc chat.
VD: So sanh Ag+ va Fe3+ vi F- va Cl-, ta
co:
Fe3+ + F- FeF2+ , lgK1 = 6.06
Ag+ + F- AgF , lgK1 = 0.36
Fe3+ + Cl- FeCl2+ , lgK1 = 3.04
Ag+ + Cl- AgCl , lgK1 = 1.45
Do o, can a ra mot khai niem e so
sanh tng oi chnh xac o manh
acid/base Lewis.

Acid Base cng, mem.

Acid cng: Cation hoac phan t co kch

thc nho, mat o ien tch dng cao,

khong co kha nang cho e. Acid mem
ngc lai.
VD: Acid cng: H+, Ca2+, Al3+
Acid mem: Cu+, Ag+, GaCl3

Base cng: Ation hoac phan t co kch

thc nho, kho b bien dang, khong co

kha nang nhan e. Base mem ngc lai:
Kch thc ln, de b phan cc, de b oxy
hoa.
VD: Base cng: F-, Cl-, OH-, NH3
Base mem: I-, CN-, C2H4

Cac acid hay base cang kho cho-nhan e va cang

kho bien dang th cang cng Co cac acid base
khong cng, khong mem.

Quy tac phan ng:

Cac acid cng de phan ng vi base

cng tao cac hp chat ben, tng t cho

cac acid/base mem.
Chon mot acid hoac mot base lam chuan,
xac nh o ben cac hp chat tao thanh
cua no va cac acid/base khac e so sanh
o cng.
VD: Day base sau theo chieu giam dan o
mem.
Te2+>Se2+>S2->I->Br->O2->Cl->OH->CO32->NO3>SO42->F- (cng nhat)
o cng tang dan trong day acid sau:
Ag+<Hg+<Cu2+<Cd2+<Cu+<Fe2+<Co2+<Ni2+<Fe3+
<Co3+<Bi3+<Cr3+<Mg2+<Ti4+<Nb5+<Zn4+<Al3+<Be2+

Acid - base cng

pK1

pK12

pK123

7,10

11,98

15,83

pK1234

pK12345

pK123456

18,53

20,20

20,67

Acid base mem

pK1

pK12

Cu+

Cl-

5,35

5,63

Br-

5,92

I-

8,85

Al3+

F-

4. anh gia kha nang t xay ra

cua phan ng acid - base bang
o manh acid base cua chat
Nguyen tac anh gia: Tnh acid base
cua cac chat tham gia phan ng
cang khac xa nhau, phan ng cang
de xay ra va xay ra cang hoan
toan.
o manh acid base cua chat phu
thuoc vao:
- Ban chat cua nguyen to tao acid
hay base
- So oxy hoa cua nguyen to tao acid
hay base

a. anh gia o manh acid - base theo

ban chat cua nguyen to tao acid
hay base
Nguyen to co tnh kim loai cang manh

th hp chat cang co tnh base, nguyen

to co tnh phi kim loai cang manh th hp
chat cua no cang co tnh acid.

b. anh gia o manh acid - base

theo mc o oxi hoa cua nguyen
to tao acid hay base
oi vi hp chat cung loai mot
nguyen to, mc oxi hoa cua nguyen
to tang th tnh acid cua hp chat
tang.
V du: So sanh tnh acid va tnh base
cua day:
MnO Mn2O3 MnO2 Mn2O5 MnO3
Mn2O7
MnO :Oxide base, tan de dang trong

acid loang.
Mn O va MnO : Oxide lng tnh, tnh

Viet phan ng minh hoa tren c

s tnh acid base

*V MnO co tnh base troi nen de tan
trong dung dch acid loang:
a) MnO(r) + 2HCl(dd) = MnCl2(dd) + H2O
*V MnO2 co tnh base rat yeu nen ch

tan cham trong acid ac nong:

1b) MnO2(r) + 4HCl(ac, nong) =
MnCl4(dd) + H2O
Tuy nhien v ion Mn4+ la chat oxy hoa

rat manh nen MnCl4 tiep tuc phan

ng noi oxy hoa kh

2b) MnCl4(dd) = MnCl2 + Cl2(k)

Ket qua
b) MnO2(r) + 4HCl(ac, nong) = MnCl 2(dd)

+ Cl2(k) + H2O
*Mn2O7 la mot oxiacid manh do o no de

dang phan ng vi nc cung nh vi

dung dch base loang
c) Mn2O7(r) + H2O(lanh) = 2HMnO4 (dd)
d) Mn2O7(r) + 2NaOH(dd) = 2NaMnO4(dd) +

H2O

c. anh gia o manh acid - base

theo kha nang phan ng vi
dung moi cua nguyen to tao acid
hay base
V du:
Xet o manh cua Ca(OH)2 trong
dung dch nc
Ca la kim loai kiem tho chu ky 4,
phan nhom IIA, la kim loai rat manh,
co o am ien 1,0, co the kh
chuan (o) bang -2,76V, v vay co the
d oan Ca(OH)2 la mot base manh
ien ly hoan toan trong nc.
Tuy nhien Ca(OH)2 ben vng (Go298 =
-898kJ/mol; Ho298 = -986 kJ/mo)l nen o
tan trong nc cua Ca(OH)2 nho:
0,1620 va 0,14830, v vay thc te

d. anh gia o manh acid - base

theo moi trng xay ra phan ng
So sanh mc o thuy phan cua
muoi nhom sulfat khi khong co va
co mat ion floride (lay d)
T (Al(OH)3) = 1.10-32, Kkb([AlF6]3-) = 1.10-20,67,
KHF = 1.10-3,18
Khi khong co ion F-:
Al3+.aq + 3H2O = Al(OH)3 + 3H+.aq
Kcb* = K3H2O/T(Al(OH)3) = 1.10-6
Khi co mat ion F-:
[AlF6]3-.aq + 3H2O = Al(OH)3 + 3HF+ 6FKcb** = Kkb. K3H2O/T(Al(OH)3)K3HF = 1. 10-17,13
Khi khong co ion F- , ion Al3+ thuy phan
gap :
K */K ** = 1.10-6/1.10-17,13 = 1.1011,13 lan

IV. THUYET ACID-BASE

USANOVICH VA LUX-FLOOD
Thuyet Usanovich
Acid la nhng chat co the cho i

cation, ket hp vi anion, hoac e.

Base la nhng chat co the cho i
anion hoac e, ket hp vi cation.
Moi tng tac eu co the xem la
phan ng acid-base, ke ca phan
ng co s trao oi e (p/ O-Kh).
VD:
Acid
+
Base
BF3
+
KF
K+ +
BF4-.

Thuyet Lux
Base la chat co kha nang cho i anion

O2- con acid la chat co kha nang

nhan anion O2-.
VD:

Acid
SiO2 +

Base
CaO

CaSiO3

CO2 +

MgO

MgCO3

S2O72-+

NO3-

NO2+ + 2SO42-

Thuyet

Lux-Flood va Usanovich cho

phep giai thch phan ng cua cac
chat trang thai nong chay.
VD: 3ZnO + P2O5 3Zn2+ + 2PO43-

K2O + ZnO K+ + ZnO2-

Ket luan:

Cac thuyet acid-base

Phan ng ket hp: la phan ng tao

chat phc tap hn t cac chat n

gian hn.
V du: CaO(r) + SiO2(r) = CaSiO3 (r)
base
acid
NaOH(r) + CO2(k) NaHCO3(r)
base
acid
Phan ng ket hp c xp vao phan
ng acid base.