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    A Guide To Medicinal Plants in North Africa PDF

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    Med Aj

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Google This book is provided in digital form with the permission of the rightsholder as part of a Google project to make the world's books discoverable online. The rightsholder has graciously given you the freedom to download all pages of this book. No additional commercial or other uses have been granted Please note that all copyrights remain reserved About Google Books Google's mission is to organize the world’s information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Books helps readers discover the world’s books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at ittp//books.google.com4 A Guide to Medicinal Plants in North Africa IUCN A GUIDE TO MEDICINAL PLANTS IN NORTH AFRICA Google vaverety GOogle INTRODUCTION "North Africa also has one ofthe oldest and riches traditions associated wit the use of ‘medicinal plants. These plants ae important forthe people ofthe region, especial in rural ‘areas, as they may be the only source of medicine avalale in many places, Moreover, the increasing prices of modern medicines and the ble that natural products have few or no side effects has caused many people in urban areas to turn back to tradional plant remedies. {in aditon to remedies, medicinal and aromatic plants also fin their way into cosmetic, perfumes and food, both in the local market and abroad. Local communities in North Arca posses invaluable traditional knowledge of nature and its resources. Over the course of four years, this traditional knowledge was gathered into this regional compendium on medicinal plants This synthesis is one ofthe outcomes of the last Phase ofthe IUCN North Africa Biodiversity Programme (NABP). This programme focused on endangered and econoically useful medicinal and aromatic plants, withthe aim to promote their conservation in North ica as well as promating indigenous knawedge and equitable paticpaton of people in local management and conservation, ‘The culmination of this work isthe publication of tis Guide, which merges scientific information with knowledge on tational use of medicinal and aromatic plant species in North Arica. This information is also avaliable in a searchable database, posted on the NABP website (tp/ucn org/lacesimedotice/abpindex htm). The CD-ROM attached to this (guide contains the NABP website created in English, French and Arabic, as wel asthe database It's hoped that these tools wil help conserve and promote tration knowledge (of lca communities, communicate it to future generations and increase awareness of ‘endangered and thveatened pants inthe region. ‘Special thanks goto al the experts who made this work possible especialy: Prof Kamal Batanoury, Dr. Frag Abdul Rahman, Or. Salima Benhouhou, Prt Rachid Cheri, Dr. Zainab ‘Ghrabi, Faia Hammouda, Prot. I. smal, Dc N.S Abdel-Azim, Dr. KA. Shams, Dr. Chedly Rais and Ds. rss Lamnaouer. rot Kamal Batanouny acted as chai ofthe commitee of exper. thie URSA~STW=ZKGC A The esgntn of geographic ees inthis pian, and the presentation of the material do at mpl theexesion of any pion whatsoever onthe prt cf UCN andor the Swiss Agen fr Deepen and Cooperation SDC concerning the a ta: ‘sof ay cout, terion rar its autres or anceing the demtan of ones or boundaries Teves exes inthis pubatn dont mesa fet he of UCM andr SC This pbcain hasbeen made pase by adn om SO bled by. UCN Cente for Mesteranan Cooperation Mala pan, 205 Copyright {© 2005 intematonl Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resouces Reproduction of ‘his publeation fr educational or other non-commercial purposes is authored without par writen pemisin from the epyight ld provided the sure is ul ac Reproduction of tis publication fr resale rater conmetial purposes s prohibited without prior writen pemisan ofthe copyright ole rato: ‘Guide Mascnal Pann North Aca Mag, Sp) so 2-17-0882 1, 2005 Coverdesignby, Chad bi Fan) Lapaty. Per Mai Diet, Crestviad yComuiacion Proce by UCN Cen for Meteraean Cooperation Prd Geis La Pa Teredonmea én pan) ‘late om UCN CENTRE FOR MEDITERRANEAN UC WESCANA Progamme coorenrion aside 6, abel Karim all Steet, qe Teoigcn de Adaucis Seta (Mae Cre 3. See Socal Posocst230 paras 29590 Maga Espada ‘ran 1138 Ter +3495 02 8830, ar 34952 0281 45 Joan mai: vemed@ixnog Te 1962 6568024 Fa 49626568 0555, ‘catlogue l UCN plato is ao aviable ON Pbicatins eres Ut 215 untigdo Road, Camredge 3 00, United Kinder et 9412232708, fo: 481223277175 Ema: inoaboots una apwixnory The tet ofthis books printed on “estado mate prove (0892 ron pinenes, camphene, myecene,thymol and nell Pharmacological action and toxicity Ani-microbial activity, prophylactic action, ‘A search on its toxicity appears negative ‘The other known actions ae insecticidal, anthelmintic expectant, antinflammator, ati pyrtic and stimulant. Pharmacopeias Nt relevant for this species. Pharmaceutical products Not relevant or this species. ‘A Guide to Medicinal Plants In North Afica 45 ™ Traditional medicine and local knowledge ‘An anthelmintic; for digestive problems; a tonic Inthe Tasi, the Judean mugwor is commonly sed Before celebrations a spoonful of cid leaves taken with a glass of water to prevent inestnal troubles ‘An infusion ofthe leaves relaxing and helps bring on sleep. Inthe past, 3 foushing trade was cared on inthis pant caravans used to take loads of bags to Agades. Nowadays itis distributed tothe northern oases by ‘ory. Inthe Sahara the plant is geaty appreciated vten added to geen ta, Because ofits prophylactic vies, a branch s frequent attached othe wrists of babes and smal chien to ward off negative influences. In janet, when the grapes are pe, several branches ae ung inthe vineyards to keep insects away. ‘in ayot, Artemisia judas also much appreciated foris antispasmodic and anthelmintic effects An infusion ofthe flowering summits relives gasto- intestinal ramps and sao stomach Inhalation of the leaves gives el rom cold congestion. The plant is believed to prevent skin diseases if camels att ts also used as fel and an insect epelent sakes are kept away by smoke from the burnt branches. eee eee & Viv. Liliaceae Morphological description The asphodel sa obus peremia is aphylous fll scape can be 1.5m. tl, andi generally ‘much-branched in is upper pat The rhizome is short wih faciulated roots swollen into eipscidal tubers, tapered at both eds. The leaves appear in auturn atthe base ofthe pant, whee the frm a fine brillant green cmp, and ae fat, not fstlous, 14m. wide, and long and acurinate The white o¢ pinkish-white flowers are solitary, gathered in Several erect spread out bunches, springing from the ai ofa membraneous bac their pergone is long (14-16 mm. pikish-white with brownish: reen veins and narrow, stagered divisions. Each stamen has apappilus filament upto hat-ay. The fruits a small capsule, shorter than is peduncle, tawny ad later greyish, ovoid and tapering towards the base. The grey brown seeds are elongated, spindle hapedtriquta, and finely pted-wary. Flowering and futing occur fom February to May- Jone Geographical distribution Local: The whole of Tunisia; common inthe North and centre, Regional: Nosh Aca, Global: The Mediterranean, the Canaries Ecology The asphadel sa geophyte, extremely widespread in semi-arid region, rarer in aid region. grows in open forests, an the sandy and rocky pastures ofthe plans and mountains in well-wateed ‘Asphodelus microcarpus Salzm. & Viv. Viv. FL. Cor, p. 5 (1824) AsphodelusifestusPalatoe; Asphodelusaestius Brot, Asphodels ramosus ; Asphodelus nerosus Pomel Asphodelus morianus Pt. French: asphoddl & pts futs English: asphodel Fegjon. It is also frequent in the littoral and sub littoral pat ofthe south Status. conservation and culture It grows wid in Tunisia andi picked wil. tis toxic for livestock, and when its abundant this i a sgn of overgrazing Part used The oot tubers Constituents ‘he underground tubers are rch in starch and anthraquinones. Traditional medicine Its used in many ways For earache, the under ‘ground partis warmed in ole ail and thee drops 28 day are put in the eat. For abscesses, a local appl Cation ofthe powder and decoction ofthe drug. The tubers are used to prepare an ointment for vitiiga and any kindof white spots onthe skin. Pharmacological action and toxicity The exact of methanol and a decoction ofthe roots act against ucers. The extract, rch in anthraquinones is a laxative and a purgaive ‘Asphodelus tenuifolius Cavan. Morphological description ‘An annual plan, with tubers atthe bas, fom 20 10 30 cm. high. The leaves are not attached to an aerial stem but spring from the underground tuber ‘or bub, often 15 to 20 cm. long, slighty fleshy, ‘finda, hollow inthe mide, glabrous and dark green The leaves form a cular luster atthe base ofthe pant The inflorescence i a simple, raceme, elongated, indeterminate cluster with staked flowers The small flowers have sx white tepals, The fruits are small capsules with minute black seeds Flowering takes place in early spring from March to May. 1 Stanraphical str ibuto ‘ommon in the Algerian Sahara, felona Nort ses Global: & common plant throughout the whole Sahara. Ecolugy ‘This smal annual plant thrives in desert conditions with an average 100 mm. rainfall ayer tis always found in nor-saline wad beds and has afar wide ecological range for sol ype, ocuring on sand: loamy and on gravelly sis Status ‘According tothe IUCN criteria this sharo-sindan species fal into the “C™ category. No conservation problems are reported fortis plant which has a high dispersal capacity due tothe rumerous seeds produce by each individual. ‘Asphodelus tenuifolius Cavan. Asphodelus fitulsus ‘Asphodelus generic name of Asphodel indicating in Latin and Greek several species of Uliace2e, dedicated tothe gods of hel and death vino were supposed to eat the tubers; tenia: natowleaved ‘Arabic: aia, acheb el ibel,bawaq Targul: izayan English: narrow-leaved asphodel French: asphodele& petites feuiles NRL AES AES ES Part used Te lees ad isa colecedn sing and ‘repre by maceration in lve the seds ate crushed The crushed seds are taken neal, mixed with neyo ov i the liquid obtained fam the macerated leaves is used eternal 35.2 massge Constituents Beta-sitaseo,stigmasteo,18-dimethoxynaph thalene;naphthalene and anthvaquinone derivatives, linalec acd Pha-macnivgica! action snc toxicity ‘The plant snot reported as toric by nomads Eaten in big quantities, it can provoke indigestion. Pharmacopeias Not etevant for this species. Pharmaceutical No relevant for this species. hue Traditional medicine and focal knowledge Taken for colds and haemorhoids (seeds: 3 febrifuge, used for rheumatic pain. This small asphodelus is also widely used for various culinary purpses. Te leaves ae ether boiled o cooked incl, the seeds are crushed and mixed with flour to make bread, andthe young shoots are added raw to food to enhance the taste This plant site appreciated as pasture ‘A Guide to Medicinal Plans in North Aiea 4S tn Eaypt, te seds are reported tobe diuretic and ae eaten with yoghour. Similar ses as in Algeria are reported for Morocco. ts aso used for healing wounds. The seeds ae mixed wit ceeals to make traditional bread and are aso eaten as delicacies when mixed with dates. The leaves are fied or boiled and are sometimes putin the sauce for couscous. Poo Esra 3 “ . ‘Compiled by. Pro FM. Hammoud, Prot S| smal, DENS Ade Aim and De KA. Shams ‘ted by. Po KH. Batanoury ‘Photos by KH. Batanouny Morphological Description Multbranched spiny srub or re up to 10 m tal. Crown is spherical, n one ox several distinct, ‘masses, Tunk is shor and often branching from near the base Branches are pubescent, with axilary spreading spines up to 4 cm, Bak s dark brown to Grey, deeply fissured. Branches are armed with stout yellow or green thos upto 8 cm long, Leaves ‘10W with two separate lefts leafs are ‘obovate, asymmetic, 25-6 cm long, bright geen, leathery, with ine has when young, Flowers grow in fascicles in the leaf axils and are fragrant, yellowish gren. They are smal, inconspicuous, hermaphroditc and polinated by insets. Fut a rather long, narow dtupe, 25-7 cm long, 1.54 cm in diameter Young fruits are green and tomentose, ‘turning yellow and glabrous when mature. Te pulp isbiter-sweet and edible, The see, 9 pyene stone, is 1.53 cm long, ight brown, brous and extremely hard t makes up 50-60% ofthe fruit. here are 500-1500 cy, clean seeds per kg Geographical bistribution Local: Gebel Elba, South Eastern Deser, Oases Regional: Eypt, bya, Algeria and Morocco, Global: Topica Africa, Arabian Peninsula Latin ‘America and India Ecology The plant has wide ecological distribution, buts ‘mainly found on level alluvial sites with deep sandy Balanites aegyptiaca (L) Del. FL. Egypte 21,281. (1813), Desc Eye Hist, Nat: 61, no. 427 (1814) Ximenia seayoiacaL; Sp. Ped 1, 1194 (1753, Names ‘Arabic: Hegig Colne English: Desert date, Soapbery te, Thorn te, Egyptian balsam, Siple-thored torchwood, French: Dati du dese, Hagueleg,Baarite Eaypte. loam and fre access to water n Egypt itis confined to water-ecevng ites suchas wadis and ‘ver banks. Small population of his tee are found in the wedi ofthe Souther part ofthe Eastern Desert an in Red Sea wadis and occupy the Uupsteam part of Wadi lag. It lo grows in Karga Oases. The tee is drought and fire resistant and withstands upto 2 ments foaing in areas ear the rive. The plant is used for diferent purposes, for example ‘medicinal, fr fuel as timber, and to provide shade. Pralteraton ofthe plant is considered necessary due to its endangered status. partes ot ‘tem bar, leaves, fruits and roots, The plant is collected inthe onset of fruiting stage to prevent fermentation Infusion, fesh and dy fruits lise ora. entttue The kernel (10%) contains 40%. 58% of lipid ge eid ol The mesocarp contains 38% sugars, 15% ‘organic acids and 46% other organic substances. In ‘Uganda, the kernels of seeds yield 48.8% of golden ‘A Guide to Medicinal Plans in North Attica 52 yelow i for oap mating Stem bak contains saponins. he plant contains baat 1-2 and 3 talaniti-1 for example possesses a yamogenin aglycone wih branched gcse and rharnose Sie cain. The plants eprted to contain 5.5% oxgeni, Sees contain focoumarins errant) a ‘aateity Not available Not available Not availble by Korie dee History: The ol exacted from the fut of the plant i known tobe used in folk medicine Fran hae Wesie PNA ase © Aathelmentic ‘A Guide to Medicinal Pants in North Aca Ant-dabeties Colic Emetc Epilepsy Herpes Laatives Mental diseases Melaria Purgative Vermituge Sore throats ‘Syphilis Wounds and heumatism Yellow fever Other uses of the plant: Te plant makes good firewood and charcoal. The fut and seeds are ceil, of a sweet-sour taste with 30-40% ible oil. Young specimens ae eaten by goats, sheep and camels, Some plant parts are used as soap subst tutes, Thorny branches have been used fr fencing Perea Comedy: Zena Ghai Morphological description ‘orago oficial an annal wth a branched ret stem 50 c,h leaves are sil: the lower aves ae set in arose wih ong pet tons, while he upe lev ae clspng and sesie Thelmbis thick and wrinkle wid onclted; beth sides and the branches re covered wth sti alos prick, The big owes, roped in abundant cymes, hang on long 5-30 mm. pedun- cles. The calyx has lanceolated linear divisions. The orl wheced and a pure ie the ante is dark vie. Te ut big nuet wth many figs. ‘Flowering is from March to September. Geographical distribution Local: Fit widespread, no further south than Sousse and Feiana, Regional: Nosh Arica Global: 4 naive of sia Mino, widespread in ‘ental and southern Europe and in North Arica Borago officinalis L. Sp. Pl: 137, 1753 ‘Arabic: Burdache, bouktiche French: Bourache officinale English: Common borage Ecology ‘A tough plant growing on waste ground near

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